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ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Required Comfort Level
ACMV System Design
The System Design shall be based on the required comfort level or condition
ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW Apart from typical office and residential purposes, special ACMV is also required for: • Manufacturing processes • Operation theatres (hospitals) • Sensitive equipment Each has different requirement in the conditions of air.
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ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Water-Cooled System Suitable for large system, where energy need to be transferred in a long distance
Air-Cooled System Better for small system
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Why water? Liquid system is preferred because water with high specific heat density can carry greater quantity of energy per unit volume than air Cp (air) = 1.006 kJ/kg.K (at 30°C) Cp (water) = 4.183 kJ/kg.K (at 30°C)
To transport water can use small system like pipe, as compared to air which require (large) ducting
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM Water-Cooled System
AIR
Heat
WATER
Heat
REFRIGERANT
Most common system in large scale operation. Example: Commercial center, Office Buildings
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TYPES OF AC SYSTEM Some Users of Water-Cooled System: • New UTP Campus Academic Building • Casuarina Parkroyal Hotel • KLCC Twin Tower • Hospital Besar Ipoh • Kinta City • KL Sentral What • Super Kinta about • Jame'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque GDC?
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM Air-Cooled System
AIR
Heat
REFRIGERANT
Very common in small scale operation like houses and small rooms. Could be economical in some large buildings, depending on the type of building occupation.
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TYPES OF AC SYSTEM Air-Cooled System
Window Unit Examples: • Lecture rooms • House • Small Office • Hotel Seri Malaysia
AIR-COOLED SYSTEMS Air-Cooled Split Units are examples of Air-cooled system. The AC systems for UTP Main Hall and the MultiPurpose Hall are examples of large AirCooled Systems. Systems can be centralized or individuals. What are the pros and cons?
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TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Water Cooled System
WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
CWS
CHILLER
COOLING TOWER
CWR
Ducting
CHWS
AHU
Room Space
CHWR
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WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
GDC CWS
CHILLER
COOLING TOWER
CWR
HX
CHWS
Ducting
AHU
Room Space
CHWR
WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW AIR HANDLING UNITS A heat exchanger equipment to cool air using chilled water in tubes.
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WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW AIR HANDLING UNITS
More even air distribution of air through the cooling coil Heat from motor….
Usually longer. Why?
Typical AHU Configurations
WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW CHILLER SYSTEM A refrigeration system that produces cold fluids (cold water or air) as part of the Air-Conditioning process. There are many types of chillers available In most cases refrigerants are used. Examples are R-134a, R-12 (environmentally harmful)
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WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW CWR
THE HEAT IN THE CHILLER CONDENSER MUST BE REMOVED FROM THE SYSTEM
CWS
To Cooling Tower
CONDENSER
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR CHWS
CHWR
To AHUs
BASIC CHILLER SYSTEM
How does it look Like for Air-Cooled System?
WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
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ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW COOLING TOWER SYSTEM Required to remove heat from the water-cooled condenser (in chiller) Warm condenser water (CWS) is pumped from the chiller to the cooling tower. The water is sprayed from the top of the tower. Air is drawn/sucked from the bottom of the cooling tower (counterflow heat exchange). The use of fins helps increasing the heat transfer to the atmosphere.
Comparison Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
Can be operated individually at small areas; e.g. if at night only a small room requires AC, then only one or two ACSU is required, and thus save energy.
System (with chillers) must be operated in full even if only to serve a small area, and thus may consume large energy in such a situation.
Not suitable for operation in large areas or ones that require long transportation of cool air because very large ducts will be required (lower density than water)
Suitable for operation in large areas or ones that requires long transportation of cool air because water can carry more energy than air.
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Considerations in design In any design, the following aspects must be considered: Compliance to technical specifications; i.e codes, standards, by-laws etc. Practicality of design: by considering System efficiency Ease of maintenance Operational issues Track record Cost effectiveness Time limitation Space limitation
ENERGY REGULATIONS Malaysia is yet to have specific regulation on the use of energy in buildings. So far only have policies/ guidelines are available:
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ACT 1990 ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 1994 GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment)
CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWAL ENERGY FOR NON- RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS (UBBL) ENERGY COMMISSION (SURUHANJAYA TENAGA)
I: Preliminary II: Submission of Plans for Approval III: Space, Light & Ventilation IV: Temporary Works In Connection With Building Operations V: Structural Requirements VI: Constructional Requirements VII: Fire Requirements VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment & Fire Fighting Access IX: Miscellaneous (1st - 10th schedule)
UBBL: PART III: Space, Light and Ventilation
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UBBL: PART III: Space, Light and Ventilation By-Law No. 40: Air Wells (Natural ventilation)
UBBL: PART III: Space, Light and Ventilation By-Law No. 41: Mechanical Ventilation Air-Conditioning
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UBBL: PART III: Space, Light and Ventilation By-Law No. 41: Mechanical Ventilation Air-Conditioning