Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

IL<=6

\dstfgms @msfmhes fg

Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux 6 Cunhmgfntes Mvmnêmhes) Cunhmgfntes Mvmnêmhes) \fjurmnêm f \frvdêes hf Dntfrnft Lentfÿhe Legpmtçvfi PKLF f IRDL0

MXFNÊÌE

Xehes es hdrfdtes se`rf fstf gmtfrdmi hdhítdle fstìe rfsfrvmhes m IdnuxLimss +0224$. +0224$. M preprdf preprdfhmh hmhff dntfif dntfifltu ltumi mi hfstf hfstf trm`mi trm`mike ke ä pretfjd pretfjdhm hm per ifd hf hdrfdt hdrfdtes es mutermds +lepyrdjkt$ fg sum çntfjrm) cdlm pred`dhm m rfprehuêìe legpiftm eu pmrldmi eu qumiqufr eutrm cergm hf utdidzmêìe f%eu fxpesdêìe dnhdvdhumi eu leiftdvm. Nfnkugm dnstdtudêìe legfrldmi eu sfg cdns iulrmtdves ä muterdzmhm m utdidzmr fstf gmtfrdmi se` nfnkugm cergm) lencdjurmnhe lrdgf prfvdste ne lühdje pfnmi. \f velï mlrfhdtm quf fstf gmtfrdmi fstm sfnhe utdidzmhe hf cergm dnhfvdhm) hfnunl hfnunldf df mnendg mnendgmgf mgfntf ntf pfie pfie tfifcen tfifcenff 28;'<20 28;'<208'2 8'20:3) 0:3) eu gmnhmn gmnhmnhe he f'gmdi f'gmdi pmrm pmrm idnuxlimssBidnuxlimss.leg.`r E eòftdve hfstf gmtfrdmi hdhítdle nìe ä cernflfr ug gmnumi fg pertujuïs pmrm sdstfgms `msfmhes fg Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux hftmikmnhe tehes es legmnhes f cunêöfs) nfg gfsge sfr ug judm rípdhe pmrm lensuitms. Fstm mpestdim tfg leg eòftdve sfrvdr mpfnms hf mlegpmnkmgfnte pmrm ms muims prfsfnldmds f fxpidlmêöfs hes dnstruterfs. Xehe Xehe gmtfrdmi cernfldhe nfstf trfdnmgfnte ä fntrfjuf sfg nfnkug tdpe hf jmrmntdm eu rfspensm`didhmhf lentrm qumiqufr tdpe hf hmnes eu gmi use.

Pum Oernmidstm Gmnefi Gfnfzfs =84) Leno 820 Cierdmnüpeids “ \L “ LFR ;;2<8'232

Xm`fim hf Lentfÿhes Xrfdnmgfnte Rrecdssdenmi Idnux Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf 6

E Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux

2=

Dntrehuêìe

2=

Idstms hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf Kmrhwmrf

2=

Idstms hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf \ectwmrf

2=

\upertf m LRVs

2=

\IMs hf \upertf

20

\IMs hf supertf hm Pfh Kmt

20

Sfrsöfs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux

20

Afrnfis Hdspend`didzmhes

2<

Mpidlmtdves Repuimrfs \upertmhes

2<

E Idnux Afrnfi

28

Gühuies Hdnàgdles Lmrrfjívfds

28

Hdspesdtdves f Rrelfsses

28

Mrqudves hf Hdspesdtdves

26

Hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf

26

Hdspesdtdves hf ìele

26

Rsfuhe'hdspesdtdves

23

Eutres tdpes hf Mrqudves

23

Lrdmnhe hdspesdtdves

23

Dhfntdcdlmnhe f idstmnhe es hdspesdtdves

2:

RLD @us

2:

\upertf Ketpiuj

2:

Dnstmimnhe e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux

2;

Rrdgfdre Fstíjde

2;

\fjunhe Fstíjde

24

Hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe

24

Cdrstèet) Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms Mpüs m Dnstmimêìe

=2

Lencdjurmêöfs Jfrmds he \dstfgm

=2

Rmrtdldenmgfnte

==

\ectwmrf PMDH) Kmrhwmrf PMDH) Nçvfds hf PMDH

=0

PMDH Kmrhwmrf f PMDH \ectwmrf

=0

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf

=0

Xdpes hf Kmrhwmr Kmrhwmrf f

=<

PMDH Sdm \ectwmrf

=<

Lentreimher hf Gÿitdpies Hdspesdtdves +GH$

=8

Nçvfds hf PMDH

=8

PMDH'idnfmr

=6

PMDH'2

=6'=3'=:

PMDH'=

=:'=;

PMDH'0 f PMDH'<

=;'=4'02

PMDH'8

02'0=

PMDH'6

0='00

Xdpes hf PMDH PMDH Kç`rdhes Kç`rdhes

00'0<

Xm`fim hf Legpmrm Legpmrmêìe êìe hes hes Nçvfds Nçvfds hf PMDH PMDH

0<'08

ISG) Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs Iüjdles

06

Mprfsfntmêìe he ISG

06

Xfrgdneiejd Xfrgdneiejdm m he ISG ISG

03

Hfsfnkes Diustrmtdves he ISG

0:'0;

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI6 nm PKN) rknUrfjdstfr

04

TVG) Tfiiewhej Tfiiewhej Vphmtfr Vphmtfr Gehdcdfh Gehdcdfh

04'<2

TVG PKNRiu PKNRiujdn jdn

<2

Dnstmimnhe neves rfpesdtürdes ne TVG

<2'<=

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI8 nm PKN) up0hmtf

<='<0

Mtumidzmnhe f dnstmimnhe sectwmrf ne PKFI8) up0hmtf

<0

Adlastmrt

<<

Adlastmrt per Hdsquftf

<<

Adlastmrt per Pfhf

<<

Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En'idnf

<<

Lenstrudnhe sfu mrqudve Adlastmrt

<8

Hdrftdvms hf utdidtírdes

<8

Hdrftdvms hf Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle

<8

Eutrms hdrftdvms he Adlastmrt

<8

Hdrftdvms hf Dnstmimêìe hf Rmletfs

<6

Hdrftdvm &prf

<6

M Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$

<:

PKN\H

<:

Gühuies Legfrldmds hm PKN

<;

Gühuie Gmnmjfgfnt

<;

Gühuie Rrevdsdendnj

<4

Gühuie Gendterdnj

82

\mtfiidtf \frvfr

8=

Rrexy \frvfr

8=

Mouhm hm PKN En'idnf

8=

Pfsuge he Rrelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm

80

JPV@

8<'88'86'83

Eutrms epêöfs he JPV@

83'8:

Idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@

8:

Pf'cmzfnhe e Rrdgfdre Fstíjde he JPV@

8:

Dndldmidzmêìe he Afrnfi

8;

Dndldmidzmêìe he Dndt

8;

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt

84

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl

84

\ystfg S run'ifvfis

84

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi

62

Lentreimnhe f Lencdjurmnhe es \frvdêes hf Dndldmidzmêìe \ystfg S

62

Imèrmtürde JPV@) Pflupfrmêìe he sdstfgm f Xreuìfskeetdnj

6=

Pflupfrmêìe he \dstfgm

6=

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< f fxt0

60

Cunldenmgfnte pmhrìe hes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg Idnux

60

Frres f lerregpdgfnte he sdstfgm hf mrqudves

60

Oeurnmidnj Oeurnmidnj

6<

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt<

6<'68

Xdpes hf Oeurnmidn Oeurnmidnj? j? Oeurnmi)E Oeurnmi)Erhfrf rhfrfh)Zrdt h)Zrdtf`mla f`mla

68

Rmrtdldenmgfnte? chdsa) schdsa) pmrtfh

66

Rmrtdldenmgfnte En'Idnf? pmrtpre`f

66

Lrdmnhe \dstfgms hf Mrqudves? gacs

66'63

Lenvfrtfnhe ug cdifsystfg fxt0 pmrm fxt<

63

Gentmnhe Cdifsystfgs

63'6:

Pfgentmnhe Cdifsystfgs

6:

Negfs hf Seiugfs

6:

cstm`

6;

Gentmnhe Xehes es Hdspesdtdves he cstm`

6;

Mutegeuntfr

64

Helugfntmêìe En'idnf he Mutegeuntfr

64

Mtrdùtes Fxtfnhdhes he Cdifsystfg

32

Cdifsystfg MLIs

32

]uetms

3=

Dgpifgfntmêìe hf quetms

3=

Imèrmtürde ]VEXM\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe

30

Xfstf hf dgpifgf dgpifgfntmêì ntmêìe%Smid e%Smidhmêìe hmêìe

30

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde ]VEXM\

3<

\FIdnux

38

\trdlt) Xmrjftfh Reidlys

38

Lentfxtes hes Eòftes

38'36

Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms he \FIdnux

36

Sdsumidzmnhe Eòftes f Rrelfsses \FIdnux

33

Dgpifgfntmnhe e \ectwmrf PMDH

3:

Lencdjurmnhe e sectwmrf PMDH leg ghmhg

3:

Etdgdzmêìe he PMDH

3:

Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH

3;

\ectwmrf PMDH Pflevfry

3;

Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe

34

Xfstf hf Dgpifgf Dgpifgfntmê ntmêìe%Smi ìe%Smidhmêìe dhmêìe

34

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde PMDH

:2

Dgpifgfntmnhe ISG

:=

Lrdmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles

:=

Etdgdzmêìe he ISG

:=

Pfhdgfnsdenmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles En'idnf

:=

Jfrfnldmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles

:0

Lenvfrtfnhe ISG= fg ISG0

:0

D t h

:<

ì

JC\

Diustrmêìe hm Mpidlmêìe he JC\ leg Ermlif

:8

Imèrmtürde ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe

:6


:6

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde ISG

:3

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Lentms f Jrupes he \dstfgm

::':;

Vgmsa

:;

\ftjdh

:;

\lrdpts hf Dndldmidzmêìe hf Mg`dfntf

:4

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Rmletfs leg PRG

;2

Eòftdves hf Hfsfnveivdgfnte he PRG

;2';=

Vsmnhe e PRG

;=

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs

;=

Rmletfs Oí Dnstmimhes

;0

Mrqudves Lencidtmntfs

;0';<

Hfpfnhïnldm Nìe'rfseivdhm

;<

Hfsdnstmimnhe Rmletfs

;8

Mtumidzmnhe +Vphmtf$

;8';6

Pflmrrfjmnhe +Crfskfn$

;6

@uslm +]ufry?

;3

Sfrdcdlmnhe

;:';;

Dgpertmnhe Lkmvfs

;;

Sfrdcdlmnhe m Mssdnmturm hf Rmletfs

;;

Mutfntdlmêìe RMG

;4

Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG

;4'42

Rrdnldpmds Gühuies hm RMG

4=

Mnmidzmnhe m Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG per fxfgpies

40'4<

Nmgf \frvdlf \wdtlk +N\\$

48

Lencdjurmnhe Mutfntdlmêìe IHMR Lidfntf

46

Jfrfnldmnhe ms dntfrcmlfs hf Pfhf

43

Jfrfnldmnhe es IEJs he \dstfgm? sysiejh) aiejh

4:'4;

Cmldidhmhfs

4;

Nçvfds hf prderdhmhf

44

Hfstdnes

44

Fxfgpies hf Lencdjurmêöfs he \ysiej

=22

Dgpertmntfs mrqudves hf Iejs he \dstfgm

=22

Gmnutfnêìe f Petmêìe hes Iejs

=2=

Gendtermnhe es Iejs

=2=

LVR\

=20

LPEN

=2<

Fxfgpie hf Fvfnte ne LPEN

=28

MXH

=28

Jfrfnldmgfnte hes Gühuies he Afrnfi

=26

Afrnfi Xmdntdnj

=26

Gehpre`f) gehpre`f.lenc) gehdnce) isgeh

=26'=23

Hfpfnhïnldm hf Gühuies

=23

Dndtrh) Dgmjfg hf Pmghdsa

=23

%prel Cdifsystfg

=2:

%prel%sys Cdifsystfg

=2:

\yslti) Moustfs hf pmràgftres ne Afrnfi

=2;

NC\

=24

Dntrehuêìe

=24

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes

=24

Epêöfs hf Gentmjfg he NC\

==2

Vsmnhe e mutegeuntfr pmrm gentmr NC\

===

Imèrmtürde NC\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf

==0

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes

==0


==<

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe +Rmrtf he Lidfntf$

==<

CXR

==8

Dntrehuêìe

==8


==8

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe

==8


==6

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm

==6


==6

\MG@M

==3

Dntrehuêìe

==3


==3'==:


==:'==;

Mutfntdlmêìe ne \mg`m

==;'==4


==4


==4

Jfrfnldmnhe Lentms hf Vsuírdes ne \mg`m

=02

Gentmnhe Mutegmtdlmgfntf Legpmrtdikmgfntes \mg`m ne cstm`

=02

Xfstf hf Dgpifgf Dgpifgfntmê ntmêìe%Smi ìe%Smidhmêìe dhmêìe +\mg`m Lidfnts$ Lidfnts$

=0=

Imèrmtürde \mg`m) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf

=00


=00

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde \mg`m

=0<'=08'=06

MRMLKF

=03

Dntrehuêìe

=03


=03


=0:


=0:

Lencdjurmêìe hf Mlfsse â Hdrftürdes f Mrqudves

=0;

Imèrmtürde MRMLKF) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm Sdrtumi Kests

=04'=<2


=<2


=<2

\]VDH

=<=

Dntrehuêìe

=<=


=<=


=<0

Imèrmtürde \]VDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf

=<<


=<<


=<<


=<8

GVMs) GXMs) GHMs

=<6

Fsleikfnhe e GXM ne PKFI leg mitfrnmtdvfs

=<3

RE\XCD[

=<:

Dntrehuêìe

=<:


=<;


=<;


=<;'=<4

Midmsfs) Sdrtumi) Mllfss

=<4


=82

Hegçndes Sdrtumds

=82

HESFLEX

=8=

Dntrehuêìe

=8=


=8=


=80

Lrdmnhe e lfrtdcdlmhe RFG pmrm utdidzmêìe he DGMR\

=8<'=88


=88


=88


=88

Imè Im èrm rmtü türd rde e RE RE\X \XC CD[ D[''HE HESF SFLE LEX) X) lfní nírd rde e hf hf len lenccdj djur urmê mêìe ìe hf pfq fquf ufne ne pe pert rtf f

=86' =8 6'=8 =83' 3'=8 =8: :


=8:

Epfn\\K

=8;

Dntrehuêìe

=8;


=8;


=84


=62

Jfrmnhe lkmvfs pÿìdlms f prdvmhms

=62

Mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests

=62


=62

Imèrmtürde Epfn\\K) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf

=6=


=6=

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde Epfn\\K

=60

HKLR

=6<

Dntrehuêìe

=6<

D t i

h R

t %\ ct

N

íd

=6<


=68'=66'=63

Lencdjurmêìe he Lidfntf HKLR

=63


=63


=63

[DNFXH

=6:

Dntrehuêìe

=6:


=6:

[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmhrìe hes \frvdêes

=6;'=64

[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmrtdluimr hes \frvdêes

=32


=32


=32

XLR ZPMRRFP\

=3=

Dntrehuêìe

=3=

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Hmfgen +\frvdherfs$

=3='=30

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Lidfntfs

=30

\dntmxfs Legpifxms

=30'=3<

Lfnírde hf Fxfgpies

=3<'=38

Imèrmtürde [DNFXH'XLR ZPMRRFP\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe

=36


=36

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde [DNFXH'XLR ZPMRRFP\

=33

Nftcditfr

=3:

Dntrehuêìe

=3:

Gühuies @msf f Fxtfnsöfs he Nftcditfr

=3:

Ciuxe hes Rmletfs ne Nftcditfr

=3;'=34

Sfrdcdlmêìe hms Pfjrms

=34

Mive hms Pfjrms

=34

Lkmdns Hfcdndhms per Vsuírdes?

=:2

Fxtfnsöfs hf Lkmdns

=:2'=:=

Epfrmêöfs @ísdlms nms Pfjrms hms Lkmdns

=:=

Epfrmêöfs leg Lkmdns

=:='=:0

Lrdtärdes hf vfrdcdlmêìe hms Lkmdns

=:<

Fxtfnsöfs XLR

=:8

Fxtfnsöfs VHR

=:6

Fxtfnsöfs DLGR

=:6

NMX

=:3'=::

\eurlf NMX

=:;

Gmsqufrmhdnj

=:;

Hfstdnmtden NMX

=:4

Pfhdrfldenmgfnte

=:4

\mivmnhe ms Pfjrms he Dptmìfs

=:4

Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf

=;2


=;2

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\

=;=

Im` mè ermtürde DRXM@IF\'\T\IEJ) lfnírd rde e hf lenc ncdj dju urmê mêì ìe hf pfqufne pert rtf f

=;0


=;0

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\'\T\IEJ

=;<

◅ ◅

Imèrmtürde leg sfqufnldms fxpidlmtdvms Imèrmtürde fstdie sdguimêìe hf lfrtdcdlmêìe

Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux? Dntrehuêìe? ◅

Celmhe ne gfrlmhe lerpermtdve +Mg`dfntfs hf Rrehu êìe$

◅

Mjrfjm tflneiejdms o í tfstmhms) lühdje gmhure. +Cfherm ä e pmrquf hf tfstfs$ Xfg ug ldlie hf vdhm ienje hf =0 â =; gfsfs.

◅

M Pfh Kmt gmnt äg f jfrfnldm ms mtumidzm êöfs f lerrf êöfs he prehute.

◅

M Pfh Kmt gmnt äg f jfrfnldm e supertf me prehute.

◅

E Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux ä hfsfnveivdhe â pmrtdr hm legundhmhf hf sectwmrf idvrf) per äg m Pfh Kmt tmg`äg mjrfjm pfrcergmnlf f fstm`didhmhf me prehute. M Pfh Kmt pessud dn ÿgfres prejrmgmherfs hf lühdje +lerf$ hm legundhmhf fg sfu lerpe hf cunlden írdes) fxdstfg l äiuims hf hfsfnveivdgfnte fg gudtes pmç sfs. sfs. \ìe fcftumhe fcftumhess tmg` tmg` äg tfstfs tfstfs dntfn dntfnssdves dves fg sfus sfus prehu prehute tes) s) lrdmnh lrdmnhe e f lfrtd lfrtdcdl cdlmn mnhe he ugm ugm idstm idstm hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf kmrhwmrf f \ectwmrf enhf fst ìe es gmderfs cm`rdlmntfs he gfrlmhe mtumi) tmds lege Hfii) D@G) Cuodtsu) KR f Ermlif. Selï fnlentrm ms idstms hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf Kmrhwmrf fg?

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kttps?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%rkfi%leg kttps?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%rkfi %legpmtd`didty%sectwmrf Leg ug ldlie hf vdhm hf prehute ienje ms fgprfsms pehfg usucrudr hf ug mite n ç vfi vfi hf pmhrendzm êìe nfstm nfstm pimtmc pimtmcerg ergmm e quf tmg` tmg` äg mjrfjm mjrfjm fstm` fstm`didhm didhmhf hf f ug s üidhe idhe pimnfom pimnfomgfnt gfnte e pmrm gdjrm gdjrm êìe f mtumidzm êìe.

\upertf m LRVs? Dntfi x;3-legpmtdìf Dntfi Dtmndug 0 MGH38%Dntfi FG38X D@G RewfrRL +f\frvfrs) d-\frdfs f p\frdfs$ D@G Gmdncrmgf +f\frvfr) z\frdfs f \%<42$ =

\IMs hf \upertf? M Pfh Kmt ecfrflf e J\\ +Jie`mi \uppert \frvdlfs$ ne @rmsdi f ne gunhe) fnjfnkfdres lfrtdcdlmhes f leg mite nç vfi vfi hf legpft ïnldm fg Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux dr ìe mouhm-ie m rfseivfr tehe f qumiqufr preìfgm supertmhe pfie sfu lentrmte) eu sfom) sum \IM. Xehes es fnjfnkfdres hf supertf hm Pfh Kmt s ìe lfrtdcdlmhes PKLFs prdgmrdmgfntf pmrm sfus lmrjes. E supertf ä hdvdhdhe fg @msdl) \tmnhmrt f Rrfgdug) ä pessç vfi vfi lentrmtmr e supertf hm Pfh Kmt fg mt ä 08 Kerms per : Hdms nm sfgmnm pmrm preìfgms hf sfvfrdhmhf =) eu sfom) preìfgms jrmvfs quf dgpmltmg hdrftmgfntf nm prehu êìe hf sum erjmndzm êìe) eutrms cergms hf supertf mi äg he tfifc øndle) lege e supertf vdm ZF@ tmg` äg fstìe hdspenç vfds. vfds. Rmrm mlfssmr ms \IMs hf supertf supertf hm Pfh Kmt fntrf fg?

kttps?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%suppert%peidly%sim%prehult kttps?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%sup pert%peidly%sim%prehultden% den%

Ms Sfrsöfs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux? Mtä e rfifmsf PKFI8 e prehute frm hdvdhdhe nms vfrs öfs M\) F\ f Z\. M vfrs ìe M\ eu Mhvmnlfh \frvfr frm m vfrs ìe gmds legpiftm hfstdnmhm me gfrlmhe lerpermtdve hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds pmrm sfrvdherfs. M vfrsìe F\ ecfrfldm m gfsgm qumidhmhf hf sectwmrf hm vfrs ìe M\ peräg tdnkm idgdtm êöfs qumnte m ç sdlm qumntdhmhf hf gfg ürdm c ç sdlm f qumntdhmhf hf LRVs supertmhms. M vfrs ìe Z\ frm hfstdnmhm me sfjgfnte hf hfsateps. M nevm vfrs ìe PKFI 6 vfde leg gudtms nevdhmhfs. E tepe hm lmhfdm hf prehutes hf sfrvdherfs ä e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux Mhvmnlfh Rimtcerg quf mjrfjm tetmi supertf m vdrtumidzm êìe) sectwmrf hf liustfr f jfrfnldm jfrfnldmgfn gfnte) te) supertf supertf me JC\ +Jie`m +Jie`mii Cdif \ystfg$ \ystfg$)) n ìe kí idgdtmêöfs qumn qumnte me n ÿgfre gfre hf ç sdlm prelfssmherfs eu gfg ürdm c ç sdlm f gíqudnms vdrtumds. Fnqumnte e Mhvmnlfh Rimtcerg elupm e sfjgfnte hf gfrlmhe he mntdje M\) e lkmgmhe @msf \frvfr elupm e iujmr he tmg` äg mntdje F\) ms hdcfrfn êms sìe quf e @msf \frvfr n ìe mlegpmnkm supertf me liustfr sudtf nfg me JC\ f ä hfstdnmhe m gíqudnms leg mt ä 0 prelfssmherfs. Rmrm vdrtumidzm êìe e @msf sfrvfr ä rflegfnhmhe pmrm mt ä 8 ’g íqudnms vdrtumd vd rtumds‗. s‗.

0

Afrnfis Hdspend`didzmhes? Hdspend`didzmhes? Afrnfi = LRV mt ä 8 J@ PMG Afrnfi \GR 0 eu gmds LRVs mt ä =3 J@ PMG Afrnfi Kujfgfg =)0 eu gmds LRVs mtf 38 J@ PMG Rmrm Rimtmcegm x;3 n ìe ä hdspend`didzmhe e Afrnfi Kujfgfg.

Mpidlmtdves Repuimrfs \upertmhes? E use he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux le`rf tehe e mg`dfntf hf XD) lencergf cdleu hfgenstrmhe pfie mgpie flessdstfgm hf mpidlmtdves D\S lfrtdcdlmhes. M tm`fim m sfjudr mprfsfntm `rfvfgfntf mijugms dgpifgfntm êöfs leguns?

Fxfgpie hf Mpidlmtdves

ç ldes @fnfc ç ldes Ecfrflf sfrvd êes hf mrqudve f hf dgprfss ìe pmrm es lidfntfs Gdlresect Zdnhews) leg dntfjrm êìe he Mltdvf Hdrfltery f neve supertf pmrm es

\frvdher hf Mrqudve%Dgprfss ìe jrupes rfundhes. Ecfrflf sfrvd êes hf dgprfsserm f hf mrqudves pmrm

es mg`dfntfs Vndx) leg supertf NC\v8 f MuteC\) dnliudnhe `dnhs mutfntdlmhes f gmpms legpmrtdikmhes. E \frvdher kttp hm Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux `msfmhe ne Mpmlkf. \frvdher Zf`

Ecfrflf mitm pfrcergmnlf) fxlfifntf sfjurmn êm f ug vmste lenounte hf piuj-dns epldenmds.

\frvdher hf mpidlmtdves

E lentmdnfr Mpmlkf Xeglmt sfrvift) dnliu ç he he ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux) ä rfcfrïnldm fg dgpifg dgpifgfntm fntmêìe) peds mtrdù mtrdùdd pehfr pehfr mes mpidlmtdves wf` hf imrjm fslmim f gdss ìe lr ç tdlm. tdlm.

\frvdher he `mnle hf hmhes

Fsleikm hfntrf es `mnles hf hmhes epfn seurlf Gy\]I f Restjrf\]I dnliu ç hes hes ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux eu ug prehute hf tfrlfdres e`tdhe hf vfnhfherms lege Dnjrfs) \y`msf f Ermlif.

\frvdher \frvdher hf dncrm-fstr dncrm-fstruturm uturm hf E Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux ecfrflf ug legpifgfnte dntfjrmi hf rfhf

mpidlmtdves hf sfrvd êes hf rfhf) dnliudnhe HKLR) HN\) cdrfwmii) ftl.

<

E Idnux Afrnfi? Lentreimr es hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf ä m cunldenmidhmhf prdgí prdgírdm he Afrnfi hf ug sdstfgm epfrmldenmi) dste ä) e Afrnfi nm gmderdm hms vfzfs cmim hdrftmgfntf leg e kmrhwmrf. Lkmgmhms pmrm LRV) Gfgü Gfg ürdm PMG) Hdspesdtdves fg siets RLD ssììe rfmidzmhms hdrftmgfntf pfie Afrnfi. Jfrmigfntf m dhfntdcdlmêì dhfntdcdlmêìe ef lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e hfssfs legpenfntfs f tmg`ä tmg`äg hes @rdhjfs hm pimlm gì gìf sìe rfmidzmhes mutegmtdlmgfntf pfie Afrnfi.

Gühuies Hdnàgdles Lmrrfjívfds? Rmrm supertmr m jrmnhf vmrdfhmhf hf pfrdc ärdles fxdstfntfs keof) e Afrnfi utdidzm e supertf m gü g ühuies hdnà hdnàgdles. Rmrm mlfssmr lmhm pfrdc ärdle fg pmrtdluimr e Afrnfi prfldsm hf ug hrdvfr) eu sfom) ug ìele hf lühdje hf `mdxe nç nç vfi vfi quf lentä lentäg ms m s dns dnstru tr uêöfs qufstìe. êöfs pmrm cmimr leg fstf pfrdc ärdle fg qufstì Es gühuies huies pehfg sfr legpdimhes legpdimhes fstmtdlmg fstmtdlmgfntf fntf ounte ounte me Afrnfi) mugfntmnh mugfntmnhe e e tmgmnke tmgmnke

hfif

lensdhfrmvfigfntf) eu lege g gü hdnàgdles lmrrfjí lmrrfjívfds) dste ä) qumnhe ä nflfssí nflfssírde utdidzmr tmi ühuies hdnà pfrdc ärdle e Afrnfi lmrrfjm fstf gühuie f sums hfpfnhï hfpfnhïnldms) f mpü mpüs e use hfstf pfrdc ärdle hfslmrrfjm e gühuie mssdg etdgdzmnhe es rflurses he sdstfgm. Ced mtrdùdhe me Afrnfi m rfspensm`didhmhf hf lentreimr eutrms dgpertmntfs dgpifgfntm dgpifgfntmêö fs ne Idnux) êöfs lege e Nftcditfr) quf ä rfspensí rfspensívfi pfie Cdrfwmii he sdstfgm. sdstfgm.

Hdspesdtdves f Rrelfsses? Es hdspesdtdves ne Idnux sì s ìe rfprfsfntmhes iejdlmgfntf lege mrqudves) mijugms m`strmêö m`strmêöfs fs hfvfg sfr lensdhfrmhms) ms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf sì sìe ug fxfgpie hf m`strmêì m`strmêìe e ne Idnux. E jfrfnldmgfnte hes hdspesdtdves mtumigfntf ä rfmidzmhe hdnmgdlmgfntf pfie VHFS) fif ä rfspensí rfspensívfi per pepuimr e hdrftü hdrftürde %hfv leg es hdspesdtdves prfsfntfs ne sdstfgm. Es mpidlmtdves hes usuí usuírdes cmimg leg e Afrnfi he Idnux mtrmv mtrmvääs hf mijugms cunêö cunêöfs fs prä prä-hfcdndhms hm ID@L) fssms cunêö cunêöfs fs sìe lkmgmhms hf ’systfg lmiis‗. Vg fxfgpie) m mpidlmêì mpidlmêìe e he ’usfr spmlf‗ EpfnEccdlf qumnhe vmd jrmvmr ug helugfnte nì nìe sf dgpertm leg es ìeles eu sfterfs he hdsle rç r ç jdhe) jdhe) m mpidlmêì mpidlmêìe e cmz ugm ’systfg lmii‗ enhf e Afrnfi rfmidzm fstm epfrmêì epfrm êìe. e. M dntfr-legundlmêì dntfr-legundlmêìe e fntrf es prelfsses elerrf per gfde hes ’sdjnmis‗) gfnsmjfg prä prä-hfcdndhms sì sìe fnvdmhms mes prelfsses qumnhe mijug fvfnte elerrf. Rmrm tfrgdnmr ug prelfsse fxdstf ug ’sdjnmi‗ fspfldcdle pmrm fstm cunêì cunêìe e per fxfgpie.

8

Mrqudves hf Hdspesdtdves? Lege e`sfrvmges e VHFS ä rfspens ívfi per pepuimr e hdrft ürde %hfv leg es hdspesdtdves prfsfntfs fg nesse sdstfgm. Ne Idnux es hdspesdtdves s ìe mlfssmhes hdrftmgfntf pfies sfus mrqudves lerrfspenhfntfs jfrmigfntf nfstf hdrft ürde. Rehfges fnvdmr hmhes pmrm sm ç hm hm hm dgprfsserm cmldigfntf hfstm cergm? lmt %ftl%pmsswh > %hfv%ip2

Hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf? Es "hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf" eu "mrqudves fspfldmds hf lmrmltfrf" s ìe usmhes lege lerrfspenhfntfs hf hdspesdtdve hdspesdtdvess luoes hmhes s ìe trmnsgdtdhes nm cergm hf ug lmrmltfrf per vfz. Fstfs hdspesdtdve s ìe crfqufntfgfntf utdidzmhes nm legundlm êìe sfrdmi pmrm g íqudnms hf tfiftdpe) tfrgdnmds vdrtumds f gehfns sfrdmds. Nm gmderdm hms dgpifgfntm êöfs) es hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf utdidzmg retdnms hf D%E n ìe ’ùcfrdzmhms") dste ä) lmhm lmrmltfrf ä idhe f fslrdte ne hdspesdtdve dgfhdmtmgfntf.

Hdspesdtdves hf ìele? "Hdspes "Hdspesdtd dtdves ves hf ìele" ìele" eu "mrqudv "mrqudves es fspfldmd fspfldmdss hf ìele" ìele" s ìe utdidzmhes lege lerrfspenhfntfs hf hdspesdtdves nes qumds es hmhes s ìe trmnsgdtdhes nm cergm hf ìeles. Es hdspesdtdves hf ìeles gmds leguns sìe hdsles rç jdhes jdhes f hrdvfs hf LH-PEG. M gmder hdcfrfn êm fntrf es hdspesdtdves hf ìele f hf lmrmltfrf fst í ne cmte hes hdspesdtdves hf ìele utdidzmrfg retdnms hf D%E "ùccfrdzmhms". E sdstfgm epfrmldenmi mielm ug ùccfr pmrm gmndpuimr ug ÿndle ìele pmrm lmhm fntrmhm f smdhm. ]umnhe ug prejrmgm fnvdm ugm rfqudsd êìe hf ifdturm) eu fslrdtm) pmrm ug hdspesdtdve) lmhm lmrmltfrf hf hmhe ä mrgmzfnmhe ne ùccfr mpreprdmhe. ]umnhe e ùccfr cdlm lkfde f ug ìele legpifte ä e`tdhe) m epfrm êìe hf D%E ä rfmidzmhm f e ùccfr ä fsvmzdmhe.

6

Rsfuhe-hdspesdtdves? Es nüs hf hdspesdtdve nes sdstfgms epfrmldenmds he tdpe Vndx) n ìe nflfssmrdmgfntf tfg ug hdspesdtdve çsdle c ç s dle lerrfspenhfntf. Es n üs quf nìe t ïg fstm lerrfspenh ïnldm sìe lkmgmhes hf "psfuhe-hdspesdtdves".

Fifs sìe utdidzmhes fg v írdms cunêöfs f sìe jfrfnldmhes pfie sdstfgm epfrmldenmi. Es psfuhe-hdspesdtdves gmds leguns s ìe? ◅

%hfv%nuii Mlfdtm f hfslmrtm tehm fntrmhm. N ìe prehuz sm ç hm. hm.

◅

%hfv%rmnheg Rrehuz ug ciuxe hf tmgmnke vmrd ívfi lentfnhe lent fnhe lmrmltfr lmrmlt frfs psfuhe-mifmt psfuhe-m ifmt ürdes.

◅

%hfv%zfre Rrehuz ug ciuxe lent ç nue nue hf nuiis +zfres$.

Eutres tdpes hf Mrqudves? Eutres tdpes hf mrqudves tmg` äg pehfg sfr e`sfrvmhes ne Idnux) fxdstfg es mrqudves tdpe selaft quf fcftumg m dntfr-legundlm êìe fntrf prelfsses f mrqudves tdpe pdpf quf fcftumg ciuxes hf hmhes fntrf prelfsses. Pmrmgfntf ug mhgdndstrmher prfldsmr í lrdmr mrqudves hfstfs tdpes gmnumigfntf.

Lrdmnhe hdspesdtdves? E legmnhe ganeh ä utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr hdspesdtdves) per äg lrdmr hdspesdtdves ä ugm prítdlm peule utdidzmhm f s ü ä mlensfik ívfi fg lmses gudte fspfl ç cdles. cdles. Sfom m helugfntm êìe hms gmn pmjfs he ganeh pmrm mouhmr nm lrdm êìe hf mrqudves hf hdspesdtdves.

3

Dhfntdcdlmnhe f idstmnhe es hdspesdtdves? E`sfrvf m idstmjfg he legmnhe is -im m`mdxe? `rw-rw---- = reet hdsa 00) 2 Mpr 08 0=?28 khl lrw------- = reet reet =8) = Mpr 08 0=?28 sfqufnlfr E hdspesdtdve khl mpmrflf lege ug hdspesdtdve hf @iele +Mlfsse rmnhegdle$) o í e hdspesdtdve sfqufnlfr mpmrflf lege hdspesdtdve hf Lmrmltfrfs +Mlfsse \fqufnldmi eu Lerrfntf hf Hmhes$. Xfges tmg` äg e gmoer f gdner nug`fr quf per sum vfz sdjndcdlmg e hrdvfr m sfr utdidzmhe pmrm fssf hdspesdtdve f ug pmràgftre m sfr utdidzmhe nfstf hrdvfr fg pmrtdluimr. Nm helugfntmêìe he afrnfi ä fstm`fifldhe ugm mouhm hf rfcfrïnldm pmrm fssfs nÿgfres gudte ÿtdi) %usr%skmrf%hel%GMAFHF el%GMAFHFS/%hfvdl S/%hfvdlfs.txt. fs.txt. vfom fg? %usr%skmrf%h

RLD @us? Mtumigfntf m gmderdm hes pfrdc ärdles nm mrqudtfturm ’x;3‗ s ìe RLD. Hdspesdtdves RLD s ìe jfrmigfntf Riuj mnh Rimy) vel ï pehfrí cmzfr ugm prelurm eu ’slmn‗ nes siets RLD hf sum g íqudnm leg e legmnhe ispld) utdidzf ispld -v pmrm ugm sm ç hm hm gmds hftmikmhm. Rfrdc ärdles lege pimlms hf seg f gehfns jfrmigfntf fstìe ’mtmlkmhes‗ mes siets RLD hf sum g íqudnm.

\upertf Ketpiuj? Hdspesdtdves ketpiuj jfrmigfntf fst ìe ’mtmlkmhes‗ me V\@ @us) DFFF =<48 +CdrfZdrf$ eu RLGLDM @us. E legmnhe isus` -v idstm es hdspesdtdves V\@ f es pfrdc ärdles ’mtmlkmhes‗ m fifs f tmg` äg gestrm hdvfrsms dncergm êöfs dgpertmntfs. Mssdg lege es hdspesdtdves V\@) es hdspesdtdves RLGLDM tmg` äg s ìe dgpifgfntmhes per g ühuies he %ftl%syslencdj%plgldm ldm. Es Afrnfi. Afrnfi. M lencdjur lencdjurmm êìe hm lentreimherm RLGLDM pehf sfr hfcdndhm fg %ftl%syslencdj%plg

fvfntes ketswmp s ìe gendtermhes pfie hmfgen %s`dn%lmrhgjr. %s`dn%lmrhgjr. Lmrt öfs pehfg sfr dhfntdcdlmhes pfie %s`dn%lmrhlti. E hdrft ürde %ftl%plgldm %ftl%plgldm lent äg es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe pmrm gmpfmr es legmnhe %s`dn%lmrhlti hdspesdtdves RLGLDM f es g ühuies he Afrnfi utdidzmhes. Rmrm dndldmidzmr es hdspesdtdves RLGLDM)

utdidzf? sfrvdlf plgldm stmrt. :

Dnstmimnhe e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux? M dnstmim êìe he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux

ä hdvdhdhm fg heds fst íjdes ?

Rrdgfdre Fst íjde? E prdgfdre fst íjde ä `msdlmgfntf rfspens ívfi pfie èet f m fsleikm he tdpe hf g ç hdm hdm enhf fnlentrmgsf es pmletfs he PKFI. Ne prdgfdre fst íjde tmg`äg ä pessç vfi vfi fsleikfr sf vel ï hfsfom fcftumr m dnstmim êìe ne gehe jr ícdle +Dnstmimêìe Rmhrìe$ eu ne gehe tfxte +idnux tfxt$.

Ä lencdjurmhe mdnhm ne prdgfdre

fstíjde e dhdegm f imyeut hf tflimhe. Rmrm cerêmr m fsleikm hf g ç hdm hdm usf? idnux msagftkeh ) fstìe hdspenç vfds vfds dnstmim êöfs vdm? • Ielmi LHPEG • Kmrhrdvf • NC\ • CXR • KXXR Rmrm cerêmr m vfrdcdlm êìe hf gç hdm hdm usf? idnux gfhdmlkfla )

ä sfgprf mlensfik ívfi vfrdcdlmr sf tehms ms

gç hdms hdms fstìe pfrcfdtms mntfs hf prelfhfr m dnstmim êìe) per fxfgpie) sf mijug LH mprfsfntmr preìfgm fg qumiqufr gegfnte hm dnstmim êìe) tehe e prelfsse fstmr í legpregftdhe rfsuitmnhe nugm dnstmim êìe nìe lencd ívfi. Fxdstfg tmg` äg eutrms ep êöfs quf pehfg sfr mlfssmhms m pmrtdr he prdgfdre fst íjde) pmrm vdsumidzmr e gfnu leg tehms ms ep êöfs tflif C0. Selï fnlentrm hfntre he LH = he PKFI ne hdrft ürde %dgmjfs es mrqudves? èet.dse) fstf mrqudve

ä ugm dgmjfg he LH hf èet he PKFI. Ä ÿtdi qumnhe vel ï hfsfom fcftumr ugm

dnstmimêìe) per fxfgpie vdm CXR f mpfnms hfsfom quf e sdstfgm sfom èetmhe pfie LHPEG. Rmrm lrdmr e LH m pmrtdr hfstm dgmjfg D\E) utdidzf e sfu mpidlmtdve prfcfrdhe pmrm qufdgmr LHs.

ä ugm dgmjfg hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves SCMX. Ä hfstdnmhe pmrm sfr utdidzmhe fg ug V\@ pfnhrdvf per fxfgpie) eu qumiqufr eutrm g ç hdm hdm gmder quf ug hdsquftf. E`sfrvf

hdsaèet.dgj ) fstf mrqudve

quf sum @DE\ hfvf tfr supertf pmrm èet vdm hdspesdtdves V\@. Fstm dgmjfg hfvf sfr fslrdtm leg e hh . Xmg`äg ä pessç vfi vfi rfmidzmr e èet vdm mg`dfntf R[F) pmrm dste prelurf es mrqudves hf helugfntm

êìe. ;

\fjunhe Fstíjde? E sfjunhe fst íjde ugm vfz ielmidzmhe f lmrrfjmhe pfie prdgfdre fst íjde drí dndldmidzmr e mnmlenhm quf hftfltmr í sum lencdjurm êìe hf vç hfe hfe f lentdnumr í m dnstmimêìe fg gehe jr ícdle) eu gehe tfxte +Gfnus$. Ne sfjunhe fst íjde vírdms epêöfs prdgírdms hf lencdjurm êìe sfrìe hfcdndhms pfie usu írde) sìe fims? • Mtdvmêìe hes ’dnstmiimtden Nug`frs‗ • Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf Hdsle • Lencdjurmêìe hf Pfhf • Lencdjurmêìe hf Xdgf _enf • Lencdjurmêìe he pmsswerh he usu írde Peet • \fifêìe eu Lustegdzm êìe hf Rmletfs eu Jrupes hfRmletfs pmrm m Dnstmim êìe

Hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe? Hurmntf m dnstmim êìe ä pessç vfi vfi mlfssmr es lenseifs vdrtumds pmrm lfrtdcdlmrsf quf tuhe fstm lerrfnhe `fg) m`mdxe fnlentrmgsf ms tflims hf mtmike f ms hfslrd êöfs pmrm es lenseifs vdrtumds? \f velï fstdvfr dnstmimnhe fg gehe jr ícdle velï prfldsm prfssdenmr ms tflims Ltri f Mit me gfsge tfgpe. • MitC= E prejrmgm hf dnstmim êìe fg gehe tfxte. • MitC0 Vg skfii @msk +\egfntf pmrm e sfjunhe fst íjde$. • MitC< Gfnsmjfns hf Iej he prejrmgm dnstmimher. • MitC8 Gfnsmjfns hf Iejs he Afrnfi. • MitC6 \mdhm he gaf0cs +Rrejrmgm quf cergmtm ms pmrtd êöfs$ f he jru` +@eet iemhfr$. • MitC: E prejrmgm hf dnstmim êìe fg gehe jr ícdle. Hfpeds hf legpiftmr tehe e prelfsse hf dnstmim êìe ä dgpertmntf tmg` äg lencfrdr es iejs he sdstfgm pmrm hftfltmr pess ç vfds vfds cmikmr eu hftmikfs hf lencdjurm êöfs quf âs vfzfs n ìe sìe legundlmhms pfie prejrmgm hf dnstmimêìe. Mpüs e prdgfdre èet hf sfu neve sdstfgm) vfrdcdquf es mrqudves he %vmr%iej. Es prdnldpmds mrqudves hf iejs s ìe? • %vmr%iej%hgfsj +Gfnsmjfns he ùccfr he afrnfi$ • %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs +\mdhm he sysiejh$ • %reet%dnstmii.iej +Dncergm êöfs hf iej he prejrmgm dnstmimher) gudte dgpertmntf-$

4

Netm? E`sfrvf ludhmhesmg ludhmhesmgfntf fntf e prdgfdre prdgfdre èet hf sfu neve sdstfgm. sdstfgm. ]umiqufr ]umiqufr gfnsmjfg gfnsmjfg hf frre hfvf sfr ludhmhesmgfntf dnvfstdjmhm nes iejs. Sfrdcdquf tmg` ä g m vfrsì e ecdldmi dnstmimhm fxflutmnhe e legmnhe? lmt %ftl%rfhkmt-rfifmsf

Cdrstèet) Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms Mpüs m Dnstmimêìe? E PKFI fxflutm ug prejrmgm lkmgmhe cdrstèet mpüs m dnstmim êìe lmse sfu sdstfgm fstdvfr lencdjurmhe fg runifvfi 6 +Dntfrcmlf Jr ícdlm$. E cdrstèet ecfrflf ugm s ärdf hf lencdjurm êöfs `ísdlms dndldmds pmrm e sfu sdstfgm) s ìe fims?

• Cdrfwmii • \FIdnux • Ahugp +Afrnfi Lrmsk Iejjfr$ • Hmtm f Kerm +NXRH$. • Pfjdstre f Mtumidzm êìe hf Rmletfs +PKN$. • Lrdm lentms mhdldenmds hf Vsu írdes. • Lencdjurmêìe hm pimlm hf \eg. • Dnstmim \ectwmrf%Rmletfs Mhdldenmds hf eutres LHs +F[XPM\$. Rmrm rehmr e cdrstèet nevmgfntf vel ï prfldsm lencdjurmr e lentf ÿhe he mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%cd %ftl%syslencdj%cdrstèet rstèet PVNUCDP\X@EEX7TF\ X7TF\ ‗. pmrm ’ PVNUCDP\X@EE ‗. Nm dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm m`rm ug tfrgdnmi f fxflutf e legmnhe cdrstèet .

Lencdjurmêöfs Jfrmds he \dstfgm? Gudtms cfrrmgfntms hf lencdjurm êìe hm Pfh Kmt fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds pmrm lencdjurmr hdvfrses dtfns ne PKFI) PKFI) ms cfrrmgfn cfrrmgfntms tms legfêmg sfu sfu negf negf leg leg systfg-lencdj-/ . Hflu` Hflu`rm rm tehms tehms ms cfrrmg cfrrmgfn fntms tms hdspenç vfds vfds hdjdtmnhe systfg-lencdj f m tflim XM@ hums vfzfs fg ug tfrgdnmi. %ftl%syslencdj lenlfntrm hdvfrses mrqudves hf lencdjurm êöfs prdgírdes ne PKFI. E hdrftürde %ftl%syslencdj %usr%skmrf%hel%dndtslrdpts/%sy slrdpts/%syslencdj.tx slencdj.txt. t. Fstf mrqudve Sfrdcdquf e mrqudve hf mouhm ielmidzmhe fg? %usr%skmrf%hel%dndt

gudte

ä

tdi) nfif nfif fxds fxdstfg tehms tehms ms XMJs +Epêöfs$ hf lencdj lencdjurm urmêìe hftmik hftmikmhm mhmss hes mrqudves mrqudves he ÿtdi)

%ftl%syslencdj %ftl%syslencdj.

=2

Rmrtdldenmgfnte?

ç ldes Es hdsle hdsless sìe hdvdhdhes fg pmrtd êöfs iüjdlms) jdlms) es prdnldpm prdnldpmds ds `fnfc `fnfc ç ldes he pmrtdldenm pmrtdldenmgfnte s ìe m dnhfpfnh ïnldm hf sdstfgm hf mrqudves f sdstfgms epfrmldenmds fntrf ms pmrtd êöfs f tmg` äg e cmte hf quf sf ugm pmrtd êìe cdlmr lkfdm dste n ìe mcftmrí ms hfgmds pmrtd êöfs fxdstfntfs. E sdstfgm hf pmrtdldenmgfnte gmds legug ä enhf ms qumtre prdgfdrms pmrtd êöfs sìe lkmgmhms hf prdgírdms) sf keuvfr nflfssdhmhf hf lrdmr gmds pmrtd êöfs ugm hms pmrtd êöfs prdgírdms drí sfr lenvfrtdhm fg pmrtdêìe fstfnhdhm) e quf pessd`didtmr í m lrdmêìe hf gmds pmrtd êöfs iüjdlms. E prdgfdre sfter hf lmhm hdsle

ä lkmgmhe hf G@P eu Gmstfr @eet Pflerh) sum fstruturm ä m sfjudntf?

⚡

883 @ytfs s ìe pmrm e @eetstrmp

⚡

38 @ytfs sìe pmrm ms fntrms hms 8 pmrtd êöfs prdgmrdms + 8 x =3$

⚡

0

@ytfs sìe pmrm m mssdnmturm

Nÿgfre gíxdge pmrm pmrtd êöfs?

ä hf 3< pmrtdêöfs. ⚡ Rmrm hdsles \L\D e idgdtf ä hf =6 pmrtd êöfs. ⚡

Rmrm hdsles DHF e idgdtf

Xälndlms mvmn êmhms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte lege PMDH eu ISG tmg` äg fstìe hdspenç vfds) vfds) hdvfrses nç vfds vfds hf lencdjurm êöfs pehfg sfr milmn êmhms hf mlerhe leg e sfu eòftdve f qumntdhmhf hf hdsles.

êìe? Rmrtdldenmgfnte hes \dstfgms hf Mrqudves hurmntf m Dnstmim êìe? Mijugms lensdhfrm êöfs dgpertmntfs hfvfg sfr ifvmhms fg lentm nm sf êìe hf pmrtdldenmgfnte hurmntf m dnstmimêìe) sìe fims?

ç sdlm E tmgmnke hm pmrtd êìe hf swmp ä jfrmigfntf 0 vfzfs e tmgmnke hf sum gfg ürdm c ç sdlm +PMG$. ndge =22G@ pmrm mlegehmr neves afrnfis. Ä mlensfikívfi m lrdm êìe hf ugm pmrtd êìe %èet leg ne gç ndge

ä enhf e sdstfgm lenlfntrm es mrqudves quf guhmg crfq ùfntfgfntf) lege mrqudves hf IEJs f tmg`äg cdims hf Gmdi. Ä mlensfikívfi ne gç ndge ndge 8J@ hf fspm êe.

%vmr

ä enhf sfrìe dnstmimhes es prejrmgms f mpidlmtdves sfu tmgmnke ä vmrdívfi pfim qumntdhmhf hf pmletfs quf vel ï hftfrgdneu hurmntf mdnstmim êìe.

%usr

%ftl %id` %`dn %s`dn %hfv nìe hfvfg fstmr fg pmrtd êöfs hdcfrfntfs) fims hfvfg sfr pmrtf he hdrft ürde+rmdz %$)

peds nfssms pmrtd êöfs fnlentrmg-sf mrqudves dnhdspfns ívfds pmrm e èet he sdstfgm. %tgp ä enhf sfrìe mrgmzfnmhes mrqudves tfgper írdes he sdstfgm.

==

\ectwmrf PMDH) Kmrhwmrf PMDH) N ç vfds vfds hf PMDH? PMDH ä mlrøndge pmrm Pfhunhmnt Mrrmy ec Dnfxpfnsdvf Hdsas. Fstf mrrmnoe ä usmhe lege ug gfde pmrm lrdmr ug su`sdstfgm hf undhmhf hf hdsle) r ípdhe f lencd ívfi) mtrmväs hf vírdes hdsles dnhdvdhumds. Mpfsmr Mpfsmr he PMDH tfr sdhe sdhe cfdte cfdte pmrm gfikermr gfikermr m lencd lencdm`di m`didhmh dhmhff he sdstfgm sdstfgm)) mtrmv mtrmv äs hm mhdêìe hf rfhunh ànldm) nldm) pehf tmg` tmg` äg ifvm ifvmrr m ugm ugm cmis cmismm sfns sfnsmm êìe hf sfjurm sfjurmn nêm f lencdm lencdmn n êm qumnhe qumnhe usmhe usmhe dnlerrftmgfntf. Fstm cmism lencdmn êm pehf mlmrrftmr fg jrmnhfs hfsmstrfs. Rmrtdluimrgfntf) e PMDH ä cfdte pmrm pretfjfr cmikms ne hdsle) n ìe pmrm pretfjfr cmikms hf fnfrjdm eu frres he epfrmher. Cmikms hf fnfrjdm) ùjs ne hfsfnveivdgfnte he afrnfi eu frres hf mhgdndstrmherfs f hf epfrmherfs pehfg hmndcdlmr es hmhes hf ugm cergm drrflupfr ívfi. PMDH nìe ä ug su`stdtute mpreprdmhe pmrm fxflutmr ug `mlaup he sfu sdstfgm. \md`m e quf vel ï fstí cmzfnhe) cmêm tfstfs) sfom lenkflfher f

ldfntf hf tehes es hftmikfs quf fnveivfg m dgpifgfntm êìe hf PMDH. PMDH pfrgdtf quf e legputmher jmnkf hfsfgpfnke nms epfrm êöfs hf mlfsse m hdsle) f hm gfsgm cergm) rípdhm rflupfrmêìe fg lmse hf pfrhm hf mijug hdsle. E tdpe gmds legug hf mrrmnoe hf undhmhfs ä ug sdstfgm eu ugm lentreimherm quf pessd`didtm e use hf g ÿitdpims undhmhfs hf hdsle r ç jdhe) jdhe) lencdjurmhms pmrm quf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi sf legpertf lege sf fxdstdssf mpfnms ug hdsle dnstmimhe ne legputmher.

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf f Sdm \ectwmrf? PMDH pehf sfr dgpifgfntmhe per kmrhwmrf) nm cergm hf lentreimherms fspfldmds hf hdsle) eu per sectwmrf) lege ug g ühuie he afrnfi quf cdlm hdvdhdhe fntrf m lentreimherm hf hdsle hf `mdxe n ç vfi vfi f e sdstfgm hf mrqudves mldgm hfif.

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf? PMDH per kmrhwmrf ä sfgprf ugm lentreimherm hf hdsle) dste ä) ug hdspesdtdve quf pehf mtrmv äs hf ug lmè lenfltmr es hdsles. Jfrmigfntf fif vfg nm cergm hf ugm pimlm mhmptmherm quf pehf sfr "piujmhm" fg ug siet D\M%FD\M%RLD%\-@us%GdlreLkmnnfi. Fntrftmnte) mijugms lentreimherms PMDH v ïg nm cergm hf ugm lmdxm quf hf hdsle.

ä lenfltmhm mtrmv äs hf ug lmè fntrf e sdstfgm lentreimher hf hdsle f es hdspesdtdves

PMDHs pfqufnes pehfg sfr moustmhes nes fspm êes pmrm hdsle he pr üprde legputmher1 eutres gmderfs pehfg sfr leielmhes fg ug jm`dnftf hf mrgmzfnmgfnte leg sfu pr üprde fspmêe pmrm hdsle f suprdgfnte hf fnfrjdm. E kmrhwmrf gmds rflfntf hf PMDH usmhe leg m gmds rflfntf f r ípdhm LRV dr í jfrmigfntf cernflfr e gfiker hfsfgpfnke tetmi) per äg leg ug prf êe sdjndcdlmntf. Dste perquf m gmderdm hms lentreimherms PMDH vfg leg prelfssmherfs fspfldmidzmhes nm pimlm f gfg ürdm lmlkf) quf pehf fidgdnmr ugm qumntdhmhf qumntdhmhf hf prelfssmgfnte prelfssmgfnte lensdhfr lensdhfr ívfi hm LRV. LRV. Ms lentrei lentreimher mherms ms PMDH tmg` äg pehfg cernflfr mitms tmxms hf trmnscfr ïnldm mtrmväs he lmlkf hm lentreimherm.

=0

PMDH per kmrhwmrf jfrmigfntf n ìe

ä legpmtç vfi vfi fntrf hdcfrfntfs tdpes) cm`rdlmntfs f gehfies? sf ugm

lentreimherm PMDH cmikmr) ä gfiker quf fim sfom trelmhm per eutrm lentreimherm he gfsge tdpe. Rmrm ugm lentreimherm hf PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf pehfr sfr usmhm ne Idnux fim prfldsm lentmr leg utdidt írdes hf lencdjurm êìe f jfrfnldmgfnte) cfdtes pmrm fstf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi f cernfldhes pfie cm`rdlmntf hm lentreimherm.

Xdpes hf Kmrhwmrf? Xfnhe vírdms epêöfs hf lentreimherms)

ä nflfss írde pfnsmr ludhmhesmgfntf se`rf e quf vel ï qufr cmzfr. Hfpfnhfnhe he quf qufr cmzfr f he n ç vfi vfi hf PMDH quf dr í usmr) mijugms lentreimherms pehfg sfr

gfikerfs quf eutrms. E tdpe fnlmpsuimhe ä idjmhe hdrftmgfntf â km`didhmhf hf trelm " â qufntf"Q6W qufntf"Q6W hm undhmhf f mes sdstfgms hf mhvfrt ïnldm) eu sfom) fxd`f dnhdlm êìe hf cmikms hm undhmhf f quf tdpe hf trmtmgfnte sum undhmhf rflf`fr í. Vg fxfgpie pmrm dste pehf sfr rfcrdjfrm êìe rfhunhmntf f cernfldgfnte hf fnfrjdm. Es fnlmpsuimgfntes cernfldhes pfim HRX) KR ®) D@G® f Legpmq® trm`mikmg fxtrfgmgfntf `fg) gms t ïg ug luste mite tmg`äg.

PMDH Sdm \ectwmrf?

ä ugm lencdjurm lencdjurmêìe h f gühuies huies he afrnfi) afrnfi) ountmg ountmgfntf fntf leg utdidt utdidt írdes hf mhgdndstrmêìe quf dgpifgfn dgpifgfntmg tmg PMDH purmgfntf purmgfntf per sectwmrf) f n ìe rfqufr ug kmrhwmrf PMDH vdm sectwmr sectwmrff

fspfldmidzmhe. Rehf sfr utdidzmhe e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fxt0) fxt<) HE\-CMX eu eutre. Fstf tdpe hf PMDH

ä dgpifgfntmhe mtrmv äs hes gühuies GH he afrnfi he Idnux f hms cfrrmgfntms

rfimldenmhms. PMDH per sectwmrf) per tfr sum nmturfzm ne sectwmrf) tfnhf m sfr gudte gmds cifx ç vfi vfi quf ugm seiu êìe

ä quf fif fg jfrmi rfqufr gmds ldlies f lmpmldhmhf hf LRV pmrm cunldenmr `fg) qumnhe legpmrmhe m ug sdstfgm hf kmrhwmrf. Fif ecfrflf ugm dgpertmntf f hdstdntm lmrmltfr ç stdlm? stdlm? per kmrhwmrf. E imhe nfjmtdve

epfrm se`rf qumiqufr hdspesdtdve hf ìele pehfnhe sfr ug hdsle dntfdre +per fxfgpie) %hfv%shm$) ugm pmrtdêìe qumiqufr +per fxfgpie) %hfv%kh`=$) ug hdspesdtdve hf ieep`mla +per fxfgpie) %hfv%ieep2$ eu qumiqufr eutre hdspesdtdve hf ìele legpmt ç vfi) vfi) pmrm lrdmr ug

ÿndle hdspesdtdve

PMDH. Dsse hdvfrjf hm gmderdm hms seiu êöfs hf PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf) enhf lmhm jrupe ountm undhmhfs hf hdsle dntfdrms fg ug mrrmnoe. Legpmrmnhe ms hums seiu êöfs) e PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf

ä trmnspmrfntf pmrm e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi) f dste tfnhf m sdgpidcdlmr e jfrfnldmgfnte. Sdm sectwmrf) k í hf ienjf gmds ep êöfs f fsleikms hf lencdjurm êöfs) cmzfnhe leg quf e mssunte sf ternf gmds legpifxe. =<

E Lentreimher hf G ÿitdpies Hdspesdtdves +GH$?

ä usmhe pmrm mjrupmr ugm leif êìe hf hdspesdtdves hf ìele) fg ug ÿndle f jrmnhf hdspesdtdve hf ìele. Nergmigfntf) ug lenounte hf hdspesdtdves \L\D f DHF s ìe lencdjurmhes fg ug ÿndle hdspesdtdve GH.

E lentreimher GH

Ms fxtfnsöfs he lentreimher GH dgpifgfntmg gehe idnfmr) PMDH-2 + strdppdnj$) PMDH-= +fspfikmgfnte$) PMDH-8 f PMDH-6 per sectwmrf. Dste qufr hdzfr quf) leg GH) n ìe kmrhwmrf fspfldmi eu lentreimherms hf hdsle pmrm e`tfr m gmderdm hes `fnfc ç ldes ldes hf PMDH.

ä nflfss írde

Mtfnêìe

M mhgdndstrm êìe hf PMDH ne Idnux n ìe

ä ugm tmrfcm trdvdmi) f ä gmds veitmhm pmrm mhgdndstrmherfs hf sdstfgm fxpfrdfntfs. M tferdm hm epfrm êìe ä legpifxm. Ms cfrrmgfntms he sdstfgm fxdjfg gehdcdlm êöfs nes slrdpts hf dndldmidzm êìe. F rflupfrmr-sf hf ugm cmikm ne hdsle n ìe ä ugm tmrfcm sdgpifs) ä pmssç vfi vfi hf çlde frres frres kugmnes kugmnes.. PMDH PMDH nìe ä pmrm dndldmn dndldmntfs) tfs) f qumiquf qumiqufrr `fnfc `fnfc ç l de fg ùslm ùslm hf lencdm` lencdm`did didhmh hmhff f hfsfgpfnke pehf sfr cmldigfntf mlrfsldhe hf legpifxdhmhf fxtrm. Lfrtmgfntf) undhmhfs hf hdsle fveiu ç hms hms sìe gudte lencd ívfds) f lentreimherms f LRVs mvmn êmhms sìe

gudte petfntfs. Sel ï pehf e`tfr gmds cmldigfntf es n ç vfds vfds hf lencdm`didhmhf f hfsfgpfnke hfsfomhes) legprmnhe kmrhwmrf hf mitm qumidhmhf f pet ïnldm. Es afrnfis he Idnux hm s ärdf 0.8.x dnliufg e supertf m PMDH per sectwmrf per pmhr ìe. E gfsge n ç vfi vfi hf supertf m PMDH pehf sfr e`tdhe nes afrnfis hm s ärdf 0.0 mpidlmnhe-sf lerrf êöfs eu pmtlkfs +vfom ne CXR he afrnfi $. Es afrnfis hm s ärdf 0.8.x supertmg PMDH vdm sectwmrf leg sdstfgm hf mrqudves oeurnmiifh +per fxfgpie) fxt<$) hdcfrfntf he afrnfi 0.0.x) quf n ìe pessuç m fstf supertf.

Nç vfds vfds hf PMDH? vfds hf PMDH) pehfg cernflfr Ms hdcfrfntfs gmnfdrms hf leg`dnmr es hdsles fg ug s ü) lkmgmhes hf nç vfds

tmnte jrmnhf fcdld ïnldm hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lege sdgpifs fspfikmgfnte) eu pehfg mitfrmr e hfsfgpfnke hf imtïnldm +tfgpe hf mlfsse$. Rehfg tmg` äg cernflfr hfsfgpfnke hm tmxm hf trmnscfr ïnldm hf hmhes pmrm ifdturm f pmrm fslrdtm) fnqumnte lentdnumg gmntfnhe m rfhunh ànldm. Nevmgfntf) dste ä dhfmi pmrm prfvfndr cmikms. Es hdcfrfn hdcfrfntfs tfs n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH PMDH mprfsfnt mprfsfntmg mg hdcfrfnt hdcfrfntfs fs hfsfgpf hfsfgpfnke) nke) rfhunh ànldm) nldm) lmpmldhm lmpmldhmhf hf hf mrgmzfnmgfnte) lencdm`didhmhf f lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms hf luste. M gmderdm) gms nfg tehes es n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH) ecfrflf rfhunh ànldm â cmikm hf hdsle. Hes quf ecfrflfg rfhunh ànldm) PMDH-= f PMDH-6 s ìe es gmds pepuimrfs. PMDH-= ecfrflf gfiker hfsfgpfnke) fnqumnte quf PMDH-6 cernflf ug use gmds fcdldfntf he fspmêe hdspenç vfi vfi pmrm e mrgmzfnmgfnte hes hmhes.

=8

Hf qumiqufr gehe) e moustf hf hfsfgpfnke

ä ug mssunte `mstmntf hdcfrfntf) hfpfnhfntf hf ugm jrmnhf

vmrdfhmhf hf cmterfs) lege e tdpe hm mpidlm êìe) es tmgmnkes hes hdsles) ìeles f mrqudves. Fxdstf ugm vmrdfhmhf hf tdpes hdcfrfntfs f dgpifgfntm êöfs hf PMDH) lmhm ugm leg sums vmntmjfns f hfsvmntmjfns. hfsvmntmjfns. Rer fxfgpie) fxfgpie) pmrm leielmr ugm l üpdm hes gfsges hmhes fg heds hdsles +epfrm êìe lkmgmhm hf fspfikmgfnte hf hdsle eu PMDH n ç vfi vfi =$) pehf-sf mlrfslfntmr hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm) ifnhe mitfrnmhmgfntf lmhm hdsle he fspfike. Fg g ähdm) lmhm hdsle

ä gfnes usmhe) per fstmr sfnhe usmhe fg mpfnms gftmhf hm ifdturm +pmrm heds hdsles$) eu ug tfr êe +pmrm < hdsles$) ftl. Mi äg hdsse) ug fspfike pehf gfikermr m lencdm`didhmhf? sf ug hdsle cmikmr) e+s$ eutre+s$ hdsle+s$ t ïg ugm lüpdm hes hmhes. M sfjudr sfr ìe hfslrdtes es hdcfrfntfs n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH) ne lentfxte hf dgpifgfntm êìe hf PMDH per sectwmrf ne Idnux.

PMDH-idnfmr?

Ä ugm sdgpifs lenlmtfnm êìe hf pmrtdêöfs pmrm lrdmr ugm jrmnhf pmrtd êìe vdrtumi. Dste ä pessç vfi vfi sf vel ï tfg vírdms undhmhfs pfqufnms) f qufr lrdmr ugm ÿndlm f jrmnhf pmrtd êìe. Fstm lenlmtfnm êìe n ìe ecfrflf rfhunh ànldm) f hf cmte hdgdnud m lencdm`didhmhf tetmi? sf qumiqufr ug hes hdsles cmikmr) m pmrtd êìe leg`dnmhm dr í cmikmr.

PMDH-2? M jrmnhf gmderdm hes n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH fnveivf ugm t älndlm hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lkmgmhm hf sfjgfntm êìe hf hmhes + hmtm strdppdnj$. M dgpifgfntm êìe gmds ` ísdlm hfssm tälndlm

ä lenkfldhm lege PMDH-2 f ä supertmhm per gudtes cm`rdlmntfs. Lentuhe) pfie cmte hf fstf n ç vfi vfi hf mrrmnoe n ìe sfr teifrmntf m cmikms) PMDH-2 nìe ä vfrhmhfdrmgfntf PMDH) me gfnes quf sfom usmhe fg lenoun êìe leg eutres nç vfds vfds hf PMDH.

=6

Cdjurm 4-=. PMDH-2

\fjgfntm êìe +strdppdnj$

ä ug gätehe hf gmpfmgfnte hf hmhes se`rf e gfde c ç sdle sdle hf ug mrrmnoe) quf sfrvf pmrm lrdmr ug jrmnhf hdspesdtdve hf mrgmzfnmgfnte. Es hmhes s ìe su`hdvdhdhes fg sfjgfntes lensflutdves eu strdpfs quf sìe fslrdtes sfqùfnldmigfntf mtrmv äs hf lmhm ug hes hdsles hf ug mrrmnoe. Lmhm sfjgfnte tfg ug tmgmnke hfcdndhe fg ìeles. Rer fxfgpie) sm`fnhe quf e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fst í hfcdndhe fg 38 a`ytfs) f e mrrmnoe hf hdsles lentäg 0 hdsles) qumnhe ug mrqudve hf =0; a`ytfs cer jrmvmhe) es prdgfdres 38 a`ytfs sfr ìe jrmvmhes ne prdgfdre hdsle) sfnhe quf es ÿitdges 38 a`ytfs dr ìe pmrm e sfjunhe hdsle) f nergmigfntf dsse ä cfdte fg pmrmifie) mugfntmnhe lensdhfrmvfigfntf e hfsfgpfnke. Vg mrrmnoe hfssf tdpe pehf ecfrflfr ug gfiker hfsfgpfnke) qumnhe legpmrmhm m ug hdsle dnhdvdhumi) sf e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte cer moustmhe hf mlerhe leg m mpidlm êìe quf utdidzmr í e mrrmnoe? •

Fg ug mg`dfntf leg use dntfnsdve hf F%\ eu fg ug mg`dfntf hf `mnle hf hmhes enhf g ÿitdpims rfqudsdêöfs lenlerrfntfs s ìe cfdtms pmrm pfqufnes rfjdstres hf hmhes) ug sfjgfnte hf tmgmnke jrmnhf ä prfcfrfnldmi. \f e tmgmnke hf sfjgfnte pmrm ug hdsle

ä jrmnhf e sucdldfntf pmrm lentfr ug rfjdstre dntfdre) es hdsles he mrrmnoe pehfg rfspenhfr dnhfpfnhfntfgfntf pmrm ms rfqudsd êöfs sdguitànfms hf hmhes. •

Fg ug mg`dfntf enhf jrmnhfs rfjdstres hf hmhes s ìe mrgmzfnmhes) sfjgfntes hf pfqufne tmgmnke sìe gmds mpreprdmhes. \f ug hftfrgdnmhe rfjdstre hf hmhes fstfnhf-sf mtrmv äs hf vírdes hdsles he mrrmnoe) e lentf ÿhe he rfjdstre pehf sfr idhe fg pmrmifie) mugfntmnhe e hfsfgpfnke tetmi he sdstfgm.

=3

Cdjurm 4-0. \trdppdnj

Mrrmnoes PMDH-2 pehfg ecfrflfr mite hfsfgpfnke hf fslrdtm) sf legpmrmhes m vfrhmhfdres n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH) per nìe mprfsfntmrfg lmrjm mhdldenmi msseldmhm leg l íiluies hf pmrdhmhf eu leg t älndlms hf rflupfrmêìe hf hmhes. Fstm gfsgm cmitm hf prfvds ìe pmrm rflenstru êìe hf hmhes pfrhdhes dnhdlm quf fssf mrrmnoe hfvf sfr rfstrdte me mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes n ìe lr ç tdles tdles f leg`dnmhe leg fcdldfntfs prejrmgms hf `mlaup.

PMDH-=? M cergm gmds sdgpifs hf mrrmnoe teifrmntf m cmikms

ä e PMDH-=. @msfmhe ne lenlfdte hf fspfikmgfnte

+gdrrerdnj$) fstf mrrmnoe lensdstf hf v írdes jrupes hf hmhes mrgmzfnmhes fg heds eu gmds hdspesdtdves. Mpfsmr hf gudtms dgpifgfntm êöfs hf PMDH-= fnveivfrfg heds jrupes hf hmhes +hm ç e tfrge fspfike eu gdrrer $) $) trïs eu gmds jrupes pehfg sfr lrdmhes sf m mitm lencdm`didhmhf cer hfsfomhm.

êöfs su`sfqùfntfs sìe hdrfldenmhms pmrm e+s$ hdsle+s$ mdnhm fg epfrm êìe. Es hmhes fnt ìe sìe rflenstruç hes hes fg ug hdsle hf rfpesd êìe +spmrf hdsa $ usmnhe hmhes he+s$ hdsle+s$ se`rfvdvfntf+s$. E prelfsse hf rflenstru êìe he fspfike tfg mijug dgpmlte se`rf e hfsfgpfnke hf F%\ he mrrmnoe) peds tehes es hmhes tfr ìe hf sfr idhes f lepdmhes he+s$ hdsle+s$ dntmlte+s$ pmrm e hdsle hf rfpesd êìe. \f elerrf ugm cmikm fg ug hdsle hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-=) ifdturms f jrmvm

=:

Cdjurm 4-<. PMDH-=

PMDHPMDH-= = ecfrf ecfrflf lf mitm mitm hdspe hdspend nd`di `didhm dhmhf hf hf hmhes) hmhes) perqu perquff ne g ç ndge ndge heds heds jrupes jrupes legp legpiftes iftes s ìe mrgmzfnmhes. Lenfltmnhe es hdsles prdg írdes f es hdsles fspfikmhes fg lentreimherms sfpmrmhms) pehfsf mugfntmr m teifr ànldm m cmikms pfim fidgdnm êìe hm lentreimherm lege pente ÿndle hf cmikm. Fntrf es nìe-kç `rdhes) `rdhes) fstf nç vfi vfi tfg e gmder luste hf mrgmzfnmgfnte per rfqufrfr lmpmldhmhf sucdldfntf pmrm mrgmzfnmr ne g ç ndge ndge heds jrupes hf hmhes. Fstf n ç vfi vfi ä gfiker mhmptmhe pmrm sfrvdr pfqufnms `msf hf hmhes eu sdstfgms hf pfqufnm fslmim quf nflfssdtfg lencdm`didhmhf.

PMDH-0 f PMDH-
ä sdgdimr me

PMDH-8) gms mrgmzfnm dncergm êìe FLL +frrer lerrfltdnj lehf$) quf

ä m dncergmêìe hf lentreif hf frres) ne iujmr hm pmrdhmhf. Fstf cmte pessd`didteu ugm pfqufnm pretf êìe mhdldenmi) vdste quf tehms ms undhmhfs hf hdsle gmds nevms dnlerpermrmg FLL dntfrnmgfntf.

=;

Cdjurm 4-8. PMDH-0

PMDH-0 pehf ecfrflfr gmder lensdst ïnldm hes hmhes sf keuvfr qufhm hf fnfrjdm hurmntf m fslrdtm. @mtfrdms hf sfjurmn êm f ug hfsidjmgfnte lerrfte) per äg) pehfg ecfrflfr es gfsges `fnfc ç ldes. ldes. PMDH-<

ä sdgdimr me PMDH-8) fxlfte pfie cmte hf quf fif usm e gfner tmgmnke pess ç vfi vfi pmrm m strdpf. Lege rfsuitmhe) qumiqufr pfhdhe hf ifdturm dnvelmr í tehes es hdsles) ternmnhe ms rfqudsd êöfs hf se`rfpesd êìe çlfds lfds eu dgpess ç vfds. hf F%\ hdc ç vfds. M cdg hf fvdtmr e mtrmse fg rmz ìe hm imt ïnldm retmldenmi) e PMDH-< fxdjf quf tehes es fdxes hms undhmhfs hf hdsle fstfomg sdnlrendzmhes. M gmderdm hms undhmhfs hf hdsle gmds rflfntfs n ìe pessufg m km`didhmhf hf sdnlren sdnlrendzm dzmêìe he fdx fdxe) eu sf s ìe lmpmz lmpmzfs fs hdste hdste)) cmitmg cmitmg es lenfl lenflter terfs fs nflfs nflfsss írdes) rdes) lmès lmès f helugfntm êìe he cm`rdlmntf. Nfg PMDH-0 f nfg PMDH-< s ìe supertmhes pfies hrdvfrs hf PMDH per sectwmrf ne Idnux.

=4

Cdjurm 4-6. PMDH-<

PMDH-8? Fstf ä ug tdpe hf mrrmnoe sfjgfntmhe) gms dnlerperm ug g ätehe hf pretf êìe hf hmhes gmds pr ítdle. Fif usm dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf pmrm m rflupfrm êìe hf hmhes f ms mrgmzfnm fg hdsle hfhdlmhe. Es hdsles rfstmntfs) usmhes pmrm hmhes) s ìe lencdjurmhes pmrm usmrfg jrmnhfs +tmgmnke gfhdhe fg ìeles$ sfjgfntes hf hmhes) sucdldfntfgfntf jrmnhfs pmrm mlegehmr ug rfjdstre dntfdre. Dste pfrgdtf ifdturms dnhfpfnhfntfs hm dncergm êìe mrgmzfnmhm) cmzfnhe hf PMDH-8 ug mrrmnoe pfrcfdtmgfntf moustmhe pmrm mg`dfntfs trmnsmldenmds quf rfqufrfg gudtms ifdturms pfqufnms f sdguit ànfms. Mrrmnoes PMDH-8 f eutres mrrmnoes quf utdidzmg pmrdhmhf cmzfg use hf ug prelfsse hf rflupfrm

êìe hf

hmhes gmds hdn àgdle quf mrrmnoes fspfikmhes) lege PMDH-=. M cun êìe eu fxliusdve +[EP$ hes hmhes f dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf hes hdsles rfstmntfs ä legputmhm pmrm rflenstrudr es hmhes he hdsle quf cmikeu. Rfie cmte hf quf tehes es hmhes se`rf pmrdhmhf s ìe fslrdtes fg ug ÿndle hdsle) fssf hdsle cunldenm lege ug jmrjmie hurmntf ms epfrm êöfs hf fslrdtm) rfhuzdnhe e hfsfgpfnke hurmntf fstms epfrmêöfs.

02

Cdjurm 4-3. PMDH-8

\fgprf quf es hmhes s ìe fslrdtes ne mrrmnoe) dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf nergmigfntf s ìe idhms he hdsle hf pmrdhmhf f ugm nevm dncergm êìe se`rf pmrdhmhf hfvf sfgprf sfr fslrdtm pmrm e hdsle hf pmrdhmhf mntfs hm prüxdgm rfqudsd êìe hf fslrdtm sfr rfmidzmhm. Rer lmusm hfssms hums epfrm êöfs hf F%\) e hdsle hf pmrdhmhf ä e cmter idgdtmntf he hfsfgpfnke tetmi he mrrmnoe. Rfie cmte he hdsle hf pmrdhmhf rfqufrfr segfntf ug hdsle mhdldenmi pmrm pretf êìe hf hmhes) mrrmnoes PMDH-8 s ìe gmds `mrmtes quf mrrmnoes PMDH-=.

PMDH-6? Fstf tdpe hf PMDH PMDH imrjmgfn imrjmgfntf tf usmhe cunldenm cunldenm sdgdimrg sdgdimrgfntf fntf me PMDH PMDH 8) gms supfrm mijuns mijuns hes preìfgms gmds leguns secrdhes per fssf tdpe. Ms dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf pmrm es hmhes he mrrmnoe sìe hdstrdùç hms hms me ienje hf tehes es hdsles he mrrmnoe) fg vfz hf sfrfg mrgmzfnmhms fg ug hdsle hfhdlmhe. Fssm dhädm hf pmrdhmhf hdstrdù ç hm hm rfhuz e jmrjmie hf fslrdtm + wrdtf èttifnfla $) $) quf frm e ÿndle hdsle hf ug PMDH-8) perquf mjerm ms fslrdtms lenlerrfntfs nfg sfgprf rfqufrfg mlfsse âs dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf fg ug hdsle hfhdlmhe. Lentuhe) e hfsfgpfnke hf fslrdtm jfrmi mdnhm secrf per lmusm he prelfssmgfnte mhdldenmi lmusmhe pfim ifdturm) rf-l íiluie f mtumidzm êìe hm dncergm êìe se`rf pmrdhmhf.

0=

Cdjurm 4-:. PMDH-6

Rmrm mugfntmr e hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6) e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fg quf es hmhes sìe hdvdhdhes pehf sfr etdgdzmhe pmrm m mpidlm êìe quf fstdvfr usmnhe e mrrmnoe. E hfsfgpfnke jfrmi hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6 ä fqudvmifntf me hf ug PMDH-8) fxlfte ne lmse hf ifdturms sfq ùfnldmds) quf rfhuzfg m fcdld ïnldm hes mijerdtges hf ifdturm per lmusm hm hdstrdùd êìe hms dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf. Lege fg eutres mrrmnoes `msfmhes fg pmrdhmhf) m rflupfrm êìe hf hmhes fg ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6 ä cfdtm lmiluimnhe m cun êìe [EP hms dncergm êöfs hes hdsles rfstmntfs he mrrmnoe. Rfie cmte hf m dncergm êìe se`rf se`rf pmrdhmh pmrdhmhff sfr hdstrd` hdstrdù uç hm hm me ienje ienje hf tehe tehess es hdsles hdsles)) m pfrhm pfrhm hf qumiq qumiquf ufrr hdsle hdsle rfhuz rfhuz m hdspend`didhmhf hf mgès es hmhes f hm dncergm êìe se`rf pmrdhmhf) mt ä m rflupfrm êìe he hdsle quf cmikeu. Dste pehf lmusmr hfjrmhm êìe he hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm f hf fslrdtm.

Xdpes Kç `rdhes? `rdhes? Rmrm suprdr ms hfcdld ïnldms hf ug nç vfi vfi eu eutre hf PMDH

ä pessç vfi vfi usmr ug nç vfi vfi hf PMDH se`rf eutre) mprevfdtmnhe per fxfgpie) e fxlfifntf hfsfgpfnke hf ug hftfrgdnmhe n ç vfi vfi f m lencdm`didhmhf hf eutre. Dsse tuhe) ä limre) pmjmnhe e prf êe hf ugm gmder qumntdhmhf hf gmtfrdmi.

ä e PMDH-=2. Lege e sfu negf dgpidlm) ä m leg`dnmêìe hf hdsles fspfikmhes +PMDH-=$ leg m sfjgfntm êìe hf hmhes +hmtm strdppdnj$ +PMDH-2$. Vg fxfgpie

00

E gätehe hf lrdm êìe hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-=2

ä hdvfrsdcdlmhe. Fg ugm dgpifgfntm êìe PMDH-2!=) es hmhes hmhes sìe sfjgfntm sfjgfntmh hes mtrmv mtrmv äs hf jrupe jrupess hf hdsle hdsless fspfi fspfikmh kmhes) es) dste dste ä) es hmh hmhes sìe prdgfd prdgfdre re sfjgfntmhes f pmrm lmhm sfjgfnte ä cfdte ug fspfike. O í fg ug PMDH-=!2 es hmhes s ìe prdgfdrmgfntf fspfikmhes) f pmrm lmhm fspfike k í m sfjgfntm êìe se`rf vírdes hdsles. PMDH-=2 PMDH-=2 ecfrflf ms vmntmjf vmntmjfns ns hm trmnscfr trmnscfr ïnldm nldm hf hmhes hmhes r ípdhm pdhm hf ug mrrmno mrrmnoe e fspfi fspfikm kmhe) he) f ms lmrmltfrç stdlms stdlms hf mlfssd` mlfssd`didh didhmhf mhf hes mrrmnoes mrrmnoes fspfikmhes fspfikmhes.. E hfsfgpf hfsfgpfnke nke he sdstfgm sdstfgm hurmntf hurmntf m rflenstru êìe hf ug hdsle

ä tmg`äg gfiker quf nes mrrmnoes `msfmhes fg pmrdhmhf) peds es hmhes s ìe

segfntf lepdmhes he hdspesdtdve se`rfvdvfntf. `rdhe quf usm ms t älndlms hf PMDH leg pmrdhmhf fg lenoun êìe leg m ä ug mrrmnoe kç `rdhe sfjgfntm êìe hf hmhe hmhes. Vg mrrmn mrrmnoe oe PMDHPMDH-62 62 ä fssfnldm fssfnldmigf igfn ntf ug mrrmnoe mrrmnoe leg ms dncergm dncergm êöfs sfjgfntmhms mtrmv äs hf heds eu gmds mrrmnoes PMDH-6. E PMDH-62

Hfpfnhfnhe he tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fstm`fifldhe hurmntf m lencdjurm

êìe he mrrmnoe) fstfs mrrmnoes

kç `rdhes `rdhes pehfg ecfrflfr es `fnfc ç ldes ldes hf mlfsse pmrmifie hes mrrmnoes leg pmrdhmhf +mitm vfieldhmhf nm trmnscfr ïnldm hf hmhes$ eu hf mlfsse dnhfpfnhfntf hes mrrmnoes leg pmrdhmhf +jrmnhf qumntdhmhf$. Lege fg eutres eutres mrrmnoes mrrmnoes PMDH PMDH leg pmrdhmhf pmrdhmhf)) m rflenstr rflenstru u êìe hf ug hdsle cmike jfrm ug dgpmlte ne hfsfgpfnke he prejrmgm usmnhe e mrrmnoe.

Xm`fim hf Legpmrm êìe hes Nç vfds vfds hf PMDH? Rehf-sf cmzfr ugm legpmrm êìe fntrf es v írdes nç vfds vfds hf PMDH) hf mlerhe leg hfsfgpfnke +ifdturm) jrmvmêìe f rflenstru êìe$) hdspend`didhmhf hf hmhes f e n ÿgfre gç ndge ndge hf undhmhfs rfqufrdhms. E`sfrvf nm tm`fim m hfslrd êìe hfstfs mtrdùtes pmrm legpmrm êìe hes nç vfds vfds hf PMDH. \fjudnhe ms rfcfr ïnldms?

•

M7 Hdspend`didhmhf hes Hmhes

•

@7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Ifdturm

•

•

•

L7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Jrmvm êìe H7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Pflenstru êìe F7 Nÿgfre Gç ndge ndge hf Vndhmhfs Pfqufrdhms

0<

Xm`fim 4-=. Mtrdùtes hf Legpmrmêìe hes Sírdes Nç vfds vfds hf PMDH Nç vfi vfi hf M

@

L

H

F

PMDH

PMDH 2

Nfnkugm Gudte èg

Gudte èg

N ìe hdspenç vfi vfi

N

PMDH =

Fxlfifntf Gudte èg

@eg

@eg

0N

PMDH 8

@em

F%\ sfqùfnldmi? @em F%\ F%\ sfqùfnldmi? Gudte èm \mtdscmt ürdm N ! = +N trmnsmldenmi? @em

PMDH 6

@em

F%\ trmnsmldenmi? Pudg

pfie 0$

gfnes

F%\ sfqùfnldmi? @em F%\ \mtdscmt ürdm +m gfnes quf e Pudg

N ! = +N

trmnsmldenmi? Gudte èm

pfie 0$

lmlkf

wrdtf-`mla

sfom

usmhe$ PMDH =2 Fxlfifntf Gudte èm

\mtdscmt ürdm

@em

PMDH 62 Fxlfifntf Gudte èm

\mtdscmt ürdm

\mtdscmt ürdm N!0

gfnes

0N

Netm? E nÿgfre N

ä e rfqufrdgfnte hf fspm êe pmrm mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes he n ç vfi vfi hf PMDH. Fxfgpie? sf e rfqudsdte g ç ndge ndge ä tfr 3J@ hf fspm êe pmrm ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6) fnt ìe hfvf-sf tfr me gfnes 0 hdsles hf
08

ISG) Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs I üjdles? E Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs I üjdles +ISG$ ä ug su`sdstfgm pmrm jfrfnldmgfnte mtdve hf mrgmzfnmjfg fg hdsle quf sf trmnscergeu fg ug pmhr ìe pmrm jfrfnldmgfnte hf mrgmzfnmjfg fg sdstfgms VND[. E Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs I üjdles lensdstf fg ugm lmgmhm mhdldenmi fntrf es hdspesdtdves c ç sdles sdles f m dntfrcmlf hf F%\ ne afrnfi pmrm cernflfr ugm vds ìe i üjdlm ne mrgmzfnmgfnte. Me lentr írde hes fsqufgms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte mtumds enhf hdsles s ìe hdvdhdhes fg pmrtd êöfs lentç nums nums hf tmgmnke cdxe) e ISG pfrgdtf me usu írde lensdhfrmr hdsles) tmg` äg lenkfldhes lege Seiugfs C ç sdles sdles +RS$) lege ug veiugf hf mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes) lensdstdnhe hf fxtfns öfs hf tmgmnkes djumds. Vg sdstfgm hf ISG legp öf-sf hf jrupes mr`dtr írdes hf veiugfs c ç sdles) erjmndzmhes fg Jrupes hf ç sdles) Seiugfs +SJ$. Vg jrupe hf veiugf pehf lensdstdr hf ug eu gmds veiugfs c ç sdles. sdles. Rehf kmvfr gmds hf ug jrupe hf veiugf ne sdstfgm. Vgm vfz lrdmhe) e jrupe hf veiugf) f n ìe e hdsle) ä m undhmhf `ísdlm hf mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes +ug hdsle vdrtumi legpenhe-sf hf ug eu gmds hdsles c ç sdles$. sdles$. M qumntdhmhf hf fspm êe fg hdsle) quf

ä rfprfsfntmhm per ug jrupe hf veiugf) pehf sfr mielmhm fg pmrtdêöfs vdrtumds) lkmgmhms hf Seiugfs I üjdles +IS$ hf v írdes tmgmnkes. Vg veiugf i üjdle pehf lentfr ug nÿgfre hf veiugfs c ç s dles eu rfprfsfntmr mpfnms ugm per êìe hf ug veiugf c ç s dle. E tmgmnke çsdles çsdle. hf ug veiugf i üjdle ä hftfrgdnmhe pfie sfu n ÿgfre hf fxtfns öfs. Vgm vfz lrdmhes) veiugfs i üjdles pehfg sfr utdidzmhes lege pmrtd êöfs hf hdsle rfjuimrfs - pmrm lrdmr ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves eu ug

hdspesdtdve hf trelm.

Mprfsfntmêìe he ISG? Xrmhdldenmigfntf) e tmgmnke hf ugm pmrtd êìe ä hfcdndhe nm dnstmim êìe he sdstfgm. E rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte hf pmrtdêöfs fstítdlms pehf sfr rfmidzmhe leg e mpidlmtdve pmrtfh. Dsse rfqufr quf e mhgdndstrmher cm êm ug pimnfomgfnte pr ävde hm qumntdhmhf g íxdgm hf hmhes quf m pmrtd êìe pehfrí vdr m mrgmzfnmr ne cuture. ]umnhe ug usu írde fxlfhfr e fspm êe hf ugm pmrtd êìe) fif tfrí hf rfpmrtdldenmr +e quf pehf fnveivfr ugm rfdnstmim êìe legpiftm he sdstfgm$ eu sf utdidzmr hf mrtdc ç ldes) ldes) lege ms idjm êöfs sdg`üidlms. Rer fxfgpie) supenkm quf vel ï pessud ug hdsle hf =J@ f lrdm-sf ugm pmrtd êìe %kegf utdidzmnhe 322G@. Dgmjdnf quf vel ï nflfssdtm hf gmds fspm êe f hfsle`rf quf sfr í nflfss írde =J@ ne %kegf. Vtdidzmnhe m mntdjm ne êìe hf pmrtd êöfs) ä nflfssírde tfr eutrm undhmhf hf pfie gfnes =J@ hf tmgmnke. Fntìe) pehf-sf mhdldenmr e hdsle) lrdmr e neve %kegf f lepdmr es hmhes fxdstfntfs pmrm fif. Fntrftmnte) leg ugm lencdjurm êìe ISG) ä nflfssírde mpfnms mhdldenmr ug hdsle hf 822G@ +eu gmder$ f mhdldenm mhdldenmrr fstm undhmh undhmhff hf mrgmzfnm mrgmzfnmgfn gfnte te nm pmrtd pmrtd êìe %kegf. Eutrms Eutrms cfrrmgf cfrrmgfntms ntms pfrgd pfrgdtfg e rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves o í fxdstfntf sfg m nflfssdhmhf hf sf rfcergmtmr e gfsge.

06

Netm? Netf etf quf) quf) lege lege e ISG ISG hfpf hfpfnh nhff hf g ühuies huies he afrnfi) afrnfi) mijugms mijugms pmrtd êöfs

sdgpifsgfntf n ìe pehfg sfr usmhms leg ISG. E % f e %èet sìe fxfgpies limres hdsse) peds es g ühuies he afrnfi nflfss írdes pmrm m gentmjfg hf ug veiugf vdrtumi +mi äg he prüprde afrnfi$ n ìe fstmrdmg mlfss ç vfds. vfds.

Xfrgdneiejdm he ISG?

E ISG vfg leg v írdes omrjöfs quf prfldsmg sfr fntfnhdhes pmrm n ìe kmvfr preìfgms leg es sdstfgms hf mrqudves. Nfstm sf êìe sfrí vdstm fstm tfrgdneiejdm utdidzmhm pfie ISG. Selï hfvf usmr m pmimvrm c ç çsdlm s dlm leg ug peule hf ludhmhe1 hf qumiqufr cergm) dndldmigfntf fim sfr í vdstm lege sfnhe ug sdgpifs hdsle r ç jdhe) jdhe) eu ugm pmrtd êìe. Rer fxfgpie) %hfv%khm ) %hfv%khm0 ) %hfv%shm .

Rehf-sf trmnscergmr qumiqufr n ÿgfre lensflutdve hf ìeles hf ug hdspesdtdve hf ìeles

fg ug Seiugf C ç sdle. sdle. Vg RS nìe ä nmhm gmds quf ug gfde c ç s dle leg mijuns hmhes mhgdndstrmtdves mhdldenmhes m fif - ugm çsdle vfz quf mhdldenf-sf fstfs hmhes) e ISG dr í rflenkfl ï-ies lege preprdft írdes hms Fxtfns öfs Cç sdlms. sdlms. Fxtfns öfs Cç sdlms sdlms sìe lege ìeles hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves +rfjd öfs lentç nums nums he hdsle$ rfmigfntf jrmnhfs) gudtms vfzfs leg ug tmgmnke nm lmsm hes gfjm`ytfs. RFs pehfg sfr mtrdù ç hms hms m ug Jrupe hf Seiugfs.

Vg SJ ä legpeste per ug hftfrgdnmhe n ÿgfre hf Fxtfns öfs Cç sdlms. sdlms. Hfstf Jrupe hf veiugfs) RFs pehfg sfr mtrdù ç hms hms m ug Seiugf I üjdle. Vg Seiugf Iüjdle ä e rfsuitmhe cdnmi hf tehe e trm`mike) f

ä mqud quf ms dncergm êöfs sìe mrgmzfnmhms. Fif ä ug hdspesdtdve hf ìele cunldenmigfntf fqudvmifntf m ugm pmrtd êìe. Ä se`rf e Seiugf I üjdle quf sfrí lrdmhe ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves. E sdstfgm hf mrqudves pehf sfr hf v írdes tdpes? e fxt< pmhr ìe) e fxt0) ftl. Rmrm e usu írde) nìe kí

hdcfrfn êm fntrf ugm pmrtd êìe rfjuimr f ug Seiugf I üjdle.

03

Hfsfnkes Diustrmtdves he ISG? E`sfrvf mijuns hdmjrmgms m`mdxe quf pfrgdtfg vdsumidzmr fstfs lenlfdtes.

Cdjurm ;-=. Seiugf Cç sdle sdle leg Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms sdlms

Cdjurm ;-0. Jrupe hf Seiugfs leg Heds RSs f \fds Fxtfnsöfs C ç sdlms sdlms

0:

Cdjurm ;-<. Jrupe hf Seiugfs fxpmnhdhe

0;

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI6 nm PKN) rknUrfjdstfr? Ne PKFI6 n ìe

ä gmds hdspend`didzmhe e legmnhe up0hmtf. E rknUrfjdstfr ä m cfrrmgfntm lidfntf quf

rfjdstrm sfu sdstfgm nm Pfh Kmt Nftwera eu ne Pfh Kmt Nftwera \mtfiidtf. Hfpeds hf rfjdstrmhe sfu sdstfgm pehf rflf`fr mtumidzm êöfs) dnstmimr neves sectwmrfs f sfr jfrfnldmhe rfgetmgfntf mtrmv äs hm Pfh Kmt Nftwera. Dnvelmhe sfg nfnkug mrjugfnte m cfrrmgfntm rknUrfjdstfr ä fxflutmhm ne mg`dfntf jrícdle) pmrm gehe tfxte usf? rknUrfjdstfr - -nex Lmse sum lenfx ìe leg m dntfrnft n ìe sfom hdrftm) sfr í nflfss írde lencdjurmr m cfrrmgfntm pmrm utdidzm êìe hf prexy hf gehe quf e sdtf hm PKN sfom milmn êmhe. Mpüs e sdstfgm fstmr rfjdstrmhe

ä lrdmhe ug DH hdjdtmi hf sfu sdstfgm ielmidzmhe fg?

ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh. Fstm ä m dhfntdhmhf utdidzmhm pmrm rflenkflfr sfus sdstfgms nm PKN. % ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh. E mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%up0hmtf jumrhm ms dncergm êöfs hms cfrrmgfntms lidfntf hm PKN.

TVG) Tfiiewhej Vphmtfr Gehdcdfh? TVG ä ug sdstfgm dntfrmtdve hf mtumidzm êìe f jfrfnldmgfnte pmrm gmntfr sdstfgms `msfmhes fg PRG. E TVG prelurm prelurm mutegm mutegmtd tdlmg lmgfntf fntf fg hdvfrse hdvfrsess rfpesdt rfpesdt ürdes rdes lencdj lencdjurm urmhe hess per per pmletf pmletfss PRG f sums sums hfpfnhïnldms cmldidtmnhe f jfrfnldmnhe m mtumidzm êìe f dnstmim êìe hf sectwmrf ne sdstfgm. Sfom m`mdxe es prdnldpmds legmnhe he TVG? ◅

Rmrm dnstmimr ug pmletf? yug dnstmii mpmlkf

◅

Rmrm rfgevfr ug pmletf? yug rfgevf mpmlkf

◅

Rmrm mtumidzmr ug pmletf? yug uphmtf mpmlkf

04

◅

Rmrm prelurmr ug pmletf? yug sfmrlk mpmlkf

◅

Rmrm prelurmr dncergm êìe se`rf ug pmletf? yug dnce mpmlkf

◅

Idstm tehes pmletfs quf lent äg ug tfrge? yug idst mpmlkf

◅

Hftfrgdnm quf pmletf lent äg ug mrqudve fg pmrtdluimr? yug wkmtprevdhfs kttph.lenc

TVG PKNRiujdn? Xehm dntfjrm êìe hm PKN leg e TVG

ä fntrfjuf mtrmv äs he rknpiujdn. E piujdn ä rfspens ívfi per lencdjurmr tehes es rfpesdt ürdes nflfss írdes pmrm ms mtumidzm êöfs f dnstmim êöfs hf sectwmrf ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprd Fntfrprdsf sf 6. Mhdld Mhdldenmigfn enmigfntf tf pehfg pehfg sfr fcftumhm fcftumhmss lencdju lencdjurm rm êöfs nes nes mrqudv mrqudves? es?

%ftl%yug%piujdnlenc.h%rknpiujdn. %ftl%yug%piujdnlenc.h%rknpiujdn.lenc) lenc) %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%up0hmtf. %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%up0hmtf.

Dnstmimnhe neves rfpesdt ürdes ne TVG? %ftl%yug.rfpes.h Rmrm dnstmimr ug neve rfpesdt ürde hf sectwmrf ne TVG) lrdf ug neve mrqudve fg? %ftl%yug.rfpes.h

Rer fxfgpie) pmrm dnstmimr e pdhjdn +E neve negf hf preofte he mntdje jmdn “ dnstmnt gfssfnjfr $) $) lrdf ug mrqudve hf negf %ftl%yug.rfpes.h leg e sfjudntf lentf ÿhe? he?

QpdhjdnW nmgf7Rdhjdn cer PKFI%LfntE\ (rfifmsfvfr (rfifmsfvfr - (`msfmrlk `msfuri7kttp?%%rp `msfuri7kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%lfntes%(rfifmsfvfr%(`msf g.pdhjdn.dg%lfntes%(rfifmsfvfr%(`msfmr mrlk% lk% fnmìfh7= jpjlkfla7= jpjlkfla7= jpjafy7kttp?%%rpg.pdhjd jpjafy7kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%PRG-JRJ n.dg%PRG-JRJ-AFT-pdhjdn -AFT-pdhjdn

<2

E@\? Xehms ms lencdjurm lencdjurmêö fs hf ug neve rfpesdt ürde hfvfg sfr cernfldhms pfies sdtfs ecdldmds hes êöfs preoftes.

Dgpertf m lkmvf jpj he rfpesdt ürde leg e legmnhe m`mdxe?

rpg --dgpert kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%PRGkttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%PRG-JRJ-AF JRJ-AFT-pdhjdn T-pdhjdn

Rmrm hfsm`didtmr tfgpermrdmgfntf fstf rfpesdt ürde) guhf m cimj fnmìfh lege m`mdxe?

fnmìfh7= pmrm fnmìfh72 Rmrm rfgevfr fstf rfpesdt ürde) mpfnms rfgevm e mrqudve.

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI8 nm PKN) up0hmtf? E up0hmtf pfrgdtf m legundlm êìe hf sfu sfrvdher ielmi leg m Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$. M cfrrmgfntm up0hmtf fst í hdspenç vfi vfi tmnte pmrm dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm qumnte pmrm e lenseif fg gehe tfxte.

ä lenfltmr-sf m PKN f vfrdcdlmr sf fxdstf mijug pmletf hf mtumidzm êìe eu frrmtm rfifvmntf pmrm e sfu sdstfgm) lmse fxdstm fif dr í %vmr%speei%up0hmtf f pestfrdergfntf fcftumr e hewniemh hes pmletfs f hfpfnh ïnldms pmrm e hdrft ürde %vmr%speei%up0hmtf E legpertmgfnte he up0hmtf pehf sfr lencdjurmhe) gms sum prdnldpmi utdidhmhf

dnstmimr es pmletfs mutegmtdlmgfntf. Mtrmväs he up0hmtf vel ï pehf lrdmr ug nevm lentm nm PKN eu fcftumr e rfjdstre hf sfu sfrvdher fg ugm lentm oí fxdstfntf. Rmrm dste utdidzf e legmnhe? up0hmtf “rfjdstfr

Ä mlensfikívfi utdidzmr e gehe dntfrmtdve hfslrdte mldgm vdm dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm. \fgprf mlegpmnkf e stmtus hf sum lentm vdm ZF@ ne sdtf hm PKN mntfs hf prelfhfr leg fstf legmnhe. Xehm trelm hf dncergm êìe fntrf e sfrvdher f m PKN

ä sfjurm utdidzmnhe preteleie KXXR\.

Selï sfrí qufstdenmhe per ug usfrnmgf f pmsswerh f tmg` äg ug negf hf sdstfgm +systfg nmgf$) fstf negf hf sdstfgm dr í dhfntdcdlmr fstf pfrcdi hf sfrvdher pmrm sfgprf. Sel ï pehf mpmjmr f rf-lrdmr e pfrcdi hf sfus sfrvdherfs qumntms vfzfs cer nflfss írde.

<=

\frìe fnvdmhms ms dncergm êöfs hf sfu sfrvdher lege e tdpe hf kmrhwmrf utdidzmhe +Kmrhwmrf Rrecdif$) pfrcdi hf sectwmrf +PRG Dnstmiifh Idst$ f e sfu lmnmi dnslrdte +\u`slrd`fh Lkmnnfi$. E up0hmtf lrdm ugm mssdnmturm hdjdtmi pmrm dhfntdcdlmr sfu sfrvdher nm PKN) fst í mssdnmturm cdlm ielmidzmhm

ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh . \f per mijug getdve vel ï prfldsm rf-lrdmr sum mssdnmturm) mpfnms rfgevm fg % ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh fstf mrqudve f rehf e up0hmtf nevmgfntf. DGREPXMNXF? Mlegpmnkf sfgprf e stmtus hf sum lentm vdm ZF@ ne sdtf hm PKN + kttps?%%rkn.rfhkmt.leg $pmrm vfrdcdlmr sf sfus lmnmds hf su`slrd êìe oí nìe fstìe fxmustes) ifg`rf-sf quf pmrm lmhm su`slrd êìe mhqudrdhm vel ï tfg hdrfdte m mtumidzmêìe hf mpfnms = sfrvdher. E peidly hm PKN dr í pfrgdtdr cmzfr e rfjdstre hf qumntes sfrvdherfs vel ï qudsfr) peräg nìe sfrí pessç vfi vfi fcftumr mtumidzm êöfs lmse sfus lmnmds fstfomg fxmustes. Lfrtdcdquf-sf tmg` äg hm legpmtd` legpmtd`did didhmh hmhff hf sfus sfus lmnmds lmnmds)) per fxfgpi fxfgpie) e)

%ftl%rfhkmt-rfifmsf rfifmsf pmrm usf? usf? lmt %ftl%rfhkmt-

hftfrgdnmr fxmtmgfntf qumi prehute vel ï tfg dnstmimhe f sf fssm vfrs ìe fstm hf mlerhe leg ms dncergm êöfs ne sdtf hm PKN.

Mtumidzmnhe f dnstmimnhe sectwmrf ne PKFI8) up0hmtf?

E up0hmtf pehf sfr lkmgmhe ne gehe dntfrmtdve +gfnus$ eu fg `mtlk gehf +idnkm hf legmnhe$) slrdpts pehfg lkmgmr e up0hmtf lmse dste sfom nflfss írde. Sfom m`mdxe mijuns hes prdnldpmds legmnhes fg gehe `mtlk?

• -u

Cmz m mtumidzm êìe legpiftm he sfrvdher hf mlerhe leg m lencdjurm êìe pmhrìe.

• -i

Idstm es pmletfs hdspen ç vfds vfds pmrm mtumidzm êìe.

• --skewmi --skewmiii

Idstm Idstm tehes tehes es pmletfs pmletfs hdspen ç vfds vfds pmrm hewniemh f dnstmim êìe.

• --skew-mvmdimìf

Idstm tehes es pmletfs quf mdnhm n ìe cermg dnstmimhes fg sfu sdstfgm.

• -d

@mdxm f dnstmim mtumidzm êöfs rfifvmntfs pmrm e sfu sdstfgm.

• -p

\dnl \dnlre rend ndzm zm e sfu sfu pfrc pfrcdi di nm PKN PKN leg leg es pmle pmletf tfss dnstm nstmim imhe hess nfst nfstff sfrv sfrvddher. her.

]umnhe dnsfrdhe negfs hf pmletfs lege mrjugfnte nm idnkm hf legmnhe m cfrrmgfntm up0hmtf dr í tfntmr fcftumr e hewniemh f dnstmim êìe hfstf pmletf f sums hfpfnh ïnldms. Dncergm êöfs lege vfrs ìe) mrqudtfturm f rfifmsf s ìe mutegmtdlmgfntf rflenkfldhms f lencdjurmhms pfim cfrrmgfntm. <0

Adlastmrt? E Adlastmrt pfrgdtf me dnstmimher ifr ms lencdjurm êöfs hf ug mrqudves fspfldcdle me dnvfz hf dntfrregpfr f pfrjuntmr me usu írde quf fstm rfmidzmnhe m dnstmim êìe) dste pfrgdtf mutegmtdzmr m dnstmim êìe pmrm gíqudnms leg kmrhwmrf sdgdimr) eu qumnhe e dnstmimher lensfjuf rflenkflfr e kmrhwmrf pfrcfdtmgfntf. \f mijug dtfg cer egdtdhe ne mrqudve hf dnstmim êìe he adlastmrt) e dnstmimher dr í pmusmr m dnstmim êìe f cmzfr fstm pfrjuntm me usu írde. Jfrmigfntf e mrqudve hf adlastmrt ä cernfldhe fg ug hdsquftf eu fg rfhf. Ms dnstmim êöfs pfie adlastmrt pehfg sfr vdm LH-PEG Ielmi) Hdsle P ç jdhe jdhe Ielmi) NC\) KXXR f CXR. M`mdxe fst ìe ms dnstru êöfs hf lege cmzfr ug adlastmrt per hdsquftfs f pfim rfhf?

Adlastmrt per Hdsquftf? Lrdf ug mrqudve pmhrendzmhe hf lencdjurm êöfs he adlastmrt leg e negf hf as.lcj. Cergmtf ug hdsquftf leg fxt0 eu fxt< flepdf e as.lcj pmrm e hdrft ürde rmdz hf sfu neve hdsquftf. Pf-dndldf e sfrvdher quf dr í sfr dnstmimhe leg e adlastmrt leg e prdgfdre LH he PKFI f hdjdtf? idnux as7cieppy.

Adlastmrt per Pfhf?

ä rfqufrdhe gfsge sf m lencdjurm êìe DR cdnmi he sfrvdher sfr í fstítdlm. Vg sfrvdher hf NC\ tmg` äg sfrí rfqufrdhe. E sfrvdher hf HKLR dr í dnstrudr pmrm m ielmidzm êìe he mrqudve hf adlastmrt ne sfrvdher NC\. Jfrmigfntf dnstmim êöfs mutegítdlms pfim rfhf utdidzmg ug sfrvdher hf NC\ pmrm prevfr es pmletfs tmg` äg per rfhf) undcdlmnhe tehe e prelfsse hf dnstmim êìe mutegmtdzmhe Vg sfrvdher hf HKLR%@EEXR

per rfhf. Ne sfrvdher hf HKLR s ìe nflfss írdms mijugms lencdjurm êöfs fspfldmds ne mrqudve hklph.lenc) s ìe fims? cdifnmgf "%usr%nfw-gmlkdnf%adlastmrt%as.lcj" "%usr%nfw-gmlkdnf%adlastmrt%as.lcj"1 1 nfxt-sfrvfr ìmrj.rfhkmt.leg1

Lepdf e mrqudve hf adlastmrt +as.lcj$ pmrm e lmgdnke fspfldcdlmhe fg ’cdifnmgf‗ ne sfrvdher NC\ fspfldcdlmhe fg ’nfxt-sfrvfr‗. Xehms ms pfrgdss öfs hf NC\ f Cdifsystfg hfvfg sfr p ÿìdlms.

Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En-idnf? Eutres tdpes hf lencdjurm êìe hf adlastmrt tmg` äg fstìe hdspenç vfds vfds f tmg` äg ugm fxpidlm êìe hftmikmhm hf tehes es pmsses fnlentrmg-sf ne idna m`mdxe? kttp?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%hels%gmnumis%fntfrprdsf%PKFI-8-Gmnumi% kttp?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%hels% gmnumis%fntfrprdsf%PKFI-8-Gmnumi%sysmhgdn-ju sysmhgdn-judhf%lk-adlastmrt0.ktgi dhf%lk-adlastmrt0.ktgi

<<

Lenstrudnhe sfu mrqudve Adlastmrt?

ä fstuhmr e mrqudve %reet%mnmlenhm-as.lcj quf ä jfrmhe mutegmtdlmgfntf pfie dnstmimher hf mlerhe leg m dnstmim êìe rfmidzmhm nm g íqudnm.

M prdgfdrm hdlm

Hdrftdvms hf utdidt írdes? M prdgfdrm sf êìe

ä m hf legmnhes) m erhfg hes legmnhe n ìe ä sdjndcdlmtdvm. Rmrm lmhm legmnhe e dnstmimher dr í tegmr ugm m êìe) fg gudtes legmnhes e dnstmimher dr í pmssmr hdrftmgfntf pmr àgftres pmrm es utdidtírdes hf lencdjurm êìe. Lenkfêm m`mdxe mijugms hdrftdvms f es utdidt írdes lerrfspenhfntfs? Hdrftdvm

Vtdidtírde

• afy` fyèmrh

systf ystfg g-lenc encdjdj-afy afyèmr emrh

• tdgfzenf • xlencdj

systfg-lencdj-tdgf systfg-lencdj-hdspimy

• mutk • geusf

systfg-lencdj-mutkfntdlmtden systfg-lencdj-geusf

• reetpw

systfg-lencdj-reetpmsswerh

• cdrf cdrfw wmii

systf ystfg g-lenc encdjdj-sfl sflurdt urdty yifv ifvfi

Hdrftdvms hf Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle? Ms hdrftdvms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte lentfg dncergm êöfs se`rf pmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle) PMDH f ISG quf sfrìe pmssmhms pmrm e hdsahrudh fg erhfg m lrdmr e tmgmnke hms pmrtd êöfs f pentes hf gentmjfg fspfldcdlmhes ne %ftl%cstm`. M`mdxe fst ìe ms prdnldpmds hdrftdvms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte? pmrt 9cdifsystfg> --sdzf 9sdzf> Q--jrew “gmxsdzf 9sdzf>W pmrt swmp “sdzf pmrt 9rmuh legpenft> rmdh iejvei veijreup

Eutrms hdrftdvms he Adlastmrt? Gudtms eutrms hdrftdvms fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds pmrm lencdjurm êìe hf hftmikfs f moustfs cdnes hf dnstmim êìe. Lensuitf e idna nm sf êìe hf Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En-idnf pmrm ugm idstm legpiftm f hftmikmhm hes hfgmds dtfns.

<8

Hdrftdvms hf Dnstmim êìe hf Rmletfs? M hdrftdvm &pmlamjfs gmrlm e dndlde hm sf êìe he mrqudve adlastmrt quf idstm es pmletfs quf hfvfg sfr dnstmimhes. M sf êìe hf dnstmimêìe hf pmletfs vfg mp üs m sfêìe hf legmnhes hfslrdtm mldgm. Negfs hf pmletfs dnhdvdhumds eu jrupes pehfg sfr idstmhes. E lmrmltfr ’B‗ sdjndcdlm ug jrupe hf pmletf fnqumnte pmletfs dnhdvdhumds hfvfg sfr idstmhes sfg vfrs ìe) rfifmsf eu mrqudtfturm. M hfcdnd êìe hes jrupes fst í ne prdgfdre LH hf dnstmim êìe he PKFI ielmidzmhm fg? PfhKmt%`msf%legps.xgi. E`sfrvf quf es jrupes Lerf f @msf o í fstìe sfifldenmhes per pmhr ìe f n ìe prfldsmg sfr mhdldenmhes. M`mdxe fst í ug `rfvf fxfgpie hm sf êìe &pmlamjfs? &pmlamjfs B [ Zdnhew \ystfg B JNEGF Hfsatep Fnvdrengfnt B Jrmpkdlmi Dntfrnft B \eunh mnh Sdhfe hklp

Rmletfs quf n ìe fstìe nm hdstrdùd êìe tmg`äg pehfg sfr dnstmimhes nm sf êìe &pmlamjfs) pmrm dste lensuitf m helugfntm êìe he adlastmrt en-idnf) eu dnlium es pmletfs mhdldenmds quf hfsfom dnstmimr fg ug slrdpt nm sfêìe hf &pest.

Hdrftdvm &prf? M hdrftdvm &prf cdlm ielmidzmhm ne cdnmi he mrqudve adlastmrt) s ìe fxflutmhes es legmnhes +slrdpts$ hm sfêìe &prf mpüs e mrqudve hf adlastmrt sfr idhe) dste ä) mntfs hf pmrtdldenmr) cergmtmr eu lepdmr qumiqufr pmletf pmrm e sdstfgm. E`sfrvf quf es legmnhes hm sf êìe &prf sìe fxflutmhes fg ug mg`dfntf `mstmntf rfhuzdhe) m rfseiu êìe hf negfs per fxfgpie mdnhm n ìe fstm mlfss ç vfi. vfi. E`sfrvf ug fxfgpie hf slrdpt &prf? &prf , Lrfmtf pmrtdtdens `y lepydnj mn G@P dgmjf ganeh %tgp%khm hh dc7%gnt%seurlf%pu`%g`r.dgj ec7%tgp%khm

<6

Hdrftdvm &pest? M hdrftdvm &pest cdlm ielmidzmhm mp üs m hdrftdvm &prf eu tmg` äg ne cdnmi he mrqudve hf adlastmrt. Me lentrmrde hm sf êìe &prf) m sfêìe &pest ä gudte gmds pehfresm) tehes es pmletfs o í cermg hfvdhmgfntf dnstmimhes f e sdstfgm lencdjurmhe) ugm dncdndhmhf hf mhfqum êöfs pehfg sfr rfmidzmhms mqud. mcdrgmr quf leg m sf êìe &pest segmhm hm vfrsmtdidhmhf hes slrdpts

vfi Ä pessç vfi

ä pessç vfi vfi cmzfr qumiqufr ledsm.

E`sfrvf quf m sf êìe &pest rehm fg lkreet fg %gnt%sysdgmjf enhf fst í e neve sdstfgm dnstmimhe.

Ä

pessdvfi mlfssmr e mg`dfntf hdrftmgfntf) pmrm dsse vel ï hfvf fspfldcdlmr e mrjugfnte “nelkreet. E`sfrvf ug fxfgpie hf slrdpt &pest? &pest --nelkreet %s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi %s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi %s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi %s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi

<86 <86 <86 <86

tfinft ecc cdnjfr ecc iph ecc kttph en

<3

Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$? M Pfh Kmt Nftwera ä ug pimtmcergm hf trm`mike `msfmhm nm ZF@ pmrm jfrfnldmr tehm sum dncrm-fstruturm hf sfrvdherfs Pfh Kmt Idnux. Mtrmvä Mtrmväs hf ugm fxtfnsm f legpifxm dntfrcmlf jrí jrícdlm es mhgdndstrmherfs pehfg jfrfnldmr es sfrvdherfs) fcftumr mtumidzmêö mtumidzmêöfs fs f frrmtms) mjfnhmr gmnutfnêö gmnutfnêöfs fs f gudte gmds. Es sfrvdê sfrvdêes ecfrfldhes pfim PKN sì sìe legfrldmidzmhes f hdvdhdhes per gü gühuies) pmrm lmhm gü gühuie mhqudrdhe ä mugfntmhe e nÿ nÿgfre hf cunldenmidhmhfs quf velï velï lensfjuf vdsumidzmr nm sum lentm.

PKN\H? PKN\H ä ug hmfgen quf ä fxflutmhe fg `mlajreunh f lentmtm m PKN pfrdehdlmgfntf pmrm vfrdcdlmr sf kí mijugm tmrfcm mjfnhmhm pmrm sfu sdstfgm. \f cer fnlentrmhm mijugm tmrfcm mjfnhmhm e hmfgen fxflutm m tmrfcm. Epldenmigfntf velï velï pehf dnvelmr e prelfsse pmrm sfr fxflutmhe fg cerfjreunh. E rknsh fcftum vfrdcdlmêö vfrdcdlmêöfs fs ne gegfnte hf sum dndldmidzmêì dndldmidzmêìe) e) lmse sfu sdstfgm mdnhm nì nìe tfnkm sdhe hfvdhmgfntf rfjdstrmhe fg ug lmnmi hm PKN fif sdgpifsgfntf nì nìe drm sfr fxflutmhe. E rknsh ä dndldmidzmhe dndldmidzmhe mtrmv m trmvääs hf ug slrdpt fstdie \ystfg S ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh . E dntfrvmie hf tfgpe tfgpe pmhrì pmhrìe lencdjurmhe pmrm lentmtmr m PKN ä hf 082 gdnutes f e tfgpe gç gç ndge ndge pehf sfr lencdjurmhe pmrm mtä mtä 32 gdnutes. Rmrm mtdvmr e hmfgen nm dndldmidzmêì dndldmidzmêìe e usf? lkalencdj rknsh en Rmrm vfrdcdlmr per mtumidzm mtumidzmêö fs e rknsh lkmgm ug prejrmgm fxtfrne lkmgmhe rknUlkfla) rknUlkfla) mpfnms ug êöfs pfqufne fxflutí fxflutívfi quf jfrfnldm m lenfxì lenfxìe hf rfhf leg m PKN. E hmfgen rknsh nì nìe m`rf nfnkugm pertm ne sfrvdher) sfgprf quf ä nflfssí nflfssírde lenfltmr-sf leg m PKN e mpidlmtdve rknUlkfla ä lkmgmhe f dndldm lenfxì lenfxìe leg m PKN. E mrqudve hf lencdjurm lencdjurmêì e he rknsh fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%syslencdj%rkn% %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%rknsh rknsh f ä lkmgmhe qumnhe e êìe hmfgen ä dndldmidzmhe pfie slrdpt %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh pmràgftre hf lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e ä e dntfrvmie hf %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh . E prdnldpmi pmrà tfgpe fg gdnutes quf sfrí sfrí lencdjurmhe pmrm e hmfgen lentmtmr m PKN. Nevmgfntf) ä nflfssí nflfssírde mntfs sfu sdstfgm fstmr hfvdhmgfntf rfjdstrmhe nm PKN pmrm e rknsh sfr fxflutmhe.

<:

Gühuies Legfrldmds hm PKN? E gühuie hf uphmtf ä lensdhfrmhe `í `ísdle f oí oí vïg per pmhrì pmhrìe fg qumiqufr su`slrdêì su`slrdêìe e mhqudrdhm. Fif ä rfspensí rfspensívfi per fcftumr ms mtumidzmêö mtumidzmêöfs fs nes sdstfgms. Es prdnldpmds eutres gü gühuies sì sìe?

Gmnmjfgfnt? E gühuie hf jfrfnldmgfnte pfrgdtf erjmndzmr sum dncrm-fstruturm hf sfrvdherfs fg jrupes) dnhdlmhm pmrm erjmndzmêö erjmndzmêöfs fs leg ug jrmnhf nÿ nÿgfre hf sfrvdherfs) pfrgdtf c íldi mhgdndstrmêì mhgdndstrmêìe e f vdsumidzmêì vdsumidzmêìe e hf lfntfnms hf sfrvdherfs lege sf cessfg ug sü sü. \ums prdnldpmds prdnldpmds cunldenmidhmhfs cunldenmidhmhfs sì sìe? Mjrupmgfnte f Erjmndzmêìe hf sdstfgms. sdstfgms. +\ystfg Jreuppdnj$ Jfrfnldf ug jrupe hf sfrvdherfs leg m gfsgm cmldidhmhf quf jfrfnldm mpfnm ug ÿndle sfrvdher. Rfrgdssdenmgfnte Jfrïnldmvfi hm Mhgdndstrmêìe hes Jrupes. Jrupes. +\ystfg Rfrgdssdens$ Mjrupf sfu sdstfgm hf mlerhe leg sums nflfssdhmhfs f mhdldenf m pfrgdssì pfrgdssìe pmrm mhgdndstrmherfs f \u`mhgdndstrmherfs mhgdndstrmherfs hes jrupes lrdmnhe sfu peidly lustegdzmhe hf mhg m hgdndstrm dndstrmêì e. êìe. Mjfnhmgfnte hf tmrfcms pmrm Jrupes. Jrupes. +\lkfhuifh Mltdens$ Mjfnhf f erjmndzf m mtumidzmêì mtumidzmêìe e eu lerrfêö lerrfêöfs fs +frrmtms$ pmrm es jrupes hf sfrvdherfs. Rrelurm hftmikmhm fg Jrupes f \dstfgms. \dstfgms. +\ystfg \fmrlk$ Vg sdstfgm hf prelurm mvmn mvmnêêmhe pehf fnlentrmr pmletfs PRG) frrmtms eu fspfldcdlmêö fspfldcdlmêöfs fs hf sfrvdherfs nes jrupes. Legpmrmêìe fntrf \dstfgms. \dstfgms. +Rmlamjf Rrecdif Legpmrdsen Xeeis$ Legpmrf heds sfrvdherfs hdrftmgfntf. Rfrgdtf fnlentrmr ms hdcfrfnê hdcfrfnêms f jfrmr èiftdns hes rfsuges hms hdcfrfnê hdcfrfnêms fntrf sfrvdherfs. +Guitd-Rimtmcerg Gmnmjfgfnt$ Gmnm jfgfnt$ Jfrfnldmgfnte Guitd-Rimtmcergm. +Guitd-Rimtmcerg Rfrgdtf e jfrfnldmgfnte hf sdstfgms \eimrds nm PKN +\egfntf leg e gühuie smtfiidtf$.

<;

Rrevdsdendnj? E gühuie hf prevdsdenmgfnte ä lmpmz hf jfrfnldmr e legpifte ldlie hf vdhm hf sum dncrm-fstruturm hf sfrvdherfs. E mhgdndstrmher ä lmpmz hf preoftmr) jfrfnldmr) mtumidzmr f rfgmnfomr tehm dncrm-fstruturm hf gíqudnms Idnux mtrmvä mtrmväs hf ug lenseif jrí jrícdle +JVD$. Lentä Lentäg tehms ms cunldenmidhmhfs he gü gühuie Gmnmjfgfnt. Rrevdsdenmgfnte. Rrevdsdenmgfnte. +@mrf Gftmi Rrevdsdendnj$ Dnstmimêì Dnstmimêìe e f Pfgmnfomgfnte hf neves sfrvdherfs mutegmtdlmgfntf mutegmtdlmgfntf mtrmvä mtrmväs he Adlastmrt. +Fxdstdnj \tmtf Rrevdsd Rr evdsdendnj$ endnj$ Rrevdsdenmgfnte hf Fstmhe hf Fxdstfnldm. +Fxdstdnj Leg ug sü sü lidquf e mhgdndstrmher pehf rfpidlmr e fstmhe hf ugm gí gíqudnm oí oí fg prehuêì prehuêìe e pmrm ug neve sfrvdher. +Guitd-\tmtf Peii`mla$ Peii`mla. +Guitd-\tmtf Rfrgdtf mrgmzfnmr e fstmhe hf lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e f sectwmrf hf ug sfrvdher f rfternmr m fssf fstmhe qumnhe hfsfomr. +Lencdjurmtden Gmnmjfgfnt$ Jfrfnldmher hf Lencdjurmêìe. +Lencdjurmtden Rfrgdtf jfrfnldmr jrupes hf lencdjurmêö lencdjurmêöfs fs f leg`dnmhe leg ms cfrrmgfntms hf adlastmrt fntrfjm ug legpifte jfrfnldmgfnte hf mêö mêöfs fs hf prevdsd p revdsdenmgfnte. enmgfnte. Rrevdsdenmgfnte hf \ectwmrf PRG. +PRG-`msfh mppidlmtden prevdsdendnj$ Rfrgdtf ug legpifte prevdsdenmgfnte hf mpidlmtdves PRG. wrdttfr$ Fhdter hf Lencdjurmêìe he Adlastmrt. +Adlastmrt lencdjurmtden wrdttfr$ Cfrrmgfntm hf fhdêì fhdêìe e f gmndpuimêì gmndpuimêìe e he mrqudve hf lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e he adlastmrt.

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Gendterdnj? E gühuie hf gendtermgfnte pfrgdtf rmstrfmr sfus sfrvdherfs f mpidlmtdves mtrmvä mtrmväs hf ug lenseif lfntrmi nm Pfh Kmt Nftwera jfrmnhe rfimtü rfimtürdes pfrdü pfrdühdles prdnldpmigfntf se`rf pfrcergmnlf f lmrjm. Mnmidzmher hf \dstfgm. +\ystfg Rre`fs$ Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr hdspmrmhes pmrm fcftumr m lkflmjfg hf h hÿ gfgürdm) ÿzdms hf dnhdlmherfs) lege gfgü lmpmldhmhf hf hdsle f LRV per fxfgpie. +Mppidlmtdens Rre`fs$ Mnmidzmher hf Mpidlmêöfs. +Mppidlmtdens Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr hdspmrmhes pmrm gendtermr mpidlmêö mpidlmêöfs fs pepuimrfs lege Ermlif) @FM) Gy\]I f Mpmlkf. Mnmidzmherfs Rfrsenmidzmvfds. +Lusteg Rre`fs$ Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr gmndpuimhes pmrm gendtermr sums mpidlmêö mpidlmêöfs fs pmrtdluimrfs. Jrupes hf Mnmidzmherfs. +Rre`fs \udtfs$ Erjmndzf jrupes hf gmrlmherfs pmrm gfikermr m lensdstï lensdstïnldm hf sfus sfrvdherfs. Lfntrmi hf Netdcdlmêöfs. +Netdcdlmtden$ Mimrgfs hf fstmhe lrç lrç tdle tdle pehfg sfr fnvdmhes pmrm f-gmdis eu pmjfrs. Lfntrmi hf \tmtus. +Lfntrmi \tmtus$ Pfsug Pfsuges es hes gmrlmher gmrlmherfs fs hf gendt gendterm ermgfnt gfnte e erjmndz erjmndzmhes mhes fg ugm píjdnm jdnm lfntrmidzmnhe lfntrmidzmnhe tehms ms dncergmêö dncergmêöfs fs pehfg sfr jfrmhms pmrm cmldidtmr e mlegpmnkmgfnte hf jrupes hf sfrvdherfs fg prehuêì prehuêìe. e. Pfimtürdes. +Pfpertdnj$ Pfimtü Pfimtürdes pehfg sfr erjmndzmhes jfrmnhe jrí jrícdles f IEJs hf mlerhe leg es gmrlmherfs sfifldenmhes.

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\mtfiidtf \frvfr? Xehms cunldenmidhmhfs hm Pfh Kmt Nftwera sì sìe mrgmzfnmhms fg sum rfhf ielmi) es sdstfgms jfrfnldmhes lenfltmg-sf me smtfiidtf sfrvfr rfhuzdnhe e use hm dntfrnft. Mpfnms e smtfiidtf sfrvfr lenfltm m Pfh Kmt nftwera pmrm sdnlrendzmr leg e neve lentfÿ lentfÿhe. Fstf gehfie pfrgdtf e jfrfnldmgfnte hf sfrvdherfs sfg e mlfsse pÿ pÿìdle hdrfte e quf mugfntm mdnhm gmds m sfjurmnê sfjurmnêm hf sfu hegç hegç nde nde lerpermtdve.

Rrexy \frvfr? E prexy sfrvfr pehf sfr mhdldenmhe me smtfiidtf sfrvfr lenlfntrmnhe f ’lmlkfnmhe‗ hewniemhs pmrm hdgdnudr mdnhm gmds e mlfsse m dntfrnft f prevfr leg gmder vfieldhmhf mtumidzmêì mtumidzmêìe e f frrmtms mes sdstfgms jfrfnldmhes.

Mouhm hm PKN En-idnf? Xehm helugfntmêì helugfntmêìe e hms cunldenmidhmhfs hm PKN pehfg sfr fnlentrmhms ne sdtf hm Pfh Kmt ne idna m`mdxe? kttps?%%rkn.rfhk kttps?%%rkn .rfhkmt.leg mt.leg%kfip%m %kfip%mè èut.pxt

8=

Pfsuge he Rrelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm?

➘

M`mdxe es prdnldpmds pmsses he prelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm rfsugdhes?

• M @DE\ +@msdl Dnput Eutput \ystfg$ rfmidzm ug tfstf hf sums pr üprdms cunêöfs f hdspesdtdves nm gíqudnm) fstf prelfsse

sdle ä lenkfldhe lege RE\X. E pr üxdge pmsse ä ifr f fxflutmr e prdgfdre sfter c ç sdle he hdsle +G@P$ enhf rfsdhf e prdgfdre fst íjde he @ee @ eet Iemhfr ne hdspesdtdve hdspesd tdve fsleikdhe fs leikdhe pmrm èet.

• E @eet Iemhfr fxflutm sfu prdgfdre fst íjde quf jfrmigfntf ä gudte pfqufne +883 @ytfs$) sum cun êìe ä mpentmr f fxflutmr e sfjunhe fst íjde quf jfrmigfntf fst í nm pmrtdêìe %èet .

• E Afrnfi ä lkmgmhe dndldmidzmhe es hrdvfrs ùdit-dn f g ühuies. Fssfs hrdvfrs hftfltmg f dndldmidzmg es hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf hm g íqudnm) e cdifsystfg rmdz ä gentmhe fg rfmh-eniy.

ä dndldmhe f fntrm ne run-ifvfi pr ä-hfcdndhe ne %ftl%dndttm` %ftl%dndttm`) lege e dndt ä e prdgfdre prelfsse fif tfg e RDH nÿgfre =) tehes es hfgmds prelfsses hm g íqudnm sfr ìe sfu pmrfntf. • E dndt

• %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt ä lkmgmhe f cmz hdvfrsms lencdjurm êöfs hf mg`dfntf ne sdstfgm lege lencdjurmr e kestnmg kestnmgf) f) mtdvmr mtdvmr swmp) swmp) mtdvmr mtdvmr PMDHs PMDHs f ISGs) ISGs) gentmr gentmr f lkflmr lkflmr es hfgmds hfgmds cdifsystfg cdifsystfgs) s) fcftumr fcftumr ms %ftl%syslti.lenc ) mtdvmr quetms) lencdjurmr e rfi üjde lencdjurm êöfs hf pmràgftres he afrnfi hfcdndhms fg %ftl%syslti.lenc

he sdstfgm f ftl...

• %ftl%rl.h%rl %ftl%rl.h%rl fxflutm es slrdpts he hdrft ürde %ftl%rl.h%rl[.h% %ftl%rl.h%rl[.h% lerrfspenhfntf me run-ifvfi.

%ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi ä fxflutmhe. • %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi

Mlegpmnkf nms pr üxdgms píjdnms nms tehe te he hftmik h ftmikmgfn mgfnte te hf lmhm ug hes ç tfns tfns mldgm. 80

JPV@? JPV@

ä m sdjim pmrm JPmnh Vndcdfih @eetiemhfr. Xrmtm-sf hf ug jfrfnldmher hf èet hfsfnveivdhe

dndldmigfntf dndldmigfntf per Frdlk \tfcmn @eifyn) @eifyn) hdspend`di hdspend`didzmhe dzmhe lege sectwmrf sectwmrf JNV. JNV. Fntrf sfus prdnldpmds prdnldpmds rflurses fst í m lmpmldhmhf hf trm`mikmr leg hdvfrses sdstfgms epfrmldenmds) lege e Idnux) e Zdnhews f ms vfrsöfs @\H) f sfu lensfq ùfntfgfntf supertf m v írdes sdstfgms hf mrqudves) lege e fxt0) fxt<) rfdsfrcs) CMX) CC\) fntrf eutres.

Vg hes getdves gmds ü`vdes pmrm e JPV@ sfr usmhe

ä sum lmpmldhmhf hf pfrgdtdr quf e usu írde fsleikm ug hes sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes fg sfu legputmher. Fg eutrms pmimvrms) e JPV@ ä lmpmz hf trm`mikmr leg "guitdèet". Mi äg hdsse) fssf jfrfnldmher tmg` äg ä lmpmz hf "èetmr" sdstfgms fg hdsles \L\D eu gfsge lmrrfj í-ies mtrmväs hf dgmjfns hdspen ç vfds vfds fg rfhf.

Jfrmigfntf) e JPV@ cmz use he mrqudve %ftl%jru`.lenc pmrm hfcdndr f lmrrfjmr sum lencdjurm

êìe +ug

hftmikf dgpertmntf? hfpfnhfnhe hm hdstrdùd êìe) e JPV@ pehf usmr eutre hdrft ürde f eutre negf hf mrqudve) lege gfnu.lenc$. Nfif) m prdgfdrm ledsm quf lkmgm m mtfn êìe ä sum cergm hf trm`mikmr leg es hdsles rç jdhes jdhes he legputmher. Me dnv äs hf rfcfrfnldmr fssfs hdspesdtdves lege %hfv%khm=) %hfv%khm0) ftl) fif e cmz mtrmv äs hes hes tfrges +kh2)2$) +kh2)=$ f mssdg per hdmntf. E`sfrvf E`sfrvf m tm`fim m`mdxe pmrm ug gfiker fntfnhdgfnte?

Rmhrìe JPV@

%hfv%khm= %hfv%khm= +kh2)2$ +kh2)2$ %hfv%khm0 +kh2)=$ %hfv%kh`= +kh=)2$ %hfv%kh`0 +kh=)=$

E JPV@ lkmgm e KH prdnldpmi he legputmher hf kh2 +fnqumnte e Idnux e lkmgm hf khm$. Vg hdsle sflunh írde rflf`f e negf hf kh= +e Idnux e lkmgm hf kh`$ f mssdg sf sfjuf. Rmrm trm`mikmr leg ms pmrtdêöfs he KH) e JPV@ ms rfcfr ïnldm mtrmväs hf ug nÿgfre dnsfrdhe mp üs ugm vç rjuim. rjuim. Mssdg) m prdgfdrm pmrtd êìe rflf`f e n ÿgfre 2 +zfre$ - kh2)2 -) â sfjunhm pmrtd êìe ä mtrdùç he he e nÿgfre = - kh2)= f mssdg per hdmntf.

Ä dgpertmntf crdsmr quf) nfssf lmse) e JPV@ n ìe cmz hdstdnêìe fntrf hdsles DHF f

\L\D. 8<

Mjerm quf vel ï oí sm`f lege e JPV@ trmtm es hdsles hm g íqudnm) m`mdxe sfjuf) lege fxfgpie) e lentf ÿhe hf ug mrqudve jru`.lenc ?

hfcmuit 2 tdgfeut tdgfeut 6 cmii`mla cmii`mla = spimskdgm spimskdgmjf7+kh2)= jf7+kh2)=$%jru`%spi $%jru`%spim msk.xpg.jz tdtif Cfherm Cfherm Lerf +0.3.4-=.33:$ +0.3.4-=.33:$ reet +kh2)=$ afrnfi %èet%vg %èet%vgidnu idnuz-0.3 z-0.3.4-= .4-=.33: .33: re reet7%hfv%khm0 reet7%hfv%khm0 dndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.d %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.dgj gj tdtif Zdnhews [R [R reetnevfrdcy reetnevfrdcy +kh2)2$ +kh2)2$ gmafmltdvf gmafmltdvf lkmdniemhfr lkmdniemhfr != M prdgfdrm idnkm - hfcmuit 2 - dnhdlm me JPV@ qumi sdstfgm epfrmldenmi dndldmidzmr lmse e usu írde nìe cmêm nfnkugm fsleikm. Ne fxfgpie) fif vmd "èetmr" e Cfherm Idnux) peds e n ÿgfre 2 cmz rfcfr ïnldm me prdgfdre sdstfgm idstmhe ne mrqudve. Lmse e Zdnhews [R tdvfssf quf sfr lmrrfjmhe per pmhr ìe) `mstmrdm guhmr m idnkm fg qufst ìe pmrm hfcmuit =) peds ne mrqudve fssf sdstfgm e JPV@ cmz m idstmjfg legf êmnhe fg zfre$.

ä e sfjunhe m sfr idstmhe +netf quf

M idnkm prffnlkdhm leg tdgfeut 6 hftfrgdnm e tfgpe +fg sfjunhes$ quf e usu írde tfrí pmrm fsleikfr ug sdstfgm epfrmldenmi pmrm dndldmidzmr. Mssdg quf e JPV@ "fntrm fg m êìe") fif gestrm nm tfim ugm idstm hes sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes. E usu írde pehfr í fsleikfr ug mitfrnmnhe-es mtrmv äs hms tflims hf sftm he tflimhe f prfssdenmnhe e èt ìe Fntfr qumnhe m fsleikm cer cfdtm. Ne lmse hfssf fxfgpie) e tdgfeut rflf`f e vmier 6. Dsse sdjndcdlm quf e usu írde tfrí 6 sfjunhes pmrm fsleikfr ug sdstfgm. Lmse nfnkugm epêìe sfom fsleikdhm) mp üs es 6 sfjunhes) e JPV@ lmrrfjmr í e sdstfgm pmhr ìe) hfcdndhe mtrmv äs hm prdgfdrm idnkm. Rer sum vfz) m tfrlfdrm idnkm +nfg sfgprf usmhm$ - cmii`mla = - dnhdlm me JPV@ qumi sdstfgm dndldmidzmr lmse e lmrrfjmgfnte hm prdgfdrm ep êìe cmikf per mijug getdve. Fssf rflurse ä fspfldmigfntf ÿtdi qumnhe kí gmds hf heds sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes ne legputmher. M qumrtm idnkm sdgpifsgfntf lentfg dncergm êöfs pmrm lmrrfjmr ms lencdjurm êöfs jrícdlms +lege dgmjfg hf cunhe$ pmrm qumnhe e JPV@ fxd`dr ms ep êöfs hf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi hdspen ç vfds. vfds.

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E`sfrvf quf nfstf mrqudve jru`.lenc m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds hf lencdjurm êìe. E prdgfdre sdstfgm hm idstm

ä gestrmhm hfpeds hm qumrtm idnkm

ä e Cfherm Idnux?

tdtif Cfherm Cfherm Lerf +0.3.4-=.33:$ +0.3.4-=.33:$ reet +kh2)=$ afrnfi %èet%vg %èet%vgidnu idnuz-0.3 z-0.3.4-= .4-=.33: .33: re reet7%hfv%khm0 reet7%hfv%khm0 dndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.d %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.dgj gj

M prdgfdrm idnkm mldgm gestrm e t ç tuie tuie quf e sdstfgm rflf`f ne JPV@.

Ä fssf negf quf sfr í fxd`dhe

qumnhe e JPV@ gestrmr m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds quf e usu írde pehf fsleikfr. Rehf-sf usmr qumiqufr crmsf hfpeds hf tdtif. E`vdmgfntf) dncergf mije rfimldenmhe me sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fg qufst ìe. M sfjunhm idnkm - reet +kh2)=$ - dncergm me JPV@ enhf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fst í dnstmimhe. Ne fxfgpie) fif sf fnlentrm nm sfjunhm pmrtd êìe he prdgfdre KH. M pmimvrm reet tfg m cunêìe hf dnhdlmr quf mqufim ä m pmrtdêìe prdnldpmi he sdstfgm +eu m pmrtd êìe-rmdz$ f quf) pertmnte) hfvfr í sfr gentmhm. M tfrlfdrm f m qumrtm idnkm dncergmg me JPV@ e afrnfi m sfr lmrrfjmhe f pess ç vfds vfds pmr àgftres. Nfstf lmse) re dnhdlm quf m pmrtd êìe hfvf sfr gentmhm dndldmigfntf leg pfrgdss öfs mpfnms hf ifdturm.

ä m gfsgm. Ne fntmnte) m sfjunhm idnkm rflf`f e pmràgftre reetnevfrdcy me dnväs hf reet ) peds m gentmjfg hf pmrtd êìe nìe sf mpidlm me Zdnhews. E reetnevfrdcy ä usmhe perquf fssf pmr àgftre nìe tfntm cmzfr nfnkugm gentmjfg. Nm pmrtf he mrqudve quf trmtm he Zdnhews [R) m sdntmxf

tdtif Zdnhews [R [R reetnevfrdcy reetnevfrdcy +kh2)2$ +kh2)2$ gmafmltdvf gmafmltdvf lkmdniemhfr lkmdniemhfr !=

Lege e Zdnhews trm`mikm hf gmnfdrm hdcfrfntf he Idnux) m ep êìe hf lmrrfjmr e afrnfi tmg` äg nìe sf mpidlm me sdstfgm hm Gdlresect. Ne iujmr hfssf pmr àgftre) jfrmigfntf

ä usmhe lkmdniemhfr !=) quf

"lkmgm" e lmrrfjmher hf èet he Zdnhews) hfdxmnhe m fssf m tmrfcm hf dndldmr e sdstfgm. Netf quf fg nesse fxfgpie) k í ug pmràgftre nm idnkm mldgm hf lkmdniemhfr !=) e gmafmltdvf. Fstf tfg m cun êìe hf hfcdndr m pmrtd êìe fg qufst ìe lege mtdvm.

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Fxdstf ug pmr àgftre lkmgmhe gmp quf pfrgdtf e lmrrfjmgfnte he Zdnhews qumnhe fstf n ìe fstí dnstmimhe ne prdgfdre KH +rfjrm e`rdjmt ürdm ne Zdnhews 4x) per fxfgpie$. \um utdidzm êìe sfjudntf cergm +\upenhe quf e Zdnhews fstfom ne sfjunhe hdsle$?

ä cfdtm hm

gmp +kh2$ +kh=$ gmp +kh=$ +kh2$

Eutrms epêöfs he JPV@? Selï oí hfvf tfr netmhe quf) `msdlmgfntf) e JPV@

ä hdvdhdhe fg hums pmrtfs? m prdgfdrm lentfg

lencdjurm êöfs jfrmds rfcfrfntfs me pr üprde prde JPV@ JPV@ f m sfjun sfjunhm hm pmrtf pmrtf lentf lentfg m idstm idstm hes sdstfgms sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes nm g íqudnm. Selï tmg`äg hfvf tfr netmhe quf e prffnlkdgfnte hms dncergm êöfs hm sfjunhm pmrtf guhmg hf mlerhe leg e sdstfgm. vfi mhdldenmr eutres pmr àgftres) fntrf fifs e pmsswerh f e kdhhfngfnu. E ä pessç vfi prdgfdre seidldtm ugm sfnkm hfcdndhm per vel ï pmrm e mlfsse m hftfrgdnmhes rflurses) lege m ep êìe hf

Nm prdgfdrm pmrtf)

idnkm hf legmnhe he JPV@ +sdntmxf pmsswerh sfnkm$. E sfjunhe sdgpifsgfntf fslenhf m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds qumnhe e JPV@

ä lmrrfjmhe. Fssm idstm pehf cdlmr vds ç vfi vfi prfssdenmnhe-sf m tflim

F\L he tflimhe. Lmse velï qufdrm pessd`didtmr e mlfsse m ug hftfrgdnmhe sdstfgm epfrmldenmi segfntf mtrmv äs hf sfnkm) `mstm dnsfrdr m pmimvrm iela hfpeds hm idnkm tdtif rfcfrfntf me sdstfgm fg qufst ìe. Ne fntmnte) pmrm dsse)

ä nflfss írde quf m ep êìe pmsswerh tfnkm sdhe dnsfrdhm nm prdgfdrm pmrtf) peds ä fstm sfnkm quf sfr í

seidldtmhm? tdtif Zdnhews [R [R iela reetnevfrdcy reetnevfrdcy +kh2)2$ +kh2)2$ +...$

\f m utdidzm êìe hf eutrm sfnkm cer nflfss írdm) `mstm dnsfrdr e lmgpe pmsswerh sfnkm m`mdxe hm idnkm tdtif. Nfssf lmse) m seidldtm êìe hf sfnkm segfntf sfr í cfdtm sf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fg qufst ìe cer fsleikdhe? tdtif Zdnhews [R [R pmsswerh pmsswerh sfjrfhe sfjrfhe reetnevfrdcy reetnevfrdcy +kh2)2$ +kh2)2$ +...$

83

Vg ÿitdge hftmikf? ä pessç vfi vfi dnsfrdr legfnt írdes ne mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he JPV@. Rmrm dsse) `mstm mhdldenmr e lmrmltfrf , mntfs hm idnkm hf legfnt írde) per fxfgpie? ,Mrqudve hf lencdjurm êì e he JPV@ hfcmuit 2 tdgfeut tdgfeut 6 cmii`mla cmii`mla = +...$

Idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@? E JPV@ lentm leg ug rflurse gudte dntfrfssmntf +Gudte

ÿtdi prdnldpmigfntf pmrm rfseivfr preìfgms

ne lmrrfjmgfnte he sdstfgm epfrmldenmi$ ugm idnkm hf legmnhes quf pehf sfr mlfssmhm mssdg quf e JPV@ ä lmrrfjmhe. Rmrm dsse) qumnhe e JPV@ fstdvfr hdspen ç vfi) vfi) pehf-sf mpfrtmr ugm hftfrgdnmhm tflim +jfrmigfntf e èt ìe L$ eu fsleikfr fssm ep êìe nm idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds. Xuhe hfpfnhf hm cergm lege e JPV@ ced lencdjurmhe +e JPV@ jfrmigfntf mldenm m idnkm hf legmnhe qumnhe n ìe fnlentrm m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds$. Kí ugm särdf hf rflurses quf pehfg sfr usmhes nm idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@. ]umnhe fstdvfr nfim) prfssdenf m tflim Xm` hf sfu tflimhe hums vfzfs sfjudhms pmrm e`tfr m idstm legpiftm hf legmnhes. Rmrm e`tfr hftmikfs se`rf ug legmnhe fspfl ç cdle) cdle) hdjdtf kfip legmnhe) per fxfgpie? kfip fxfgpie? kfip lgp Rmrm gmderfs dncergm êöfs hftmikmhms se`rf e JPV@ usf? dnce jru`

Pf-cmzfnhe e Rrdgfdre Fst íjde he JPV@? \f per mijug getdve sum G@P cer lerregpdhm) eu sdgpifsgfntf vel ï hfsfom rfcmzfr m dnstmim êìe he %s`dn%jru`-dnstmii 9hdspesdtdve 9hdspesdtdve hf èet>. jru`) utdidzf e legmnhe %s`dn%jru`-dnstmii

Mdnhm sf e legmnhe mldgm cmikmr tfntf? =. Hdjd Hdjdtf tf jru` f prfssdenf fntfr 0. Hdjd Hdjdtf tf reet +kh2)2$ <. Hdjd Hdjdtf tf sftup +kh2$ 8. Hdjd Hdjdtf tf qudt E@\? Mldgm m dnstmim êìe he prdgfdre fst íjde elerrfrm nm G@P he prdgfdre hdsle.

8:

Dndldmidzmêìe he Afrnfi? ]umnhe e Afrnfi ä dndldmidzmhe gfnsmjfns hf hftfl êìe hf kmrhwmrf f dndldmidzm êìe hf hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves legf êmg m surjdr nm tfim. Vg cergm hf vdsumidzmr fssms gfnsmjfns pestfrdergfntf ä vfrdcdlmr e lentf ÿhe he mrqudve %vmr%iej%hgfsj. Es hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdve legpdimhes hfntre he afrnfi tfntmg fnlentrmr sfus rfspfltdves hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf) qumnhe e hdspesdtdve

ä fnlentrmhe fif ä dndldmidzmhe f gfnsmjfns hf iejs sfr ìe fgdtdhms.

Gentmr e cdifsystfg rmdz fg rfmh-eniy

ä tmg`äg ugm tmrfcm rfmidzmhm pfie afrnfi.

Xehes es hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves nflfss írdes pmrm e èet he sdstfgm tmds lege hrdvfrs hf lentreimherms \L\D per fxfgpie prfldsmg fstmr legpdimhes hfntre he afrnfi eu fnt ìe lentdhes fg ugm dgmjfg

ä gentmhe pfie afrnfi nm gfg ürdm PMG fg tfgpe hf èet m cdg hf fxpmnhdr e nÿgfre hf gühuies eu hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves nflfss írdes pmrm e èet. lkmgmhm dndtrh. E dndtrh

Dndldmidzmêìe he Dndt? Mpüs e afrnfi sfr dndldmidzmhe fif pmssm e lentreif pmrm e prelfsse Dndt. M lencdjurm êìe he Dndt fst í ielmidzmhm fg %ftl%dndttm` %ftl%dndttm`. Xehes es prelfsses hm g íqudnm sìe pmrfntfs he Dndt) mijugms hms prdnldpmds cunêöfs he Dndt sìe dndldmidzmr es lenseifs vdrtumds) gmpfmr sfq ùïnldms hf tflims lege per fxfgpie e Ltri!Mit!Hfi) Ltri!Mit!Hfi) fxflutmr e lentf ÿhe he hdrft hdrftürde he run-ifvf run-ifvfii pr ä-hfcdn -hfcdndhe) dhe) fxflutmr fxflutmr ug slrdp slrdpt hf dndldmidzm êìe he sdstfgm. Lmse e mrqudve %ftl%dndttm` %ftl%dndttm` fstfom lerregpdhe e sdstfgm fstmr í mpfnms hdspen ç vfi vfi fg gehe hf fgfrj ïnldm +fgfrjfnly gehf$ %ftl%dndttm` lentreim e run-ifvfi pmhr ìe he sdstfgm) sfu cergmte ä? M vmrdívfi dndthfcmuit ne mrqudve %ftl%dndttm` dh?x?dndthfcmuit 1

Enhf ’ x‗ rfprfsfntm e run-ifvfi pmh ìe he sdstfgm. Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs se`rf e dndt usf? gmn dndt Rmrm mitfrmr e run-ifvfi he sdstfgm fg fxflu êìe `mstm lege usu írde reet usmr? dndt ’ x‗) enhf ’ x‗ rfprfsfntm e n ÿgfre he run-ifvfi hfsfomhe. E sdstfgm dr í pmrmr tehes es sfrvd êes he run-ifvfi mtumi f %s`dn%runifvfi dncergm e run-ifvfi mtumi he sdstfgm. dndldmidzmr e pr üxdge run-ifvfi. E legmnhe %s`dn%runifvfi

8;

E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt? E slrdpt rl.sysdndt qumnhe dndldmhe cernflf m ep êìe me usuírde hf fntrmr ne gehe dntfrmtdve) dste

ä

rfmidzmhe prfssdenmnhe m tflim ’ d‗. E gehe dntfrmtdve fcftum pfrjuntms mntfs hf fxflutmr m gmderdm hms mêöfs rfmidzmhms pfie slrdpt. Fssf slrdpt ä rfspens ívfi per lencdjurmr èm pmrtf he sdstfgm) mijugms hms prdnldpmds prdnldpmds cunêöfs he rl.sysdndt s ìe lencdjurmr es pmr àgftres gftres he afrnfi afrnfi hf mlerhe mlerhe leg e mrqudve mrqudve ftl%syslti.lenc ) mtdvmr PMDHs f ISGs) mtdvmr quetms) mtdvmr m pmrtd êìe hf swmp) lencdjurmr e rfi üjde he % ftl%syslti.lenc

sdstfgm f ftl...

E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl? Fstf slrdpt ä rfspens ívfi per dndldmr f pmrmr es sfrvd êes qumnhe e run-ifvfi he sdstfgm ä mitfrmhe. Fg tfgpe tfgpe hf èe èet fif ä rfspens ívfi per dndldm dndldmidzm idzmrr es sfrvd sfrvd êes he run-ifvf run-ifvfii pmhrìe hfcdndhe ne %ftl%dndttm %ftl%dndttm`. `.

\ystfg S run-ifvfis? Es slrdpts hf lentreif +stmrt)rfstmrt)step$ hes sfrvd êes cdlmg fg %ftl%rl.h%dndt.h%) idnas sdg` üidles nes rfspfltdves hdrft ürdes lege per fxfgpie e %ftl%rl.h%rl<.h quf rfprfsfntm e run-ifvfi < +cuii guitd-usfr$ dnhdlmg m dndldmidzm êìe eu cdnmidzm êìe hes sfrvd êes) ugm erhfg nug ärdlm

ä msseldmhm dncergmnhe m prderdhmhfs he sfrvd êe) m iftrm ’\‗ dnhdlm dndldmidzm êìe fnqumnte m iftrm ’A‗ dnhdlm m cdnmidzm êìe he sfrvd êe. Sfom es fxfgpies m`mdxe? -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet reet 026= Nev 0; 2:?0= 2:?0= vnlsfrvfr -rwxr-xr-x -rwxr -xr-x = reet reet =68; \fp = 0223 wdn`dnh -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet =362 Elt 0: 0223 wpmUsuppidlmnt wpmUsuppidlmnt -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet <4<8 Oui Oui =< 0223 xcs -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet 084: Elt = 0223 xdnfth xdnfth -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet <<02 Muj <= 0223 yp`dnh -rwxr-xr-x = reet reet reet =24: Nev =2 =8?64 =8?64 yug-uphmtfsh yug-uphmtfsh QreetBvd`f %ftl%rl.h%dndt.hW, irwxrwxrwx = reet reet == Hfl = 26?=; \44ielmi -> -> ..%rl.ielmi ..%rl.ie lmi irwxrwxrwx = reet reet reet reet =3 Nev <2 ==?83 ==?83 A44sgmrth -> ..%dndt.h%sgmrth irwxrwxrwx = reet reet reet 02 Nev Nev <2 =0?22 A44xfnhegmdns A44xfnhegmdns -> ..%dndt.h ..%dndt. h%xfnhegmdns QreetBvd`f %ftl%rl.h%rl<.hW,

84

E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi?

ä fxflutmhe lege ug ÿitdge sfrvd êe cdnmidzmnhe e prelfsse hf èet he sdstfgm. Lmse velï tfnkm mpidlmtdves pmrm dndldmr f fssfs mpidlmtdves n ìe tfnkmg slrdpts hf lentreif fstdie \ystfg S +stmrt)rfstmrt)step$ vel ï pehf dndldmr-ies utdidzmnhe fstf slrdpt. E slrdpt rl.ielmi

Lentreimnhe f Lencdjurmnhe es \frvd êes \ystfg S? Rmrm lencdjurmr es sfrvd êes hf lmhm run-ifvfi s ìe utdidzmhms mijugms cfrrmgfntms hdspen ç vfds vfds ne sdstfgm pmrm e supfr usu írde.

systfg-lencdj-sfrvdlfs?

Cfrrmgfntm `mstmntf legpiftm pmrm e mg`dfntf jr ícdle. ntsysv?

Cfrrmgfntm `msfmhm fg gfnus pmrm e gehe tfxte. Rer pmhr ìe qumnhe dnvelmhe fif lencdjurm e run-ifvfi mtumi) pmrm lencdjurmr eutre run-ifvfi utdidzf e pmr àgftre “ifvfi. lkalencdj?

Cfrrmgfntm hf idnkm hf legmnhe eu pmrm sfr utdidzmhe fg slrdpts. Vtdidzmhe ne adlastmrt. Gudte vfrs ítdi f imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe pfies mhgdndstrmherfs gmds fxpfrdfntf.

Ä m gfiker epêìe.

sfrvdlf?

ä utdidzmhm pmrm lentreimr ug sfrvd êe fg fxliusdve dgfhdmtmgfntf) per fxfgpie? pmrm dndldmr e smg`m usf? sfrvdlf sg`h stmrt. Fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds tehes es mrjugfntes supertmhes pfie slrdpt fstdie \ystfg S hf lmhm sfrvd êe) dste ä jfrmigfntf +\tmrt)\tep)Pfstmrt)\tmtus$. \tmtus$.

M cfrrmgfntm sfrvdlf

E`s? E systfg-lencdj-sfrvdlfs f lkalencdj mpfnms tfg fcfdte dgfhdmte hf pmrmr f dndldmr sfrvd êes quf sìe `msfmhes ne xdnfth) pmrm es hfgmds sfrvd êes ms lencdjurm êöfs mitfrmhms s ü drìe tfr fcfdte mp üs e èet he sdstfgm. Vsf m cfrrmgfntm sfrvdlf pmrm mtfnhfr dgfhdmtmgfntf erhfns hf t ärgdne eu dndldmidzm êìe hf sfrvd êes.

62

Imèrmtürde JPV@) Pflupfrm êìe he sdstfgm f Xreuìfskeetdnj? Drfges rfprehuzdr ug mldhfntf nm G@P) tehm lencdjurm êìe he prdgfdre fst íjde he JPV@ sfr í pfrhdhm. \fu sdstfgm n ìe fcftumrí gmds èet) per äg ms tm`fims hf pmrtd êìe mdnhm fstmr ìe dntmltms) hfstm cergm drfges prelfhfr leg e rfsjmtf he sdstfgm rf-dnstmimnhe e JPV@ nm G@P nevmgfntf. \djm es pmsses m`mdxe leg mtfn êìe? Rmrm hfstrudr e prdgfdre fst íjde he JPV@ nm G@P fxflutf e legmnhe m`mdxe. MXFNÊÌE? qumiqufr frre hf hdjdtm êìe ne legmnhe m`mdxe pehfr í rfsuitmr nm pfrhm dntfjrmi he sdstfgm.

hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%hfv%khm `s7883 leunt7= 1 rfèet

Pflupfrmêìe he \dstfgm? =. Fcftuf e èet he he sdstfgm leg e prdgfdre hdsle hdsle +LH-PEG$ he Pfh kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux Idnux 0. Ne pregpt hdjdtf? idnux rfsluf <. E sdstfgm sdstfgm hf rfsjmtf rfsjmtf dr í fnlentrmr m dnstmim êìe he PKFI) lencdrgf m gentmjfg fg rfmh-wrdtf f fxmgdnf m sm ç hm hm hes legmnhe geunt f chdsa -i %hfv%khm %gnt%sysdgmjf 8. Sfrdcdquf quf e sdstfgm sdstfgm hf rfsjmtf genteu genteu sfu sdstfgm sdstfgm se` m írverf %gnt%sysdgmjf %gnt%sysdgmjf%ftl%jru`.lenc %jru`.lenc 6. Fxmgdnf Fxmgdnf e mrqud mrqudve ve %gnt%sysdgmjf%ftl

3. Rmrm rf-dnstmimr e JPV@ nm G@P fxflutf es legmnhes m`mdxe? m`mdxe? lkreet %gnt%sysdgmjf jru`-dnstmii %hfv%khm fxdt

:. Mjerm Mjerm fcftuf fcftuf e rfèet he sdstfgm

6=

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< f fxt0?

Cunldenmgfnte Cunldenmgfnte pmhrìe hes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg Idnux? Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves s ìe lrdmhes fg pmrtd êöfs he hdsle) hf cergm quf sfom pess ç vfi vfi mrgmzfnmr prejrmgms f hmhes fg cergmte hf mrqudves f hdrft ürdes +pmstms$. E Idnux) mssdg lege prmtdlmgfntf tehes tehes es sdstfgm sdstfgmss epfrmld epfrmldenmd enmdss `msfmhes `msfmhes fg Vndx) Vndx) usm ug sdstf sdstfgm gm hf mrqud mrqudves quf pessuf pessuf ugm kdfrmrqudm) legpestm hf mrqudves f hdrft ürdes) quf pehfg lentfr eutres hdrft ürdes eu mrqudves. Es mrqudves%hdrft ürdes pmrm e Idnux s ìe hdspend`didzmhes +eu gentmhes$ pmrm gmndpuim êìe mtrmväs he legmnhe "geunt") jfrmigfntf mldenmhe ne prelfsse hf stmrtup +dndldmidzm êìe$) quf elerrf qumnhe e legputmher ä idjmhe f legf êm m lmrrfjmr e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi. E Idnux lensfjuf trm`mikmr leg v írdes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg ug gfsge hdsle +sdtum êìe legug

â usuírdes quf pessufg Zdnhews f Idnux

fg sums gíqudnms) qudnms) per fxfg fxfgpie$ f pmrm pmrm "fnxfrj "fnxfrj í-ies") ies") mrgmzfn mrgmzfnmm m idstm idstm hf sdstfgm sdstfgmss hf mrqudv mrqudves es hdspenç vfds vfds ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm` +rfpmrf quf %ftl% dnhdlm ug lmgdnke hf hdrft ürde$. Ne fntmnte) k í ugm idstm hf sdstfgms hf mrqudves quf fst ìe fcftdvmgfntf fg use) hdspen ç vfi vfi ne mrqudve %ftl%gtm`) tmg` äg

ä mtumidzmhm ne prelfsse hf stmrtup) pmrm dnhdlmr me sdstfgm epfrmldenmi qumds sdstfgms hf mrqudves fif pehfr í mlfssmr. lenkfldhe lege "tm`fim geunt". Fstm idstm

Rmrm lmhm sdstfgm hf mrqudves gentmhe ne stmrtup) ug `dt ne lm`f êmike he sdstfgm hf mrqudves

ä zfrmhe

pmrm dnhdlm quf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fst í fg use m pmrtdr hmqufif gegfnte f quf ms fstruturms hf hmhes usmhms pmrm m mielm êìe f erjmndzm êìe hf mrqudves%hdrft ürdes pehfg secrfr guhmn êms +mtumidzm êöfs$. ]umnhe e usu írde hfldhf hfsidjmr e legputmher f usm legmnhes pmrm fnlfrrmr e Idnux) es sdstfgms hf mrqudves s ìe hfsgentmhes) cmzfnhe leg quf e `dt ldtmhe mldgm sfom gehdcdlmhe pmrm dnhdlmr quf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fst í lensdstfntf) eu sfom) n ìe pehf gmds secrfr guhmn êms.

Frres f lerregpdgfnte he sdstfgm hf mrqudves? Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves pmrm Idnux o í secrfrmg gudtes tdpes hf trmtmgfntes f rffslrdtm hf l ühdje pmrm fidgdnmr e lerregpdgfnte lmusmhe per mpidlm êöfs eu pfie pr üprde afrnfi. Ne fntmnte) fidgdnmr e lerreg lerregpdg pdgfn fnte te hf hmhes hmhes fg mrqudv mrqudves es lmusmh lmusmhes es)) per per fxfg fxfgp pie) ie) pfim pfim qufhm qufhm hf fnfrj fnfrjdm dm eu pfie pfie hfsidjmgfnte dnlerrfte per pmrtf he usu írde) sfgprf ced ugm tmrfcm prmtdlmgfntf dgpess ç vfi. vfi. ]umnhe e

ä hfsidjmhe dnlerrftmgfntf e `dt he lm`f êmike he sdstfgm hf mrqudves n ìe ä moustmhe. M seiu êìe ced cmzfr leg quf) ne pr üxdge prelfsse hf lmrrfjmgfnte he Idnux) sfom vfrdcdlmhe sf e lm`f êmike fstí leg e `dt hf lm`f êmike sftmhe pmrm dnhdlmr quf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fst í lensdstfntf f n ìe gmndpuiívfi. Lmse nìe fstfom) m cfrrrmgfntm "csla" vfrdcdlm e sdstfgm nm ùslm hf frres. sdstfgm

60

Oeurnmidnj? E csla lensfjuf prevfr rfsuitmhes smtdscmt ürdes) gms m lerrf êìe hf frres pehf ifvmr gudte tfgpe) mije dnmlfdt ívfi fg mpidlm êöfs lrç tdlms. tdlms. Miäg hdsse) sf e hfsidjmgfnte dnlerrfte he legputmher elerrfu qumnhe hmhes fstmvmg sfnhe jrmvmhes ne hdsle) e csla n ìe lensfjudr í legpiftmr fssfs prelfsses) elmsdenmnhe m pfrhm hms dncergm êöfs quf fstmvmg sfnhe jrmvmhms. Hdmntf hfssfs preìfgms) ced mprfsfntmhm ugm seiu êìe vdívfi? m utdidzm êìe hf sdstfgms hf mrqudves leg m tflneiejdm "Oeurnmidnj") quf pessufg m lmpmldhmhf hf mlegpmnkmr ms guhmn êms quf sfrìe cfdtms ne sdstfgm hf mrqudves +per fxfgpie) jrmvm êöfs%mtumidzm êöfs hf hmhes$ mntfs quf rfmigfntf sfomg cfdtms. Fssms dncergm êöfs quf e Oeurnmidnj lmpturm s ìe fntìe mrgmzfnmhms fg ugm pmrtf sfpmrmhm he sdstfgm hf mrqudves) hfnegdnmhm "Oeurnmi" +gms tmg` äg lenkfldhm per "rfjdstres hf iej"$. ]umnhe ms dncergm êöfs sìe mrgmzfnmhms ne Oeurnmi) e sdstfgm hf mrqudves mpidlm ms guhmn êms rfjdstrmhms nfif f fnt ìe) rfgevf ms dncergmêöfs he Oeurnmi.

ä ugm seiuêìe fcdldfntf pmrm es preìfgms hf frre. Es rfjdstres hf iej sìe fslrdtes mntfs quf ms guhmn êms fcftdvmgfntf elerrmg ne sdstfgm hf mrqudves f fssfs rfjdstres segfntf s ìe fidgdnmhes qumnhe ms guhmn êms sìe cfdtms. Mssdg) sf e legputmher ä dnhfvdhmgfntf hfsidjmhe) e prelfsse hf gentmjfg ne pr üxdge stmrtup vfrdcdlmr í sf kí guhmnêms jrmvmhms ne Oeurnmi "gmrlmhms" lege n ìe cfdtms. \f keuvfr) tmds guhmn êms sìe fntìe mpidlmhms me sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Dsse Mjerm) fntfnhm perquf e Oeurnmidnj

cmz leg quf es rdsles hf pfrhm hf hmhes sfomg rfhuzdhes hrmstdlmgfntf.

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt
ä.

E fxt< pmsseu m sfr fcftdvmgfntf fcftdvmgfntf supertmhe supertmhe pfie afrnfi he Idnux m pmrtdr hm vfrs ìe 0.8. 0.8. Lensfq ùfntfgfntf) tehms ms hdstrdùd êöfs Idnux imn êmhms leg fssf afrnfi eu supfrder) tfg supertf pmhrìe pmrm fxt<. Ne fxt<) e l ühdje hf Oeurnmidnj usm ugm lmgmhm lkmgmhm "Oeurnmidnj @iela Hfvdlf" +O@H$. M O@H ced lrdmhm leg e prep üsdte hf dgpifgfntmr Oeurnmi fg qumiqufr tdpe hf hdspesdtdve leg `msf fg ìeles hf hmhes. Rer fxfgpie) e l ühdje fxt< dncergm f "pfhf muterdzm êìe" â OH@ pmrm fcftumr ms guhmn êms) mntfs hf gehdcdlmr%mhdldenmr qumiqufr hmhe ne hdsle. 6<

ä e OH@ quf vfrhmhfdrmgfntf "jfrfnldm" e Oeurnmi. E cmte gmds dntfrfssmntf hdsse ä quf) m OH@ cunldenm lege ugm fntdhmhf dnhfpfnhfntf) pfrgdtdnhe quf n ìe s ü e fxt< m usf) gms tmg` äg eutres

\fnhe mssdg)

sdstfgms hf mrqudves.

M OH@ utdidzm ug g ätehe hdcfrfntf hf eutres Oeurnmidnjs pmrm rflupfrm êìe hf dncergm êöfs. Me dnväs hf mrgmzfnmr ms dncergm êöfs fg `ytfs quf hfpeds hfvfg sfr dgpifgfntmhes) m OH@ jrmvm es pr üprdes ìeles gehdcdlmhes he sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Mssdg) e fxt< tmg` äg mrgmzfnm "r äpidlms" legpiftms hes ìeles gehdcdlmhes fg gfg ürdm pmrm rmstrfmr ms epfrm êöfs quf cdlmrmg pfnhfntfs. M hfsvmntmjfg hfstm cergm hf trm`mike

ä quf e Oeurnmi mlm`m sfnhe gmder. Ne fntmnte) e fxt< n ìe prfldsm idhmr leg m

legpifxdhmhf hes Oeurnmidnjs quf trm`mikmg jrmvmnhe `ytfs.

Xdpes hf Oeurnmidnj ne fxt
E fxt< supertm tr ïs hdcfrfntfs gehes hf trm`mike he Oeurnmidnj. \ ìe fifs?

Oeurnmi? jrmvm tehms ms guhmn êms fg sdstfgm hf mrqudves.

Ä e gmds ifnte hes tr ïs gehes) gms ä e quf

pessud gmder lmpmldhmhf hf fvdtmr pfrhm hf hmhes1

Erhfrfh? jrmvm segfntf guhmn êms fg mrqudves gftmhmtm +mrqudves quf mrgmzfnmg dncergm êöfs se`rf eutres mrqudves$) gms jumrhm ms mtumidzm êöfs ne mrqudve hf hmhes mntfs hf cmzfr ms guhmn êms msseldmhms me sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Fstf Oeurnmidnj

ä e pmhrìe nes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fxt<1

Zrdtf`mla? tmg`äg sü jrmvm guhmn êms pmrm e sdstfgm hf mrqudve fg gftmhmtm) gms utdidzm e prelfsse hf fslrdtm he sdstfgm hf mrqudves fg use pmrm jrmvm êìe. Ä e gmds r ípdhe Oeurnmidnj fxt<) gms e gfnes lencd ívfi. vfi fspfldcdlmr qumi e gehe quf vel ï hfsfom usmr) ä e pmhrìe ne fxt<) gms ä pessç vfi mtrmväs hm mtumidzm êìe he mrqudve cstm`. Rer fxfgpie) pehf sfr quf m idnkm %hfv%khm= tfnkm sum ep êìe hmtm leg e vmier erhfrfh. Sel ï pehf guhmr fstf vmier pmrm wrdtf`mla eu oeurnmi.

E gehe Erhfrfh

68

Rmrtdldenmgfnte? Miäg hf erjmndzmr gfiker f pfrgdtdr m utdidzm êìe hf gmds hf ug tdpe hf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi ne gfsge hdsle) fxdstfg rmz öfs mhdldenmds pmrm sf utdidzmr gmds hf ugm pmrtd êìe ne Idnux) sfnhe m prdnldpmi hfims m sfjurmn êm. Ne Idnux) ä pessç vfi vfi gentmr ms pmrtd êöfs leg epêöfs quf gfikermg m sfjurmn êm he sdstfgm) fvdtmnhe lfrtms m êöfs fg hftfrgdnmhms pmrtd êöfs.

ä utdidzmhe m cfrrmgfntm chdsa) chdsa) quf mpfsmr he negf nìe ä e gfsg gfsge e utdidz utdidzmhe mhe fg sdstfgm sdstfgmss G\-HE\ G\-HE\ ®) eutrms eutrms cfrrmgfn cfrrmgfntms tms tmg`äg hdspen hdspenç vfds vfds pmrm pmrm schdsa) e JNV pmrtfh. pmrtfh. pmrtdldenmgfnte s ìe e schdsa) Jfrmigfntf pmrm sf pmrtdldenmr ug hdsle ne Idnux

Rmrtdldenmgfnte Rmrtdldenmgfnte En-Idnf? En-Idnf?

ä dndldmidzmhe e afrnfi jumrhm ugm l üpdm hm tm`fim hf pmrtdldenmgfnte nm gfg ürdm. ]umiqufr mitfrm êìe ne pmrtdldenmgfnte s ü tfrí fcfdte qumnhe e afrnfi rf-ifr m tm`fim hf pmrtd êìe) jfrmigfntf dsse ä rfmidzmhe mpfnms ne pr üxdge èet he sdstfgm. Rmrm cer êmr m rf-ifdturm hm tm`fim hf pmrtpre`f. pmrtdêìe utdidzf e legmnhe pmrtpre`f.

]umnhe e sdstfgm

Lrdmnhe \dstfgms hf Mrqudves?

ä ug crent-fnh pmrm v írdes eutres legmnhe lege per fxfgpie gacs.fxt0) gacs.fxt<) gacs.gdndx f mssdg per hdmntf) utdidzmnhe m ep êìe -t quf fspfldcdlm e tdpe hf cdifsystfg e gacs ùslm e legmnhe mpreprdmhe. Es mrjugfntes gmds usmhes s ìe?

E legmnhe gacs

◅

-`

Fspfldcdlm e tmgmnke hf ug ìele fg `ytfs. Lmrm mrqudve jrmvmhe ne sdstfgm hf mrqudves elupm pfie gfnes = ìele) dste ä) sf ug mrqudve ä gfner quf e tmgmnke hf = ìele fssf mrqudve elupmr í gfsge mssdg e ìele dntfdre. \f n ìe fspfldcdlmhe e tmgmnke hes ìeles) fssf sfr í lmiluimhe mutegmtdlmgfntf pfie tmgmnke hm pmrtd êìe. ◅

-l

Sfrdcdlm es ìeles mntfs hf cergmtmr) m cergmtm êìe cdlm `fg gmds hfgermhm utdidzmnhe fstm ep êìe.

66

◅

-d

Fspfldcdlm m rfim êìe hf `ytfs%dnehfs. E l íiluie hm tm`fim hf dnehfs

ä rfmidzmhe hf mlerhe leg e tetmi hf fspmêe idvrf fg `ytfs hf ugm pmrtd êìe. M rfjrm ä qumnte gmder e hdsle gmds dnehfs) per äg es dnehfs elupmg fspm êe) kí lege id`frmr gmds fspm êe hdgdnudnhe e n ÿgfre hf dnehfs. Ä dgpertmntf lensdhfrmr tmg`äg quf hfpeds hf cergmtmhm f lrdmhm m tm`fim hf dnehfs n ìe ä pessç vfi vfi mitfrmr. ◅

-N

Fspfldcdlm Fspfldcdlm hdrftmgfntf e n ÿgfre gfre hf dnehfs) dnehfs) jrmnhfs. Vsf leg ludhmhe. ◅

ä mlensfik ívfi segfntf pmrm pmrtd êöfs fxtrfgmgfntf

-I

Fspfldcdlm ug negf hf veiugf pmrm m pmrtd êìe +Seiugf Im`fi$. Ifg`rf-sf quf m gentmjfg hes cdifsystfg pehf sfr rfcfrfnldmhm m pmrtdr hfstf negf nm %ftl%cstm`.

Lenvfrtfnhe ug cdifsystfg fxt0 pmrm fxt
ä fxmtmgfntf djumi m ug cdifsystfg fxt< sfg e oeurnmi. Rmrm lenvfrtfr ugm pmrtd êìe

fxt0 fg fxt< fx t< sdjm es e s pmsses pmsse s m`mdxe m`mdx e? =. Sfrdcdquf sf e sfu afrnfi t ïg e gühuie pmrm fxt< legpdimhe) ne PKFI dsse o í ä pmhrìe. 0. Guhf m fntrmhm fntrmhm lerrfspenhfntf lerrfspenhfntf me cdifsystfg cdifsystfg ne %ftl%cstm`. %ftl%cstm`. e>. <. Rmrm lrdmr lrdmr e oeurnmi) oeurnmi) fxflutf e legmnhe? legmnhe? tunf0cs -o 9pmrtdêì e>.

Gentmnhe Gentmnhe Cdifsystfgs? Rmrm Gentmr ug cdifsystfg usf? geunt -t 9tdpe hf cdifsystfg> -e 9ep êöfs> 9hdspesdtdve> 9pente hf gentmjfg>

63

Rmrm Hfsgentmr ug cdifsystfg usf? ugeunt 9pente hf gentmjfg>

Lmse e cdifsystfg fstfom sfnhe usmhe +@usy$

ä dgpertmntf hftfrgdnmr qumi prelfsse fstm utdidzmnhe fstf

cdifsystfg) pmrm dsse utdidzf e legmnhe? cusfr 9pente hf gentmjfg>

Rmrm Pfgentmr ug hdspesdtdve usf? geunt -e rfgeunt 9hdspesdtdve>

Negfs hf Seiugfs?

Ä dgpertmntf sfgprf hfcdndr negfs hf veiugfs +Seiugf Im`fi$ pmrm tehms sums pmrtd êöfs f fcftumr fstm %ftl%cstm`. Ifg`rf-sf quf sfgprf quf guhmr es hdsles hf rfcfrïnldm nm kerm hm gentmjfg mtrmv äs he %ftl%cstm` lentreimherm es negfs hes hdspesdtdves sfr ìe mitfrmhes lmusmnhe s ärdes preìfgms nm kerm he èet he sdstfgm. Nunlm usf negf hf veiugfs djumds pmrm hdspesdtdves) gfsge quf fstfom fcftumnhe `mlaup hes gfsges.

6:

E %ftl%cstm`? Es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne cstm` s ìe utdidzmhes pmrm gentmjfg muteg ítdlm hf mlerhe leg ugm fsp äldf hf kdfrmrqudm nm kerm he èet pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt. %ftl%cstm`? E`sfrvf m fstruturm he %ftl%cstm`

Hdspesdtdve Hdspesdt dve

Rente hf Gentmjfg

Xdpe

Ep êöfs

%hfv%SeiJreup22%Iej %hfv%SeiJreup22%IejSei22 Sei22

%

fxt<

hfcmuits

HugpUcrfq CslaUerhfr =

=

• Hdspesdtdve Negf he mrqudve fspfldmi hf hdspesdtdve eu negf he veiugf

â sfr gentmhe.

• Rente hf Gentmjfg E lmgdnke pmrm mlfssmr e hdspesdtdve hfpeds hf gentmhe. • Xdpe E tdpe he cdifsystfg) fxt0) fxt< ftl... • Epêöfs Epêöfs hf gentmjfg sfpmrmhms per v ç rjuim) rjuim) m epêìe nemute per fxfgpie sdjndcdlm pmrm n ìe sfr gentmhe fg tfgpe hf èet) jfrmigfntf usmhe per LH-PEGs. • HugpUcrfq Crfqufnldm hf vfrdcdlm êìe utdidzmhm pfie hugp +`mlaup he sdstfgm$) 27Nunlm)=7Hdmrdmgfntf)07qumiqufr eutre hdm. • CslaUerhfr Erhfg hf vfrdcdlm êìe he csla) 27djnerf)=7prdgfdre +hfvfr sfgprf sfr e cdifsystfg rmdz$) 0-47sfjunhe )tfrlfdre f mssdg per hdmntf. Cdifsystfgs leg e gfsge n ÿgfre sìe lkflmhes fg pmrmifie. LH-PEGs f hdspesdtdves hf rfhf hfvfg sfr djnermhes utdidzmnhe e n ÿgfre 2.

Gentmnhe Xehes es Hdspesdtdves he cstm`? Rmrm cerêmr m gentmjfg hf tehes es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne % ftl%cstm` mpüs e èet utdidzf? geunt -m.

6;

Mutegeuntfr? M cunêìe he hmfgen mutegentfr

ä gendtermr hdrft ürdes f gentmr hdspesdtdves qumnhe mijug tdpe hf rfqudsd êìe cer vfrdcdlmhm. Ä dnhdlmhe pmrm hdspesdtdves quf n ìe sìe utdidzmhes crfq ùfntfgfntf f tmg` äg pmrm id`frmr rflurses he sdstfgm) peds mi äg hf gentmr e hdspesdtdve qumnhe seidldtmhe e hmfgen hfsgentm qumnhe e hdspesdtdve cdlmr eldese +dhif$ mutegmtdlmgfntf. Rmrm dnstmimr f lencdjurmr e mutegeuntfr sdjm es pmsses m`mdxe? =. Dnstmif Dnstmif e mutecs mutecs rpg -dvk mutecs 0. Lencdjurf e mutecs pmrm sfr dnldmhe dnldmhe ne èet lkalencdj mutecs en %ftl%mute.gmstfr es hdrftürdes quf sfr ìe gendtermhes) vfom e fxfgpie? <. Lencdjurf ne mrqudve %ftl%mute.gmstfr

%gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl M idnkm mldgm sdjndcdlm quf e hdrft ürde %gdsl fstm sfnhe gendtermhe f quf m lencdjurm êìe hfstf hdrftürde fstm ne mrqudve % ftl%mute.gdsl. ftl%mute.gdsl. %ftl%mute.gdsl) vfom e fxfgpie? 8. Lencdjurf e mrqudve %ftl%mute.gdsl

,Afy

Eptdens

Ielmtden

lh

-cstypf7dse4332)re)nesudh)nehfv ?%hfv%lhreg hfv%lhreg

• Afy

Jfrmigfntf ä ug negf hf ug hdrft ürde lkmvf +Sel ï nìe prfldsm lrdmr fssf hdrft ürde$ • Eptdens \ìe idstms hf ep êöfs hf gentmjfg sfpmrmhms per v ç rjuim) rjuim) lensuitf? gmn ; geunt • Ielmtden Dnhdlm hf enhf e cdifsystfg dr í sfr gentmhe. Jfrmigfntf ä ug hdspesdtdve eu lmgdnke hf rfhf.

Helugfntm êìe En-idnf he Mutegeuntfr? Rmrm gmderfs dncergm êöfs) mrqudves hf fxfgpie f idstms hf ep êöfs legpiftms hes hes legmnhes lensuitf? • gmn mutecs • gmn ; mutegeunt • gmn 6 mutecs • gmn 6 mute.gmstfr

64

Mtrdùtes Fstfnhdhes he Cdifsystfg?

êìe hm gmndpuim êìe hes hmhes hes mrqudves. Ifg`rmnhe quf nfg tehes es mtrdùtes kfrhmhes he VND[ fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds ne Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves fxt0 f fxt< supertmg mijuns mtrdùtes quf pfrgdtfg m mitfrm afrnfi mtumi he Idnux.

◅

ismttr +ismttr / $ Idstm es mtrdùtes hes mrqudves.

◅

lkmttr +lkmttr !d %reet%mnmlenhm-as.lcj$ Fcftum mitfrm êöfs nes mtrdùtes hes mrqudves.

ä e ’d‗ quf sdjndcdlm dgut ívfi. E mrqudve leg fssf mtrdùte n ìe pehf sfr hfiftmhe eu rfnegfmhe) nfnkug hmhe pehf sfr mlrfsldhe eu rftdrmhe tmg` äg. \egfntf e supfr-usu írde Vg hes mtrdùtes gmds utdidzmhes pehf hfscmzfr fssf mtrdùte.

Cdifsystfg MLIs? Lrdmr idstms hf mlfsses pmrm e cdifsystfg pfrgdtf jfrfnldmr ms pfrgdss öfs hf cergm jrmnuimr. Ne gehe hf pfrgdssdenmgfnte pfrgdssdenmgfnte trmhdldenmi ä pessç vfi vfi lencdjurmr pfrgdss öfs rwx pmrm e hene he mrqudve) pmrm e jrupe f pmrm es hfgmds usu írdes he sdstfgm sdstfgm +eutres$. +eutres$. Leg ms MLIs pehfges pehfges hdzfr quf e jrupe vfnhms f e usuírde oeìe per fxfgpie tfnkmg pfrgdss öfs pmrtdluimrfs. Rmrm supertmr MLIs e cdifsystfg hfvf sfr gentmhe leg m ep êìe mli) vfom? geunt -e rfgeunt)mli %hfv%khm= % ◅

jftcmli Idstm ms MLIs hes mrqudves.

◅

\ftcmli Fcftum mitfrm êöfs nms MLIs hes mrqudves.

Fxfgpies? jftcmli / sftcmli -g u?lmries?rwx tfstf.`dn sftcmli -g j?vfnhms?rwx tfstf.`dn sftcmli -x u?lmries tfstf.`dn

32

]uetms? Ms quetms ne idnux s ìe mtdvmhms per cdifsystfg. Ä nflfss írde gentmr e cdifsystfg leg ms ep êöfs usrquetm eu jrpquetm dnhdlmnhe me afrnfi m utdidzm êìe hf quetms per usu írde eu per jrupes rfspfltdvmgfntf. E peidly ä fstm`fifldhe per ìeles +]umntdhmhf hf ìeles quf ug usu írde eu jrupe pehf lensugdr he cdifsystfg$ eu dnehfs +]umntdhmhf hf mrqudves quf ug usu írde eu jrupe pehf lrdmr ne cdifsystfg$. Rehfg sfr fstm`fifldhes idgdtfs sect f kmrh) qumnhe ug usu írde eu jrupe milmn êmr m gmrlm sect fif sfr í mifrtmhe) per äg qumnhe milmn êmr m gmrlm kmrh e afrnfi dr í dgpfhdr e mùse he peidly fstm`fifldhe. Rehf sfr hfcdndhe tmg` äg e jrmlf pfrdeh quf ä e tfgpe quf ug usu írde eu jrupe pehf cdlmr fntrf m gmrlm sect f kmrh. Rmrm trm`mikmr leg quetms ä nflfss írde dnstmimr ms cfrrmgfntms he pmletf quetm.

Dgpifgfntmêì Dgpifgfntm êìe e hf quetms? =. Fhdtf Fhdtf e mrqudve mrqudve cstm` mhdldenmnhe lege ep êìe hf gentmjfg usrquetm eu jrpquetm ne cdifsystfg quf velï hfsfom dnstmimr e lentreif hf quetms. 0. Pfgeuntf Pfgeuntf e hdspes hdspesdtdve dtdve geunt -e rfgeunt 9hdspesdtdve> <. Dndldmidzf Dndldmidzf ms que quetms tms pmrm fstf hdspesdt hdspesdtdve dve quetmlkfla -l 9pente hf gentmjfg he hdspesdtdve>) fstf legmnhe tmg` äg ä ÿtdi pmrm mtumidzmr m hmtm`msf hf quetms. 8. Fxfl Fxflut utff quetmen -m 6. Fhdtf ms quetms quetms pmrm es usuírdes) per fxfgpie? fhquetm rehrdje E vmier ’2‗ dnhdlm quf n ìe kí quetm fstm`fifldhm. Rer fxfgpie) pmrm idgdtmr fssf usu írde m =22 Gfjms utdidzf =22222 ne kmrhidgdt. Rmrm fstm`fiflfr e jrmlf pfrdeh utdidzf e legmnhe? fhquetm -t. Rmrm rfpidlmr e peidly hf quetms hf ug usu írde pmrm eutres utdidzf e legmnhe? fhquetm -p 9usfr=> 9usfr0> E supfr-usu írde pehf vfrdcdlmr ms quetms hes usu írdes leg e legmnhe rfpquetm) o í es prüprdes usuírdes pehfg vfrdcdlmr sfus idgdtfs leg e legmnhe quetm. Ne gegfnte he èet ms quetms s ìe vfrdcdlmhms f mtdvmhms pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt) per äg sf per mijug getdve e mrqudve hf hmtm`msf hms quetms cdlmr cerm hf sdnlrendm) per fxfgpie) lmse ms quetms tfnkmg sdhe hfsidjmhms per ug pfr ç ehe) ehe) ä prfldse dndldmidzmr m hmtm`msf nevmgfntf leg e legmnhe quetmlkfla. Rmrm hfsidjmr ms quetms he sdstfgm utdidzf e legmnhe quetmecc .

Ä pessç vfi vfi tmg`äg lencdjurmr ms quetms vdm idnkm hf legmnhe legmnh e eu fg slrdpts utdidzmnhe sftquetms.

3=

Imèrmtürde ]VEXM\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe? Mtdvf ms quetms ne cdifsystfg rmdz + % $ hf gehe quf es usu írdes Lmries f Mnhrf pessmg utdidzmr mpfnms 022G@ lmhm. írde mlrfslfntmr e pmr àgftre -g E@\=? Nm kerm hf mtdvmr ms quetms leg e legmnhe quetmlkfla ä quetmlkfla ä nflfss nflfssí pmrm cer êmr fg cunêì cunêì e he cdifsystfg rmdz sfr mitmgfntf seidldtmhe. E@\0? Xmivfz sfom nflfssí nflfssírde lrdmr es usuí usuírdes Lmries f Mnhrf lmse nì nì e fxdstmg ne sdstfgm.

Xfstf hf dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Iejuf-sf ne sdstfgm leg e usu írde Lmries. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf e hdrft ürde %kegf%lmries +Hdrft ürde kegf hf Lmries$ fstm gentmhe hfntre he rmdz + % $. Fxflutf e legmnhe? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%lmries%tfstf `s7=G leunt7=42 E legmnhe mldgm dr í lrdmr ug mrqudve hf =42G@ ne hdrft ürde kegf hf lmries lkmgmhe tfstf. Vtdidzf e legmnhe hu -k %kegf%lmries pmrm lfrtdcdlmr-sf quf tuhe fstm ea. Mp üs mpmjuf e mrqudve tfstf. Smges mjerm fxlfhfr e idgdtf hf quetm hf 022G@ fstm`fifldhe. E sdstfgm hfvf dgpfhdr e mùse he peidly sf ms lencdjurm êöfs fstdvfrfg lerrftms. Fxflutf e legmnhe? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%lmries%tfstf `s7=G leunt70=2

30

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde ]VEXM\? =. Fhdtf e mrqudve %ftl%cstm` %ftl%cstm` f mhdldenf ne cdifsystfg rmdz + % $ m ep êìe usrquetm. 0. Pfgeuntf e cdifsystfg rmdz leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? geunt -e rfgeunt)usrquetm rfgeunt)usrquetm % <. Dndldmidzf ms quetms quetms pmrm fstf hdspesdtdve hdspesdtdve leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? quetmlkfla -l -g % 8. Fxflutf e legmnhe? legmnhe? quetmen quetmen -m 6. Fhdtf Fhdtf ms quetms quetms pmrm e usuírde Lmries f mhdldenf e vmier 022222 ne kmrhidgdt hes ìeles leg e legmnhe? fhquetm lmries 3. Pfpidquf e peidly peidly hf quetms hf Lmries pmrm Mnhrf leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? fhquetm -p lmries mnhrf

3<

\FIdnux? E \FIdnux ä hfsfnveivdhe fg pmrlfrdm pfim N\M) Pfh Kmt f eutrms fgprfsms lege D@G f KR. M dh ädm ä mhdldenmr ugm eutrm lmgmhm hf sfjurmn êm ne Idnux f rftdrmr e pehfr m`seiute he usu írde reet hm gíqudnm. E \FIdnux ä `msfmhe fg fg GML +Gmnhmtery +Gmnhmtery Mllfss Lentrei$) Lentrei$) ugm prepestm prepestm tetmigfntf tetmigfntf hdcfrfntf hm quf lenkflfges mtumigfntf ne idnux quf usm e gehfie trmhdldenmi HML +Hdslrftdenmry Mllfss Lentrei$. Ne HML es usu írdes tïg prdvdiäjdes mes mrqudves f prelfsses quf ikf pfrtfnlfg) per

ä fxflutmhe se`rf m preprdfhmhf he usu írde Oeìe) fstf prelfsse tfr í mlfsse m tehes es mrqudves quf pfrtfnlfg me usu írde Oeìe. Ne gehfie GML ms mpidlm êöfs mpfnms tfg prdvdi äjdes hf rfmidzmr es trm`mikes pmrm quf cermg preoftms) dste ä) mpfnms ä pfrgdtdhe cmzfr e quf rfmigfntf m mpidlm êìe ced hfsfnkmhm pmrm cmzfr. fxfgpie) sf ug prelfsse

\trdlt) Xmrjftfh Reidlys? Ne dndlde e \FIdnux frm hdstrdù ç he he leg e peidly strdlt) dsse nm äpelm he Cfherm Lerf 0) strdlt peidly tdnkm lege hdrftrdz prdnldpmi ìequfmr tuhe f mpfnms pfrgdtdr mqudie quf sf fstdvfssf fspfldcdlmhe. Pmpdhmgfntf es fnjfnkfdres e`sfrvmrmg quf dsse n ìe fstmvm sfnhe gudte pr ítdle) prdnldpmigfntf pmrm es mpidlmtdves he ’usfr spmlf‗. Fspfldcdlmr tehms mpidlm êöfs lege per fxfgpie ug cdrfcex eu ug ssk frm gudte legpidlmhe) ms ÿndlms pfrjuntms nes cerunsnmqufim ceruns nmqufim äpelm frm lege hfsidjmr e \FIdnux. Ced su`stdtudhe e strdlt peidly pfie tmrjftfh peidly) m prdnldpmi hdcfrfn êm ä quf ne tmrjftfh tuhe

ä id`frmhe per hfcmuit f mpfnms e quf ä hfcdndhe ä ’vfrdcdlmhe‗ pfie \FIdnux. E pmhr ìe sìe ms mpidlmêöfs nìe hfcdndhms sfrfg fxflutmhms ne quf sf lkmgm hf unlencdnfhUt) dste ä) ne mg`dfntf n ìe lencdnmhe enhf `msdlmgfntf ms mpidlm êöfs cunldenmg lege sf e \FIdnux n ìe fxdstdssf. Mpfnms ms mpidlm êöfs hfcdndhms +tmrjftfh$ s ìe fxflutmhms lencdnmhms hfntre hf sfu heg ç nde nde \FIdnux fspfldcdlmhe.

Lentfxtes hes Eòftes? Xehes es mrqudves rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm) prelfsses f hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf s ìe lkmgmhes f vdstes lege eòftes pfie \FIdnux. Lmhm eòfte ä retuimhe leg ug lentfxte. E g ühuie hf sfjurmn êm he \FIdnux ne afrnfi +I\G$ pfrgdtf eu ìequfdm mlfsse mes eòftes hf mlerhe leg ug peidly enhf es lentfxtes s ìe mnmidzmhes f vfrdcdlmhes.

38

M cergmtmêìe hes im`fis +r ütuies$

ä 9usfr>?9reif>?9typf>)nm vfrhmhf qumnhe fstmges cmimnhe he peidly peidly tmrjftfh tmrjftfh e quf rfmigfn rfmigfntf tf dgpertm dgpertm ä e 9typf>. Mpidlm Mpidlmêöfs quf s ìe fxflutm fxflutmhms hms nug hftfrgdnmhe heg ç nde nde per fxfgpie) e kttph n ìe tfg prdvdi äjdes m eutres hegç ndes ndes nìe fspfldcdlmhes nm gíqudnm lege nmgfh per fxfgpie eu e hdrft ürde kegf he usu írde Oeìe) f mssdg ms mpidlm êöfs cdlmg lencdnmhms me mlfsse fxliusdvmgfntf fg sfus heg ç ndes ndes fifvmnhe lensdhfrmvfigfntf m sfjurmn êm ne sdstfgm.

Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms he \FIdnux? E \FIdnux fnlentrm-sf `msdlmgfntf fg < fstmhes? hdsmìfh eu hfsidjmhe) gehe fncerldnj) enhf e \FIdnux fst í mpidlmnhe e peidly) eu pfrgdssdvf) enhf e \FIdnux fst í mpfnms fg gehe hf wmrg-eniy) dste ä) mpfnms iejmnhe es MSL +Gfnsmjfg he \FIdnux he Afrnfi$. E gehe pfrgdssdvf

ä dnhdlmhe pmrm

fcftumr moustfs cdnes ne peidly f pmrm vfrdcdlmr ms lencdjurm êöfs. ]umnhe ]umnhe e \FIdnux \FIdnux fstdvfr fstdvfr mtdvmhe mtdvmhe sfr í lrdmhe lrdmhe ug neve neve cdifsy cdifsystf stfg g lkmgmhe lkmgmhe %sfidnux) fstf ä ug cdifsystfg vdrtumi quf ä m omnfim hf legundlm êìe f dncergm êìe fntrf es prelfsses hm g íqudnm f e \FIdnux. E %sfidnux cdifsystfg

ä gudte sfgfikmntf me %prel f %sys.

%vmr%iej%gfssmjfs f hfvfg sfr Ms gfnsmjfns hf iej he \FIdnux +MSLs$ s ìe rfjdstrmhms ne mrqudve %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

ludhmhesmgfntf vfrdcdlmhms qumnhe qumiqufr preìfgm legf êmr m surjdr ne sdstfgm mp üs e mtdvmgfnte he \FIdnux.

M cfrrmgfntm jr ícdlm systfg-lencdj-sflurdtyifvfi

ä m gmds c íldi hf usmr f hf vdsumidzmr ms lencdjurm êöfs

lerrfntfs he \FIdnux. Mhdldenmigfntf usf systfg-lencdj-sfidnux pmrm moustfs nes peidlys f èeifmns. E legmnhe sfstmtus gestrm e fstmhe mtumi he \FIdnux) pmrm fcftumr guhmn êms utdidzf e legmnhe sftfncerlf. Rmrm smivmr ms mitfrm êöfs pmrm e pr üxdge èet he sdstfgm

ä nflfss írde fhdtmr e mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%sfid %ftl%syslencdj%sfidnux nux. E legmnhe sftsfèei ä utdidzmhe pmrm fcftumr mitfrm êöfs nes èeifmns. Ä pessdvfi tmg` äg dncergmr vdm pmr àgftre ne èetiemhfr e fstmhe he \FIdnux f cer êmr e èet nfstf fstmhe) pmrm dste ä nflfss írde cernflfr e pmr àgftre ’fncerldnj7x‗ pmrm e afrnfi. Enhf x pehf sfr 2 pmrm wmrg-eniy f = pmrm fncerldnj.

36

Sdsumidzmnhe Eòftes f Rrelfsses \FIdnux? Rmrm vfrdcdlmr e lentfxte hes prelfsses utdidzf ps -_) e`sfrvf quf m gmderdm hes prelfsses fstm sfnhe fxflutmhe ne lentfxte unlencdnfhUt ) e quf sdjndcdlm quf n ìe k í peidly fstm`fifldhe f rfimldenmhe m fssfs prelfsses) eu sfom) fifs s ìe fxflutmhe lege sf e \FIdnux n ìe fxdstdssf. Rmrm prelfsses lencdjurmhes) fxdstf ug heg ç nde%lentfxte nde%lentfxte fstm`fifldhe pmrm lmhm ug) v írdes lentfxtes o í fstìe hdspenç vfds vfds pmrm es sfrvd êes pepuimrfs hf dntfrnft lege kttp)hns%`dnh f ftl... Rmrm idstmr e lentfxte hes mrqudve utdidzf is -_ ) mrqudves neves s ìe lrdmhes m pmrtdr hf mijugm hfcdnd êìe ne peidly eu e lentfxte ä lepdmhe he hdrft ürde pmd) E legmnhe lklen fcftum mitfrm êöfs nes lentfxtes hes mrqudves) sum sdntmxf ä pmrfldhm leg es legmnhes rfjuimrfs he Vndx pmrm mitfrm êìe hf pfrgdssdenmgfnte) tmds lege e lkgeh f lkewn. M ep êìe “rfcfrfnlf pehf sfr utdidzmhm pmrm fstm`fiflfr ug gehfie hf mrqudve enhf sfu lentfxte sfr í lepdmhe pmrm es hfgmds.

33

Dgpifgfntmnhe e \ectwmrf PMDH?

Lencdjurmnhe e sectwmrf PMDH leg ghmhg? mutehftflt‗ =. Vsf e chdsa pmrm lrdmr ms pmrtd pmrtd êöfs quf sfr ìe utdidzmhms ne PMDH) tdpe ’ Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗ lühdje ’ch‗.

0. Vsf e legmnh legmnhe e pmrtpre`f pmrm mtumidzmr m tm`fim hf pmrtd êìe nm gfg ürdm. <. Dndldmidzf Dndldmidzf e mrrmy leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT 8. Lrdf e cdifsystfg cdifsystfg ne hdspe hdspesdtdve sdtdve PMDH? PMDH? gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2 6. Lrdf Lrdf e hdrf hdrftt ürde quf sfrí e pente hf gentmjfg f mhdldenf m fntrmhm mpreprdmhm pmrm gentmjfg %ftl%cstm`. gahdr %rmdh= mutegítdlm fg tfgpe hf èet ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm`.

3. Gentf Gentf e hdspesd hdspesdtdve tdve PMDH PMDH ne hdrft hdrft ürde quf velï lrdeu? geunt %hfv%gh2 %rmdh=

Etdgdzmêìe he PMDH?

Ä pessç vfi vfi etdgdzmr mdnhm gmds m pfrcergmnlf hm sum lencdjurm êìe hf PMDH lrdmnhe e cdifsystfg midnk midnkmh mhe e leg leg e tmgmn tmgmnke ke hm ’strd ’strdpf pf sdzf‗ sdzf‗ he PMDH. PMDH. Dsse Dsse pfrg pfrgdtf dtf quf quf es hmhe hmhess mlege mlegehfg hfg-sf -sf pfrcfd pfrcfdtmg tmgfn fntf tf nes ìele ìeless f fvdt fvdtff quf quf e sdstfg sdstfgmm fcftuf fcftuf l íiluies iluies mhdldenm mhdldenmdds mssdg mssdg hfjrmhmn hfjrmhmnhe he m pfrcergmnlf. M helugfntm êìe ecdldmi he Idnux +tihp$ hdz quf m pfrcergmnlf hes n ç vfds vfds hf PMDH 8 f 6 sìe mcftmhes hdrftmgfntf per fssm ep êìe fgèrm nìe sf tfnkm lfrtfzm hf qumnte dsse dnciufnldm eutres nç vfds vfds hf PMDH. E líiluie

ä `mstmntf sdgpifs) mpfnms hdvdhm e lkuna sdzf +Hfcmuit 38$ pfie tmgmnke hf ug ìele fg

A`ytfs) jfrmigfntf 8. Rmrm vfrdcdlmr e tmgmnke he ìele usf e hugpf0cs. Fxfgpie? 38%87=3 gacs.fxt< -` 8243 -P strdhf7=3 %hfv%gh2

Ä sfgprf mlensfik ívfi fcftumr tfstfs hf pfrcergmnlf lrdmnhe mrqudves jrmnhfs f gfnsurmnhe sfu tfgpe hf gmndpuim êìe hfntre he hdspesdtdve PMDH. Vtdidzf e hh pmrm lrdmr mrqudves jrmnhfs) per fxfgpie? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%tfstf `s7=G leunt7<22

Fstf legmnhe lrdmr í ug mrqudve ne hdrft ürde kegf lkmgmhe tfstf leg <22G@. Es hmhes hfssf mrqudve sfrìe nuies.

3:

Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH?

Ä pessç vfi vfi vfrdcdlmr e stmtus he mrrmy leg e legmnhe ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2 eu tmg`äg vfrdcdlmnhe e %prel%ghstmt. lentf ÿhe he mrqudve %prel%ghstmt.

\ectwmrf PMDH Pflevfry? Mpüs dhfntdcdlmhe m cmikm hf mijug hdsle he PMDH utdidzmnhe es hfvdhes legmnhes mprfsfntmhes nm sfêìe ’Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH‗)

ä kerm hf fcftumr m gmnutfn êìe.

Mtfnêìe- Selï prfldsm tfr prfldsmgfntf m dhfntdcdlmêìe hes hdsles quf cmikmrmg pmrm prelfhfr leg qumiqufr mêìe hf gmnutfnêìe) fg lmse hf hÿvdhms nìe tegf nfnkugm mêìe mtä tfr prfldsmgfntf m dhfntdcdlmêìe hes negfs hes hdspesdtdves quf mprfsfntmg preìfgms.

Drfges sdguimr m cmikm hf ug hdspesdtdve f fg sfjudhm rfgevfr-ie. Mp üs drfges mhdldenmr ug neve hdspesdtdve f fcftumr e rfùdih he mrrmy. \djm es pmsses m`mdxe? ✘

\dguif m Cmikm hf ug hdsle leg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -c %hfv%khm[

✘

E`sfrvf lege cdleu sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? lmt %prel%ghstmt

✘

Pfgevm e hdsle he mrrmyleg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -r %hfv%khm[

✘

E`sfrvf nevmgfntf sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2

✘

Hfsidquf m g íqudnm f su`stdtum e hdsle leg preìfgms per ug neve +Mpidlm-sf fg lmse PFMI$

✘

Lrdf ugm nevm pmrtd êìe tdpe ’Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗ leg e gfsge tmgmnke hm pmrtd êìe mntdjm

✘

Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtd êöfs hm gfg ürdm leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f

✘

Dnsdrm e neve hdsle ne mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -m %hfv%khm_

✘

E ghmhg mutegmtdlmgfntf dr í prelfhfr leg e rfùdih

✘

E`sfrvf nevmgfntf sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2

%vmr%iej%gfssmjfs. ]umiqufr dncergm êìe se`rf frres ne mrrmy sfr ìe iejmhms ne %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs.

Mpfnms mrrmys leg cmikm hf teifr ànldm) fxfgpie? PMDH=) PMDH6) lentdnumrmg m cunldenmr fg lmse hf cmikm hf mijug hdsle. Lmse vel ï tfnkm lencdjurmhe ug PMDH 2) vel ï nìe pehfrí sdguimr cmikms nfg pfrhfr nfnkug hdsle legpenfntf he mrrmy. Rmrm hfsidjmr%hfsgmnlkmr legpiftmgfntf e mrrmy usf e legmnhe? ghmhg - -step %hfv%gh2

3;

Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe? Lrdf ugm lencdjurm êìe hf \ectwmrf PMDH hf nç vfi vfi = +Gdrrerdnj$ f gentf pfrgmnfntfgfntf e hdrft ürde %hmtm nfstf hdspesdtdv hdspesdtdve. e. E sdstfgm hf mrqudves mrqudves hfvf sfr tdpe fxt< f e fspm êe tetmi hdspenç vfi vfi hfvf sfr hf mprexdgmhmgfntf mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@. E@\? Rrevmvfigfntf sum g gí nì e tfr í gÿitdpies hdsles pmrm fcftumr m lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêì e íqudnm hf fstuhes nì mhfqumhm hf \ectwmrf PMDH) nfstf lmse drfges lrdmr ’sdgèidlmgfntf‗ hums +20$ pmrtdêö pmrtd êöfs fs ne fspmê fspmêe idvrf he prdgfdre hdsle hdspenç hdspenç vfi vfi pmrm sdguimr ms lencdjurmêö lencdjurmêöfs fs hfstf imèrmt ürde.

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Sfrdcdquf m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2 Sfrdcdquf leg e legmnhe hc -Xk sf e hdspesdtdve %hfv%gh2 lerrfspenhf me hdrft ürde %hmtm f tfg mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ tdpe fxt<.

34

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde PMDH? =. Vsf e chdsa chdsa pmrm lrdmr lrdmr hums hums pmrtd pmrtd êöfs hf =22G@ tdpe ’Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗ l ühdje ’ch‗ ne fspm êe vmje hf sfu hdsle. 0. Mtumidzf Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtd êöfs he Afrnfi nm gfg ürdm leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f <. Lrdf e PMDH leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT %hfv%khmT 8. Lrdf%Cergmtf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves leg e legmnhe? gacs.fxt< gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2 6. Lrdf e pente pente hf gentmjfg gentmjfg leg leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? gahdr gahdr %hmtm 3. Mhdldenf m idnkm idnkm pmrm gentmjfg muteg ítdlm he PMDH ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm` :. Gentf tehes es hdspesdtdves hdspesdtdves hm sum cstm` leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? geunt -m ;. Leg e legmn legmnhe he hc -Xk vfrdcdquf sf e tmgmnke he hdrft ürde %hmtm ä hf mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@

:2

Dgpifgfntmnhe Dgpifgfntmnhe ISG?

Lrdmnhe Seiugfs I üjdles? =. Fxflutf e legmn legmnhe he vjslmn. vjslmn. 0. Vsf e chdsa chdsa pmrm pmrm lrdmr lrdmr ms pmrtd pmrtdêöfs quf sfr ìe utdidzmhms ne ISG) tdpe ’ Idnux ISG‗ lühdje ’;f‗. <. Fxflutf Fxflutf e leg legmnhe mnhe pmrtpre`f pmrm mtumidzmr m tm`fim hf pmrtd êìe nm gfgürdm. 8. Pfjdstrf Pfjdstrf fssms pmrtd pmrtd êöfs tdpe ’Idnux ISG‗ lege veiugfs c ç sdles? sdles? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

çsdles? 6. Lrdf e veiugf jreup mtrdùdnhe mtrdùdnhe es veiugfs veiugfs c ç s dles? vjlrfmtf vjtfstf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT 3. Lrdf qumn qumntes tes veiugf veiugfss i üjdles vel ï hfsfomr m pmrtdr he veiugf jreup) vel ï hfvf fspfldcdlmr e negf he veiugf i üjdle f tmg`äg e sfu tmgmnke. ivlrfmtf -I <22G -n iv= vjtfstf

:. Lrdf e cdifsys cdifsystfg tfg ne ne veiugf veiugf i üjdle? gacs.fxt< %hfv%vjtfstf%iv= ;. Lrdf e pente hf gentmjfg f mhdldenf m fntrmhm fspfl ç cdlm cdlm pmrm fstf cdifsystfg ne %ftl%cstm` %ftl%cstm`

Etdgdzm êìe he ISG? \f velï fstm pimnfomnhe lrdmr ug veiugf i üjdle rfmigfntf jrmnhf vel ï tfrí quf fspfldcdlmr e tmgmnke hes RFs) dsse perquf per pmhr ìe = RF tïg 8G@ f sü

ä pessç vfi vfi mtrdùdr 366<8 RFs pmrm ug veiugf iüjdle. Rer fxfgpie) pmrm lrdmr ug veiugf i üjdle hf 0X@ ä nflfss írde mtrdùdr <0G@ hf tmgmnke pmrm = RF. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe? vjlrfmtf -s <0G vjtfstf %hfv%sh`[ %hfv%shlT

Pfhdgfnsdenmnhe Seiugfs I üjdles? Rmrm mugfntmr ug veiugf i üjdle eu rfhuzdr sfu tmgmnke

ä nflfss írde utdidzmr ms cfrrmgfntms ivfxtfnh +Mugfntmr$ eu ivrfhulf +Hdgdnudr$) dsse qumnhe e cdifsystfg fst í hfsgentmhe. Rmrm prelfhfr leg e rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte en-idnf ä nflfss írde eutrm cfrrmgfntm cfrrmgfntm lkmgmhm fxt0enidnf. fxt0enidnf. Ne fxfgpie fxfgpie m`mdxe m`mdxe drfges mugfntmr 022G@ hf nesse veiugf i üjdle oí gentmhe. ivfxtfnh -I !022G %hfv%vjtfstf%iv= rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vjtfstf%iv=

:=

Jfrfnldmnhe Seiugfs I üjdles?

Ä pessç vfi vfi fxpmnhdr es veiugf jreups mhdldenmnhe gmds veiugfs c ç sdles) sdles) dste ä lege lenfltmr f mgpidmr mdnhm gmds m lmpmldhmhf he veiugf jreup) pmrm dsse utdidzf e legmnhe vjfxtfnh. Rmrm rfgevfr mijug

ç sdle veiugf c ç sdle hf ug veiugf jreup

ä prfldse rf-hdstrdùdr es RFs elupmhes pmrm eutres veiugf c ç sdle sdle leg

e legmnhe pvgevf f s ü mpüs dsse hfslenfltm-ie hfslenfltm -ie he veiugf jreup leg e legmnhe legmnhe vjrfhulf. Vg jrupe hf cfrrmgfntms pmrm mouhmr nm vdsumidzm êìe f rfundr dncergm êöfs fstìe hdspenç vfds) vfds) sìe fims? ✘

vjhdspimy gestrm dncergm êöfs hes jrupes hf veiugf%veiugf jreup.

✘

pvhdspimy gestrm dncergm êöfs hes veiugfs c ç ç sdles. sdles.

✘

ivhdspimy gestrm dncergm êöfs se`rf es veiugfs i üjdles.

✘

vjslmn prelurm es SJs f dndldmidzm m `msf hf hmhes.

✘

pvslmn prelurm RSs.

✘

ivslmn prelurm ISs.

Lenvfrtfnhe ISG= fg ISG0? E PKFI utdidzm per pmhr ìe e cergmte ISG0 pmrm mrgmzfnmr es gftm-hmhes. sdstfgms quf epfrmg fg ISG= pmrm e cergmte he ISG0 quf

vfi lenvfrtfr Ä pessç vfi

ä gmds legpmlte f sfjure) pmrm dsse utdidzf

e legmnhe vjlenvfrt. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe? vjlenvfrt -G0 tfstf=

E legmnhe mldgm dr í lenvfrtfr e veiugf jreup lkmgmhe tfstf= hf ISG= pmrm ISG0.

:0

Dntrehuêì Dntrehuêìe e me JC\?

ä ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves legpmrtdikmhe) sfu prdnldpmi hdcfrfnldmi ä m lmpmldhmhf hf supertmr gÿitdpies nüs hf ug liustfr me gfsge tfgpe. Fg sdtumêöfs enhf ä nflfssírde quf vírdms gíqudnms tfnkmg mlfsse m ug ÿndle cdifsystfg me gfsge tfgpe +Mtdve-Mtdve$ eu mitfrnmhmgfntf +Mtdve-Rmssdve$ e JC\ ä rflegfnhmhe. E JC\

Rmrm prevfr m lmpmldhmhf hf legpmrtdikmgfnte hf hdsle sdgätrdlm e JC\ pessud ug legpifxe sdstfgm hf ielas f tmg`äg hf D%E cfnldnj) dsse jmrmntf nç vfds vfds sfjures hf epfrmêìe fg mg`dfntfs leg vírdes nüs. Es legpenfntfs he JC\ sìe? Lustfr Gmnmjfr +LGMN$) jfrfnldmherfs hf ielas +HIG eu JuIG$) sdstfgm hf lencdjurmêìe he liustfr +LL\$ f gühuies pmrm cfnldnj. Vgms hms prdnldpmds lmrmltfrç stdlms stdlms he JC\ ä m hf supertmr jrmnhfs lmpmldhmhfs) pmrm sdstfgms fg <0 `dts

ä supertmhe mtä =3X@) oí fg sdstfgms hf 38 `dts e idgdtf ä hf ; F@. E JC\ supertm mtä <22 nüs) fgèrm fxdstmg eutrms idgdtm êöfs qumnte m dncrm-f dncrm-fstrut struturm urm he sectwmrf sectwmrf hf jfrfnldmgfnte jfrfnldmgfnte hf hf liustfr. liustfr. Fxdstf tmg`äg supertf m quetms f m mtrdùtes fstfnhdhes) e supertf me \FIdnux mdnhm fstm fg prelfsse hf hfsfnveivdgfnte.

ä rfmidzmhe mtrmväs hf ugm `dìdetflm fspfldmigfntf hfsfnveivdhm pmrm trm`mikmr fg mg`dfntfs liustfrdzmhes) e LISG +Liustfr Iejdlmi Seiugf Gmnmjfr$) quf tmg`äg pehf-sf hdzfr quf ä ug hes legpenfntf pmrm sf trm`mikmr leg e JC\.

E supertf me ISG0

ä rfmidzmhe hm cergm enhf tehes es nüs he liustfr pessufg ug oeurnmi prüprde) sf mijug nü he liustfr cmikm fif ä hfsidjmhe) eutres nüs pehfg leielmr e cdifsystfg en-idnf E jfrfnldmgfnte hf oeurnmidnj

nevmgfntf) jmrmntdnhe mssdg m mitm hdspend`didhmhf he sdstfgm hf mrqudves. E JC\ fg sd mprfsfntm-sf me afrnfi he Idnux mtrmväs hf gühuies)

ä nflfssírde quf tehes es nüs he liustfr quf mlfssfg e cdifsystfg JC\ tfnkmg fssfs gühuies hfvdhmgfntf dnstmimhes. Leg rfimêìe me ’usfr spmlf‗ hdvfrsms cfrrmgfntms tmg`äg hfvfg hfvfg sfr dnstmi dnstmimhm mhmss pmrm trm`mikmr trm`mikmr--sf leg leg e JC\) JC\) m cfrrmgfntm jcsUgacs per fxfgpie ä utdidzmhm nm lrdmêìe he cdifsystfg. E`sfrvf quf lege e JC\ pfrgdtf m lfntrmidzmêìe hm fstruturm hf hmhes fg ug ÿndle cdifsystfg) fg mg`dfntfs gmu hdgfnsdenmhes dsse pehf lmusmr jmrjmies f idgdtmêöfs epfrmldenmds. Ä nflfssírde tmg`äg ug pimnfomgfnte mntfs hm lrdmêìe he cdifsystfg) e mhgdndstrmher hfvf tfr ug gfntf ms gftms hf lrfsldgfnte f fxpmnsìe nm kerm hf fspfldcdlmr e tmgmnke he oeurnmi f tmg`äg e nÿgfre hf nüs quf pehfrmg mlfssfmr fssf cdifsystfg ne cuture.

:<

Diustrmêì Diustrmêìe e hm Mpidlmêì Mpidlm êìe e he JC\ leg Ermlif?

:8

Imèrmtürde ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe? çsdles sdles hf Lrdf heds +20$ veiugfs c ç h f mprexdgmhm mprex dgmhmgfn gfntf =62G@ lmhm. Lrdf ug +2=$ jrupe hf veiugfs lkmgmhe vj= vj= f mhdldenf es veiugfs c ç sdles sdles lrdmhes) mp üs lrdf heds +20$

veiugfs iüjdles lkmgmhes iv= f iv0 rfspfltdvmgfntf. Vg hftmikf dgpertmntf se`rf e vj= ä quf fif hfvf tfr tfr RFs RFs hf tmgm tmgmnk nke e djum djumii m ; G@. G@. E tmgm tmgmnk nke e hes hes veiu veiugf gfss i üjdle jdless iv= iv= f iv0 iv0 hfvf hfvf sfr sfr hf mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ lmhm. Gentf e iv= fg %hmhes f iv0 fg %preoftes f mhdldenf ms fntrmhms nflfss írdms ne %ftl%cstm` pmrm gentmjfg muteg ítdlm hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet. Lrdf f gmndpuif mrqudves hfntre hf %preoftes f %hmhes f vfrdcdquf e tmgmnke f hdspend`didhmhf hes cdifsystfgs leg e legmnhe hc Xk. Dnspfldenf tmg` äg sums lencdjurm êöfs leg es legmnhes? vjhdspimy f ivhdspimy. Mhdldenf gmds ug veiugf c ç sdle sdle hf <2G@ me vj=. Mjerm mugfntf mprexdgmhmgfntf 62& he tmgmnke hf iv= f iv0 leg es cdifsystfgs gentmhes. Sfrdcdquf sf es sfus hmhes lentdnumg dntmltes hfntre hes hdrft ürdes %preoftes f %hmhes. Sfrdcdquf sf e tmgmnke rfmigfntf mugfnteu mprexdgmhmgfntf 62& mnmidzmnhe m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe? hc Xk. E@\? Selï Selï tfr í quf lrdmr lrdmr nevms nevms pmrtd pmrtdêö fs ne fspmê fspmêe hdspenç hdspenç vfi vfi hf sfu hdsle pmrm smtdscmzfr es êöfs rfqufrdgfntes hfstf imèrmt ürde. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf kí kí fspmê fspmêe hdspenç hdspenç vfi vfi mntfs hf legfê legfêmr.

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Es tfstfs hf vmidhm êìe hfstf imèrmt ürde lensdstfg fg vfrdcdlmr e tmgmnke f m hdspend`didhmhf hf gmndpuimêìe hf hmhes nes hdrft ürdes %hmhes f %preoftes. Vtdidzf es legmnhes? vjhdspimy) ivhdspimy f hc Xk.

:6

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde ISG? =. Lrdf hums +20$ pmrtdêöfs hf tmgmnke mprexdgmhe hf =62G@) tdpe Idnux ISG l ühdje ’;f‗ 0. Mtumidzf Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtd êìe hf gfgürdm he Afrnfi leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f <. Lrdf es pvs leg e legmnhe? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT 8. Lrdf e vj= vj= leg e legmnhe? vjlrfmtf s ;G vj= vj= %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT %hfv%khmT 6. Lrdf es veiugfs veiugfs i üjdles? ivlrfmtf I =22G n iv= vj= 1 ivlrfmtf I =22G n iv0 vj= 3. Lrdf e cdifsystfg cdifsystfg fxt< nes nes ISs? gacs.fxt< gacs.fxt< %hfv%vj=%iv= %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 gacs.fxt< gacs.fxt< %hfv%vj=%iv0 %hfv%vj=%iv0 :. Lrdf es pentes hf gentmjfns f mhdldenf ms fntrmhms nm cstm`? gahdr gahdr %hmhes 1 gahdr gahdr preoftes ;. Gentf tehm tehm sum cstm` leg e legmnhe? geunt geunt m 4. Sfrdcdquf ludhmhesmgfn ludhmhesmgfntf tf m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe hc Xk f geunt =2. Lrdf mrqudves fg %hmhes f %preoftes? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%hmhes%tfstf `s7=G leunt702 hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%preoftes%tfstf `s7=G leunt706 ==. Sfrdcdquf m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe? legmnhe? ivhdspimy %hfv%vj=%iv= %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 ivhdspimy ivhdspimy %hfv%vj=%iv0 =0. Sfrdcdquf m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe? vjhdspimy vj= =<. Lrdf gmds ugm +2=$ pmrtd êìe hf tmgmnke mprexdgmhe hf =22G@) tdpe Idnux ISG l ühdje ’;f‗ =8. Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtd êöfs? pmrtpre`f =6. Lrdf e neve pv leg e legmnhe? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm_ =3. Mhdldenf e neve pv me vj=? vjfxtfnh vj= %hfv%khm_ =:. Mugfntf 62& hf iv= f iv0? ivfxtfnh I !62G %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 ivfxtfnh I !62G %hfv%vj=%iv0 =;. Vtdidzf e legmnhe? rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vj=%iv0 =4. Sfrdcdquf sf es hmhes lentdnumg dntmltes02. Sfrdcdquf m sm ç hm hm he legmnhe hc Xk

:3

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Lentms f Jrupes he \dstfgm?

mhhusfr?

ä e legmnhe gmds trmhdldenmi pmrm dnsfrdr nevms lentms. Ä fqudvmifntf m fhdtmr gmnumigfntf es mrqudves? %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%jreup %ftl%jreup) lrdmr e hdrftürde kegf leg ms pfrgdssöfs mhfqumhms f pepuimr e hdrftürde kegf leg e lentfÿhe he %ftl%safi. Fstf

nfwusfrs? Fstf legmnhe ä dnhdlmhe pmrm qumnhe velï hfsfom mhdldenmr gudtms lentms hf ugm sü vfz. E nfwusfrs prelfssm ug mrqudve tfxte cergmtmhe enhf

ä dnsfrdhe e negf hes neves usuírdes f sfus rfspfltdves

pmsswerhs. usfrhfi? Rmrm hfiftmr usuírdes he sdstfgm usf sfgprf e usfrhfi.

Ä fqudvmifntf m fhdtmr gmnumigfntf es mrqudves? \fg pmr pmràgftres ä prfsfrvmhe e %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%skmhew %ftl%jreup %ftl%jreup %ftl%jskmhew %ftl%jskmhew %vmr%speei%gmdi %vmr%speei%gmdi. \fg lentfÿhe he hdrftürde kegf kegf he h e usuírde. usfrgeh? Rmrm mitfrmr es lmgpes hf ugm lentm ne %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%pmsswh usf e legmnhe usfrgeh.

vfi fntrf gudtes Ä pessç vfi

tfns mitfrmr e DH he usuírde) \kfii) Hdrftürde kegf) Negf hf Iejdn f ftl.. ç tfns pmsswh? Fcftum m trelm hf pmsswerh lrdptejrmcmhm hes usuírdes. Mitfrm e lentfÿhe he mrqudve %ftl%skmhew %ftl%skmhew. lkmjf? Fstf legmnhe fstm`fiflf ugm peiç tdlm tdlm hf vmidhmhf pmrm es pmsswerhs. Ä pessç vfi vfi hftfrgdnmr e fspmêe hf tfgpe fntrf m trelm hf pmsswerh) dste ä) cerêm e pmsswerh hes usuírdes m fxpdrmrfg) enhf fifs sìe e`rdjmhes m trelmr. Fntrf eutrms epêöfs tmg`äg

vfi fspfldcdlmr e pfrç ehe ehe hf tfgpe gç ndge ndge quf ä pessç vfi ug usuírde tfrí quf pfrgmnflfr sfg trelmr hf pmsswerh. Ä fxtrfgmgfntf mlensfikívfi fstm`fiflfr ugm peiç tdlm tdlm hf vmidhmhf hf pmsswerhs hfntre hf sfu hegç nde. nde. jreupmhh? Lrdm jrupes mhdldenmnhe fntrmhms ne %ftl%jreup. %ftl%jreup.

::

jreupgeh? Fcftum gehdcdlmêöfs nes jrupes) m utdidhmhf gmds legug

ä trelmr negfs hf jrupes prfsfrvmnhe sfus

gfg`res. jreuphfi? Rmrm hfiftm hfiftmrr jrupes jrupes utdid utdidzf zf e jreuphfi. Fqudvm Fqudvmifn ifntf tf m fhdtm fhdtmrr gm gmnumi numigfn gfntf tf es mrqudve mrqudves? s? % ftl%jreup %ftl%jskmhew. %ftl%jskmhew.

jpmsswh?

Ä utdidzmhe pmrm mhgdndstrmr es mrqudves %ftl%jreup %ftl%jreup f %ftl%jskmhew %ftl%jskmhew. \um utdidhmhf gmds legug mi äg hf lencdjurmr gfg`res hf jrupes ä jfrfnldmr mhgdndstrmherfs f pmsswerhs pmrm es jrupes. systfg-lencdj-usfrs? Cfrrmgfntm jrícdlm hfsfnkmhm pmrm jfrfnldmr tetmigfntf ms lentms f jrupes he sdstfgm. Gudte pehfresm f vfrsítdi)

tuie pmrm jfrfnldmr ms ä lmpmz hf fcftumr e trm`mike hf tehes es legmnhes ldtmhes nfstf lmpç tuie lentms f jrupes. Cíldi utdidzmêìe f vdsumidzmêìe.

Vgmsa?

Ä m gíslmrm hf pfrgdssdenmgfnte hm lrdmêìe hf mrqudves f hdrftürdes. \fg m ugmsa qumiqufr mrqudve lrdmhe ne sdstfgm tfrdm m pfrgdssìe pmhrìe hf 333 f hdrftürdes hf :::. E slrdpt %ftl%`mskrl %ftl%`mskrl lencdjurm ne gegfnte hf iejdn ugm ugmsa pmhrìe pmrm tehes es usuírdes he sdstfgm) ne PKFI m ugmsa pmhrìe hf ug usuírde ä 2220 f he usuírde reet ä 2200. Rmrm fcftumr e líiluie hm ugmsa mpfnms hdgdnum e vmier hf sum ugmsa hf 333 pmrm mrqudves eu hf ::: hm hdrftürdes. E legmnhe ugmsa ä utdidzmhe pmrm gestrmr sum ugmsa eu tmg`äg fcftumr mitfrmêöfs) ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm sums mitfrmêöfs sfrfg rfsdstfntfs me èet ä nflfssírde lencdjurmr m ugmsa ne slrdpt ~%.`mskrl.

\ftjdh? Nergmigfntf Nergmigfntf qumnhe lrdmges mrqudves) fssfs mrqudves mr qudves pfrtfnlfg pfrtfn lfg me jrupe jr upe pmhrìe he usuírde. ]umnhe lencdjurmges e sftjdh `dt fg ug hdrftürde) mutegmtdlmgfntf e mrqudve lrdmhe tfrí sfu jrupe lencdjurmhe pmrm e gfsge jrupe he hdrftürde pmd) dsse pfrgdtf ug gflmndsge quf moustm e jreup ewnfrskdp mutegmtdlmgfntf. Lencdjurmr e sftjdh ä gudte ÿtdi qumnhe hdvfrses usuírdes hf ug gfsge jrupe fstìe mlfssmnhe mrqudves fg legug hfntre hf ug hdrftürde. Rmrm lencdjurmr e sftjdh vfom e fxfgpie usf? lkgeh j!s 9hdrft ürde>

:;

\lrdpts hf Dndldmidzmêì Dndldmidzm êìe e hf Mg`dfntf? Sírdes slrdpts sìe fxflutmhes fg tfgpe hf iejdn pmrm ugm lentm quf pessud ug skfii. Fssfs slrdpts s ìe rfspensívfds per lencdjurmr tehe e mg`dfntf pmrm e usuírde) dnÿgfrms vmrdívfds tmds lege e Rmtk f Midms hf legmnhes jie`mds sìe lencdjurmhes. Sfom m`mdxe m erhfg hf fxfluêìe hfssfs slrdpts ne gegfnte he iejdn? ◅

%ftl%precdif

◅

%ftl%precdif.h

◅

~%.`mskUprecdif

◅

~%.`mskrl

◅

%ftl%`mskrl

◅

~%.`mskUiejeut

%ftl%precdif? Fstf ä e prdgfdre slrdpt quf

ä lkmgmhe pmrm e iejdn hf lentms quf pessufg skfii. Fif ä rfspensívfi per lencdjurmr ms prdnldpmds vmrdívfds hf mg`dfntf lege? RMXK)KD\X\D_F)IEJNMGF)V\FP.Fstf slrdpt tmg`äg fxflutm eutres slrdpts hf %ftl%precdif.h %ftl%precdif.h . %ftl%precdif.h? Nfstf hdrftürde fnlentrmg-sf slrdpts hf lencdjurmêìe f dndldmidzmêìe hf mpidlmtdves) sfgprf hums lüpdms he gfsge slrdpts fstìe hdspenç vfds) vfds) ugm fg @eurnf skfii f m eutrm fg L skfii. Ms lerfs he ’is‗ sìe lencdjurmhms mqud fntrf eutrms hfcdnd h fcdndêöfs pmrm mpidlmtdves lege jid`)jnegf)ahf f ftl... ~%.`mskUprecdif f ~%.`mskrl Fstfs slrdpts lentäg dndldmidzmêöfs pmrtdluimrfs hf lmhm usuírde. Rehfg sfr leielmhms vmrdívfds) midmsfs eu legmnhes hf dndldmidzmêìe. Legm Legmnhe nhess quf jfrmg jfrmg smç hm hm nm tfim tfim hfvfg hfvfg sfr leielmh leielmhes es ne ~%.`mskUprecdif ~%.`mskUprecdif f nunlm ne ~%.`mskrl. %ftl%`mskrl? Nfstf slrdpt sìe lencdjurmhms cunêöfs jie`mds he skfii quf mcftmg tehes es iejdns hes usu írdes. ~%.`mskUiejeut?

ä fxflutmhe qumnhe e usuírdes fcftum iejeut. Ä ÿtdi pmrm sdtumêöfs enhf ä prfldse cmzfr `mlaups hf mrqudves) hfiftmr tfgperírdes f ftl... Fstf slrdpt tmg`äg ä pmrtdluimr hf lmhm usuírde f hfvf fstmr ne hdrftürde kegf. Fstf slrdpt

:4

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Rmletfs leg PRG?

E Jfster hf Rmletfs PRG +PRG$ ä ug sdstfgm hf fgpmletmgfnte m`frte) hdspen ç vfi vfi pmrm use hf tehes) quf rehm ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux mssdg lege fg eutres sdstfgms Idnux f VND[. M Pfh Kmt) Dnl. dnlfntdvm eutres cm`rdlmntfs m usmrfg e PRG fg sfus prehutes. E PRG pehf sfr hdstrdù ç he he se` es tfrges hm JRI. E PRG cmldidtm ms mtumidzm êöfs he sdstfgm pmrm e usu írde cdnmi. Xmrfcms lege dnstmimr) hfsdnstmimr f mtumidzmr es pmletfs PRG pehfg sfr cfdtms leg legmnhes lurtes. E PRG gmntfg ug `mnle hf hmhes hf pmletfs dnstmimhes f sfus mrqudves pmrm quf vel ï pessm fcftumr ùslms f vfrdcdlm êöfs pehfresms fg sfu sdstfgm. \f vel ï prfcfrdr m dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm) pehf usmr m cfrrmgfntm hf mhgdndstrm êìe hf pmletfs JVD. Hurmntf ms mtumidzm êöfs) e PRG idhm ludhmhesmgfntf leg es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe pmrm quf vel ï nunlm pfrlm m pfrsenmidzm êìe) mije dgpess ç vfi vfi hf sfr cfdte leg mrqudves .tmr.jz nergmds. Rmrm e hfsfnveivfher) e PRG pfrgdtf ifvmr e l ühdje centf he setcwmrf f fgpmlet í-ie fg ugm centf f pmletfs `dn írdes pmrm usu írdes cdnmds.

Eòftdves hf Hfsfnveivdgfnte he PRG? Rmrm fntfnhfr e use he PRG) pehf sfr ÿtdi fntfnhfr sfus eòftdves hf hfsfnveivdgfnte?

Lmpmldhmhf hf Mtumidzmêìe

Vsmnhe e PRG vel ï pehf mtumidzmr legpenfntfs dnhdvdhumds hf sfu sdstfgm sfg prfldsmr rfdnstmi íies legpiftmgfntf. ]umnhe vel ï e`tfg ugm nevm vfrs ìe hf ug sdstfgm epfrmldenmi `msfmhe fg PRGs +lege e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux$) n ìe prfldsm rfdnstmi í-ie fg sum g íqudnm +lege ä e lmse hf sdstfgms sdstfgms epfrmldenmds `msfmhes `msfmhes fg eutres sdstfgms sdstfgms hf fgpmletm fgpmletmgfnte$. E PRG pfrgdtf mtumidzmêöfs dntfidjfntfs dntfidjfntfs tetmigfntf tetmigfntf mutegmtdzmhms mutegmtdzmhms f lfrtfdrms hf sfu sdstfgm. sdstfgm. Es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe hes pmletfs s ìe prfsfrvmhes me ienje hms mtumidzm êöfs pmrm quf vel ï nìe pfrlm sum pfrsenmidzmêìe. Nìe kí mrqudves fspfldmds nflfss írdes pmrm m mtumidzm êìe hf ug pmletf perquf e gfsge mrqudve PRG ä usmhe pmrm dnstmimr f mtumidzmr e pmletf ne sfu sdstfgm.

;2

@uslm Rehfresm

E PRG ä hfsfnveivdhe pmrm prevfr ep êöfs pehfresms hf ùslm. Sel ï pehf prelurmr hftfrgdnmhes pmletfs eu mrqudves ne sfu `mnle hf hmhes dntfdre. Sel ï tmg`äg pehf hfsle`rdr m qumi pmletf ug mrqudve pfrtfnlf f hf enhf e pmletf vfde. Es mrqudves quf e pmletf PRG lent äg fstìe fg ug mrqudve legprdgdhe) leg ug lm`f êmike `dnírde pfrsenmidzmhe lentfnhe dncergm êöfs ÿtfds se`rf e pmletf f sfu lentf ÿhe) pfrgdtdnhe quf vel ï prelurf pmletfs dnhdvdhumds c íldi f rmpdhmgfntf. Sfrdcdlmêìe he \dstfgm

Vgm eutrm cunldenmidhmhf dgpertmntf ä m vfrdcdlmêìe hf pmletfs. \f vel ï nìe sm`f sf mpmjeu mijug mrqudve dgpertmntf hf mijug pmletf) vfrdcdquf-e. Sel ï sfrí netdcdlmhe hf qumdsqufr mnegmidms. Nfstf pente) vel ï pehf rfdnstmimr e pmletf sf nflfss írde. Xehes es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe quf velï gehdcdleu s ìe prfsfrvmhes hurmntf m rf-dnstmim êìe. Dnstmimêìe hf pmletfs nunlm ä dntfrmtdvm Xehe sectwmrf ä hdstrdùç he he fg PRG dnliusdvf m `msf he sdstfgm epfrmldenmi

Vsmnhe e PRG? E PRG tfg ldnle gehes hf epfrm êìe `ísdles +sfg lentmr m legpdim êìe hf pmletfs$? dnstmimr) hfsdnstmimr) mtumidzmr) ùslmr f vfrdcdlmr. Fstm sf êìe lentäg ugm vds ìe jfrmi hf lmhm gehe. Rmrm vfr es “kfip. hftmikfs f ep êöfs legpiftms) usf? rpg “kfip.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs? Es pmletfs PRG jfrmigfntf t ïg negfs hf mrqudves lege cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg. E negf he mrqudve dnliud e negf he pmletf + cee$) vfrsìe + =.2$) su`-vfrs ìe +=$ f mrqudtfturm + d<;3$. Dnstmimr ug pmletf ä gudte sdgpifs) `mstm mutfntdlmr-sf lege reet f hdjdtmr e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes? rpg -Vvk cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

\f m dnstmim êìe cer `fg-sulfhdhm) e sfjudntf eutput ä mprfsfntmhe? Rrfpmrdnj... =?cee

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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Lege velï pehf e`sfrvmr) E PRG trmz e negf he pmletf f fnt ìe ugm sulfss ìe hf kç cfns cfns lege gfhdhm he prejrfsse) lencergf e pmletf ä dnstmimhe. Dndldmnhe leg m vfrs ìe 8.= he PRG) m mssdnmturm hf ug pmletf ä vfrdcdlmhm mutegmtdlmgfntf me dnstmimr eu mtumidzmr ug pmletf. \f m vfrdcdlm êìe hm mssdnmturm cmikmr) ä mprfsfntmhm ugm gfnsmjfg hf frre pmrfldhm leg m sfjudntf? frrer? S< H\M sdjnmturf? @MH) afy DH 2<60;32c

\f m mssdnmturm ä nevm) segfntf leg lm`f êmike) mpmrflf ugm gfnsmjfg hf frre pmrfldhm leg m sfjudntf? frrer? Kfmhfr S< H\M sdjnmturf? @MH) afy DH 2<60;32c

\f velï nìe tfg m lkmvf mpreprdmhm dnstmimhm pmrm vfrdcdlmr m mssdnmturm) m gfnsmjfg lent äg m pmimvrm NEAFT ) tmi lege? wmrndnj? S< H\M sdjnmturf? NEAFT) afy DH 2<60;32c

Rmletf Oí Dnstmimhe? \f e pmletf hm gfsgm vfrs ìe oí fstí dnstmimhe) e sfjudntf ä mprfsfntmhe? Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W pmlamjf cee-=.2-= cee-=.2-= ds mirfmhy mirfmhy dnstmiifh dnstmiifh

\f velï hfsfom dnstmimr e pmletf hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm f m gfsgm vfrs ìe oí fstí dnstmimhm) vel ï pehf usmr m epêìe --rfpimlfpajs) quf pfhf me PRG pmrm djnermr e frre? rpg -dvk --rfpimlfpajs cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Fstm epêìe ä ÿtdi sf es mrqudves dnstmimhes pfie PRG cermg mpmjmhes eu sf vel ï hfsfom dnstmimr es mrqudves erdjdnmds hf lencdjurm êìe pfie PRG.

Mrqudves Lencidtmntfs? \f velï tfntmr dnstmimr ug pmletf quf lent äg ug mrqudve quf ced dnstmimhe per eutre pmletf eu per ugm vfrsìe gmds mntdjm he gfsge pmletf) mpmrflf e sfjudntf? Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W cdif %usr%`dn%cee creg dnstmii ec cee-=.2-= lencidlts wdtk cdif creg pmlamjf `mr-0.2.02

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Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG djnerf fstf frre) usf m ep êìe --rfpimlfcdifs? rpg -dvk --rfpimlfcdifs cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Hfpfnhïnldm Nìe-rfseivdhm? Es pmletfs PRG pehfg "hfpfnhfr" hf eutres pmletfs) e quf sdjndcdlm quf fifs rfqufrfg m dnstmim êìe hf eutres eutres pmletfs pmletfs pmrm rehmrfg rehmrfg mpreprdm mpreprdmhmg hmgfntf fntf.. \f vel ï tfntm tfntmrr dnstmi dnstmimr mr ug pmlet pmletff quf quf tfg tfg ugm ugm hfpfnhïnldm nìe-rfseivdhm) mpmrflf ug eutput sdgdimr me sfjudntf? Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W frrer? Cmdifh hfpfnhfnldfs? `mr.se.0 ds nffhfh `y cee-=.2-= \ujjfstfh rfseiutdens? `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

\f velï dnstmimr ug pmletf pfies LHs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux) jfrmigfntf sujfrf-sf quf rfseivm m hfpfnhïnldm he+s$ pmletf+s$. Fnlentrf fstf pmletf nes LHs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux eu pfie sdtf +eu fspfike$ CXR hm Pfh Kmt f mhdldenf-e me legmnhe? rpg -dvk cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

\f m dnstmim êìe hes heds pmletfs cer `fg-sulfhdhm) mpmrflf ug eutput sdgdimr me sfjudntf? Rrfpmrdnj... =?cee 0?`mr

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q 62&W ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

\f nìe sujfrf ug pmletf pmrm rfseivfr m hfpfnh ïnldm) velï pehf tfntmr m ep êìe --rfhkmtprevdhfs pmrm hftfrgdnmr qumi pmletf lent äg e mrqudve nflfss írde. Selï prfldsm tfr e pmletf rpgh`-rfhkmt dnstmimhe pmrm usmr fstms ep êöfs. rpg -q --rfhkmtprevdhfs `mr.se.0

\f e pmletf quf lent äg e `mr.se.0 fstí ne `mnle hf hmhes dnstmimhe pfie pmletf rpgh`-rfhkmt) e negf he pmletf ä mprfsfntmhe? `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

Rmrm cerêmr m dnstmim êìe hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm +ugm g í dhädm oí quf e pmletf prevmvfigfntf n ìe rehmrí lerrftmgfntf$) usf m ep êìe --nehfps.

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Hfsdnstmimnhe? Hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf ä tìe sdgpifs qumnte dnstmimr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes? rpg -f cee

Netm

Netf quf usmges e negf he pmletf cee f nìe e negf he mrqudve he pmletf erdjdnmi cee=.2-=.d<;3.rpg . Rmrm hfsdnstmimr hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf) su`stdtum su`stdtum cee pfie negf vfrhmhfdre he

pmletf erdjdnmi. Selï pehf fnlentrmr ug frre hf hfpfnh ïnldm me hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf) lmse ug eutre pmletf dnstmimhe hfpfnhm hmqufif quf tfntm rfgevfr. Rer fxfgpie? Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Q=22&W frrer? rfgevdnj tkfsf pmlamjfs weuih `rfma hfpfnhfnldfs? cee ds nffhfh `y `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG djnerf fstf frre f hfsdnstmif e pmletf hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm +e quf tmg` äg ä ugm gí dhädm oí quf e pmletf quf hfpfnhf hfstf prevmvfigfntf n ìe cunldenmr í lerrftmgfntf$) usf m epêìe --nehfps.

Mtumidzmnhe +Vphmtf$? Mtumidzmr ug pmletf ä sdgdimr m dnstmimr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes? rpg -Vvk cee-0.2-=.d<;3.rpg

E quf velï nìe vï mldgm ä quf e PRG mutegmtdlmgfntf hfsdnstmieu tehms ms vfrs öfs mntdjms he pmletf cee. \f qudsfr) vel ï pehf sfgprf usmr -V pmrm dnstmimr pmletfs) o í quf cunldenm gfsge qumnhe n ìe kí vfrsöfs mntfrderfs he pmletf dnstmimhe. Lege e PRG fxflutm m mtumidzm êìe dntfidjfntf hf pmletfs leg mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe) velï tmivfz vfom ugm gfnsmjfg lege fstm? smvdnj %ftl%cee.lenc ms %ftl%cee.lenc.rpgsmvf

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Fstm gfnsmjfg sdjndcdlm sdjndcdlm quf sums mitfrm êöfs me mrqudve hf lencdjurm lencdjurm êìe tmivfz tmivfz nìe sfomg "legpmtç vfds"leg vfds"leg e neve mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe ne pmletf) pertmnte e PRG smiveu e mrqudve erdjdnmi f dnstmieu ug neve. Sel ï hfvf vfrdcdlmr ms hdcfrfn êms fntrf es heds mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe f rfseivïims e qumnte mntfs pmrm jmrmntdr e èg cunldenmgfnte he sfu sdstfgm. Nm rfmidhmhf) mtumidzmr ä ugm leg`dnm êìe fntrf dnstmimr f hfsdnstmimr) pertmnte) hurmntf ugm mtumidzm êìe he PRG) vel ï pehf fnlentrmr frres hf dnstmim êìe f hfsdnstmim êìe. \f e PRG mlkm quf vel ï fstí tfntmnhe mtumidzmr pmrm ug pmletf leg ugm vfrs ìe gmds mntdjm) e eutput ä sdgdimr me sfjudntf? pmlamjf cee-0.2-= cee-0.2-= +wkdlk ds nfwfr tkmn cee-=.2-=$ cee-=.2-=$ ds mirfmhy mirfmhy dnstmiifh dnstmiifh

Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG "mtumidzf" hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm) usf m ep êìe --eihpmlamjf? rpg -Vvk --eihpmlamjf cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Pflmrrfjmnhe +Crfskfn$?

Pflmrrfjmr ug pmletf ä sdgdimr m mtumidzmr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes? rpg -Cvk cee-=.0-=.d<;3.rpg

M epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte +crfskfn$ he PRG vfrdcdlm ms vfrs öfs hes pmletfs fspfldcdlmhes nm idnkm hf legmnhe leg ms vfrs öfs hes pmletfs quf o í cermg dnstmimhes ne sfu sdstfgm. ]umnhe ugm vfrs ìe gmds rflfntf hf ug pmletf o í dnstmimhe ä prelfssmhm pfim ep êìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG) ä mtumidzmhm pmrm m vfrsìe gmds nevm. Fntrftmnte) m ep êìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG n ìe dnstmim ug pmletf sf n ìe keuvfr ug eutre prfvdmgfntf dnstmimhe leg e gfsge negf. Dste hdcfrf hm ep êìe hf mtumidzm êìe he PRG) o í quf m mtumidzm êìe dnstmim es pmletfs) dnhfpfnhfntf he cmte hf kmvfr ugm vfrs ìe gmds mntdjm he pmletf eu n ìe. M epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG pmrm pmletfs sdgpifs eu ug jrupe hf pmletfs. \f vel ï cfz e hewniemh hf ug jrmnhf n ÿgfre hf pmletfs hdcfrfntfs f s ü hfsfom mtumidzmr es pmletfs quf o í fstìe dnstmimhes ne sdstfgm) e rflmrrfjmgfnte ä m gfiker ep êìe. \f usmr e rflmrrfjmgfnte) n ìe ä nflfss írde mpmjmr pmletfs n ìe qudstes he jrupe jrup e `mdxmhe +hewniemh$ mntfs hf usmr e PRG. Nfstf lmse) dnvequf e sfjudntf legmnhe? rpg -Cvk /.rpg

E PRG mtumidzm mutegmtdlmgfntf segfntf mqufifs pmletfs quf o í fstìe dnstmimhes.

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@uslm +]ufry$? Vsf e legmnhe rpg -q pmrm fcftumr ùslms ne `mnle hf hmhes hf pmletfs dnstmimhes. E legmnhe rpg -q cee fxd`f e negf) vfrs ìe f su`-vfrs ìe he pmletf dnstmimhe cee? cee-0.2-=

Netm

Netf quf usmges negf he pmletf cee. Rmrm ùslmr ug pmletf) ä nflfssírde su`stdtudr cee pfie negf vfrhmhfdre he pmletf. Me dnväs hf fspfldcdlmr e negf he pmletf) vel ï pehf usmr ms sfjudntfs ep êöfs leg -q pmrm fspfldcdlmr e+s$ pmletf+s$ quf hfsfom ùslmr. Fstms s ìe lkmgmhms Ep êöfs hf Fspfldcdlm êìe hf Rmletfs. •

-m ùslm fg tehes es pmletfs mtumigfntf dnstmimhes.

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-c 9cdif> ùslm pfie pmletf quf hft äg e 9cdif>. Me fspfldcdlmr ug mrqudve) ä nflfss írde

dnhdlmr m ielmidhmhf legpiftm he gfsge +fx.? %usr%`dn%is$. •

-p 9pmlamjfcdif> ùslm pfie pmletf 9pmlamjfcdif>.

Kí hdvfrsms hdvfrsms gmnfdrms gmnfdrms hf fspfldcdlmr fspfldcdlmr qumds dncergm êöfs hfvfg hfvfg sfr mprfsfnt mprfsfntmhm mhmss se`rf es pmletfs pmletfs fnlentrmhes. Ms ep êöfs m sfjudr s ìe usmhms pmrm sfifldenmr e tdpe hf dncergm êìe pfim qumi vel ï prelurm. Fstms sìe lkmgmhms hf Ep êöfs hf \fif êìe hms Dncergm êöfs. fs. •

-d mprfsfntm ms dncergm êöfs he pmletf dnliudnhe negf) hfslrd êìe) vfrsìe) tmgmnke) hmtm hf

lrdmêìe) hmtm hf dnstmim êìe) cm`rdlmntf f eutrms dncergm êöfs hdvfrsms. •

-i mprfsfntm m idstm hes mrqudves lentdhes ne pmletf.

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-s mprfsfntm e fstmhe hf tehes es mrqudves he pmletf.

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-h mprfsfntm ugm idstm hes mrqudves gmrlmhes lege helugfntm êìe +píjdnms gmn) píjdnms dnce)

PFMHGFs) ftl.$. •

-l mprfsfntm ugm idstm hes mrqudves gmrlmhes lege mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe. Fstfs s ìe es

mrqudv mrqudves es quf velï mitfrm mpüs m dnstmim êìe pmrm lencdjur lencdjurmr mr e pmletf pmletf me sfu sdstfgm sdstfgm +fx.? +fx.? ) pmsswh ) dndttm`) ftl.$. sfnhgmdi.lc

Rmrm ms epêöfs quf mprfsfntmg idstms hf mrqudves) vel ï pehf mhdldenmr -v me legmnhe pmrm mprfsfntmr ms idstms nug cergmte is -i cmgdidmr.

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Sfrdcdlmnhe? Sfrdcdlmr ug pmletf legpmrm ms dncergm êöfs se`rf es mrqudves dnstmimhes hf ug pmletf âs gfsgms dncergm êöfs he pmletf erdjdnmi. Hfntrf eutrms ledsms) m vfrdcdlm êìe legpmrm e tmgmnke) segm GH6) pfrgdssöfs) tdpe) preprdft írde +ewnfr$ f e jrupe hf lmhm mrqudve. E legmnhe rpg -S vfrdcdlm ug pmletf. Sel ï pehf usmr qumiqufr ugm hms Epêöfs hf \fifêì e hf Rmletfs idstmhms pmrm m prelurm) pmrm fspfldcdlmr es pmletfs quf hfsfom vfrdcdlmr. Vg use sdgpifs hm

vfrdcdlm êìe ä rpg -S cee) quf vfrdcdlm sf tehes es mrqudves he pmletf cee fst ìe lege fstmvmg qumnhe cermg erdjdnmigfntf dnstmimhes. Rer fxfgpie?

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Rmrm vfrdcdlmr ug pmletf lentfnhe ug hftfrgdnmhe mrqudve? rpg -Sc %`dn%vd

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Rmrm vfrdcdlmr XEHE\ es pmletfs dnstmimhes? rpg -Sm

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Rmrm vfrdcdlmr ug pmletf dnstmimhe se`rf ug mrqudve he pmletf PRG? rpg -Sp cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Fstf Fstf legm legmnhe nhe pehf pehf sfr ÿtdi tdi sf vel velï suspf suspfddtmr quf quf sfus sfus `mnle `mnless hf hmhe hmhess PRG fstfo fstfomg mg lerregpdhes.

\f tuhe tuhe cer vfrdcdlm vfrdcdlmhe he mpreprdm mpreprdmhmg hmgfntf fntf)) n ìe kmvfrí eutput. eutput. \f keuvfr keuvfr hdslrfp hdslrfpànldms) fstms sfr ìe mprfsfntmhms. E cergmte he eutput ä ug lenounte hf edte lmrmltfrfs +ug l hfnetm ug mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe$ f fnt ìe e negf he mrqudve. Lmhm ug hes edte lmrmltfrfs hfnetm e rfsuitmhe hf ugm legpmrm êìe hf ug mtrdùte he mrqudve me vmier hfstf gfsge mtrdùte rfjdstrmhe ne `mnle hf hmhes PRG. Vg ÿndle . +pente$ sdjndcdlm quf e tfstf ced mprevmhe. Es sfjudntfs lmrmltfrfs hfnetmg m cmikm hf hftfrgdnmhes tfstfs? •

6 ‘ vfrdcdlmêìe hf lensdst ïnldm GH6

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\ ‘ tmgmnke he mrqudve +sdzf$

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I ‘ idjmêìe sdg`üidlm

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X ‘ kerm hm gehdcdlm êìe he mrqudve +tdgf$

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H ‘ hdspesdtdve

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V ‘ usuírde

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J ‘ jrupe

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G ‘ gehe +dnliud pfrgdss öfs f tdpe he mrqudve$

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5 ‘ mrqudve difj ç vfi vfi

Dgpertmnhe Lkmvfs? Rmrm vfrdcdlmr es pmletfs hm Pfh Kmt) vel ï hfvf dgpertmr m lkmvf JRJ hm Pfh Kmt. Rmrm cmz ï-ie) fxflutf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes? rpg --dgpert %usr%skmrf%rkn%PRG-JRJ-AFT

Rmrm fxd`dr ugm idstm hf tehms ms lkmvfs dnstmimhms pmrm m vfrdcdlm êìe he PRG) fxflutf e legmnhe? rpg -qm jpj-puàfy/

Rmrm m lkmvf hm Pfh Kmt) e eutput dnliud? jpj-puàfy-h`80m32f-<:fm68<;

Rmrm fxd`dr hftmikfs se`rf ugm lkmvf fspfl ç cdlm) cdlm) usf rpg -qd sfjudhe pfie eutput he legmnhe mntfrder? rpg -qd jpj-puàfy-h`80m32f-<:fm68<;

Sfrdcdlmnhe m Mssdnmturm hf Rmletfs? Rmrm vfrdcdlmr m mssdnmturm JnuRJ hf ug mrqudve PRG mp üs dgpertmr m lkmvf JnuRJ he lrdmher) usf e sfjudntf legmnhe +su`stdtum 9rpg-cdif> pfie negf he mrqudve he pmletf PRG$? rpg -A 9rpg-cdif>

\f tuhe lerrfr `fg) ä fxd`dhm m sfjudntf gfnsmjfg? gh6 jpj EA. Dste sdjndcdlm quf m mssdnmturm he pmletf ced vfrdcdlmhm f n ìe fstí lerregpdhm.

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Mutfntdlmêìe RMG? Riujjmìf Mutkfntdlmtden Gehuifs ä ug sdstfgm hf mutfntdlm êìe f muterdzm êìe gehuimr) mpidlm êöfs pehfg legpmrtdikmr hf ug sdstfgm ÿndle lfntrmidzmhe hf mutfntdlm êìe f vmidhmêìe hf lentms ne sdstfgm enhf e mpidlmtdve legpmt ç vfi vfi leg m RMG lkmgm ms `dìdetflms +g ühuies$ RMG f mp üs lerrfr tehes es rfqudsdtes lencdjurmhes rfternm ug l ühdje hf sm ç hm hm hf sulfsse eu cmikm pmrm e mpidlmtdve. Vtdidzmnhe m RMG e gflmndsge hf mutfntdlm êìe ä ÿndle pmrm hdvfrsms mpidlm êöfs mssdg lfntrmidzmnhe f cmldidtmnhe m vfrdcdlm êìe hf qumiqufr preìfgm pessç vfi. vfi. Lege e sdstfgm hf mutfntdlm êìe hm RMG

ä gehuimr ä pessç vfi vfi mhdldenmr neves g ühuies f rfgevfr gühuies mntdjes) mssdg mhdldenmnhe cunldenmidhmhfs pmrm supertmr v írdes gätehes hf mutfntdlm êìe. Vg fxfgpie li íssdle hf mpidlmtdve quf lenvfrsm leg m RMG mutfntdlmêìe hf usuírdes pmhrìe ne VND[. E prejrmgm iejdn

ä e iejdn luom prdnldpmi cun êìe ä cmzfr m

ä idnamhe nm id`pmg.se) dste sdjndcdlm quf e

ä legpmtç vfi vfi leg mutfntdlm êìe RMG. Mpüs e prejrmgm iejdn leiftmr tehes es hmhes rfifvmntfs lege pmsswerh f eutrms dncergm êöfs) fif cmz m lenvfrsm êìe leg m RMG quf per sum vfz utdidzm m lencdjurm êìe hes lenountes hf g ühuies lencdjurmhm pmrm mqufim mpidlm êìe pmrm rfternmr ug vmier hf sulfsse eu cmikm. Ä dgpertmntf ifg`rmr quf m RMG n ìe cmz dh ädm sf fssm mutfntdlm êìe vïg hf ug lenseif tfxte eu jr ícdle eu mtä sf ä ielmi eu vdm rfhf) m rfspensm`didhmhf hm omnfim hf legundlm êìe ä hm mpidlmêìe. iejdn

Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG? Es gühuies hm RMG quf cmzfg ms vfrdcdlm êöfs fstìe dnstmimhes ne hdrft ürde %id`%sflurdty %id`%sflurdty. Mijuns Mijuns gühuies hfpfnhfg hf lencdjurm êöfs pmrtdluimrfs fspfldmds pmrm fcftumr sums vfrdcdlm êöfs f cdnmidhmhfs) m ielmidzm êìe hfssfs mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe pehfg vmrdmr hf g ühuie pmrm g ühuie. Mijuns usmg e %ftl%neiejdn eutres pehfg smivmr sfus mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe ne hdrft ürde trmhdldenmi) per fxfgpie) %ftl%neiejdn %ftl%sflurdtty. %ftl%sflurdtty.

Ne hdrftürde %ftl%pmg.h ä enhf ielmidzmg-sf es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe pmrm lmhm mpidlm êìe. Jfrmigfntf e negf he mrqudve lerrfspenhf me negf hm mpidlm êìe. Fssfs mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe fspfldcdlmg qumds es g ühuies quf sfr ìe utdidzmhes f sfus pmr àgftres.

;4

Fxdstfg 6 lmtfjerdms prdg írdms hf jfrfnldmgfnte) s ìe fims? ◅

Mutk +Mutfntdlm êìe he usuírde$

◅

Mlleunt +Sfrdcdlm êìe sf m lentm fst í ’smuhívfi‗) sf nìe fstí hfsm`didtmhm per fxfgpie$

◅

Rmsswerh +Sfrdcdlm êìe f mtumidzm êìe hf sfnkms$

◅

\fssden +Jfrfnldm m sfss ìe mpidlmnhe rfstrd êöfs ne iejdn eu iejeut$

◅

Dnliuhf +Lkmgm eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe$

ä tetmigfn tetmigfntf dnhfpfnhfntf. dnhfpfnhfntf. Es g ühuies nìe supertmg tehms ms lmtfjerdms) m mpidlm êìe drí lkmgmr lmhm g ühuie rfspfltdve pmrm sum lmtfjerdm per vfz. Lmhm ugm hfssms ldnle lmtfjerdms

Fxdstf ug lenounte hf lentreifs quf hftfrgdnmg lege lmhm g ühuie vmd dntfrcfrdr ne rfsuitmhe cdnmi hm epfrmêìe. M erhfg hes gühuies lkflmhes) f lege fssm vfrdcdlm êìe drí prelfhfr ä hftfrgdnmhm ne mrqudve mrqudve hf lencd lencdjurm jurmêìe hf lmhm lmhm mpid mpidlm lmêìe) gudtes gudtes gühuies huies pessuf pessufg g pmràgftres fspfldmds quf dnciufnldmg nes tfstfs. Es lentreifs prdg írdes sìe?

◅

Pfqudrfh

M vfrdcdlmêìe hfvfrí pmssmr nfstf dtfg pmrm e rfsuitmhe cdnmi sfr pesdtdve) qumnhe fstf dtfg cmikm m vfrdcdlm êìe ä lentdnumhm mt ä e cdg) peräg e rfsuitmhe cdnmi o í fstm legpregftdhe. ◅

\uccdldfnt

\f ms lkflmjfns hf tehes es dtfns mntfrderfs rfqudrfh cerfg pesdtdvms) `mstm mpfnms m lkflmjfg hf ug ÿndle dtfg succdldfnt pmrm vfrdcdlm êìe rfternmr pesdtdvm. ◅

Eptdenmi

\f m vfrdcdlm êìe pmssmr eu cmikmr mqud) fssf rfsuitmhe n ìe dnciufnldmrm. ◅

Pfqudsdtf

\f m vfrdcdlm êìe cmikmr mqud e rfsuitmhe cdnmi o í sfrí nfjmtdve.

42

Rrdnldpmds Gühuies hm RMG? ◅

pmgUundx

Jfrfnldm m mutfntdlm êìe pmhrìe he Idnux mtrmv äs hms lkmgmhms hm id`l. Fstf

ä e gühuie lfntrmi

hm RMG. ◅

pmgUpfrgdt) pmgUhfny

Fssfs sìe g ühuies sdgpifs quf sfgprf dr ìe rfsuitmr fg vfrhmhfdre eu cmise. ◅

pmgUstmla

Fstf gühuie lkmgm eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe hf mpidlmtdve) e rfterne hms vfrdcdlm êöfs nfstf mrqudve sfr ìe e rfsuitmhe cdnmi he pmgUstmla fg vfrhmhfdre eu cmise. ◅

pmgUlrmlaid`

Fstf gühuie ä lkmgmhe qumnhe e usu írde trelm sum sfnkm) v írdms vfrdcdlm êöfs sìe cfdtms ne pmsswerh lege m qumntdhmhf g ç ndgm ndgm hf lmrmltfrfs) vfrdcdlm êìe fg hdldenírdes f ftl... ◅

pmgUfnv

Lencdjurm vmrd ívfds hf mg`dfntf) sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe ä %ftl%sflurdty%pmgU %ftl%sflurdty%pmgUfnv.lenc fnv.lenc . ◅

pmgUsflurftty %ftl%sflurftty. Rfrgdtf mutfntdlm êìe hf usuírdes eu he reet segfntf pfims XXTs idstmhms fg f g %ftl%sflurftty.

◅

pmgUreetea

Pfternm vfrhmhfdre sf e usu írde cer reet ◅

pmgUlenseif

Pfternm vfrhmhfdre sf m mutfntdlm êìe vfde hf ug lenseif

\f mijug mpidlmtdve legpmt ç vfi vfi leg m RMG pfhdr mutfntdlm êìe f nìe cer fnlentrmhe sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe) m RMG sfgprf sfgprf utdidzm ug mrqudve pmhr ìe pmrm fssm sdtum êìe ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%pmg.h%etkfr %ftl%pmg.h%etkfr . M lencdjurm êìe hfcmuit he %ftl%pmg.h%etkfr %ftl%pmg.h%etkfr ä rfstrdtdvm cmzfnhe e use hm pmgUhfny.se.

4=

Mnmidzmnhe m Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG? Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf lencdjurm êìe hm RMG) drfges mnmidsmr segfntf e lentreif hf mutfntdlm êìe +mutk$ ? QreetBvd`f ~W, lmt %ftl%pmg.h%iejdn ,&RMG-=.2 mutk QusfrUunanewn7djnerf sullfss7ea djnerf7djnerf hfcmuit7`mhW pmgUsflurftty.se mutk

dnliuhf

systfg-mutk

mlleunt

rfqudrfh

pmgUneiejdn.se pmgUneiejdn.se

mlleunt

dnliuhf

systfg-mutk

pmsswerh dnliuhf

systfg-mutk systfg-mutk

, pmgUsfidnux.se liesf skeuih `f tkf cdrst sfssden ruif sfssden sfssden

rfqudrfh dnliuhf

pmgUsfidnux.se pmgUsfidnux.se liesf systfg-mutk

sfssden sfssden

rfqudrfh eptdenmi

pmgUiejdnudh.se pmgUlenseif.se pmgUlenseif.se

, pmgUsfidnux.se epfn skeuih eniy `f ceiiewfh `y sfssdens te `f fxflutfh dn tkf usfr lentfxt sfssden rfqudrfh pmgUsfidnux.se pmgUsfidnux.se epfn sfssden

eptdenmi

pmgUafydndt.se pmgUafydndt.se cerlf rfveaf

ä m lencdjurmêìe hm RMG he mpidlmtdve iejdn. Sfom quf k í ug dnliuhf nm sfss ìe hf mutk quf lkmgm ug eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe lkmgmhe systfg-mutk. Sfom nm pr üxdgm píjdnm m lencdjurm êìe he systfg-mutk. M prdgfdrm idnkm hm sfss ìe mutk mpfnms hfcdnf vmierfs m sfrfg utdidzmhes. Fstm

QreetBvd`f %ftl%pmg.hW, lmt systfg-mutk ,&RMG-=.2 , Xkds cdif ds mute-jfnfrmtfh. , Vsfr lkmnjfs wdii `f hfstreyfh tkf nfxt tdgf mutklencdj ds run. mutk

rfqudrfh

pmgUfnv.se

mutk

succdldfnt

pmgUundx.se nuiiea nuiiea tryUcdrstUpmss

mutk

rfqudsdtf

pmgUsullffhUdc.se udh >7 622 qudft

mutk

rfqudrfh

pmgUhfny.se

mlleunt

rfqudrfh

pmgUundx.se

mlleunt

succdldfnt

pmgUsullffhUdc.se udh 9 622 qudft

mlleunt

rfqudrfh

pmgUpfrgdt.se pmgUpfrgdt.se 40

pmsswerh

rfqudsdtf

pmgUlrmlaid`.se tryUcdrstUpmss rftry7<

pmsswerh

succdldfnt

pmgUundx.se pmgUundx.se gh6 skmhew skmhew nuiiea tryUcdrstUpmss usfUmutktea usfUmutktea

pmsswerh

rfqudrfh

pmgUhfny.se

sfssden

eptdenmi

pmgUafydndt.se pmgUafydndt.se rfveaf

sfssden

rfqudrfh

pmgUidgdts.se

sfssden sfssden

Qsullfss7= hfcmuit7djnerfW pmgUsullffhUdc.se sfrvdlf dn lrenh qudft usfUudh usfUudh rfqudrfh pmgUundx.se

Nm prdgfd prdgfdrm rm idnkm idnkm fnlentrm fnlentrmge gess m pmgUfnv pmgUfnv.se) .se) sfu mrqudve mrqudve hf lencdjur lencdjurmm êìe fstí ielmidzmhe ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%sflurdty%pmgUf %ftl%sflurdty%pmgUfnv.se nv.se. M cunêìe he gühuie pmgUfnv.se

ä mpfnms lencdjurmr vmrd ívfds hf mg`dfntf)

nfnkug tfstf ä rfmidzmhe mqud.

Nm sfjunhm idnkm quf mlentflf m mutfntdlm êìe fg sd mtrmv äs he gühuie pmgUundx.se. E pmr àgftre nuiiea dnhdlm quf ä pfrgdtdhe pmsswerhs nuies +vmzde$.

Nm tfrlfdrm idnkm tfges e g ühuie pmgUsullffhUdc.se) sum cun êìe ä rfternmr pesdtdve sf m fxprfss ìe cer vfrhmhfdrm) e pmr àgftre ’udh 9 622 qudft‗ dnhdlm quf n ìe sfrí prfldse rfjdstrmr cmikm eu sulfsse ne sysiej pmrm usu írdes leg VDH gmder quf 622. E eòftdve mqud

ä rfjdstrmr iejs ne %vmr%iej%sflurf %vmr%iej%sflurf hf

tfntmtdvms crustrmhms hf iejdn he usu írde reet per fxfgpie.

Nm qumrtm idnkm tfges e pmgUhfny.se quf sfgprf rfternm cmise. Fg rfsuge cdnmi) sf e pmgUundx.se n ìe

ä cfdte e rfjdstre nes iejs he sdstfgm pmrm usu írdes leg VDH dncfrder m 622 f ieje mp üs ä rfternmhe m mpidlm êìe e stmtus hf cmikm nm mutfntdlm êìe. mutfntdlm)

4<

N\\?

Nm mutfntdlmêì mutfntdlmêìe e trmhdldenmi he VND[) es mpidlmtdves cmzfg use hm cunêì cun êìe e jftpwnmg+$ hm ID@L pmrm mutfntdlmêì mutfntdlm êìe e hf usuí usuírdes. Fssm cunêì cunêìe e erdjdnmigfntf ced prejrmgmhm pmrm mlfssmr segfntf es rfpesdtü rfpesdtürdes hf mrqudves ielmds lege e %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%skmhew %ftl%kests %ftl%kests f mssdg per hdmntf. Leg m lkfjmhm hf neves sfrvdê sfrvdêes tmds lege HN\ f ND\) ugm rffslrdtm hm cunêì cunêìe e jftpwnmg+$ ced rfmidzmhm. Pffslrfvfr m cunêì cunêìe e ced nflfssí nflfssírde pmrm lmhm neve tdpe hf sfrvdê sfrvdêe eu rfpesdtü rfpesdtürde quf surjdssf. Rmrm lenternmr fssm sdtum sdtumêì e ced lrdmhe e Nmgf \frvdlf \wdtlk) quf ternm gehuimr e gflmndsge hf êìe mlfsse m eutres sfrvdê sfrvdêes eu rfpesdtü rfpesdtürdes hf lentms. lentm s. Leg e N\\ N\ \ nì nìe ä gmds nflfssí nflfssírde rffslrfvfr m ID@L f neves sfrvdê sfrvdêes pehfg sfr supertmhe supertmhess mpfnms cernflfnhe cernflfnhe e gühuie nflfssí nflfssírde me N\\ fg %id`%id`nssUsfrvdlf.se. %id`%id`nssUsfrvdlf.se. Rmrm ms mpidlmêö mpidlmêöfs fs e N\\ ä trmnspmrfntf f ms mutfntdlmêö mutfntdlmêöfs fs lentdnumg sfnhe rfmidzmhms hm cergm trmhdldenmi. M erhfg hf prelurm hes sfrvdê sfrvdêes vfrdcdlmhes pfie N\\ ä lencdjurmhm ne mrqudve %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc. %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc. E prdgfdre prdgfdre dtfg per idnkm idnkm ä e negf hm `msf hf hmhes hf negfs lensuitmhm pfim ID@L) sì sìe fifs? midmsfs)ftkfrs)jreup)kests)nftjreup)nftweras)pmsswh)preteleis)rpl)sfrvdlfs)skmhew . \fjudhe hm `msf hf

hmhes vfg m idstm hes sfrvdê sfrvdêes fg erhfg quf sfrì sfrìe lkflmhes pmrm ùslmr ms dncergmêö dncergmêöfs. fs. Rmrm lensuitmr ugm `msf hf hmhes hmhe s usf? jftfnt jftf nt pmsswh. pmsswh. Sfom e fxfgpie hm sfjudntf lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe? e? pmsswh? cdifs ihmp nds Ne fxfgpie mldgm fstm lencdjurmhe quf e rfpesdtü rfpesdtürde hf usuí usuírdes m sfr vfrdcdlmhe fg prdgfdre iujmr ä e usuírde nì nìe sfom fnlentrmhe mdnhm ä prelurmhe fg ugm `msf ihmp f cdifs eu sfom) %ftl%pmsswh ) lmse e usuí gfsge mssdg sf mdnhm nì nìe cer fnlentrmhe) ä prelurmhe fg ugm `msf ND\ . E`vdmgfntf es sfrvdê sfrvdêes IHMR f ND\ hfvfg fstmr lerrftmgfntf lencdjurmhes f epfrmnhe pmrm quf dsse sfom rfmidzmhe. Mpfnms 8 rfsuitmhes sì sìe pessç pessç vfds vfds hf sfr rfternmhes qumnhe e N\\ vfrdcdlm ug sfrvdê sfrvdêe eu rfpesdtü rfpesdtürde) sìe fifs? ◅

\VLLF\\ \frvdê \frvdêe hdspenç hdspenç vfi) vfi) negf fnlentrmhe.

◅

NEXCEVNH \frvdê \frvdêe hdspenç hdspenç vfi) vfi) negf nì nìe fnlentrmhe.

◅

VNMSMDI \frvdê \frvdêe nì nìe hdspenç hdspenç vfi. vfi.

◅

XPTMJMDN Frre tfgperí tfgperírde ne sfrvdê sfrvdêe.

E N\\ drí drí rfternmr ne prdgfdre ’\VLLF\\‗) lmse lentrmrde eutrms `msfs lencdjurmhms sfrì sfrìe vfrdcdlmhms.

48

Lencdjurmnhe Lencdjurmnhe Mutfntdlmêì Mutfntdlmêìe e IHMR?

Drfges vfr mpfnms m pmrtf hf lencdjurm êìe quf pfrgdtf quf sfu sfrvdher mutfntdquf-sf fg ug sfrvd êe hf hdrftürde `msfmhe ne preteleie [622 o í fxdstfntf.

Ä nflfss írde dnstmimr es pmletfs nss-ihmp f epfnihmp

quf prevfg tmnte m pmrtf lidfntf lege es sfrvdherfs f `dìdetflms pmrm trm`mikmr leg e IHMR. M lencdjurm êìe hf ug sfrvdher IHMR) enhf simph ä e sfrvdher stmnhmienf pmrm sfrvdr rfqudsd êöfs IHMR f siurph ä e sfrvdher stmnhmienf rfspens ívfi pfims rfpidlm êöfs f sdnlrendzm êöfs he sfrvd êe hf hdrft ürde) nìe sfrìe mèrhmhms nfstf lmp ç tuie. tuie. Fg jfrmi qumnhe e sfrvd êe hf hdrft ürde IHMR ä usmhe pmrm mutfntdlm êìe e gmder `fnfcdlde jmrmntdhe

äm

mutfntdlmêìe lfntrmidzmhm) tehms ms lentms cdlmg mrgmzfnmhms fg ug

ÿndle rfpesdt ürde lfntrmi f hdvfrses sfrvdherfs f sfrvd êes ùslmg mutfntdlm êìe mpfnms nfif. Cmldigfntf pehfges rfpidlmr ms dncergm êöfs hfssf rfpesdt ürde lrdmnhe `mlaups mitmgfntf lensdstfntfs. Rehfges hfstmlmr tmg` äg quf ä pessç vfi vfi fstfnhfr es mtrdùtes hf ugm ÿndlm lentm pmrm supertmr v írdes tdpes hf sfrvd êes) hfstm cergm nug ÿndle rfjdstre ä pessç vfi vfi supertmr mutfntdlm êöfs hf sfrvd êes hdstdntes) per fxfgpie) VND[ f \MG@M. Rehfg sfr mrgmzfnmhms ne sfrvd êe hf hdrftürde qumiqufr tdpe hf dncergm êìe) e IHMR ä ugm fspäldf hf `mnle hf hmhes pmrm dncergm êöfs rfimtdvmgfntf pfqufnms) eu sfom) dncergm êöfs ifvfs s ìe erjmndzmhms kdfrmrqudlmgfntf) jfrmigfntf s ìe strdnjs hf lmrmltfrfs quf s ìe rmpdhmgfntf trmnscfrdhes pfim rfhf. Xehms dncergm êöfs hes mrqudves % ftl%pmsswh ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%jreup %ftl%kests) tm`fims hf HN\ sìe fxfgpies tç pdles pdles hf hmhes fnlentrmhes ne sfrvd êe hf hdrft ürde. Vg lenounte hf mrqudves hfvfg sfr gehdcdlmhes pmrm lencdjurmr sfu sfrvdher lege ug lidfntf ihmp pmrm mutfntdlmêìe. M cergm gmds c íldi hf cmzfr dsse

ä utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm systfg-lencdj-mutkfntdlmtden ) hdspenç vfi vfi pmrm dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm. Ä dgpertmntf tmg` äg usmr lrdptejrmcdm XI\) lmse lentrmrde ms sfnkms sfrìe trmnsgdtdhms fg tfxte pure pfim rfhf pmrm lmhm mutfntdlm êìe. Rmrm lenseif tfxte fstm hdspen ç vfi vfi m

cfrrmgfntm mutklencdj-tud quf tfg m gfsgm cdnmidhmhf. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf e sfu sfrvdher IHMR pessud supertf m XI\ f fcftuf e hewniemh he lfrtdcdlmhe)

ä nflfssírde tmg`äg lenkflfr e fnhfrf êe he sfrvdher

f e `msf HN rfcfrfntf me rfpesdt ürde hf usu írdes) pmrm dsse lentmtf e mhgdndstrmher hf sum rfhf. Es mrqudves %ftl%ihmp.lenc %ftl%ihmp.lenc %ftl%epfnihmp%ihm %ftl%epfnihmp%ihmp.lenc p.lenc %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc %ftl%pmg.h%systfg%ftl%pmg.h%systfg-mutk mutk sfrìe gehdcdlmhes fg erhfg m supertmr mutfntdlm êìe IHMR.

46

Jfrfnldmnhe ms dntfrcmlfs hf Pfhf? E jfrfnldmgfnte hms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf ä rfmidzmhe pfies legmnhes dcup f dchewn quf dndldmg f pmrmg ms dntfrcmlfs. Rmrm lmhm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf) fxdstf ug mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe fspflç cdle) cdle) hdvfrsms ep êöfs hf Fnhfrfêe DR) Nftgmsa) Petms) Negf hf Hdspesdtdve) lencdjurm êìe fstìe hdspenç vfds) vfds) ms prdnldpmds s ìe? Fnhfrfê Hdspend`didhmhf Hdspend`didhmhf Mutegí Mutegítdlm eu Gmnumi ne @EEX. %ftl%syslencdj%nftweraweraEs mrqudve mrqudvess hf lencdjur lencdjurmm êìe hms dntf dntfrcm rcmllfs hf rfhf rfhf fstìe ielmidzmhes fg %ftl%syslencdj%nft slrdpts%dclcj-xxx . Rehfges hdvdhdr ms lencdjurm êöfs fg < jrmnhfs jrupes? ◅

stmtdl

Lencdjurm êöfs fstítdlms gmnumds jrmvmhms ne mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe. ◅

hklp

Dnhdlm quf fstm dntfrcmlf dr í ùslmr sums lencdjurm êöfs fg ug sfrvdher HKLR hdspen ç vfi vfi ne gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf. ◅

èetp

Dnhdlm quf fstm dntfrcmlf dr í ùslmr sums lencdjurm êöfs fg ug sfrvdher @EEXR hdspen ç vfi vfi ne gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf. E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe jie`mi pmrm tehms dntfrcmlfs

%ftl%syslencdj%nftwera wera . Ä hfcdndhe nfstf ä e %ftl%syslencdj%nft mrqudves ms dncergm êöfs prdgírdms pmrm e cunldenmgfnte hm rfhf) s ìe fims? ◅

nftweradnj

Es vmierfs pehfg sfr ’ yfs‗ eu ’ne‗. Hfcdnf `msdlmgfntf sf k í eu nìe supertf m rfhf. ◅

kestnmgf

Ä e negf legpifte hfstf sfrvdher +cqhn$. ◅

jmtfwmy

Dnhdlm m retm pmhr ìe. ◅

ndshegmdn

Fspfldcdlm e negf hf heg ç nde nde ND\. Fg jfrmi fstm ep êìe n ìe ä utdidzmhm. Rmrm mhdldenmr) hfiftmr eu fhdtmr ms lencdjurm êöfs hms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds ms cfrrmgfntms systfg-lencdj-nftwera pmrm e gehe jr ícdle f lenseif tfxte. Ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm ms mitfrm êöfs tfrfg

fcfdte mpüs fxflutmr ms cfrrmgfntms hf lencdjurm êìe ä nflfss írde rf-dndldmr ms dntfrcmlfs leg e legmnhe? sfrvdlf nftwera rfstmrt eu dchewn 9dntfrcmlf> f dcup 9dntfrcmlf>

M cfrrmgfntm nftlencdj drí fhdtmr ms lencdjurm êöfs hm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf pmhr ìe) pmrm lencdjurmr eutrm

ä nflfss írde utdidzmr? nftlencdj “hfvdlf ftk=) enhf ftk= ä e negf negf hm dntfrcm dntfrcmlf lf hfsfomhm. hfsfomhm. Ifg`rmnhe quf m cfrrmgfntm nftlencdj nìe ä gmds supertmhm ne PKFI6.

dntfrcmlf

43

Jfrfnldmnhe es IEJs he \dstfgm?

Gfsge qumnhe e sdstfgm nìe mprfsfntm preìfgms fxpiç ldtes ldtes ä sfgprf nflfssírde dnspfldenmr es iejs he sdstfgm. Miäg hf frres lrç tdles) tdles) sìe iejmhes tmg`äg? lencidt lencidtes es hf kmrhwmrf) kmrhwmrf) gí lencdjurmêìe hf sectwmrf) mùses ne peidly hf sfjurmnêm) gfnsmjfns dncergmtdvms fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtfds pmrm tunndnj hf pfrcergmnlf f ftl. Es iejs he sdstfgm lenlfntrmgsf fg %vmr%iej f es iejs he Afrnfi fg %prel) pmrm mlfssmr es mrqudves hf iejs velï pehf hdrftmgfntf fxd`dr e lentfÿhe hes mrqudves leg legmnhes lege? lmt) tmdi) kfmh) ifss f ftl...

Es hmfgens quf sìe rfspensívfds per rfpertmr es iejs he sdstfgm sìe? ◅

aiejh Pfspensívfi per dntfrlfptmr ms gfnsmjfns hf iej he Afrnfi f hdspend`didzmr me usuírde.

◅

sysiejh Xfg m cunêìe hf rflf`fr gfnsmjfns hf qumiqufr tdpe hf sectwmrf quf rehf ne sdstfgm) dnliusdvf he Afrnfi f hdspend`didzmr fg cergm hf mrqudve eu vdm rfhf. Rehf tmg` äg rflf`fr iejs vdm rfhf hf eutres sdstfgms mtumnhe leg ug sfrvdher hf iejs.

E mrqudve %ftl%sysiej.lenc %ftl%sysiej.lenc ä utdidzmhe pmrm lencdjurmr e sysiejh ) ne qumi sìe fspfldcdlmhms ms rfjrms pmrm rfjdstrmr lmhm tdpe hf gfnsmjfg.

Ms rfjrms mprfsfntmg heds lmgpes) sfifêì e +sfiflter $ f hfstdne +tmrjft $) $) lmgpes quf sìe sfpmrmhes per fspmêes eu tmùimêöfs. E lmgpe sfifêì e mprfsfntm hums pmrtfs) cmldidhmhf cmldidhmhf f prderdhmhf) sfpmrmhms per ug pente) nms qumds e lmgpe sfifêì e hfsdjnm ug pmhrìe hf cmldidhmhfs f prderdhmhfs pfrtfnlfntfs m ugm mêìe fspfldcdlmhm. E lmgpe cmldidhmhf cmldidhmhf dncergm me sysiej e tdpe hf mpidlmtdve quf erdjdneu m gfnsmjfg +fgmdi) afrnfi) sdstfgm hf dgprfssìe) fntrf eutres$) f e lmgpe prderdhmhf m dgpertànldm hm gfnsmjfg. E lmgpe hfstdne ä pmrm enhf ms gfnsmjfg drìe sfr fnvdmhms.

4:

Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf lencdjurmêìe he %ftl%sysiej.lenc %ftl%sysiej.lenc ? , Iej mii afrnfi gfssmjfs te tkf lenseif. , Iejjdnj gulk fisf liuttfrs up tkf slrffn. ,afrn./

%hfv%lenseif

, Iej mnytkdnj +fxlfpt gmdi$ ec ifvfi dnce er kdjkfr. , Hen*t iej prdvmtf mutkfntdlmtden gfssmjfs/.dnce1gmdi.nenf1mutkprdv.nenf1lren.nenf

%vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

, Xkf mutkprdv cdif kms rfstrdltfh mllfss. mutkprdv./

%vmr%iej%sflurf

E`sfrvf ms tm`fims m`mdxe quf lentfg es vmierfs pessç vfds vfds pmrm e %ftl%sysiej.lenc %ftl%sysiej.lenc . Mpüs fcftumr qumiqufr mitfrmêìe ne mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he sysiejh ä nflfssírde rfdndldmr) pmrm dste utdidzf e legmnhe? adiimii -KVR sysiejh .

Cmldidhmhfs ? afrn

afrnfi

usfr

nç vfi vfi hf usuírde

gmdi

su`sdstfgm hf gmdi

hmfgen

hmfgens he sdstfgm

mutk

sfjurmnêm f muterdzmêöfs

sysiej

sysiej hmfgen

ipr

su`sdstfgm hf dgprfssìe

nfws

su`sdstfgm hf nfws

uulp

su`sdstfgm hf uulp

/

tehms ms cmldidhmhfs

4;

Nç vfds vfds hf prderdhmhf ? fgfrj

gfnsmjfns hf fgfrjïnldm

mifrt

gfnsmjfns hf mifrtm

lrdt

gfnsmjfns lrç tdlms tdlms

frr

gfnsmjfns hf frre

wmrndnj

lenhdêefs mnergmds) gms rflupfrívfds

netdlf

gfnsmjfns dgpertmntfs

hfùj

gfnsmjfns hf hfùj

dnce

gfnsmjfns dncergmtdvms

nenf

fxliud cmldidhmhf sfifldenmhm

Hfstdnes ? %cdifnmgf

lmgdnke legpifte

Bkest

negf hm gíqudnm

usfr

usuírde

/

tehes es usuírdes

44

Fxfgpies hf Lencdjurmêöfs he \ysiej? /.frr1afrn. /.frr 1afrn.hfùj hfùj1mutk. 1mutk.netdlf netdlf11gmdi.lrdt gmdi.l rdt

%hfv%lenseif %hfv%l enseif

/.netdl /.netdlf1a f1afrn. frn.hfù hfùj1m j1mutk utk)ip )ipr.d r.dnce nce11gmdi.l gmdi.lrdt rdt1nf 1nfws. ws.frr frr

%vmr%i %vmr%ie ej%gfs j%gfssmj smjfs fs

gmdi.dnce

%vmr%iej%gmdiiej

ipr.dnce

%vmr%iej%iphfrrs

lren./

%vmr%lren%iej

/.frr

reet

/.netdlf1nfws.frr

reet

/.mifrt

reet

/.fgfrj

/

nfws.lrdt

%vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.lrdt

nfws.frr

%vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.frr

nfws.netdlf

%vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.netdlf

-stmrtsidp /. /

%vmr%iej%sidp.iej

Dgpertmntfs mrqudves hf Iejs he \dstfgm?

◅

%vmr%iej%hgfsj

Fstf mrqudve hf iej ä fslrdte ieje mpüs e prelfsse hf èet. Lentäg gfnsmjfns fgdtdhms he afrnfi hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet. ◅

%vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

Fstf

ä e mrqudve pmhrìe hf iej quf e sysiejh utdidzm pmrm fcftumr rfjdstre hf tehes es sectwmrfs

dnstmimhes ne sdstfgm. ◅

%vmr%iej%gmdiiej

Ne gmdiiej gmdiiej

lfntrmidzmhe zmhe tehes tehes es iejs iejs rfimtdv rfimtdves es me sdst sdstfgm fgmss hf gmdi gmdi dnstm dnstmimh imhes) es) lege lege ä lfntrmid

\GXR)RER)DGMR f ftl... ◅

%vmr%iej%sflurf

Nfstf mrqudve

ä lenlfntrmhe gfnsmjfns rfimldenmhms m sfjurmnêm. Mpidlmtdves lege e iejdn)

xdnfth f tlpUwrmppfrs jfrmg iejs nfstm cmldidhmhf.

=22

Gmnutfnêìe f Petmêìe hes Iejs? Lmse nfnkugm mêìe cer tegmhm) m tfnhïnldm hf ug mrqudve hf iej

ä lrfslfr dncdndtmgfntf) dste ä) mtä

elupmr =22& he cdifsystfg rfsuitmnhe ne trmvmgfnte dntfjrmi he sdstfgm. Fg jfrmi es mrqudves hf iejs sìe `mstmntf pfqufnes) f es nç vfds vfds hf legprfssìe milmnêmhessìe fxlfifntfs pmrm fstf tdpe hf hmhes. Xehms hdstrdùdêöfs hf Idnux oí vïg leg e iejretmtf dnstmimhe per pmhrìe. E iejretmtf ä ugm cfrrmgfntm hf retmêìe pmrm qumnhe es mrqudves hf iej milmnêmg ug tmgmnke prähfcdndhe eu ug pfrç ehe ehe hf tfgpe ä fstm`fifldhe. Ä pessç vfi vfi fspfldcdlmr legprfssìe hf iejs mntdjes sf nflfssírde. ftl%lren.hmdiy f sfu mrqudve hf ä fxflutmhe hdmrdmgfntf lege ugm tmrfcm he lren) fg % ftl%lren.hmdiy lencdjurmêìe fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%iejretmtf.lenc %ftl%iejretmtf.lenc . M lencdjurmêìe hf retmêìe pmrm lmhm mrqudve hf iej jfrmifgfntf ä dnstmim dnstmimhm hm mutegmtdlm mutegmtdlmgfntf gfntf pfie PRG ne gfsge gfsge %ftl%iejretmtf.h f jfrmifgfntf ä nflfssírdm fg %ftl%iejretmtf.h gegfnte hm dnstmimêìe hm mpidlmêìe. M fspfldcdlmêìe hf retmêìe pmrm es mrqudves jfrmhes pfie sysiejh per fxfgpie fstìe fg %ftl%iejretmtf.h%sy %ftl%iejretmtf.h%sysiejh siejh .

E iejretmtf

Fg jfrmi m lencdjurmêìe he iejretmtf ä `mstmntf c íldi) pmrm gmderfs dncergmêöfs lensuitf ms gmn pmjfs.

Gendtermnhe es Iejs? M cfrrmgfntm iejwmtlk oí vïg dnstmimhm per pmhrìe nm gmderdm hms hdstrdùdêöfs hf Idnux mtumigfntf. E iejwmtlk tmg`äg

fxflutmhe hdmrdmgfntf hdmrdmgfntf ne % ftl%lren.hmdiy mrqudve hf lencdju lencdjurm rmêìe fstm ftl%lren.hmdiy f sfu mrqudve ä fxflutmhe

ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%iej.h%lenc%i %ftl%iej.h%lenc%iejwmtlk.l ejwmtlk.lenc. enc. M prdnldpmi cunêìe he iejwmtlk

ä gendtermr es iejs hf mlerhe leg es cditres f hdspmrmr fgmdis dncergm dncergmttdves dves sfgprf sfgprf quf mijugm mijugm mtdvd mtdvdhmhf hmhf mnergmi mnergmi ä vfrdcdlmhm. vfrdcdlmhm. M prejrmgm prejrmgmêìe hes cditres ä fxtrfgmgfntf legpifxm) peräg kí hdvfrses cditres oí prejrmgmhes pmrm mnmidsmr iejs hf mpidlmêöfs pepuimrfs pepuimrfs lencdjurmhes lencdjurmhes per pmhrìe. M helugfn helugfntm tmêìe mhdlden mhdldenmi mi fstm fstm ielmid ielmidzmhm zmhm fg

%usr%skmrf%hel%iejwmt %usr%skmrf%hel%iejwmtlk-/ lk-/.

Vgm eutrm cergm hf gendtermr es iejs

hm pmhrìe pmrm ug lenseif quf nìe fstm sfnhe ä hfsvdmnhe m smç hm

utdidzmhe) vfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe? lh %vmr%iej1 tmdi -c gfssmjfs -c sflurf > %hfv%tty; #

Leg Leg fstf fstf legm legmnh nhe e sfg sfgprf quf miju mijug g iej iej cer cer dnlrf dnlrfgf gfnt ntmh mhe e ne mrqud mrqudve ve %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs eu %vmr%iej%sflurf %vmr%iej%sflurf) dste sfr í gestrmhe nm tty; mutegmtdlmgfntf. Rmrm mlfssmr m tty; usf ms tflims hf mtmike

Ltri!Mit!C; nm dntfcmlf jrícdlm eu mpfnms Mit!C; ne gehe tfxte.

=2=

LVR\?

M dgprfssì dgprfssìe fg Vndx%Idnux nì nìe secrf jrmnhfs trmnscergmêö trmnscergmêöfs fs m gudte tfgpe. Rehfges fnlentrmr mdnhm fg use e iph +idnf prdntfr hmfgen$) seiuêì seiuêìe e leg dnÿ dnÿgfrms idgdtmêö idgdtmêöfs fs f nì nìe legpmtç legpmtç vfi vfi leg e DRR + Dntfrnft +sfrvdêes$ f cdims hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe) Dntfrnft Rrdntdnj Rretelei$) quf ä m `msf hf jfrfnldmgfnte hf oe`s +sfrvdê cdlmnhe idgdtmhe m ugm lfrtm qumntdhmhf hf dgprfsserms. Leg e Leggen Vndx Rrdntdnj \ystfg +LVR\$ pehfges dntrehuzdr ugm seiuêì seiuêìe e hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe undvfrsmi undvf rsmi pmrm pm rm m rfhf. E LVR\ ä ug jfrfnldmher hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe quf pehf sfr utdidzmhe vdm wf` +KXXR$) mtrmvä mtrmväs he qumi pehfges mhdldenmr) fxliudr) mitfrmr f lencdjurmr dgprfsserms) `fg lege mhgdndstrmr oe`s hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe hf ugm eu hf tehms ms dgprfsserms legpmrtdikmhms nm rfhf. Rreperldenm) mdnhm) mes usuí usuírdes hf Vndx%Idnux ugm dgprfssì dgprfssìe fcdldfntf f lencdí lencdívfi) per sfr legpmtç legpmtç vfi vfi leg e DRR fg gehe nmtdve f per pessudr dntfr dntfrcml cmlff pmrm pmrm IRH) IRH) \G@ +\frvfr nmvfjmêì e pfims \frvfr Gfssmjf Gfssmjf @iela @iela $ f OftHdrflt. E LVR\ ecfrflf nmvfjm êìe Hfslrdptden +RRH$. dgprfsserms hm rfhf f usm mrqudves Rest\lrdpt Rrdntfr Hfslrdptden

E LVR\ rfspenhf pfim pertm pmhrì pmhrìe 3<=. Vtdidzmnhe qumiqufr `rewsfr) `mstm fspfldcdlmr nm `mrrm hf fnhfrfê fnhfrfêes m sfjudntf ielmidzmêì ielmidzmêìe? e? kttp?%%ielmikest?3<= +sf ms lencdjurmêö lencdjurmêöfs fs ne mrqudve lupsh.lenc cerfg fcftumhms hdjdtmnhe fg vfz hf ielmikest e fnhfrfê fnhfrfêe DR he sfrvdher) tfrí tfrí e gfsge fcfdte) sfgprf sfjudhe hm pertm he LVR\ - 3<=$. Dste m`rdr m`rdríí ugm omnfim fg sfu nmvfjmher) hf qumiqufr pente hm rfhf. Ifg`rmnhe quf per pmhrì pmhrìe e LVR\ sü sü mlfdtmrí mlfdtmrí rfqudsdêö rfqudsdêöfs fs hm gmqudnm ielmi. Rmrm mutfntdlmr-sf e usuí usuírde prfldsm sfr gfg`re he jrupe sys eu reet. Nì Nìe kí lrdptejrmcdm) pertmnte tfnkm lmutfim nm utdidzmêì utdidzmêìe e hfstf gfde hf jfrfnldmgfnte he LVR\. ftl%lups%lupsh.lenc f sum sdntmxf hf E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e he LVR\ fstm ielmidzmhe fg % ftl%lups%lupsh.lenc

lencdjurmêì lencdjurmêìe e ä sdgdimr me he Mpmlkf Zf` \frvfr +kttph.lenc$. Ms hfcdndêö hfcdndêöfs fs hf dgprfsserms cdlmg %ftl%lups%prdntfrs.lenc nc ) f ä jfrmhm mutegmtdlmgfntf pfies legmnhes? ipmhgdn) mrgmzfnmhms ne mrqudve %ftl%lups%prdntfrs.le

mhgdndstrmêìe e ZF@ he LVR\. systfg-lencdj-prdntfr) systfg-lencdj-prdntfr-tud eu mdnhm pfim lenseif hf mhgdndstrmêì Rmrm e`tfr dncergmêö dncergmêöfs fs rfimtdvms ms limssfs) trm`mikes f dgprfsserms utdidzf e legmnhe ipstmt . ]umnhe usmhe sfg mrjugfnte fif cernflf e stmtus hm cdim hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe he usuí usuírde lerrfntf. Rmrm rfgevfr trm`mikes nm cdim hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe utdidzf e legmnhe iprg. Sfom m`mdxe mijugms epêö epêöfs fs he ipstmt? ◅

-t

Gestrm tehms ms dncergmêö dncergmêöfs fs hdspenç hdspenç vfds. vfds. ◅

-e

Gestrm tehes es trm`mikes nm cdim hf dgprfssì dgprfssìe. ◅

-v

Gestrm tehms ms dgprfsserms f fg qumi hdspesdtdve fstì fstìe lenfltmhms.

=20

LPEN? E LPEN ä imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe fg qumsf tehms hdstrdùdêöfs hf Idnux pmrm mjfnhmr m fxfluêìe hf fvfntes rflerrfntfs. Ä pessç vfi vfi fspfldcdlmr qumiqufr pfrç ehe ehe hf tfgpe pmrm ug fvfnte sfr mjfnhmhe. Fxdstfg tmg`äg hdrftürdes fspfldmds pmrm fvfntes prfvdmgfntf mjfnhmhes) sìe fifs? ◅

%ftl%lren.keuriy

◅

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde m lmhm 2= +Vgm$ kerm. %ftl%lren.hmdiy

◅

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrft ürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per hdm. %ftl%lren.wffaiy

◅

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per sfgmnm. %ftl%lren.geuntkiy Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per g ïs.

Es fxflutívfds lentdhes nes hdrft ürdes mldgm s ìe fxflutmhes pfie usuírde reet) per pmhrìe oí fxdstfg mijuns slrdpts quf rfmidzmg tmrfcms hf mtumidzm êìe f idgpfzm hf mrqudves tfgperírdes he sdstfgm. Es fvfntes mjfnhmhe pfie LPEN sìe fxflutmhes leg ms pfrgdssöfs he sfu usu írde lrdmher) qumiqufr rfterne hes legmnhes fxflutmhes sìe fnvdmhes mutegmtdlmgfntf pmrm sfu f-gmdi) eu pmrm e f-gmdi fspfldcdlmhe nm vmrdívfi ’ GMDIXE7‗. Es fvfntes sìe mrgmzfnmhes ne hdrftürde %vmr%speei%lren %vmr%speei%lren quf segfntf ä mlfssmhe per usuírdes prdvdifjdmhes f s ìe prelfssmhes pfie hmfgenlrenh quf hfvf fstmr mtdve.

Rmrm mjfnhmr fvfntes ne LPEN e usuírde utdidzm utdidzm e legmn legmnhe he lrentm`. Sfom Sfom m`mdxe m`mdxe es prdnldp prdnldpmds mds mrjugfntes? ◅

-u 9usuírde>

Mjfnhm fvfntes pmrm e usuírde fspfldcdlmhe. +Cunldenm mpfnms mpfn ms leg usuírdes prdvdifjdmhes$ ◅

-f

Fntrm ne gehe fhdter) utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr%fhdtmr%hfiftmr fvfntes he usuírde lerrfntf. ◅

-i

Idstm es fvfntes mjfnhmhes pmrm e usuírde lerrfntf. ◅

-r

Pfgevf e lrentm` lerrfntf.

=2<

Fxfgpie hf Fvfnte ne LPEN? QlmriesBvd`fW( lrentm` -f GMDIXE7gdafBlfntes.leg 8< =2 / / / %kegf%lmries%gmnutfnlme Ne fxfgpie mldgm) tehes es hdms âs =2?8< hm gmnkì sfrí fxflutmhe e slrdpt %kegf%lmries%gmnut %kegf%lmries%gmnutfnlme fnlme f qumiqufr rfterne jfrmhe hfstf slrdpt sfrí fnvdmhe pmrm e f-gmdi gdafBlfntes.leg gdafBlfntes.leg.. Rmrm mlfssmr gmds fxfgpie) fxflutf? gmn 6 lrentm`.

MXH?

E MXH ä e hmfgen quf fxflutm legmnhes mjfnhmhes pfie MX . Ä dnhdlmhe qumnhe ä nflfssírde mjfnhmr legmnhes pmrm fxfluêìe cuturm) m jrmnhf hdcfrfnêm nm utdidzmêìe fntrf e LPEN f e MX ä quf es fvfntes mjfnhmhes pfie MX sfrìe fxflutmhes ugm ÿndlm vfz. Fxdstfg hdvfrses cergmtes hf fspfldcdlmr e tfgpe leg e MX . Sfom mijuns fxfgpies m`mdxe? ◅

mt -c %kegf%lmries%tfstf -g =4?26

Ne fxfgpie mldgm ced mjfnhmhm m fxfluêìe he legmnhe %kegf%lmries%tfstf %kegf%lmries%tfstf pmrm âs =4?26 hf keof. \f m kerm fspfldcdlmhm oí fstdvfr pmssmhm) sfrí fxflutmhe ne prüxdge hdm. ◅

mt -c %reet%hetfst -g ;mg ! : hmys

Nfssf fxfgpie e slrdpt %reet%hetfst %reet%hetfst sfrí fxflutmhe âs ; kerms hm gmnkì) sftf hdms hfpeds. ◅

mt -c %reet%hetfst -g =2pg omn =6

Mqud e slrdpt ced mjfnhmhe pmrm fxfluêìe ne hdm =6 hf omnfdre âs =2 kerms hm nedtf. E legmnhe mtq ä utdidzmhe pmrm vdsumidzmr es mjfnhmgfntes rfmidzmhes he usuírde) ne lmse he usuírde reet ä pessç vfi vfi vdsumidzmr tehes es mjfnhmgfntes he sdstfgm. Rmrm mpmjmr mjfnhmgfntes utdidzf e legmnhe mtrg fspfldcdlmnhe e nÿgfre he trm`mike m sfr rfgevdhe.

Es trm`mikes mjfnhmhes sìe gmntdhes ne hdrftürde %vmr%speei%mt %vmr%speei%mt . Rmrm fspfldcdlmr usuírdes quf pehfg eu nìe utdidzmr e MX ) fxdstfg es rfspfltdves mrqudves hflentreif %ftl%mt.miiew %ftl%mt.miiew f %ftl%mt.hfny %ftl%mt.hfny.

=28

Jfrfnldmgfnte hes Gühuies he Afrnfi? Xehes legpenfntfs he Afrnfi mssdg lege hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves) cdifsystfgs f eutrms cunldenmidhmhfs sìe rfmidzmhes f gmntdhes lege g ühuies. ]umnhe legpdimges ugm vfrs ìe hf Afrnfi tfges m ep êìe hf fsleikfr sf es g ühuies sfr ìe fgùtdhes eu hdn àgdles lmrrfj ívfds. Gühuies hdnàgdles lmrrfj ívfds mhdldenmg cunldenmidhmhfs me Afrnfi sfg mugfntmr e sfu tmgmnke e quf mouhm m mugfntmr m pfrcergmnlf he sdstfgm. Jfrmigfntf pehfges fsleikfr lege g ühuies hdn àgdles lmrrfj ívfds hrdvfrs supifgfntmrfs pmrm hdspesdtdves peule utdidzmhes) cdifsystfgs mhdldenmds f ftl... Xehes gühuies nflfss írdes pmrm e èet hfvfg sfr fgùtdhes +@udit-dn$) lmse e Afrnfi n ìe mlfssf lerrftmgfntf e hdspesdtdve rmdz he sdstfgm hf mrqudves +reet hfvdlf$ fif dr í trmvmr lmusmnhe fg afrnfi pmndl.

Afrnfi Xmdntdnj? ]umnhe mijug g ühuie preprdft írde ä lmrrfjmhe ounte me Afrnfi) pehfges hdzfr quf e Afrnfi pmssm m sfr tmdntdnj +Lerregpdhe$. G ühuies preprdft írdes sìe jfrmigfntf hrdvfrs hf cm`rdlmntfs hf kmrhwmrf luoe lühdje centf n ìe ä hdspend`didzmhe. Ä dgpertmntf ifg`rmr tmg` äg quf qumnhe e Afrnfi fstm tmdntdnj fif nìe ä supertmhe pfim Pfh Kmt) cmte hes fnjfnkfdres n ìe pehfrfg mnmidsmr e quf fxmtmgfntf e l ühdje preprdft írde pehf fstmr lmusmnhe.

gehpre`f)gehpre`f.lenc)gehdnce)isgeh? %id`%gehuifs%afrnfi+vfrs +vfrsì e$ e$) lmse e sdstfgm tfnkm gmds hf Es gühuies he Afrnfi fst ìe ielmidzmhes fg %id`%gehuifs%afrnfi ug Afrnfi dnstmimhe vel ï drí fnlentrmr hdvfrsms vfrs öfs) utdidzf e legmnhe unmgf -r pmrm hftfrgdnmr

qumi vfrs ìe fstí fg use lerrfntf. E Afrnfi pehf hftfrgdnmr qumnhe ä nflfss írde e lmrrfjmgfnte hf mijug g ühuie f hm gfsgm cergm pehf fcftumr e hfslmrrfjmgfnte lmse e hdspesdtdve eu cunldenmidhmhf hfdxf hf sfr seidldtmhm. Jfrmigfntf es gühuies tïg hdvfrses pmr àgftres hdspen ç vfds vfds pmrm e moustf cdne hf sums lencdjurm êöfs) pehfges idstmr es pmràgftres hf ug g ühuie leg e legmnhe gehdnce) eutrms dncergm êöfs tmg`äg sìe gestrmhms lege? tdpe hf idlfn êm he gühuie) muter) vfrs ìe f ftl... usf gehdnce 9gühuie>

+Nìe kí nflfssdhmhf hf

fspfldcdlmr e pmtk f nfg m fxtfns ìe .ae he g ühuie$.

=26

E legmnhe isgeh idstm es gühuies quf fst ìe lmrrfjmhes ne Afrnfi) fnqumnte e legmnhe gehpre`f lmrrfjm gühuies f hfpfnh ïnldms mutegmtdlmg mutegmtdlmgfn fntf) tf) e mrqudve mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe %ftl%gehpre`f.lenc %ftl%gehpre`f.lenc ä lensuitmhe dncergmnhe midmsfs) ep êöfsf fsf pmràgftres fspfldmds. Rmrm rfgevfr g ühuies utdidzf? gehpre`f -r 9gühuie>.

Hfpfnhïnldm hf Gühuies? Mijuns gühuies hfpfnhfg hdrftmgfntf hf quf eutres g ühuies fstfomg lmrrfjmhes. E legmnhe hfpgeh

ä utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr m `msf hf hmhes hf hfpfnh ïnldms hes gühuies ielmidzmhm fg? %id`%gehuifs%+afrn %id`%gehuifs%+afrnfi fi rfifmsf$%gehuifs.hfp rfifmsf$%gehuifs.hfp

Fssf mrqudve fstm fg cergmte tfxte f pehf sfr vdsumidzmhe leg qumiqufr cfrrmgfntm hf fhd

êìe hf tfxte.

Dndtrh) Dgmjfg hf Pmghdsa? Lmse fxdstm nflfssdhmhf nflfssdhmhf hf mhdldenmr mhdldenmr supertf pmrm mijug mijug hdspesdtdve hdspesdtdve dnhdspfns ívfi vfi pmrm e èet èet ä nflfss írde mhdldenmr es g ühuies seidldtmhes fgùtdhes ne Afrnfi. Vg eutrm cergm gmds r ípdhm hf hdspend`didzmr fssfs g ühuies sfg rflegpdimr e Afrnfi

ä lrdmnhe nevmgfntf e dndtrh . E dndtrh ä ugm dgmjfg hf ug cdifsystfg quf ä gentmhe nm gfg ürdm PMG fg tfgpe hf èet) fif lentfg g ühuies pmrm mlfssmr hdspesdtdves lege \L\D) PMDH f ftl... E legmnhe gadndtrh ä utdidzmhe pmrm jfrmr nevms dgmjfns. Ä dnhdspfnsívfi quf e èetiemhfr fstfom lkmgmnhe m nevm dgmjfg lerrftmgfntf pmrm quf dsse cunldenf. E dndtrh ä lmpmz hf dhfntdcdlmr enhf fstm e sfu reet cdifsystfg +sdstfgm hf mrqudves rmdz$ hf mlerhe leg m cstm` f vfrdcdlm vfrdcdlmrr es hdspe hdspesdt sdtdves dves nflfss nflfss írdes pmrm sfu mlfsse. ]umiqufr pmr àgftre fspfldcdlmhe ne gehpre`f.lenc ä utdidzmhe nm kerm he pr ä-lmrrfjmgfnte he g ühuie. Ä pessç vfi vfi tmg`äg dnliudr gühuies mr`dtrmrdmgfntf nm dgmjfg. M sdntmxf he gadndtrh ä m sfjudntf? gadndtrh 9mrqudve.dgj> 9vfrsì e he afrnfi>. Sfom e fxfgpie? gadndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.0.6-=6.dgj 0.0.6-=6

=23

%prel Cdifsystfg) Iejs he Afrnfi? %ftl%cstm`. Fstf ä E sdstfgm hf mrqudves %prel ä gentmhe hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet f ä fspfldcdlmhe pfie %ftl%cstm` ug cdifsystfg vdrtumi enhf e tmgmnke hes mrqudves ä zfre. Nm vfrhmhf fstf cdifsystfg ä ugm omnfim

vdrtumi hf legundlm êìe he Afrnfi leg e usu írde) ä enhf sìe dncergmhes fg tfgpe rfmi es iejs he afrnfi. Hdvfrsms dncergm êöfs he sdstfgm s ìe mprfsfntmhms dnliudnhe e hftmikmgfnte hf tehes es prelfsses) dncergm êöfs se`rf gfg ürdm) LRV) rfhf f ftl... Sfom m`mdxe es prdnldpmds mrqudves? •

%prel%lpudnce

+Dncergm êöfs se`rf ms LRVs$

•

%prel%vfrsden

+Sfrsìe) Pfifmsf f hftmikmgfnte hm legpdim êìe he Afrnfi$

•

%prel%uptdgf

+Xfgpe quf e sdstfgm fstm mtdve) usf e legmnhe uptdgf$

•

%prel%iemhmvj

+Dncergm êöfs se`rf m lmrjm he sdstfgm) usf e legmnhe uptdgf$

•

%prel%gfgdnce

+Dncergm êöfs se`rf gfg ürdm hdspenç vfi) vfi) swmp) lmlkf f ftl...$

•

%prel%dntfrrupts

+Lencdjurm êìe hms dntfrrup êöfs DP]s$

•

%prel%hgm

+Dncergm êöfs se`rf ms HGMs$

•

%prel%deperts

+Lencdjurm êöfs hms pertms hf D%E$

•

%prel%ghstmt

+Dncergm êöfs se`rf es hdspesdtdves hf sectwmrf PMDH$

Mijuns hdrft ürdes hfntre hm fstruturm %prel rflf`fg hfstmquf) s ìe fifs? •

%prel%9RDHs>

+Pfcfrfntf me prelfsse hf n ÿgfre 9RDH>) usf? ps mux pmrm hftfrgdnmr$

•

%prel%nft

+Pfcfrfntf â mtdvdhmhf hf rfhf f lencdjurm êöfs$

•

%prel%slsd

+Pfcfrfntf mes hdspesdtdves \L\D$

•

%prel%dhf

+Pfcfrfntf mes hdspesdtdves dhf$

•

%prel%sys

+Pfcfrfntf mes pmr àgftres hf lencdjurm êìe he afrnfi$

%prel%sys) Moustfs ’en-idnf‗ ne n e Afrnfi? Lege gestrmhe) e %prel ä ugm omnfim hf legundlm êìe enhf e Afrnfi gestrm vmierfs pmrm hftfrgdnmhes tfns he sdstf sdstfgm gm)) m ÿndlm pmrtf he %prel quf ä dntfrmtdvm ä e %prel%sys) enhf enhf ä pessç vfi vfi fcftumr fcftumr ç tfns gehdcdlmêöfs ’en-idnf‗ nes pmr àgftres he Afrnfi he Idnux. Vgm dncdndhmhf hf lencdjurm êöfs pehfg sfr rfmidzmhms hdrftmgfntf me Afrnfi) pmrm ugm idstm legpiftm hes pmràgftres supertmhes lensuitf m helugfntm êìe ielmidzmhm fg % usr%skmrf%hel%afrnfi-hel-/%syslti% eu fxflutf e legmnhe? syslti -m

=2:

\yslti) Moustfs hf pmr àgftres ne Afrnfi? Jfrmigfntf ms cunldenmidhmhfs mlfdtmg vmierfs ’=‗ quf rfprfsfntm ’Mtdve‗) eu ’2‗ quf rfprfsfntm dnmtdve) peräg eutrms cunldenmidhmhfs mprfsfntmg fstruturms hf hmhes gmds legpifxms. Sfom mijuns fxfgpies hf lege guhmr pmr àgftres ’en-idnf‗ ne Afrnfi he Idnux. ◅

QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "=" > %prel%sys%nft%dpv8%tlpUsynleeadfs

Mldgm fstmges ’Mtdvmnhe‗ m pretf êìe he XLR lentrm mtmqufs hf \yn-cieehs. ◅

QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "=" > %prel%sys%nft%dpv8%dlgpUflkeUdjnerfU`remhlmsts

Mqud fstmges dnstrudnhe me afrnfi pmrm djnermr m rfspestm pmrm pdnjs hf `remhlmsts. ◅

QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "062 <0222 <0 =0;" %prel%sys%afrnfi%sfg

Mldgm fstmges moustmnhe es vmierfs hes sfg íceres pmrmes vmierfs pmhr ìe.

Xehes es vmierfs moustmhes ’en-idnf‗ sfr ìe pfrhdhes qumnhe e sdstfgm

ä rf-dndldmhe. Rmrm ternmr es moustfs me Afrnfi rfsdstfntfs me èet ä nflfss írde smivm-ies ne mrqudve %ftl%syslti.lenc %ftl%syslti.lenc . Fstf mrqudve ä lkmgmhe pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt f rfmidzm nm kerm hm dndldmidzm êìe he sdstfgm ms lencdjurm êöfs fxdstfntfs.

=2;

NC\? Dntrehuêìe? E \dstfgm hf Mrqudve fg Pfhf +Nftwera Cdif \ystfg$) tmg` äg lenkfldhe lege NC\ f pfrgdtf quf ug sdstfgm legpmrtdikf sfus hdrft ürdes f mrqudves leg eutres sdstfgms mtrmväs hf ugm rfhf. Vsmnhe NC\) es usuírdes f prejrmgms pehfg mlfssmr mrqudves fg sdstfgms rfgetes qumsf lege sf cessfg mrqudves ielmds) eu sfom) hf cergm trmnspmrfntf.

Mijuns hes `fnfc ç l des gmds netívfds quf e NC\ pehf ecfrflfr sìe? çldes

•

•

•

Fstmêöfs ielmds usmg gfnes fspmêe fg hdsle perquf hmhes crfqùfntfgfntf usmhes pehfg sfr mrgmzfnmhes fg ugm ÿndlm gíqudnm f mdnhm pfrgmnflfrfg mlfssç vfds vfds m eutrms pfim rfhf. Nìe kí nflfssdhmhf hf usuírdes tfrfg hdrft ürdes pfssemds sfpmrmhes fg lmhm gíqudnm hm rfhf. Hdrftürdes pfssemds pehfg sfr lencdjurmhes ne sfrvdher NC\ f sfrfg hdspend`didzmhes mtrmv äs hm rfhf. Hdspesdtdves Hdspesdtdves hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lege hdsquftfs) ifdterfs ifdterfs hf LH-PEG LH-PEG f ifdterfs hf _DR pehfg sfr usmhes per eutrms g íqudnms nm rfhf. Dste pehf rfhuzdr e n ÿgfre hf ifdterfs hf gç hdm hdm rfgevç vfi vfi fg tehm m rfhf.

vfi leg tehms vfrsöfs he Idnux f Vndx) Ä dgpertmntf tmg`äg ifg`rmr quf e preteleie NC\ ä legpmtç vfi lege @\H f \eimrds.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Lege e NC\ ä ug sfrvdêe PRL fif seidldtm e pertgmp pmrm gmpfmr ms lkmgmhms hms gmqudnms pmrm e sfrvdêe PRL lerrfte. Xmg`äg ä nflfssírde quf e Afrnfi tfnkm supertf pmrm e ncs `fg lege es hmfgens rpl.ncsh f rpl.geunth mtdves. Xuhe oí vfg prente ne PKFI) `mstm dndldmr es sfrvdles pertgmp f ncs. Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs he pertgmp f ncs-utdis ncs-utdis fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrmrde dnstmif-es? rpg -qm |jrfp pertgmp rpg -qm |jrfp ncs rpg -Vvk pertgmp9vfrsì e>.rpg e>.rpg rpg -Vvk ncs-utdis9vfrsì e>.rpg e>.rpg

=24

Epêöfs hf Gentmjfg he NC\? Fg hdvfrsms ldrlunstànldms fspfldmds ä nflfssírde fspfldcdlmr epêöfs nm kerm hf gentmr ug cdifsystfg hf rfhf) fspfldmigfntf pmrm trmtmr hf pfrcergmnlf f dnhdspend`didhmhfs tfgperírdms elmsdenmds) vfom m`mdxe ms prdnldpmds epêöfs quf pehfg sfr fspfldcdlmhms nm kerm hf gentmr ug cdifsystfg cdifsystfg vdm NC\?

◅

kmrh eu sect

Lmse e cdifsystfg fxpertmhe fstfom cerm he mr) usmnhe m epêìe kmrh m mpidlmêìe quf fstdvfr tfntmnhe tfntmnhe mlfssmr mlfssmr e cdifsyst cdifsystffg drí lenjfimr f mjumrhmr. Rmrm sect dgfhdmtmgfntf ug frre ä rfternmhe pmrm mpidlmêìe. \f kmrh cer fspfldcdlmhe e usuírde nìe drí lensfjudr dntfrregpfr m mpidlmêìe) lmusmnhe ne trmvmgfnte he prelfsse quf seidldtm e NC\. ]umnhe sect ä fspfldcdlmhe e usuírde pehf lencdjurmr mhdldenmigfntf e pmràgftre tdgfe79vmier>) enhf e vmier ä e nÿgfre hf sfjunhes sfjunhes pmrm mjumrhmr mntfs hf sfr rfpertmhe frre. ◅

dntr

Rfrgdtf rfqudsdêöfs hf NC\ sfrfg dntfrregpdhms qumnhe e sfrvdher fstdvfr tfgpermrdmgfntf cerm he mr. ◅

neiela

Ä elmsdenmigfntf elmsdenmigfntf nflfssírde pmrm legundlmêìe leg sfrvdherfs hf NC\ mntdjes. ◅

nefxfl

Hfsm`didtm m fxfluêìe hf `dnírdes ne cdifsystfg rfgete. ◅

nesudh

Hfsm`didtm es `dts hf pfrgdss ìe sudh f jdh pmrm e cdifsystfg rfgete. ◅

rsdzf7;=40 f wsdzf7;=40

Mugfntm lensdhfrmvfigfntf m vfieldhmhf he NC\ mugfntmhe m omnfim hf ìeles hf ifdturm f jrmvmêìe. Rrelurf gmds mouhm pmrm dnsfrdr eutres vmierfs. ◅

ncsvfrs70 eu ncsvfrs7<

Fspfldcdlm qumi vfrsìe he preteleie usmr.

==2

Vsmnhe e mutegeuntfr pmrm gentmr NC\? E mutegeuntfr +mutecs$ tmg`äg pehf sfr utdidzmhe pmrm gentmr f hfsgentmr cdifsystfgs rfgetes per hfgmnhm. Vgm lencdjurmêìe gudte crfqufntf ä gmpfmr e hdrftürde kegf hf tehes es usu írdes pmrm ug eutre sfrvdher) nfstf lmse velï tfrí quf fspfldcdlmr mijuns lmrmltfrfs lerdnjm ne mutecs vfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie tç pdle pdle hfstf lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe? E mrqudve %ftl%mute.gmstfr %ftl%mute.gmstfr ) dnhdlm quf e hdrftürde %kegf hf nessm gíqudnm ielmi fstm sfnhe gendtermhe pfie mutecs f quf sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe sfrí e %ftl%mute.gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl? , , (Dh? mute.gdsl)v =.0 022<%24%04 2;?00?<6 rmvfn Fxp ( , , Xkds ds mn mutegeuntfr gmp mnh dt kms tkf ceiiewdnj cergmt , afy Q -geunt-eptdens-sfpmrmtfh-`y-leggm W ielmtden , Hftmdis gmy `f ceunh dn tkf mutecs+6$ gmnpmjf %kegf%

%ftl%mute.gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl

Mjerm ne mrqudve %ftl%mute.gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl vmges leielmr e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher f ms epêöfs hf gentmjfg rfimtdvms me NC\) hfstm cergm gmpfmrfges tehes es hdrft ürdes ’kegf‗ hes usuírdes rfspfltdvmgfntf) vfom? , , (Dh? mute.gdsl)v =.0 022<%24%04 2;?00?<6 rmvfn Fxp ( , , Xkds ds mn mutegeuntfr gmp mnh dt kms tkf ceiiewdnj cergmt , afy Q -geunt-eptdens-sfpmrmtfh-`y-leggm W ielmtden , Hftmdis gmy `f ceunh dn tkf mutecs+6$ gmnpmjf /

=2.2.2.=?%kegf%#

Rehfges fspfldcdlmr mijugms epêöfs mvmnêmhms pmrm jmrmntdr e trmtmgfnte hes frres hf lenfx ìe quf pehfg pehfg elerrf elerrfrr f mugfnt mugfntmr mr mdnhm mdnhm gmds gmds m pfrcer pfrcergmn gmnlf) lf) e pretel preteleie eie VHR sü ä utdidzmhe utdidzmhe qumnhe fspfldcdlmhe) peds e pmhrìe f supertmhe ä sfgprf XLR? /

-rw)sect)dntr)rsdzf7;=40)wsdzf7;=40)uhp =2.2.2.=?%kegf%#

===

Imèrmtürde NC\) lfn írde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf? Es hdrftürdes quf sfrìe fxpertmhes hfvfg fstmr idstmhes ne mrqudve %ftl%fxperts. M sdntmxf hfstf mrqudve tdlm hm lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdher hf NC\. Lmhm idnkm rfprfsfntm ug hdrft ürde quf sfrí ä m pmrtf lrç tdlm fxpertmhe pmrm ugm eu ug jrupe hf gíqudnms leg pfrgdssöfs fg legug. Pfprehuzm ms lencdjurmêìe m`mdxe ne %ftl%fxperts hf sumgíqudnm ielmi? %gnt %kegf%lmries %kegf kegf %ept

/+rw)neUreetUsqumsk$ /+rw)neUreetUsqumsk$ /.fxfgpie.leg+re$ =40.= 40.=3; 3;.0 .022 22.2 .2%0 %066 66.0 .06 66.06 6.066. 6.2+ 2+rw rw)s )syn ynl$ l$ /+re$

Nm prdgfdrm idnkm e hdrft ürde %gnt ä fxpertmhe pmrm e gunhe dntfdre) e mlfsse ä hf ifdturm f jrmvm êìe. Vsuírdes hf VDH%JDH 2 +supfr usu írdes$ sfr ìe gmpfmhes lege supfr usuírdes) peds per pmhrìe e NC\ gmpfdm usuírdes hf VDH%JDH VDH%JDH 2 +reet$ +reet$ pmrm VDH 366<8 366<8 +ncsne` +ncsneèhy$) ehy$) e`vdmgfntf e`vdmgfntf per qufstöfs hf sfjurmnêm. Nm sfjunhm idnkm ä gestrmhe ug fxfgpie leg lerdnjm ’/‗) enhf tehms ms gíqudnms he hegç nde nde fxfgpie.leg tfrìe mlfsse jmrmntdhe segfntf ifdturm pmrm %kegf%lmries. Mssdg lege e ’/‗) e lerdnjm ’5‗ tmg`äg ä víidhe f mpfnms trelm ug lmrmltfrf. Nm tfrlfdrm idnkm tehes es hdrftürdes ’kegf‗ hes usuírdes sfrìe fxpertmhes pmrm tehm limssf L hm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2. =40.=3;.022.2. M epêìe synl synl dnhdlm dnhdlm quf qumiqu qumiqufr fr mitfr mitfrmmêìe ne cdifsystfg ä cfdtm dgfhdmtmgfntf) hdspfnsmnhe mssdg es ùccfrs eu lmlkfs hf hdsle%lentreimherm. Nm qumrtm idnkm e hdrftürde %ept ä fxpertmhe pmrm e gunhe dntfdre leg pfrgdssìe hf segfntf ifdturm. ifdturm.

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes? •

%ftl%fxperts

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe f moustmnhe m Dndldmidzm êìe Mutegítdlm ne @eet? sfrvdlf pertgmp stmrt1 sfrvdlf ncs stmrt1 sfrvdlf ncsiela stmrt lkalencdj pertgmp en1 lkalencdj ncs en1 lkalencdj ncsiela en

==0

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Rmrm vfrdcdlmr sf e NC\ fstí mtdve f e quf fif fstm fxpertmnhe usf? fxpertcs -v M smdhm hfstf legmnhe hfvf gestrmr e quf fstm sfnhe fxpertmhe f tehms ms epêöfs f pfrgdss öfs egdtdhms per pmhrìe. Rmrm qumiqufr gfnsmjfg hf frre mqud) tehe prelfsse hfvfsfr nevmgfntf rfvdsmhe. Eutrms pessç vfds vfds vfrdcdlmêöfs sìe? sfrvdlf pertgmp stmtus sfrvdlf ncs stmtus rpldnce -p ielmikest skewgeunt -f ielmikest

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe +Rmrtf he Lidfntf$? Nm gíqudnm lidfntf) eu sfom) enhf sfrí gentmhe e cdifsystfg rfgete quf fstm sfnhe fxpertmhe ne sfrvdher) tmg`äg prfldsm he supertf me NC\ ne Afrnfi) e legmnhe geunt drí seidldtmr fstf gühuie nm kerm hf gentmr e cdifsystfg vdm rfhf. Cfidzgfntf e PKFI oí vfg prfpmrmhe pmrm sfr ug NC\ lidfntf f nmhm prfldsm sfr mhdldenmhe me Afrnfi. Mjerm drfges trm`mikmr fg hupims hf leifjms le ifjms pmrm pehfr rfmigfntf tfstmr e sfrvdher hf NC\ mlfssmnhe es fxperts hf sfu vdzdnke. ◅ ◅ ◅ ◅ ◅

◅

Hfslu`rm e fnhfrfêe DR hf sfu leifjm) pfêm pmrm fif fxflutmr? dp mhhr skew ftk2 Lrdf ug pente hf gentmjfg nm sum gíqudnm ielmi? gahdr %ncstfstf Sfrdcdquf es fxperts nm gíqudnm hf sfu leifjm? skewgeunt -f 9dpUheUleifjm> Gentf e fxpert ne pente hf gentmjfg lrdmhe? geunt 9dpUheUleifjm>?%ept %ncstfstf Mhdldenf ugm fntrmhm ne sfu %ftl%cstm` sfgfikmntf â m`mdxe pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm? dpUheUleifjm?%ept %ncstfstf ncs hfcmuits 2 2 Rfêm pmrm sfu leifjm lrdmr mrqudves f gmndpuif +lepdf$ es mrqudves vdm rfhf pmrm tfstmr.

E hmfgen nftcs ä rfspensívfi per gentmr es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne cstm` nm kerm he èet) per dsse fif hfvf fstmr mtdve) pmrm mtdvmr e nftcs usf? lkalencdj nftcs en

==<

CXR? Dntrehuêìe? CXR ä ug mlrøndge pmrm Cdif Xrmnscfr Rretelei eu Rreteleie hf Xrmnscfr ïnldm hf Mrqudves. E preteleie CXR pfrgdtf m trmnscfr ïnldms hf mrqudves `dn írdes f mrqudves tfxte leg mitm fcdld ïnldm mtrmv äs hf ugm rfhf. Ä gudte dntfrfssmntf pmrm fgprfsms quf hfsfomg legpmrtdikmr mrqudves leg es usu írdes nm rfhf) eu sfrvdherfs wf` quf hfsfomg hdspend`didzmr írfms pmrm usu írdes cmzfrfg trmnscfr ïnldm hf mrqudves.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? E PKFI per pmhr ìe utdidzm e vsctph) f fstf

ä e sfrvdher hf CXR ecdldmi%supertmhe hm Pfh Kmt.

Sfrdcdquf sf e pmletf he vsctph o í fstm dnstmimhe) lmse lentr írde dnstmif-e? rpg -qm |jrfp vsctp rpg -V vsctph9vfrsì e>.rpg e>.rpg

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe prdnldpmi he vscthp fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%vsctph%vsctph. %ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc lenc .

Imèrmtürde CXR) lfn írde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf? Nfstf imèrmt ürde drfges lencdjurmr e sfrvd êe hf CXR hm sfjudntf cergm? Vsuírdes rfmds tfr ìe mlfsse hf ifdturm f fslrdtm f fstmr ìe lencdnmhes fg sfu hdrft ürde kegf. Vsuírdes mnøndges tfr ìe mlfsse segfntf me hdrft ürde pu` f pehfr ìe fcftumr hewniemhs hf sfu lentf ÿhe. Vsuírdes mnøndges pehfr ìe cmzfr Vpiemhs segfntf ne hdrft ürde %upiemhs) per äg es mrqudves quf cerfg fnvdmhes fstmr ìe ecc-idnf he CXR per qufst öfs hf sfjurmn êm.

==8

Fcftuf m dnstmim êìe hes pmletfs nflfss írdes pmrm e sfrvd êe CXR. Mpmrtdr hm lencdjurm êìe pmhrìe hf %ftl%vsctph%vsctph %ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc .lenc ) fcftuf ms lencdjurm êöfs m`mdxe hf gehe quf es rfqudsdtes hfstf imèrmt ürde sfomg

milmn êmhes? lkewnUupiemhs7yfs lkewnUusfrnmgf7ctp mnenUupiemhUfnmìf7yfs lkreetUielmiUusfr7yfs

Mjerm vmges lrdmr e hdrft ürde pmrm e usu írde mnenygeus fcftumr es upiemhs f mpidlmr ms lerrftms pfrgdssöfs. gahdr %vmr%ctp%upiemhs lkgeh :<2 %vmr%ctp%upiemhs lkewn ctp.ctp %vmr%ctp%upiemhs

Selï pehf utdidzmr ug mrqudve

.gfssmjf

pmrm hmr `rfvfs fxpidlm êöfs se`rf se`rf es prep prep üsdtes sdtes hes

hdrftürdes quf fstìe sfnhe mlfssmhes. Mi äg hdsse) velï pehfrdm mouhmr e usu írde m fnlentrmr e quf fif fstí prelurmnhe. Rmrm tfstmr) lrdf ug mrqudve

.gfssmjf

lege ug mrqudve tfxte f leiequf-e ne

hdrftürde enhf fif hfvf sfr gestrmhe) leg gfnsmjfns ÿtfds se`rf e mlfsse me sfrvdher CXR. Mtdvf e sfrvd êe hf CXR pmrm sfr dndldmidzmhe mutegmtdlmgfntf hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet f dndldf e sfrvd êe gmnumigfntf.


%ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj vsctph en 1 sfrvdlf vsctph stmrt

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Vtdidzf e legmnhe trmhdldenmi ctp he Idnux%Vndx pmrm fcftumr es tfstfs nm sum g íqudnm ielmi. Fcftuf hewniemhs f upiemhs hf mrqudves pmrm tfstmr ms pfrgdss öfs leg usu írdes rfmds f leg e usu írde mnenygeus. Vsf? ctp ielmikest

==6

\MG@M?

Dntrehuêìe?

ä ug mpidlmtdve quf ternm pess ç vfi vfi e legpmrtdikmgfnte hf rflurses leg g íqudnms rehmnhe Zdnhews®. E negf \mg`m ä hfrdvmhe he preteleie utdidzmhe pfie Zdnhews ® pmrm legpmrtdikmr hdsles E \mg`m

f dgprfsserms? e preteleie \G@) \frvfr Gfssmjf @iela . Mtrmväs hm utdidzmêìe he \mg`m ä pessç vfi vfi lrdmr rfhfs gdstms) utdidzmnhe sfrvdherfs Idnux f lidfntfs Zdnhews®. E \mg`m tmg` äg pfrgdtf quf e Idnux mlfssf hdsles fxpertmhes hf g íqudnms Zdnhews ®. Miäg hf legpmrtdikmr rflurses) e \mg`m ä lmpmz hf fxflutmr v írdms cunêöfs hf ug sfrvdher Zdnhews ®) lege per fxfgpie mutfntdlm êìe hf lidfntfs) sfrvdher ZDN\) f mt ä gfsge mjdr lege ug Lentreimher Rrdgírde hf Hegç nde nde +RHL$ eu +@HL$ legpifte. M pmrtdr hm vfrs ìe <.2 e \mg`m tmg`äg pehf cmzfr use hf mijugms lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms he Gdlresect Mltdvf Hdrfltery +MH$. Vg rflurse gudte dntfrfssmntf he \mg`m ä mutfntdlmr e sfrvdher Idnux fg ug lentreimher hf heg ç nde nde Zdnhews mtrmv äs he sfrvdêe wdn`dnh) hfstm cergm m g íqudnm Idnux dr í ùslmr mutfntdlm êìe hf usuírdes f jrupes ne rfpesdt ürde rde lfntrmi lfntr mi hf lentms lencdjurmh lencd jurmhe e ne Zdnhe Zdn hews. E \mg`m `msdlmgfntf ä legpeste per heds hmfgens? sg`h) quf ä rfspens ívfi pfim mutfntdlm êìe f muterdzm êìe hf usu írdes â mrqudves eu legpmrtdikmgfntes f dgprfsserms f e hmfgen ng`h) quf ä rfspens ívfi pfim rfseiu êìe hf negfs) mn ÿnldes) prelurm nm rfhf f rfseiu êìe hf fnhfrf êes ZDN\.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfss írdes? Rmrm lencdju lencdjurmr rmr ug sfrvdher sfrvdher \mg`m \mg`m

dnstmimêìe hes pmletfs? smg`m-leggen-/) smg`m-leggen-/) ä nflfss írde m dnstmim

smg`m-li smg`m-lidfn dfnt-/) t-/) smg`msmg`m-
==3

Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs o í fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentr írde dnstmif-es? rpg -qm |jrfp smg`m rpg -Vvk smg`m-leggen/ rpg -Vvk smg`m-lidfnt/ rpg -Vvk smg`m-
Lencdjurm êìe he \frvdêe? E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe prdnldpmi he \mg`m fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc. Fstf mrqudve

ä

gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurm êìe he \mg`m mtrmv äs hfif. Vgm eutrm cergm hf

ä utdidzmr m cfrrmgfntm jr ícdlm systfg-lencdj-smg`m hdspend`didzmhm pfim Pfh Kmt quf cmldidtm m lrdm êìe hf usuírdes f legpmrtdikmgfntes ne mg`dfntf jr ícdle.

lencdjurmr e \mg`m

Lencdjurm êöfs Jie`mds f Rmr àgftres he \mg`m? E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he \mg`m

ä hdvdhdhe fntrf sf êöfs f pmr àgftres) fxdstfg tr ïs prdnldpmds

sfêöfs) sìe fims? Qjie`miW

Lencdjurm êöfs Jfnärdlms Jie`mds.

QkegfsW

Fstm sfêìe ä usmhm pmrm fntrfjmr e mlfsse mes usu írdes hf sfus hdrft ürdes kegf.

QprdntfrsW

Lmrrfjm mutegmtdlmgfntf ms dgprfsserms hfcdndhms ne %ftl%prdntlmp per pmhr ìe.

Es lmrmltfrfs ’ , ‗ f ’ 1 ‗ dnhdlmg quf m idnkm

ä ug legfnt írde f hfvf sfr djnermhm. \f êöfs f

legpmrtdikmgfntes legpmrtdikmgfntes s ìe hfcdndhms mtrmv äs hf leilkftfs ’ Q W ’.

==:

Ms prdnldpmds f gmds crfqufntfs ep êöfs utdidzmhms nes legpmrtdikmgfntes s ìe? ◅

puìdl Lencdjurm ug legpmrtdikmgfnte p ÿìdle hf mlfsse idvrf) mlfsse jufst.

◅

`rewsfmìf Lencdjurm ug legpmrtdikmgfnte quf pehf sfr vdste nms idstms hf mn ÿnldes.

◅

wrdtmìf Dnhdlm quf e legpmrtdikmgfnte

◅

ä hf ifdturm f jrmvm êìe.

wrdtf idst Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf es usu írdes eu Bjrupes quf tfr ìe mlfsse hf fslrdtm.

◅

prdntmìf Dnhdlm quf ä ug hdspesdtdve hf dgprfss ìe) nìe ug hdsle.

◅

lrfmtf gmsa Cerêm m gíslmrm hf pfrgdss öfs pmrm lrdm êìe hf neves mrqudves.

◅

hdrfltery gmsa Cerêm m gíslmrm hf pfrgdss öfs pmrm lrdm êìe hf neves hdrft ürdes.

◅

vmidh usfrs Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf es usu írdes eu Bjrupes quf tfr ìe mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte. /

Rmrm fspfldcdlmr jrupes he sdstfgm `mstm leielmr e lmrmltfr mrre`m ’B‗. fxfgpie? Bjrupe

Mutfntdlm êìe ne \mg`m? Xmivfz e pmr àgftre gmds dgpertmntf hf lencdjurm êìe sfom e ’sflurdty7 9g ätehe>‗) quf dnhdlm e gätehe hf mutfntdlm êìe quf e \mg`m dr í utdidzmr pmrm vmidhmr es usu írdes. Es pess ç vfds vfds gätehes hf mutfntdlm êìe supertmhes pfie \mg`m s ìe? ◅

skmrf Lmhm legpmrtdikmgfnte tfr í ug pmsswerh hfcdndhe) e usu írde quf tdvfr e lenkfldgfnte hfstf pmsswerh tfr í mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte.

◅

usfrs Es legpmrtdikmgfntes he \mg`m sfr ìe vmidhmhes n ìe per pmsswerhs lege mldgm) gms sdg per usuírdes eu jrupes. Fstf ä gätehe pmhr ìe quf e smg`m utdidzm) e mhgdndstrmher tfr í quf lmhmstrmr tehes es usu írdes ne mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh.

◅

sfrvfr

Ä e gfsge quf ’usfrs‗) per äg hfvf sfr fspfldcdlmhe ug sfrvdher pmrm ùslmr es usu írdes f pmsswerhs.

==;

◅

hegmdn Fspfldcdlm quf e \mg`m ä ug gfg`re hf ug heg ç nde nde f ùslm mutfntdlm êìe fg ug RHL +Rrdgmry Hegmdn Lentreiifr$ eu @HL +@mlaup Hegmdn Lentreiifr$) qumnhe vmidhmhe) e usu írde rflf`f ug teafn hf mlfsse m rfhf.

◅

mhs Mjf lege ug Mltdvf Hdrfltery nmtdve leg mutfntdlm êìe Afr`fres.

Rmrm lmhm ug hes g ätehes utdidzmhes mldgm)

ä nflfss írde m utdidzmêìe hf pmràgftres mhdldenmds hf lencdjurm êìe. Rer fxfgpie) qumnhe fspfldcdlmhe m mutfntdlm êìe ’hegmdn‗) e sfrvdher \mg`m pehf sfr lencdjurmhe lege ug RHL eu ug @HL eu mt ä gfsge pmrm segfntf sfr ug gfg`re hf ug h ügdnde Zdnhews oí fxdstfntf.

Fxdstfg dn ÿgfrms f legpifxms ep êöfs hf lencdjurm êöfs pessç vfds vfds pmrm e \mg`m) ms lencdjurm êöfs v ìe hfshf pfqufnms dncrm-fstruturms hf trm`mike lege per fxfgpie ug fslrdt ürde hf 62 gíqudnms mtä dncrmfstruturms jdjmntfslms hf heg ç ndes ndes lencdmhes +Xrustfh Hegmdns$ leg mutfntdlm mutfntdlm êìe IHMR lfntrmidzmhms. Nm helugfntm êìe he \mg`m ielmidzmhm fg %usr%skmrf%hel%smg`m %usr%skmrf%hel%smg`m/ /) pehfges fnlentrmr dn ÿgfrms epêöfs hf lencdjurm êöfs f fxfgpies hf lfn írdes legpifxes. Mhdmntf ne imèrmt ürde \mg`m drfges vfr ugm lencdjurm êìe pmrm mtfnhfr ugm hfgmnhm hf g ähde pertf hf ug fgprfsm utdidzmnhe m mutfntdlm êìe tdpe usfrs.

Mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe fnveivdhes? •

%ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc

•

%ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh

•

%ftl%smg`m%/

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj sg` en 1 sfrvdlf sg` stmrt

==4

Jfrfnldmnhe Lentms hf Vsu írdes ne \mg`m? E legmnhe sg`pmsswh

ä utdidzmhe pmrm jfrfnldmr ms lentms hes usu írdes ne \mg`m. Ä dgpertmntf quf e

usuírde oí tfnkm ugm lentm ne sdstfgm mntfs. Lmse e mhgdndstrmher hfsfof mpfnms cernflfr mlfsse me \mg`m `mstm lencdjurmr e skfii he usu írde fg qufst ìe pmrm %hfv%nuii ne mrqudve %ftl%pmsswh. Rmrm dnliudr ug usu írde ne \mg`m utdidzf e legmnhe? sg`pmsswh -m 9usu írde>. Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs usf? gmn sg`pmsswh.

Gentmnhe Mutegmtdlmgfntf Legpmrtdikmgfntes \mg`m nm cstm`? Rmrm gentmr mutegmtdlmgfntf ug legpmrtdikmgfnte \mg`m hurmntf e prelfsse hf @eet `mstm mhdldenmr ugm idnkm sfgfikmntf â m`mdxe ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm`? %%sfrvdher%legpm %%sfrvdher%legpmrtd rtdikmgfnte ikmgfnte %pente-hf-g %pente-hf-gentmjfg entmjfg ldcs hfcmuits)lrfhfntdmis hfcmuits)lrfhfntdmis7%ftl%sm 7%ftl%smg`m%lrfh

2 2

%ftl%smg`m%lrfh mpfnms leg pfrgdss öfs hf mlfsse pmrm e reet f mhdldenf e negf he Lrdf e mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%lrfh usuírde f e pmsswerh pmrm lenfltmr-sf me legpmrtdikmgfnte rfcfrdhe. Fxfgpie?

usfrnmgf7lmries pmsswerh7tfstf

=02

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntm êìe%Smidhmêìe? Rmrm vmidhmr m dgpifgfntm êìe he smg`m sfrvfr usf?? ◅

tfstpmrg Hfstdnm-sf m vfrdcdlm êìe hf pmr àgftres v íidhes ne mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurm êìe he \mg`m +sg`.lenc$. Vsf? tfstpmrg 9lmgdnke m`seiute pmrm e sg`.lenc>

◅

sg`lidfnt

Ä ugm cfrrmgfntm utdidzmhm pfie lidfntf pmrm lenfltmr-sf m ug sfrvdher \mg`m. \fu fstdie hf nmvfjm êìe ä gudte sfgfikmntf m ug lidfntf CXR. Sfom es fxfgpies m`mdxe? sg`lidfnt %%sfrvdher%legpmrtdikmgfnte -V usuírde

Vsf ’lh‗ pmrm nmvfjmr pfies hdrft ürdes f ’jft‗ pmrm fcftumr hewniemhs hf mrqudves. sg`lidfnt -I 9sfrvdher> -V usuírde +Idstm tehes legpmrtdikmgfntes hdspenç vfds$ vfds$ ◅

geunt Rfrgdtf m gentmjfg hf ug cdifsystfg rfgete LDC\. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe? geunt %%sfrvdher%legpmrtdikmgfnte %penteUhfUgentmjfg -e usfr7usuírde

=0=

Imèrmtürde \mg`m) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf? Drfges lencdjurmr ug sfrvdher \mg`m pmrm mtfnhfr e hfpmrtmgfnte hf vfnhms hf ugm erjmndzm

êìe. \djm

rdjeresmgfntf ms fspfldcdlm êìe m`mdxe? \egfntf ms g íqudnms nm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2 pehfg mlfssmr e sfrvd êe \mg`m hfstf sfrvdher. Lrdf ms lentms hes vfnhfherfs Lmries) Gmrlde f Cfidpf leg e pmsswerh ’tfstf‗ f mhdldenf fifs m ug jrupe sflunh írde lkmgmhe ’vfnhms‗. Lrdf ms lentms hes jfrfntfs Mi`frte f Mntende leg e pmsswerh ’uitrm‗ f mhdldenf fifs m ug jrupe sflunh írde lkmgmhe ’jfrfnldm‗. Lrdf per cdg) ms lentms he pfssemi hf gmraftdnj Ouidm f \divmne) leg e pmsswerh ’supfr‗ f mhdldenf fifs me jrupe sflunh írde hf ’gmraftdnj‗. E pfssemi he hfpmrtmgfnte hf vfnhms t ïg ug hdrft ürde fxliusdve hf trm`mike) lrdf e hdrft ürde ’vfnhms‗ f legpmrtdikf ne \mg`m. \egfntf e pfssemi he jrupe hf ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗ hfvf tfr mlfsse m fssf

Ä dgpertmntf quf qumiqufr mrqudve lrdmhe nfstf hdrft ürde tfnkm mlfsse hf ifdturm f fslrdtm f tmg` äg pfrtfn êm me jrupe ’vfnhms‗. E sfrvdher \mg`m hfvfr í pfrtfnlfr me jrupe hf trm`mike ’\VRFPH‗) quf ä e negf hm erjmndzm êìe. Lmries f Gírlde hfvfrmg tfr mlfsse hf ifdturm f jrmvm êìe) Cfidpf segfntf ifdturm me legpmrtdikmgfnte

legpmrtdikmgfnte.

’vfnhms‗. E pfssemi ne jrupe hf ’gmraftdnj‗ n ìe tfrí mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte ’vfnhms‗. E pfssemi ne jrupe hf ’jfrfnldm‗ hfvfr í tfr mlfsse m fslrdtm ne legpmrtdikmgfnte ’vfnhms‗. Lrdf e hdrft ürde ’jfrfnldm‗ f gentf nug hdspesdtdve hf PMDH = +gdrrer$. Legpmrtdikf fssf hdrft ürde ne \mg`m hf gehe quf mpfnms es usu írdes he jrupe ’jfrfnldm‗ tfnkmg mlfsse. Lrdf 20 pmrtd êöfs hf 62G@ +Mssdg rfprfsfntmnhe sdgèidlmgfntf 20 hdsles$) pmrm rfmidzm êìe he PMDH=. Lencdju Lencdjurf rf e sfrvdher sfrvdher \mg`m pmrm dndldmi dndldmidzm dzm êìe mutegítdlm tdlm ne @ee @eet f dndl dndldf df e sfrv sfrvdh dher er \mg` \mg`mm gmnumigfntf.

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Mpüs m lencdjurm êìe) tfstf es pmr àgftres he %ftl%smg`m%sg`.len %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc c leg e sfjudntf legmnhe? tfstpmrg %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc

Repuif es legpmrtdikmgfntes ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗ leg mrqudves lrdmhes per hdcfrfntfs usu írdes. Xfstf ludhmhesmgfntf ms pfrgdss öfs hf mlfsse utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm sg`lidfnt. Iejuf-sf utdidzmnhe tehes es usuírdes lrdmhes. Fxfgpie) usf? sg`lidfnt %%ielmikest%jfrfnldm -V mi`frte \dguif m cmikm ne hdspesdtdve hf PMDH= pmrm tfstmr m mitm hdspend`didhmhf. E legpmrtdikmgfnte hfvf lentdnumr mlfss ç vfi. vfi. =00

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde \mg`m? Sfrdcdquf sf e lenounte hf pmletfs he \mg`m o í fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentr írde dnstmif-es? rpg -qm |jrfp smg`m rpg -Vvk smg`m-leggen/ rpg -Vvk smg`m-lidfnt/ rpg -Vvk smg`m-
Ä nflfssírde hfsgentmr e imèrmtürde hf PMDH mntfrder pmrm lentdnumr) pmrm dsse usf? ugeunt %hfv%gh2 ghmhg - -step %hfv%gh2 Mjerm rfgevm m fntrmhm mntdjm rfcfrfntf me imèrmtürde PMDH he %ftl%cstm`

=0<

Lrdf e PMDH= leg e legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm0 %hfv%khm< Lrdf e Cdifsystfg F[X< ne hdspesdtdve hf PMDH= usmnhe? gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2 Mhdldenf m sfjudntf fntrmhm ne %ftl%cstm` pmrm gentmjfg muteg ítdlm he hdspesdtdve hf PMDH=? %hfv%gh2 %hfv%gh2

%jfrfnldm %jfrfnldm

fxt<

hfcmuits hfcmuits 2 2

Lrdf es jrupes f ms lentms hes usu írdes rfqufrdhesne rfqufrdhesne Idnux f ne \mg`m? jreupmhh gmraftdnj usfrmhh lmries -p tfstf usfrmhh gmrlde -p tfstf usfrmhh cfidpf -p tfstf usfrmhh mntende -p uitrm usfrmhh mi`frte -p uitrm usfrmhh ouidm -p supfr usfrmhh sdivmne -p supfr teulk %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmss %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh wh sg`pmsswh -m lmries sg`pmsswh -m gmrlde sg`pmsswh -m cfidpf sg`pmsswh -m mntende sg`pmsswh -m mi`frte sg`pmsswh -m ouidm sg`pmsswh -m sdivmne Mhdldenf es usu írdes rfläg lrdmhes mes jrupes sflunh írdes lerrftes? usfrgeh -J vfnhms lmries usfrgeh -J vfnhms gmrlde usfrgeh -J vfnhms cfidpf usfrgeh -J jfrfnldm mntende usfrgeh -J jfrfnldm mi`frte usfrgeh -J gmraftdnj ouidm usfrgeh -J gmraftdnj sdivmne

=08

%ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc ? Lencdjurf es sfjudntfs pmr àgftres jie`mds ne mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc

werajreup 7 \VRFPH kests miiew 7 =40.=3;.022. =0:.

Mdnhm Mdnhm fhdtmn fhdtmnhe he e mrqudv mrqudve e %ftl%s %ftl%smg` mg`m%s m%sg`.l g`.lenc enc mhdldenf mhdldenf me cdnmi cdnmi he mrqudve mrqudve e legpmrt legpmrtddikmgfnte ikmgfnte ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗? QvfnhmsW leggfnt 7 Hfpmrtmgfnte hf Sfnhms pmtk 7 %kegf%vfnhms vmidh usfrs 7 Bvfnhms Bjfrfnldm wrdtfmìf 7 ne wrdtf idst 7 lmries gmrlde Bjfrfnldm lrfmtf gmsa 7 ::: hdrfltery gmsa 7 0::: QjfrfnldmW leggfnt 7 Hfpmrtmgfnte hf Jfrfnldm PMDH= pmtk 7 %jfrfnldm vmidh usfrs 7 Bjfrfnldm wrdtfmìf 7 yfs Lencdjurf e sfrvd êe \mg`m pmrm dndldmidzmr mutegmtdlmgfntf fg tehes run-ifvfis f dndldf e sfrvd êe? lkalencdj sg` en sfrvdlf sg` stmrt Gentf Gentf tehms tehms fntrmhms fntrmhms hm cstm` cstm` pmrm lfrtdcdlmrlfrtdcdlmr-sf sf quf sfu hdspes hdspesdtd dtdve ve hf PMDH= PMDH= ced fspfldc fspfldcdlmh dlmhe e lerrftmgfntf ne %ftl%cstm`? geunt -m \dguif m cmikm fg mijug hes hdspesdtdves quf cergmg e mrrmy he PMDH= utdidzmnhe e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -c %hfv%khm[ Sfrdcdquf e stmtus he mrrmy he PMDH=? lmt %prel%ghstmt =06

MRMLKF? Dntrehuêìe? E sfrvdher wf` ä ug prejrmgm rfspens ívfi per hdspend`didzmr p íjdnms) cetes) eu qumiqufr eutre tdpe hf eòfte me nmvfjmher he lidfntf. Fif tmg` äg pehf epfrmr rflf`fnhe hmhes he lidfntf) prelfssmnhe f fnvdmnhe e rfsuitmhe pmrm quf e lidfntf pessm tegmr m m êìe hfsfomhm +lege fg mpidlm êöfs LJD*s) `mnle hf hmhes wf`) prffnlkdgfnte hf cergui írdes) ftl$. E Mpmlkf ä ug sfrvdher wf` fxtrfgmgfntf lencdjur ívfi) reùste f hf mitm pfrcergmnlf hfsfnveivdhe per ugm fqudpf hf veiunt írdes +lenkfldhm lege Mpmlkf Jreup$ ùslmnhe lrdmr ug sfrvdher wf` leg gudtms lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms f leg l ühdje centf hdspenç vfi vfi jrmtudtmgfntf vdm Dntfrnft. M utdidzm êìe he Mpmlkf ä gudte pepuimr fif ä gmds usmhe quf tehes es eutres sfrvdherfs wf` he gunhe ountes. )

Vgm lmrmltfr ç stdlm stdlm he Mpmlkf gudte dgpertmntf ä m lmpmldhmhf hf guitdpidlm êìe hes prelfsses hf mlerhe leg m hfgmnhm) dste ä) qumnhe vírdms rfqudsd êöfs sìe cfdtms me sfrvdher e prelfsse prdnldpmi +Rmd$ rfmidzm e lkmgmhe ’prfcera‗) mssdg lrdmnhe neves prelfsses +Cdikes$ pmrmmtfnhfr fssm hfgmnhm. E`sfrvf quf es rflurses he sdstfgm prdnldpmigfntf m gfg ürdm) sü ä utdidzmhm qumnhe ä lrdmhm ugm hfgmnhm â sfr mtfnhdhm mssdg etdgdzmnhe f prfsfrvmnhe es rflurses he sdstfgm. Eutrm dgpertmntf lmrmltfr ç stdlm stdlm ä m lmpmldhm lmpmldhmhf hf hf lmrrfjm lmrrfjmrr g ühuies huies hdnmgdlmgfntf hdnmgdlmgfntf)) mtrmv äs hfstm cunldenmidhmhf ä pessç vfi vfi fstfnhfr es rflurses mhdldenmnhe neves g ühuies sfg m nflfssdhmhf hf rflegpdimr e Mpmlkf. Fxdstfg hdvfrses tdpes hf g ühuies hdspen ç vfds vfds pmrm e mpmlkf) vel ï pehf fnlentrmr ugm idstm legpiftm f mtumidzmhm fg? kttp?%%gehuifs.mpmlkf.erj%.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Sfrdcdquf sf e sfrvdher KXXR Mpmlkf o í fstm dnstmimhe) lmse lentr írde dnstmif-e. Mlensfikm-sf tmg` äg m dnstmimêìe he fidnas quf ä ug nmvfjmher pmrm dntfrcmlf tfxte sfnhe gudte ÿtdi pmrm tfstmr rmpdhmgfntf ms lencdjurm êöfs he Mpmlkf. M`mdxe fnlentrmg-sf es pmletfs he mpmlkf f hfpfnh ïnldms rfqufrdhms. rpg -Vvk mpr-=/ rpg -Vvk pestjrfsqi-id`s/ rpg -Vvk mpr-utdi-=/ rpg -Vvk kttph-0/ rpg -Vvk kttph-gmnumi/ rpg -Vvk fidnas/

=03

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? %ftl%kttph%lenc%kttph.lenc tph.lenc.. MlensfikmE mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurm êìe he Mpmlkf fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%kttph%lenc%kt

sf m lencdjurm êìe he sfrvdher fhdtmnhe fhdtmnhe fstf mrqudve gmnumigfn gmnumigfntf) tf) fxdstfg fxdstfg hdvfrses hdvfrses pmr àgftres hf lencdjurm êìe f fstf mrqudve ä gudte `fg legfntmhe. Vgm cergm gmds l øgehm ä utdidzmr m cfrrmgfntm hdspend`d hdspend`didzmhm idzmhm pfim Pfh Kmt lkmgmhm systfg-lencdj-k systfg-lencdj-kttph) ttph) per äg fstm cfrrmgfntm cfrrmgfntm fstm fstm idgdtmh idgdtmhmm m lencdjurm êìe segfntf hes pmr àgftres gmds usumds he Mpmlkf) n ìe ä pessç vfi vfi cmzfr moustfs cdnes. %ftl%kttph%lenc.h%/. %/. Rer pmhrìe e hdrftürde rmdz Es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe hes gühuies ielmidzmg-sf fg %ftl%kttph%lenc.h

he sfrvdher ä %vmr%www%ktgi %vmr%www%ktgi) fssf ä e hdrftürde quf hfvfg sfr leielmhms ms p íjdnms wf`. E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he Mpmlkf ä gudte fxtfnse) fxdstfg gudtes pmr àgftres f vmrd ívfds hf lencdjurm êìe. Drfges nes idgdtmr m vfr mpfnms es prdnldpmds pmr àgftres hf lencdjurm êìe. \ìe fifs? ◅

prfcera GRG

Nfstf pmràgftre ä rfjuimhe m lmpmldhmhf hf lmrjm he sfrvdher. Nm gmderdm hes sdtfs n ìe ä nflfss írdes guhmr es vmierfs pmhr ìe. Mpfnms pmrm sdtfs leg gmds hf 063 rfqudsd êöfs sdguitànfms ä

nflfss írde moustmr e pmr àgftre

GmxLidfnts.

Es

pmr àgftres

Gdn\pmrf\frvfrs

f

Gmx\pmrf\frvfrs segfntf hfvfg sfr moustmhes pmrm sdtfs fxtrfgmgfntf vdsdtmhes. ◅

Idstfn

Nfstf pmràgftre ä hfcdndhe enhf e Mpmlkf drm fspfrmr per rfqudsd êöfs. Selï pehf fspfldcdlmr ug fnhfrf êe DR fspflç cdle cdle lmse tfnkm v írdes fnhfrf êes DRs eu guhmr m pertm pmhr ìe quf ä m ;2. ◅

Vsfr%Jreup

Mqud velï lencdjurm e usu írde f e jrupe he preprdft írde hes prelfsses lrdmhes pfie Mpmlkf. Fg jfrmi mlensfikm-sf hfsdjnmr ug usu írde sfg prdvdi äjdes ne sdstfgm pmrm e Mpmlkf. Hfdxmr fstm epêìe pmhrìe ä e gmds legug. ◅

\frvfrXeafns

Fstm epêìe lentreim e n ç vfi vfi hf hftmikmgfnte hf dncergm êìe quf e sfrvdher dr í pmssmr hf sums lencdjurm êöfs pmrm es lidfntfs. Mlensfikm-sf usmr e vmier ’Rreh‗. ◅

IemhGehuif

Fspfldcdlm e lmgdnke f e g ühuie m sfr lmrrfjmhe.


%ftl%kttph%lenc%kttph.lenc

•

%ftl%kttph%lenc.h%/

=0:

Lencdjurmêìe hf Mlfsse â Hdrftürdes f Mrqudves? Es pmràgftres erhfr)miiew)hfny sìe utdidzmhes pmrm fspfldcdlmr m erhfg hm idstm hf mlfsse pmrm ug hdrftürde eu mrqudves mrqud ves kespfhmhes? kespfhmhes?

◅

erhfr miiew)hfny

Rfrgdtf mpfnms e quf fstm fxpidldtmgfntf fspfldcdlmhe) ìequfdm tehe e rfstmntf. Lidfntfs quf fstdvfrfg fspfldcdlmhes fg mg`ms Miiew f Hfny sfr ìe ìequfmhes. ◅

erhfr hfny)miiew

@iequfdm mpfnms e quf fstm fxpidldtmgfntf fspfldcdlmhe) pfrgdtf tehe e rfstmntf. Lidfntfs quf fstdvfrfg fspfldcdlmhes fg mg`ms Hfny f Miiew sfr ìe pfrgdtdhes.

E`sfrvf e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

9Hdrfltery %vmr%www%ktgi%rfstrdte> erhfr miiew)hfny miiew creg .fxfgpie.leg.`r 9%Hdrfltery>

Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse me hdrft ürde %vmr%www%ktgi%rf %vmr%www%ktgi%rfstrdte strdte sfrí jmrmntdhe mpfnms mes lidfntfs luoe DR rfvfrse sfomg rfseivdhes hfntre he heg ç nde nde fxfgpie.leg.`r .

Fxdstfg hdvfrsms eutrms cergms hf dgpifgfntmr sfjurmn êm ne Mpmlkf) pmrm gmderfs dncergm êöfs lensuitf m helugfntm êìe en-idnf fg? kttp?%%kttph.mpmlkf.erj%hels%

=0;

Imèrmtürde MRMLKF) lfn írde hf lencdjurm êìe pmrm ’Sdrtumi Kests‗? Vg ÿndle sfrvdher pehf kespfhmr hdvfrses ZF@ sdtfs) fstm cunldenmidhmhf ä lenkfldhm lege ’Sdrtumi Kests‗ hfntre he Mpmlkf. Ne imèrmt ürde m`mdxe) tfges es heg ç ndes ndes cdltç ldes ldes www.adnjecsfm.leg f www.ieègmr.leg quf fstìe lencdjurmhes nug gfsge sfrvdher Mpmlkf quf fstm mlfdtmnhe rfqudsd êöfs ne fnhfrfêe ielmi +ieep`mla$ DR =0:.2.2.= nm pertm pmhr ìe ;2. E`sfrvf quf hfvfg sfr fcftumhms ms hfvdhms lencdjurm êöfs ne mrqudve %ftl%kests pmrm prevfr ms lmpmldhmhfs hf HN\ utdidzmhms nfstf fxfgpie. Dnstmif tehes es pmletfs he mpmlkff he fidnas f hfpfnh ïnldms nflfss írdms. Pfprehuzm âs lencdjurm êöfs m`mdxe fg sum g íqudnm ielmi fhdtmnhe ne cdnmi he mrqudve %ftl%kttph%l %ftl%kttph%lenc%kt enc%kttph.lenc? tph.lenc? NmgfSdrtumiKest NmgfSdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.= 9SdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.=> \frvfrMhgdn reetBielmikest HelugfntPeet %vmr%www%ktgi \frvfrNmgf www.adnjecsfm.leg FrrerIej iejs%adnjecsfm-frrer.iej LustegIej iejs%adnjecsfm-mllfss.iej leggen 9%SdrtumiKest> 9SdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.=> \frvfrMhgdn reetBielmikest HelugfntPeet %vmr%www%ktgi= \frvfrNmgf www.ieègmr.leg FrrerIej iejs%ieè-frrer.iej LustegIej iejs%ieè-mllfss.iej leggen 9%SdrtumiKest>

Rmrm fcftumr es tfstfs leg m lencdjurm êìe hf ’Sdrtumi Kests‗ mldgm ä nflfss írde mhdldenmr fntrmhms %ftl%kests mcdg hf rfhdrfldenmr m rfseiu êìe hes heg ç ndes sfgfikmntfs â m`mdxe ne mrqudve %ftl%kests ndes utdidzmhes nfstf

fxfgpie pmrm m gíqudnm ielmi. N ìe fcftuf qumiqufr mitfrm êìe ne %ftl%kests) mpfnms mlrfslfntf ms idnkms m`mdxe me cdnmi he mrqudve? =0:.2.2.=

www.adnjecsfm.leg

=0:.2.2.=

www.ieègmr.leg

=04

M lencdjurm êìe hf ’Sdrtumi Kests‗ pmrm sdtfs enhf ä fxdjdhm m lrdptejrmcdm \\I hfvf sfr rfmidzmhm ne %ftl%kttph%lenc.h%ssi.lenc h%ssi.lenc mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he gühuie \\I ielmidzmhe fg? %ftl%kttph%lenc. Nìe ä nflfss írde rfmidzmr lencdjurm êöfs ne \\I pmrm fstf imèrmt ürde.

Mjerm lrdf lerrftmgfntf es hdrft ürdes fspfldcdlmhes nm vmrd ívfi hf lencdjurm êìe ’HelugfntPeet‗ pmrm lmhm sdtf f mhdldenf ugm p íjdnm ktgi hf tfstf. Lrdf p íjdnms ktgi hf tfstf rmpdhmgfntf hm sfjudntf cergm? flke \frvdher Adnjecsfm > %vmr%www%ktgi%dnhfx.ktgi flke \frvdher Ieègmr > %vmr%www%ktgi=%dnhfx.ktgi

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? E legmnhe m`mdxe mtdvm e sfrvd êe KXXR fg tehes es run-ifvfis f fg sfjudhm dndldm e sfrvdher. ]umiqufr gfnsmjfg hf frre nm dndldmidzm êìe eu rf-lmrjm he sfrvdher hfvfg sfr ludhmhesmgfntf vfrdcdlmhms. \fgprf e`sfrvf es mrqudves hf IEJs qumnhe fcftumrgehdcdlm êöfs nes mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe. lkalencdj kttph en 1 sfrvdlf kttph stmrt

Mpüs qumiqufr mitfrm êìe nms lencdjurm êöfs rf-dndldf e sfrvdher Mpmlkf leg e legmnhe? sfrvdlf kttph rfiemh

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Vsf e fidnas pmrm tfstmr rmpdhmgfntf ms lencdjurm êöfs? fidnas -hugp www.adnjecsfm.leg fidnas -hugp www.ieègmr.leg

-Cdg he Imèrmt ürde MRMLKF -

=<2

\]VDH? Dntrehuêìe? \qudh ä ug sfrvdher prexy lmlkf hf mite hfsfgpfnke pmrm lidfntfs wf`. Hfsfnveivdhe fg l ühdje-m`frte se` m idlfn êm JNV JRI) ä e rfsuitmhe hm lentrdùd êìe hf gdikmrfs hf prejrmgmherfs he gunhe dntfdre. Legpifte) fst ívfi f sfjure) mpfsmr hf nergmigfntf msseldmhe me undvfrse he Idnux) rehm fg v írdes eutres sdstfgms epfrmldenmds) dnliudnhe e Zdnhews. Fgèrm sfom usmhe prdnldpmigfntf pmrm preteleies KXXR

f

CXR)

tfg

supertf

pmrm

eutres

preteleies

lege

XI\)

\\I

f

KXXR\.

Miäg hms cun êöfs hf lmlkf) e squdh tfg mgpie supertf pmrm idstms hf lentreif hf mlfsse f iejjdnj) eu sfom) cunêöfs gudte ÿtfds pmrm fgprfsms quf prfldsmg ìequfmr lentf ÿhes nìe rfimldenmhes leg m írfm hf trm`mike f tmg` äg fcftumr ugm fsp äldf hf gendterm êìe he quf ä mlfssmhe pfies nmvfjmherfs hes cunlden írdes. Dsse mouhm m mugfntmr m prehutdvdhmhf f rfhuzdr e tr ícfje nm dntfrnft leg lentf ÿhes nìe rfimldenmhes. Xmg`äg kí supertf pmrm kdfrmrqudms hf lmlkf) enhf ä pessç vfi vfi fspfldcdlmr eutres sfrvdherfs hf lmlkf ’pmrfntfs‗ pmrm trm`mikmr-sf fg lenounte. Fxdstfg tmg` äg m cunêìe hf mlfifrmher hf KXXR enhf e squdh pesdldenm-sf fntrf e sfrvdher KXXR f e lidfntf fslutmnhe rfqudsd êöfs nm pertm ;2 f hdspend`didzmnhe e lentf ÿhe mrgmzfnmhe fg lmlkf) fssf gflmndsge mlm`m gmxdgdzmnhe m lmpmldhmhf hf mtfnhdgfnte he sfrvdher wf` ugm vfz quf mlfifrm m rfspestm nms seidldtm êöfs. Fg jfrmi e squdh mouhm m rfhuzdr f erjmndzmr e trmcfje hf sm ç hm hm hf dntfrnft hm fgprfsm mrgmzfnmnhe tehe lentf ÿhe vdsdtmhe fg eòftes f hdspend`didzmnhe qumnhe seidldtmhe nevmgfntf. Xehe lentf ÿhe hdnàgdle lege per fxfgpie slrdpts LJDs s ìe rf-hdrfldenmhes hdrftmgfntf f n ìe s ìe ’lmlkfmhes‗.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Sfrdcdquf sf e pmletf he squdh o í fstí dnstmimhe) lmse lentrmrde dnstmif-e. rpg -qm |jrfp squdh rpg -Vvk squdh/

=<=

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc. enc. Fstf mrqudve ä E prdnldpmi mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he squdh fst í ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%squdh%squdh.l gudte `fg legfntmhe f ä certfgfntf rflegfnhmhe m lencdjurm êìe he squdh fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf f

ifnhe ludhmhesmgfntf fssfs legfnt írdes. Fxdstfg lfntfnms hf pmr àgftre lencdjur ívfds ne squdh) drfges nes idgdtmr m vfr segfntf es gmds dgpertmntf pmrm lencdjurm êìe hf ugm dncrm-fstruturm ` ísdlm epfrmldenmi. Es prdnldpmds pmr àgftres sìe?

◅

kttpUpert

Mqud velï fspfldcdlm m pertm enhf e squdh dr í fslutmr ms rfqudsd êöfs hf sfus lidfntfs fg jfrmi nmvfjmherfs hm rfhf dntfrnm. M pertm pmhr ìe ä <=0; gms pehf sfr mitfrmhm pmrm ;2;2 sf dsse cer nflfss írde. Lmse fstfom utdidzmnhe utdidzmnhe e squdh squdh fg gehe gehe mlfifrmh mlfifrmher er hf KXXR KXXR lencdjur lencdjurff nfstf pmràgftre m pertm ;2. ◅

kttpsUpert

\ü ä nflfssírde lencdjurmr fssf pmr àgftre hf vel ï fstdvfr utdidzmnhe e squdh fg gehe hf mlfifrmher hf KXXR f mdnhm fstdvfr hdspend`didzmnhe supertf KXXR\%\\I pmrm sfus lidfntfs. ◅

dlpUpert

Mqud velï fspfldcdlm m pertm hf legundlm êìe leg es ’pmrfntfs‗ quf cergmg m kdfrmrqudm hf lmlkf. E vmier pmhr ìe ä e <=<2. Jfrmigfntf n ìe k í getdve pmrm guhmr fssm pertm. ◅

lmlkfUhdr

Fspfldcdlm e hdrft ürde quf sfr í mrgmzfnmhe e lmlkf hes eòftes fg hdsle) e tmgmnke he lmlkf fg Gfjm@ytfs f fstruturm hf su`-hdrft ürdes f nç vfds vfds hf mrverfs pmrm erjmndzm êìe he lmlkf. E vmier pmhr ìe hf tmgmnke hf lmlkf fg hdsle ä hf =22 G@) guhf fstf vmier pmrm ug tmgmnke legpmtç vfi vfi leg e nÿgfre hf lidfntfs f tmg` äg leg e tmgmnke hf sfu hdsle. Xfnkm lmutfim) peds lmlkfs jdjmntfsles sfg n ÿgfre hf lidfntfs legpmt ç vfds vfds ternm mdnhm gmds ifnte) ä nflfss írde ug fstuhe pmrm hdgfnsdenmr hdgfnsdenmr e tmgmnke hf lmlkf leg e tmgmnke hf sum rfhf. ◅

mli

Hfcdnf ugm idstm hf lentreif hf mlfsse. ◅

kttpUmllfss

Rfrgdtf eu ìequfdm e mlfsse `msfmhe nms mlis hfcdndhms.

=<0

Imèrmtürde \]VDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf? E eòftdve hfstf imèrmt ürde ä mpfnms ternmr cunldenmi e use he squdh lencdjurmnhe ugm idstm hf lentreif hf mlfsse legpmtç vfi vfi leg sum rfhf f lidfntfs. N ìe sfrí le`frte m lencdjurm êìe he gehe hf mlfifrm êìe KXXR f kdfrmrqudms hf lmlkf ’pmrfntfs‗ DLR. Mhdldenmigfntf drfges lencdjurmr mijugms rfstrd êöfs m sdtfs ’pred`dhes‗. \djm ms erdfntm êöfs m`mdxe? =. Fhdtf Fhdtf e mrqudve mrqudve %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc leg sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe. 0. Rrelurf Rrelurf m sfêìe hf MLLF\\ LENXPEI f mhdldenf ugm MLI leg e ’rmnjf‗ hf DRs hf sum rfhf ielmi fxfgpie? +Nfstf fxfgpie fspfldcdlmges e fslepe hf ugm limssf limssf L nm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2$ mli

rfhfielmi

srl

=40.=3;.022.2%08

<. Mjerm mtdvf m MLI ’rfhfielmi‗ ’rfhfielmi‗ rfl äg hfcdndhm. Rrelurf m sf êìe kttpUmllfss f dnlium e fxfgpie m`mdxe. Resdldenf m idnkm m`mdxe he legfnt írde ’DN\FPX TEVP EZN PVIF KFPF‗. kttpUmllfss kttpUmllfss

miiew rfhfielmi

8. Drfges ìequfmr ìequfmr mijuns mijuns sdtfs pepuimrfs pepuimrfs hf wf`gmdi wf`gmdi lege fxfgpie fxfgpie hf rfstrd êìe hf hegç ndes. ndes. Nevmgfntf nm sf êìe hf MLLF\\ LENXPEI dnlium ms idnkms m`mdxe? mli mli

ìel ìelag agmd mdii

hsth hstheg egmd mdn n

.jgm .jgmddi.le i.leg g

mli mli

ìel ìelag agm mdi

hst hstheg hegmdn mdn

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mli mli

ìelagmdi

hsthegmdn

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6. Mjerm mtdvf mtdvf m MLI ’ìelagmdi‗ ’ìelagmdi‗ pmrm ìequfmr ìequfmr e mlfsse m fssfs heg heg ç ndes. ndes. Selï hfvf dnsfrdr m idnkm mntfs hm quf id`frm e mlfsse m sum rfhf ielmi. kttp kttpUm Umll llfs fsss

hfny hfny ìel ìelag agmd mdii

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Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? Rmrm mtdvmr e sfrvd êe nm dndldmidzm êìe fg tehes run-ifvfis f dndldmr e sfrvd êe usf? lkalencdj squdh en 1 sfrvdlf squdh stmrt

=<<

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Dndldf m dntfrcmlf jr ícdlm f lencdjurf ne sfu nmvfjmher prfcfrdhe ms sfjudntfs ep êöfs hf prexy? DR? ielmikest ielmikest REPXM? <=0; <=0;

=. Xfntf mlfssmr hf sfu nmvfjmher nmvfjmher ug fnhfrf fnhfrf êe ìequfmhe) fxfgpie? www.jgmdi.leg \f ms lencdjurm êöfs fstdvfrfg lerrftms dr í mpmrflfr ugm gfnsmjfg he squdh dncergmnhe quf fstf fnhfrf êe fstm ìequfmhe. 0. Rfêm pmrm sfu leifjm ne gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf utdidzmr sfu prexy) hfstf gehe vel ï drí fcftumr e tfstf hm MLI rfhfielmi. êì e hfstf imèrmt ürde pmrtfg he prdnlç E@\?. Es tfstfs hf dgpifgfntm dgpifgfntmêì prdnlç pde quf nì e kí lenfxì lenfxì e leg m dntfrnft hdspenç hdspenç vfi. vfi.

=<8

GVMs) GXMs) GHMs? Rrelfsse hf lrdm êìe hm gfnsmjfg? ]umnhe e usu írde hfldhdr lrdmr eu fnvdmr ug f-gmdi jfrmigfntf s ìe usmhes mpidlmtdves lenkfldhes lege GVMs +Gmdi Vsfr Mjfnts$) ug fxfgpie `fg lenkfldhe hf GVM

ä e Gdlresect Eutieea.

Mpüs fslrdtm m gfnsmjfg e GVM dr í fnlmgdnkmr fstm pmrm mijug sfrvdher hf GXM +Gmdi Xrmnscfr Mjfnt$ lencdjurmhe) quf prevmvfigfntf sfr í e sfu jmtfwmy hf prevfher hf mlfsse m dntfrnft.

Rrelfsse hf reutfmgfnte hm gfnsmjfg?

í vfrdcdlmr m vmidhmhf he lmgpe he hfstdnmtírde hm gfnsmjfg f s ü fntìe drí dncergmr me GVM quf m gfnsmjfg ced fnvdmhm. Dsse mdnhm n ìe qufr hdzfr quf m gfnsmjfg ced fntrfjuf me hfstdnmt írde cdnmi) dsse mpfnms sdjndcdlm quf e prelfsse hf E sfrvdher hf GXM +Ne Idnux jfrmigfntf e sfnhgmdi eu pestcdx$ dr

reutfmgfnte hfssm gfnsmjfg dndldeu-sf. dndldeu-s f. E sfrvdêe hf HN\ ä cunhmgfntmi pmrm quf e reutfmgfnte hms gfnsmjfns sfom `fg sulfhdhe) pehfges hdzfr quf e sfrvd êe hf GMDI hfpfnhf hdrftmgfntf he cunldenmgfnte he sfrvd êe hf HN\) dsse perquf e GXM drí sfgprf ùslmr e sfrvdher G[ +Gmdi Fxlkmnjfr$ pmrm e heg ç nde nde he hfstdnmt írde hf lmhm gfnsmjfg.

ä e sfrvdher rfspens ívfi per rflf`fr ms gfnsmjfg hf ug hftfrgdnmhe heg ç nde) nde) lmse e sfrvdher G[ prdgírde fstfom ecc-idnf per mijug getdve) fg heg ç ndes ndes ’tflndlmgfntf `fg lencdjurmhes‗ fxdstfg eutres sfrvdherfs G[ sflunh írdes pmrm rflf`fr ms gfnsmjfns sfgprf quf keuvfr qumiqufr preìfgm. Ä pessç vfi vfi kmvfr hdvfrses sfrvdherfs G[ lencdjurmhes pmrm ug heg ç nde) nde) prdnldpmigfntf fg lmses hf hegç ndes ndes fxtrfgm fxtrfgmgfn gfntf tf rfqud rfqudsdtmhe sdtmhess lege lege per fxfgpi fxfgpie e e heg heg ç nde nde jgmdi.leg) enhf enhf gdikmr gdikmrfs fs hf gfnsmjfg s ìe fntrfjufs tehes es hdms. E G[

Rrelfsse hf fntrfjm hm gfnsmjfg? ]umnhe ]umnhe m gfnsmj gfnsmjfg fg lkfjm me sfrvdher sfrvdher cdnmi cdnmi f tehes tehes es cditres cditres s ìe mpidlmhes) mpidlmhes) fssm gfnsmjfg gfnsmjfg mrgmzfnmhm nm cdim hf gfnsmjfns he usu írde pfie GHM +Gmdi Hfidvfry Mjfnt$ quf jfrmigfntf gfsge mpidlmtdve GXM +Jfrmigfntf sfnhgmdi eu pestcdx fg mg`dfntfs Idnux$.

ä

ä pmrtf he

E hfstdnmtírde cdnmi fcftum e hewniemh hf sum cdim hf gfnsmjfns +gmdi speei$ jfrmigfntf pfies preteleies RER eu DGMR utdidzmnhe tmg` äg mpidlmtdves tdpe GVM.

=<6

Fsleikfnhe e GXM ne PKFI leg ’mitfrnmtdvfs‗? E mpidlmtdve mitfrnmtdvfs jfrfnldm m trelm hf jrupes hf pmletfs hf sfrvd êes quf fxflutmg m gfsgm cun êìe hfntre hm hdstrdùd êìe. Ne lmse hf GMDI) fxdstfg 20 +Heds$ GXMs hdspen ç vfds vfds supertmhes) s ìe fifs? e sfnhgmdi f e pestcdx pestcdx. Selï drí hfldhdr f lencdjurmr qumi hfssfs heds GXMs fstmr í mtdve fg sfu sdstfgm

utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm mitfrnmtdvfs. E mitfrnmtdvfs gmndpuim gmndpuim idnas sdgèidles sdgèidles quf fcftumg m ’trelm‗ hms mpidlm êöfs ne hdrft hdrftürde %ftl%mitfrn %ftl%mitfrnmtdvf mtdvfss .

Rehfges hdzfr quf e prdgfdre pmsse pmrm lencdjurm êìe he sfrvd êe hf GMDI

ä lencdjurmnhe e GXM hfsfomhe pfie mitfrnmtdvfs) vfom m`mdxe lege ä rfmidzmhm fstm sdgpifs lencdjurm êìe?

◅

Rmrm vdsumidzmr qumi GXM fstm fg use lerrfntf usf? mitfrnmtdvfs - -hdspimy gtm

◅

Rmrm lencdjurmr e GXM hfntre hms ep êöfs pessç vfds vfds usf? mitfrnmtdvfs - -lencdj gtm

E@\? E GXM pmhr ì ìe ä e \fnhgmdi. Rmrm pehfr fsleikfr e Restcdx ä nflfssírde m dnstmimêì e hes pmletfs he Restcdx mntfs hf usmr m cfrrmgfntm mitfrnmtdvfs. E@\=? E@\=? Fgèrm Fgèrm e sfnhgmdi sfnhgmdi sfom fxtrfgmgf fxtrfgmgfntf ntf fcdldfntf fcdldfntf f vfrs ítdi f tmg` ä g imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe) rflegfnhm-sf m utdidzm êì e he Restcdx quf ä ug GXM lensdhfrmhe hm nevm jfrm êì e f ä tetmigfntf legpmt ç v fi%trmnspmrfntf leg e mntdje sfnhgmdi. çvfi%trmnspmrfntf ìe drfges mèrhmr e E@\0? Nes pr ü xdges xdges lmpç tuies tuies drfges le`rdr m lencdjurm êì e `ísdlm he Restcdx. N ì

sfnhgmdi.

=<3

RE\XCD[? Dntrehuêìe? E Restcdx vfg sf lenseidhmnhe lege ugm mitfrnmtdvm me sfnhgmdi fg rmz ìe hf sums lmrmltfr ç stdlms) stdlms) lege gmder reùstfz) gfiker hfsfgpfnke f gmder cmldidhmhf nm gmnutfn êìe f lencdjurm êìe. Miäg he gmds e Restcdx

ä lmpmz hf fguimr v írdms cunêöfs he sfnhgmdi) fvdtmnhe mssdg gehdcdlm êöfs nms mpidlmêöfs quf

utdidzmg e sfnhgmdi. Eutrm lmrmltfr ç stdlm stdlm dgpertmntf he Restcdx

ä m sum lenstru êìe gehuimr) cmldidtmnhe m gmnutfn êìe he

lühdje f pfrgdtdnhe m dgpifgfntm êìe hf nevms cunldenmidhmhfs gmds cmldigfntf. Restcdx tmg`äg dgpifgfntm t älndlms mvmn êmhms hf prejrmgm êìe sfgfikmntf âs usmhms fg wf` sfrvfr pmrm lrdm êìe f gmndpuim êìe hf ’prelfsses cdikes‗) hfstm cergm g íqudnms leg kmrhwmrfs n ìe gudte pehfreses lensfjufg gmndpuimr gdikmrfs hf gfnsmjfns per hdm. Vg cmter lkmvf tmg` äg pmrm gdjrm êìe pmrm e pestcdx

ä cmldidhmhf hf gmnutfn êìe f lencdjurm êìe mtrmväs

hf ug mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurm êìe leg pmr àgftres limres f `fg legfntmhes. Jrmnhfs fscer êes nm írfm hf sfjurmn êm tmg`äg cermg rfmidzmhes nm dgpifgfntm êìe he pestcdx) nfnkugm lenfxìe leg m dntfrnft ä rfmidzmhm pmrm ms su`-pmrtfs he prejrmgm quf fcftumg m fntrfjm f gmndpuim êìe hf gfnsmjfg ne cdifsystfg ielmi. ]umsf tehes prelfsses pehfg sfr fxflutmhes fg lkreet ’omdi‗ leg prdvdiäjdes gç ndges ndges hf sfjurmn êm. Sírdms su`-pmrtfs he pestcdx fst ìe hdspenç vfds vfds pmrm fxflutmr hdcfrfntfs cun êöfs) lenkfêm m`mdxe mpfnms ms prdnldpmds? ◅

gmstfr

Rrelfsse prdnldpmi hf leerhfnm êìe hes hfgmds prelfsses he pestcdx) fstf prelfsse n ìe trmtm hdrftmgfntf hf gmnusfmr gmdi) mpfnms jfrfnldm es hfgmds prelfsses%hmfgens. \fu mrqudve hf %ftl%pestcdx%gms x%gmstfr.l tfr.lc c lencdjurm êìe fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%pestcd ◅

pdlaup

Rdlaup mjumrhm gfnsmjfns lkfjmrfg ne hdrft ürde ’gmdihrep‗ f prelfssm gevfnhe pmrm m cdim hf ’dnlegdnj‗. ◅

sgtph

Fstf hmfgen fspfrm nm pertm 06 per lenfx öfs. ◅

qgjr

Fstf hmfgen fspfrm pfim lkfjmhm hf gmdi f dndldm e prelfsse hf fntrfjm ielmi he pestcdx.

=<:

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? \fgprf vfrdcdquf mntfs sf es pmletfs o í fnlentrmg-sf dnstmimhes nm kerm hf dnstmimr neves pmletfs. rpg -qm |jrfp pestcdx rpg -Vvk pestcdx-0/

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? Mtdvf Mtdvf e sfrvd sfrvdêe fg tehes tehes es run-if run-ifvf vfis. is. \fgprf \fgprf quf quf cdzf cdzfrr qumiqu qumiqufr fr mitfrm mitfrm êìe nes nes mrqudv mrqudves es hf lencdjurm êìe rf-dndldf e sfrvd êe. Vsf? lkalencdj pestcdx en sfrvdlf pestcdx rfstmrt

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe?

%ftl%pestcdx%gm x%gmdn.lc dn.lc . Fstf mrqudve ä E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurm êìe he pestcdx fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%pestcd gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurm êìe dntfjrmi he pestcdx fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf fstf

mrqudve leg sfu fhdter cmverdte. M`mdxe es pmr àgftres `ísdles f tmg` äg prdnldpmds pmrm m lencdjurm êìe he sfrvdher hf gmdi?

◅

gyerdjdn

Fstf pmr àgftre fspfldcdlm e heg ç nde nde quf sfr í mprfsfntmhe nms gfnsmjfns fnvdmhms pfie sfu sdstfgm. ◅

gyhfstdnmtden

Fspfldcdlm es heg ç ndes ndes quf sfu sdstfgm lensdhfrm fif gfsge lege hfstdne cdnmi. ◅

gynftweras

Fspfldcd Fspfldcdlm lm m idstm idstm hf lidfntfs lidfntfs \XGR ’lencd ívfds eu lidfntf lidfntfss dntfrnes dntfrnes‗‗ quf pessuf pessufg g gmds gmds prdvdiäjdes quf es lidfntfs lidfnt fs lensdhfrmhes lensdhfrmhes ’lidfntfs hf cerm‗. ◅

dnftUdntfrcmlf

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrf êe hm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf quf sfu sdstfgm dr í rflf`fr gmdi. Rer pmhr ìe fstm mpfnms mtdvmhm m dntfrcmlf hf ieep`mla +=0:.2.2.=$. =<;

Sfom mjerm lege lencdjurmr hf cergm r ípdhm f prfldsm fssfs pmr àgftres) es vmierfs m`mdxe sfr ìe cdltç ldes ldes f rfprfsfntmg ms lencdjurm êöfs gç ndgms ndgms nflfss írdms pmrm ug sfrvdher hf gmdi epfrmr?

pestlenc pestlenc -f ’gyerdjdn ’gyerdjdn 7 imèrmter imèrmterde.leg de.leg.`r‗ .`r‗ pestlenc pestlenc -f ’gyhfstdnmtde ’gyhfstdnmtden n 7 imèrmterd imèrmterde.leg e.leg.`r‗ .`r‗ pestlenc pestlenc -f ’gynftweras ’gynftweras 7 =40.=3;.022.2% =40.=3;.022.2%08) 08) =0:.2.2.=‗ =0:.2.2.=‗ pestlenc pestlenc -f ’dnftUdntfrcml ’dnftUdntfrcmlff 7 mii‗

pestlenc mprfsfntm m idstm hf tehes pmr àgftres lencdjurmhes ne mrqudve \fg pmràgftres e legmnhe pestlenc %ftl%pestcdx %ftl%pestcdx%gmd %gmdn.lc n.lc f ä dhfmi pmrm vfrdcdlmr ms lencdjurm êöfs.

Midmsfs) Sdrtumi) Mllfss?

E pestcdx ced hfsfnkmhe pmrm sfr tetmigfntf legpmt ç vfi vfi leg e sfnhgmdi dnliusdvf nm sdntmxf hes mrqudves rfimtdves m midmsfs hf usu írdes f gmpfmgfnte hf usu írdes vdrtumds. Es mrqudves midmsfs) vdrtumi f mllfss fnlentrmg-sf ielmidzmhes ne hdrft ürde %ftl%pestcdx %ftl%pestcdx f sìe prelfssmhes pestgmp f pestmidms pestmidms. leg es rfspfltdve rfspf ltdvess legmnhes legmnhes pestgmp

◅

midmsfs +Midmsfs pmrm usu írdes ielmds$

◅

vdrtumi +Gmpfmgfnte hf heg ç nde nde vdrtumi$

◅

mllfss +Lentreifs hf reutfmgfnte hf gmdi$

\fgprf quf keuvfr gehdcdlm êöfs nfssfs mrqudves

ä nflfss írdes fxflutmr?

pestgmp pestgmp %ftl%pestcdx %ftl%pestcdx%mll %mllfss fss pestmidms pestmidms %ftl%pestcd %ftl%pestcdx%midm x%midmsfs sfs

=<4


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•

%ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi

Hegç ndes ndes Sdrtumds? Fg erhfg m rflf`fr gmdi hf g ÿitdpies hegç ndes ndes fg sfu sdstfgm sdjm e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

= 0

%ftl%pestcdx%gmdn.lc? vdrtumiUmidmsUhegmdns vdrtumiUmidmsUhegmdns 7 fxfgpie.leg ...eutres hegdndes...

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vdrtumiUmidmsUgmps vdrtumiUmidmsUgmps 7 kmsk?%ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi kmsk?%ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi

6

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3

pestgmstfrBfx pestgmst frBfxfgpie fgpie.leg .leg pestgmstfr

:

dnceBfxfgpie.leg dnceBfxfgpie.leg

;

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4

, Hfslegfntf Hfslegfntf m idnkm m`mdxe pmrm rfhdrfldenmr qumiqufr fnhfrf êe he hegç nde nde pmrm usu írde mnhrf.

=2

, Bfxfgpie.leg Bfxfgpie.leg

==

...vdrtumi ...vdrtu mi midmsfs pmrm gmds hegç ndes... ndes...

Gmderfs

dncergm êöfs

lmries

mnhrf

hf

lege lege

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heg heg ç ndes ndes

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fg?

%usr%skmrf%he %usr%skmrf%hel%pes l%pestcdx/% tcdx/%PFMHGFUC PFMHGFUCDIF\%SD DIF\%SDPXVMIUPFMHGF PXVMIUPFMHGF

=82

HESFLEX?

Dntrehuêìe?

ä ug sfrvdher ’epfn seurlf‗ hf DGMR f RER< pmrm sdstfgms Idnux f Vndx) fstm hdspenç vfi vfi pmrm qumsf tehms pimtmcergms f hdstrdùdêöfs. Hevflet ced hfsfnkmhe pmrm mtfnhfr dncrm-fstruturms hf gmdi hf pfjufne â jrmnhf pertf) tehe e sfu preofte ced hdrfldenmhe pmrm írfm hf sfjurmnêm. Fif ä rípdhe f vfrsítdi f nìe rfqufr nfnkugm mtfnêìe fspfldmi nm mhgdndstrmêìe. \fr ifvf f lensugdr peulm gfgürdm tmg`äg Hevflet

ced ug hes eòftdves he preofte.

Ä hdspend`didzmhe supertf mes preteleies DGMR8rfv= f RER<) \\I f XI\. E hevflet tmg`äg supertm ecdldmigfntf ecdldmigfntf es pmhröfs gmdièx f gmdihdr `fg lege NC\ f tmg` äg sdstfgm hf mrqudves pmrm liustfrs. Pflfntfgfntf ced dgpifgfntmhe e supertf m quetms fg gmdihdr!! f supertf m MLIs.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs oí fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-es. rpg -qm |jrfp hevflet rpg -qm |jrfp pfri-H@D rpg -qm |jrfp gysqi-6 rpg -Dvk pfri-H@D/ rpg -Dvk gysqi-6/ rpg -Dvk hevflet/

E@\? pfri-H@D f gysqi sì e pmletfs hf hfpfnh ïnldms nflfssírdms pmrm m dnstmimêì e he hevflet.

=8=

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? E mrqudve mrqudve prdnld prdnldpmi pmi hf lencdj lencdjurm urmêìe he hevfle hevflett fnlentr fnlentrmm-sf sf ielmid ielmidzmhe zmhe fg %ftl%hevflet.lenc %ftl%hevflet.lenc f mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurmêìe fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf fstf mrqudve leg sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe. Fstf mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe ä gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf tmg`äg ifr leg mtfnêìe e legfntírde hf tehes es pmràgftres leg lmutfim pmrm qumiqufr mitfrmêìe. Ne jfrmi es vmierfs pmhröfs mtfnhfg m gmderdm hes lmses. M dnstmimêìe f lencdjurmêìe gç ndgm ndgm he hevflet ä gudte sdgpifs f qumsf nìe rfqufr nfnkug moustf.

Mlegpmnkf m`mdxe m lencdjurmêìe gç ndgm ndgm sujfrdhm?

%ftl%hevflet.lenc prelu preteleis f fcft Fhdtmn Fhdtmnhe he e mrqudv mrqudve e hf lencdju lencdjurm rmêìe %ftl%hevflet.lenc prelurf rf e pmr pmràgftre preteleis fcftuf uf m lencdjurmêìe m`mdxe?

preteleis preteleis 7 pep< pep
=80

Lrdmnhe e lfrtdcdlmhe RFG pmrm utdidzm êìe he DGMR\? Vsf sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe pmrm lustegdzmr ms dncergmêöfs hf sum erjmndzmêìe ne mrqudve? %ftl%pad%hevflet% %ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-e hevflet-epfnssi.l pfnssi.lnc. nc. Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf %ftl%pad% hf %ftl%pad%hevflet%he hevflet%hevflet-epf vflet-epfnssi.lnc nssi.lnc?? Q rfq W hfcmuitU`dts 7 =208 fnlryptUafy 7 yfs hdstdnjudskfhUnmgf 7 rfqUhn x624Ufxtfnsdens x624Ufxtfnsdens 7 lfrtUty l frtUtypf pf pregpt 7 ne Q rfqUhn W , leuntry +0 ifttfr lehf$ L7@P , \tmtf er Rrevdnlf Nmgf +cuii nmgf$ \X7\mntm Lmtmrdnm , Ielmidty Nmgf +fj. ldty$ I7Cierdmnepeids I7Cierdmnepeids , Erjmndzmtden +fj. legpmny$ E7imèrmterde , Erjmndzmtdenmi Vndt Nmgf +fj. sfltden$ EV7Imèrmterde , Leggen Nmgf +/.fxmgpif.leg ds mise pessdìf$ LN7miune[.imèrmterde.leg , F-gmdi lentmlt fgmdiMhhrfss7pestgmstfrBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg Q lfrtUtypf W nsLfrtXypf 7 sfrvfr =8<

Hfiftf es lfrtdcdlmhes mntdjes? mntdjes? rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%lfrts%hevflet.pfg rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%prdvmtf%hevflet.pfg Lrdf sfu neve lfrtdcdlmhe fxflutmnhe fxflutmnhe e legmnhe m`mdxe? %usr%skmrf%hel% %usr%skmrf%hel%hevflet/% hevflet/%fxmgpifs fxmgpifs%galfrt %galfrt.sk .sk


•

%ftl%hevflet.lenc %ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-epfnssi.lnc

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj hevflet en 1 sfrvdlf hevflet stmrt

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Nfstf fxfgpie drfges usmr e mpidlmtdve gutt pmrm gutt pmrm tfstmr ms lencdjurmêöfs? gutt -c {lmriesBielmikest%ssi}

=88

Imèrmtürde RE\XCD[HESFLEX) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf?

Lege fxpidlmhe mntfrdergfntf e sfrvdêe hf GMDI fstm hdrftmgfntf rfimldenmhe leg e sfrvdêe hf rfseiuêìe hf negfs hf gíqudnms f hegç ndes) ndes) drfges prdgfdre cernflfr ms lencdjurmêöfs gç ndgms ndgms nflfssírdms pmrm hfpeds prelfhfr leg m fxfluêìe hfstf imèrmtürde. Lege negf hf hegç nde nde drfges mhetmr e negf cdltç lde lde ’imèrmterde.leg.`r‗. Rmrm mtrdùdr negf ms gíqudnms sdjm e fsqufgm? ’miune[‗) enhf ’[‗ rfprfsfntm e nÿgfre hf sum gíqudnm nm smim hf muim. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe pmrm mtrdùdr e negf hf sum gíqudnm?

E C]HN hm prdgfdrm g íqudnm hm smim hf muim hfvfr í sfr? miune=.imèrmterde.leg.`r

Fcftuf ms sfjudntf lencdjurm êöfs? %ftl%syslencdj% ncdj%nftw nftwera era =. Fhdtf Fhdtf e mrqudve mrqudve %ftl%sysle KE\XNMGF7mi F7miune[ une[.imè .imèrmte rmterde.l rde.leg.`r eg.`r ‗ 0. Lencdjur Lencdjurff e pmr pmràgftre ’ KE\XNMG <. Lmse Lmse sum gíqudnm oí fstfom lencdjurmhm ví pmrm prüxdgm píjdnm %ftl%kests 8. Fhdtf Fhdtf e mrqudve mrqudve %ftl%kests 6. Mhdldenf Mhdldenf m sfjudn sfjudntf tf lencdjurm lencdjurm êìe m`mdxe? =40.= =40.=3; 3;.0 .022 22.[ .[

miun miune[ e[.im .imè èrm rmte terd rde. e.le leg. g.`r `r

miun miune[ e[

3. Pf-dndldf e sfrvdher leg e legmnhe? legmnhe? rfèet

E@\? \u`stdtum ’miune[‗ pfie vmier rfmi rfprfsfntmhe pfie n ÿgfre hf sum g íqudnm nm smim hf muim. Fxfgpie? Fxfgpie? miune= miune= pmrm g íqudnm =) miune0 pmrm g íqudnm 0) miune< pmrm g íqudnm < f mssdg per hdmntf.

E@\? Hftfrgdnf sfu DR leg e legmnhe ’dclencdj‗ f usf fssf vmier pmrm lencdjurmr lerrftmgfntf e mrqudve %ftl%kests hm cergm sujfrdhm mldgm su`stdtudnhe e vmier ’=40.=3;.022.[‗ pfie sfu DR rfmi.

=86

Dnstmif tehes pmletfs m`mdxe nm erhfg fg quf mpmrflfg? rpg -dvk pestcdx-0/ rpg -dvk pfri-H@D/ pf ri-H@D/ rpg -dvk gysqi-6/ rpg -dvk hevflet/ Rmrf e sfnhgmdi? sfrvdlf sfnhgmdi step Lencdjurf e pestcdx lege GXM pmhr ìe? mitfrnmtdvfs - -lencdj gtm Mtdvf tehms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf pmrm rflf`dgfnte hf gmdi ne pestcdx? pestlenc -f ’dnftUdntfrcmlfs 7 mii‗ %ftl%hevflet.le et.lenc nc f mhdldenf m idnkm m`mdxe? Fhdtf e mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe he hevflet ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%hevfl

preteleis 7 pep< pep
=83

Mtdvf e pestcdx f e hevflet pmrm dndldmidzm êìe mutegítdlm? lkalencdj pestcdx en 1 lkalencdj hevflet en Sfrdcdquf sf e legmnhe kestnmgf legmnhe kestnmgf rfternm e C]HN hf sum g íqudnm. Dndldf Dndld f e pestcdx f e hevflet leg es legmnh l egmnhe es m`mdxe? sfrvdlf pestcdx stmrt sfrvdlf hevflet stmrt stmrt

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? Lrdf e usuírde lmries sf fif mdnhm n ìe fxdstdr. Fnvdf ugm gfnsmjfg hf tfstf pmrm e usu írde ielmi Lmries) mpüs rfsjmtf rfsj mtf m gfnsmjfg gfnsmjf g utdidzmnhe e preteleie pretelei e DGMR\ DGMR \ pfie GVM G VM gutt. gmdi -s tfstf lmriesBm tfstf lmriesBmiune[.imèrmter iune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r de.leg.`r 9 %prel%lpudnce gutt -c {lmriesBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r% {lmriesBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r%ssi} ssi} E@\? \u`stdtum miune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r pfim sm ç hm hm he legmnhe kestnmgf.

=8:

Epfn\\K? Dntrehuêìe? E preofte he Epfn\\K vfde pmrm su`stdtudr mntdjes g ätehes dnsfjures hf legundlm êìe f mutfntdlm êìe) pehfges hdzfr quf e Epfn\\K ä ug su`stdtute hdrfte he riejdn) rsk f tfinft f vmd miäg hm su`stdtud êìe dnlerpermnhe lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms prüprdms f nevms cun êöfs fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtfds nes hdms mtumds. E Epfn\\K prevf mutfntdlm êìe sfjurm) fxflu êìe rfgetm sfjurm f iejdn skfii rfgete sfjure ` ísdlmgfntf) hdvfrsms cergms hf mutfntdlm êìe fstìe hdspenç vfds) vfds) pehfges fstm`fiflfr idstms hf mlfsse) lrdmr pmhr öfs hf sfnkms ’certfs‗ f mt ä m mutfntdlm êìe mutegítdlm per gfde hf lkmvfs p ÿìdlms lrdptejrmcmhms) g ätehe fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtdi tdi pmrm sfr usmhe fg skfii slrdpts slr dpts eu fg fvfntes hfgmnutfn êöfs mutegmtdzmhes. mutegmtdzmhes. Xehm sfssìe ä lrdptejr lrdptejrmcmh mcmhmm cmzfnhe cmzfnhe use hms retdnms retdnms f `dìde `dìdetflm tflmss he Epfn\\I Epfn\\I quf ä rfqufrdhe) mhdldenmigfntf ä pess ç vfi vfi cmzfr mr`dtrmrdmgfntf ’XLR pert cerwmrhdnj‗) dste ä) nfstf lmse e Epfn\\K dr í lrdmr ug t ÿnfi lrdptejrmcmhe enhf qumiqufr mpidlm êìe eu preteleie pessm utdidzmr. M ep êìe hf ’[== Cerwmrhdnj‗ qumnhe utdidzmhm fnvdm%rfhdrfldenm fnvdm%rfhdrfldenm pfie pfie t ÿnfi lrdptejrmcmhe m lenfx ìe me sfrvdher [ hm g íqudnm rfgetm pmrm e sfrvdher [ hm g íqudnm ielmi) hfstm cergm) ms mpidlm êöfs eu prejrmgms jr ícdles fxflutmhes pfie skfii rfgete dr ìe sfr gestrmhms ne hdspimy ielmi.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Fg qumsf =22& hes lmses) tehes es pmletfs o í fstmrìe dnstmimhes) e Epfn\\K ä lensdhfrmhe ug sectwmrf pmhrìe hf gmnutfn êìe fg sdstfgms Idnux%Vndx. Sfom m`mdxe es pmletfs nflfss írdesf rdesf sums hfslrd êöfs? ◅

epfnssk

Rmletf prdnldpmi quf prevf cunldenmidhmhfs ’lerf‗ pmrm mgès ssk-lidfntf f ssk-sfrvdher. ◅

epfnssi

@dìdetflms f retdnms hf lrdptejrmcdm f cfrrmgfntms pmrm jfrm êìe hf lkmvfs f lfrtdcdlmhes ◅

epfnssk-lidfnts

Fstf pmletf prevf es prejrmgms nflfss írdes pmrm utdidzm êìe he Epfn\\K. ◅

epfnssk-sfrvfr

Fstf pmletf prevf e hmfgen sskh nflfss írde pmrm hdspend`didzmr e mlfsse rfgete hf sfu sdstfgm. ◅

epfnssk-msapmss

Fstf pmletf prevf m lmpmldhmhf hf hdmieje [== he pmsspkrmsf pmrm e Epfn\\K. =8;

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? Sfrfges mjerm m lencdjurm êìe he Epfn\\K sfrvdher + sskh $) $) es mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe hf mgès Epfn\\K \frvdher f Epfn\\K Lidfntf pehfg sfr ielmidzmhes fg %ftl%ssk. E prdnldpmi mrqudve hf %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj. Sfom m`mdxe ms prdnldpmds lencdjurm êìe he Epfn\\K \frvdher fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj

epêöfs hf lencdjurm êìe hfstf mrqudve?

◅

MiiewVsfrs

Fstf pmràgftre ä m cergm cergm gmds gmds sdgpifs sdgpifs hf fspfldcd fspfldcdlmr lmr mr`dtrmr mr`dtrmrdmgf dmgfntf ntf m idstm idstm hf usu írdes pfrgdtdhes m utdidzmr e sskh. Rer pmhr ìe e sskh pfrgdtf tehes es usu írdes. ◅

RmsswerhMutkfntdlmtden

Fspfldcdlm sf ä pfrgdtdhm eu n ìe e iejdn utdidzmnhe pmsswerhs. E pmhr ìe ä pfrgdtdhe) e gmds legug mqud ä qumnhe guhmr fstf pmr àgftre pmrm dgpfhdr e iejdn per sfnkms ä lrdmr ms lkmvfs puìdlms f prdvmhms pmrm jmrmntdr sfu mlfsse. ◅

RfrgdtPeetIejdn

Fstf pmr àgftre lentreim e mlfsse me supfr usu írde ne sskh. Es pess ç vfds vfds vmierfs hfstf pmr àgftre sìe? ’yfs‗ vmier pmhr ìe) ’wdtkeut’wdtkeut-pmsswerh pmsswerh‗‗ ìequfdm m mutfntdlm êìe he supfr usu írde per pmsswerh. ’cerlfh-leggmnhs-eniy‗ ’cerlfh-leggmnhs-eniy‗ Mlfdtm mutfntdlm êìe he supfr usu írde per lkmvf puìdlm segfntf sf fspfldcdlmhe mijug legmnhe) fstm ep êìe ä ÿtdi pmrm m fxflu êìe hf mijug legmnhe ne sdstfgm rfgete peds n ìe pfrgdtf e iejdn. ’ne‗ hfsidjm e mlfsse he supfr usu írde. ◅

Rretelei

Fspfldcd Fspfldcdlm lm ms vfrsöfs hf pretele preteleie ie supertm supertmhms hms pfie sskh. sskh. Ifg`rmn Ifg`rmnhe he quf ä certfgfntf mlensfik ívfi pfrgdtdr segfntf e preteleie vfrs ìe \\K0. E preteleie vfrs ìe \\K= mdnhm fxdstf mpfnms pmrm gmntfr legpmtd`didhmhf leg sdstfgm gudte mntdjes. ◅

Rert

Fspfldcdlm m pertm quf e sskh dr í mjumrhmr per lenfx öfs. ◅

[==Cerwmrhdnj

Es pessç vfds vfds vmierfs s ìe ’yfs‗ eu ’ne‗) fstf pmr àgftre lentreim e rfhdrfldenmgfnte hms lenfx öfs me sfrvdher [. E vmier pmhr ìe ä ’yfs‗ ne PKFI. ◅

RfrgdtXunnfi

Fstf pmràgftre lentreim e legpertmgfnte he hdspesdtdve Xun usmhe pmrm fstm`fiflfr SRN. E vmier pmhr ìe ä hfsidjmhe ’ne‗.

=84


%ftl%ssk%/

•

%ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj

Jfrmnhe lkmvfs pÿìdlms f prdvmhms? Fg erhf erhfg m jfrm jfrmrr e pmr pmr hf lkmv lkmvfs fs p ÿìdlm ìdlm +\frvdh +\frvdher$ er$ f prdvmhm prdvmhm +Vsu írde$ pmrm dgpifg dgpifgfntm fntmrr m mutfntdlmêìe mutegítdlm sdjm es pmsses m`mdxe? =. Ne hdrft hdrftürde kegf he usu írde fxflutfe legmnhe? ssk-afyjfn 0. Xfli Xfliff FNXFP pmrm mlfdtmr e vmier pmhr ìe pmrm e negf hm lkmvf p ÿìdlm <. Xfli Xfliff FNXFP pmrm djnermr m utdidzm êìe hf pmsspkrmsf 8. Xfli Xfliff FNXFP nevmgfntf pmrm lencdrgmr m n ìe utdidzm êìe he pmsspkmsf ~%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys 6. Fxflutf e legmnhe? legmnhe? lp ~%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` ~%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys E@\? ]umnhe fspfldcdlmhe mijug pmsspkrmsf fstm ’sfnkm crmsf‗ sfr í utdidzmhm pmrm fnlrdptmr m lkmvf prdvmhm he usuí usuírde leg ug mijerdtge
Mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests? E sskh ced legpdimhe leg supertf m `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se) hfstm cergm ä pessç vfi vfi cmzfr use hes mrqudves %ftl%kests.miiew %ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny %ftl%kests.hfny fg erhfg m dgpifgfntmr m mutfntdlm êìe `msfmhm fg kests) dste ä) fg

nÿgfres DRs eu negfs hf gmqudnms f heg ç ndes. ndes. Rmrm id`frmr e mlfsse me sskh sdjm e fxfgpie m`mdxe? %ftl%kests.miiew mhdldenf m sfjudntf idnkm? Ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.miiew sskh? 9DRs eu negfs hf gí gíqudnms%hegç qudnms%hegç ndes ndes pfrgdtdhes>

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj sskh en 1 sfrvdlf sskh stmrt

=62

Imèrmtürde Epfn\\K) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf? Hdspen Hdspend`d d`didzf idzf e mlfsse mlfsse rfge rfgete me sdstfg sdstfgmm lencdjur lencdjurmnh mnhe e e sfrvdh sfrvdher er Epfn\\K Epfn\\K.. Vg hftmik hftmikff gudte gudte dgpertmntf ä quf e usu írde reet mpfnms tfr í mlfsse mutfntdlmnhe-sf per gfde hf lkmvf p ÿìdlm%prdvmhm. Hf cergm mijugm e supfr-usu írde pehfrí iejmr-sf ne sdstfgm dncergmnhe sfu pmsswerh. Es hfgmds usu írdes he sdstfgm pehfr ìe mutfntdlmr-sf vdm pmsswerh eu lkmvf p ÿìdlm%prdvmhm lmse tfnkmg lrdmhe.

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe?

=. Xfstf e mlfsse vdm pmsswerh hf usu írdes rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm? ssk lmriesBielmikest 0. Hdspend`didzm Hdspend`didzmnhe nhe m lkmvf lkmvf p ÿìdlm tfstf e dnjrfsse muteg ítdle ne sdstfgm? ssk reetBielmikest <. Mjerm rfgevm m lkmvf p ÿìdlm he usu írde reet f tfntf iejmr-sf? rg %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys ssk reetBielmikest

=6=

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde Epfn\\K? =. Dnstmif tehes tehes pmletfs rfqufrdhes rfqufrdhes pmrm e lidfntf f sfrvdher Epfn\\K Epfn\\K 0. Lencdjurf e sfrvdher Epfn\\K Epfn\\K pmrm dndldmidzm dndldmidzm êìe mutegítdlm? lkalencdj sskh en <. Lencdjur Lencdjurff e pmr pmràgftre ne mrqudve %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn 7 wdtkeut-pmsswerh‗ wdtkeut-pmsswerh‗ 8. Lrdf ms lkmvfs lkmvfs p ÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk-afyjfn 6. Pfnegfdf Pfnegfdf e mrqudve % reet%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` reet%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` pmrm %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfh %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys Uafys 3. Pf-dnd Pf-dndldf ldf e sfrvd sfrvd êe? sfrvdlf sskh rfstmrt

=60

HKLR? Dntrehuêìe? E HKLR +Hynmgdl Kest Lencdjurmtden Rretelei$ f e @EEXR +Dntfrnft @eetstrmp Rretelei$ keof s ìe hfsfnveivdhes f gmntdhes pfie D\L +Dntfrnft \ectwmrf Lensertdug$. M prdnldpmi cun êìe ä pfrgdtdr quf gíqudnms nug hftfrgdnmhe sfjgfnte XLR%DR seidldtfg sums lencdjurm êöfs hf rfhf hf ug sfrvdher lfntrm lfntrmii leg legug. ug. E HKLR HKLR prevf prevf ms dncerg dncergmm êöfs hf lencdj lencdjurm urmêìe hf rfhf rfhf pmrm pmrm g íqudnms qudnms mdnhm mdnhm hfslenkfldhms nm rfhf) dncergm êöfs lege e Fnhfrf êe DR) Jmtfwmy) Gíslmrm hf Pfhf) Fnhfrf êe hf su`nft) Lencdjurm êöfs hf HN\ f ftl. E preteleie @EEXR prevf ms gfsgms cunldenmidhmhfs leg rfstrd êöfs. Jfrmigfntf fxdstf mpfnms ug sfrvdher hf HKLR pmrm lmhm sfjgfnte hf rfhf) ms g íqudnms ùslmg e sfrvdher sfrvdher fnvdmnhe fnvdmnhe pmletfs hf `remhlms `remhlmstt quf s ìe prentmgfntf rfspenhdhes mssdg lencdjurmnhe hdnmgdlmgfntf m rfhf. E mhgdndstrmher mielm ’peeis‗ hf fnhfrf êes quf sìe miujmhes pmrm ms g íqudnms per ug pfr ç ehe ehe hf tfgpe lencdjurmhe) dste ä lkmgmhe hf ’ifmsf tdgf‗) qumnhe fssf tfgpe ä fxpdrmhe e lidfntf hfldhf sf dr í eu n ìe rfnevmr fssf gfsge fnhfrf êe) pmrm e preteleie @EEXR n ìe k í ’ifmsf tdgf‗) fssm ä ugm hms hdcfrfn êms fntrf e HKLR f @EEXR. Fnhfrf êes DRs pehfg sfr mielmhes fstmtdlmgfntf hf mlerhe leg e fnhfrf êe ÿndle GML hms dntfrcmlfs. E mhgdndstrmher pehf cmldigfntf per fxfgpie rfsfrvmr ug ’rmnjf‗ hf fnhfrf êes pmrm ug hftfrgdnmhe jrupe hf g íqudnms hfntre hf ug sfjgfnte hf rfhf) eu fnt ìe) fspfldcdlmr quf e sfrvdher hf HKLR dr í mpfnms rfspenhfr seidldtm êöfs hf ug jrupe hf lidfntfs hfcdndhes pfie fnhfrf êe GML. Mhdldenmigfntf e sfrvdher hf HKLR tmg` äg pehf prevfr ms dncergm êöfs rfimtdvms me Adlastmrt) hfstm cergm) ugm g íqudnm pehf sfr dntfdrmgfntf dnstmimhm f lencdjurmhm rfgetmgfntf.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Fg qumsf =22& hms dnstmim êöfs es pmletfs rfimtdves me lidfntf hf HKLR o í fstmrìe dnstmimhes) pmrm lencdjurmr e sfrvdher hf HKLR ä nflfss írde m dnstmim êìe hf pmletfs mhdldenmds) vfom m`mdxe? ◅

hklidfnt

Fstf pmletf cernflf e HKLR Hmfgen Lidfntf. ◅

hklp

Fstf pmletf cernflf e HKLR Hmfgen \frvdher f e Mjfntf hf Pfhdrfldenmgfnte. ◅

hklpv3Ulidfnt f hklpv3

Rmletfs pmrm epfrmr leg lidfntf%sfrvdher pmrm HKLRv3 pmrm rfhfs f pmr àgftres DRv3. =6<

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe? E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe pmrm e sfrvdher hf HKLR fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%hklp %ftl%hklph.len h.lenc) c) p mrm lrdmr sums lencdjurm êöfs utdidzf e fxfgpie quf mlegpmnkm e pmletf hklp ielmidzmhe fg? %usr%skmrf %usr%skmrf%hel %hel%hkl %hklp-
Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf %ftl%hklp %ftl%hklph.len h.lenc c , --hhns-uphmtf-styif dntfrdg1 djnerf lidfnt-uphmtfs1 su`nft =40.=3;.2.2 nftgmsa 066.066.066.2 { , --- hfcmuit jmtfwmy eptden reutfrs

=40.=3;.2.=1

eptden su`nft-gmsa

066.06 .066.06 .066.21

eptden nds-hegmdn

"hegmdn.erj"1

eptde ptden n hegmd egmdn n-nmgf nmgf

"heg "hegmd mdn. n.er erj j"1

eptden hegmdn-nmgf-sfrvfrs hegmdn-nmgf-sfrvfrs =40.=3;.=.=1 ,

eptden ntp-sfrvfrs

=40.=3;.=.=1

,

eptd eptden en nft` nft`de dess-nm nmgf gf-s -sfr frvf vfrs rs =40. =40.=3 =3;. ;.=. =.=1 =1

, -- \fiflts pednt-te-pednt nehf +hfcmuit ds ky`rdh$. Hen*t lkmnjf tkds unifss , -- yeu unhfrstmnh Nft`des vfry wfii ,

eptd eptden en nft` nft`de dess-ne nehf hf-t -typ ypff 01 rmnjf hynmgdl-èetp =40.=3;.2.=0; =40.=3;.2.0681 hfcmuit-ifmsf-tdgf 0=3221 gmx-ifmsf-tdgf 8<0221 , wf wmnt tkf nmgfsfrvfr te mppfmr mt m cdxfh mhhrfss kest ns { nfxt-sfrvfr gmrvdn.rfhkmt.leg1 kmrhwmrf ftkfrnft =0?<8?63?:;?M@?LH1 cdxfh-mhhr cdxfh-mhhrfss fss 02:.=:6.80 02:.=:6.80.0681 .0681 }

}

=68

◅

hhns-uphmtf-styif f djnerf lidfnt-uphmtfs

Lencdjurmg m mtumidzm êìe hf negfs muteg ítdlm ne sfrvdher hf HN\ jfrmigfntf e tmg` äg hm D\L NMGFH) nfstf fxfgpie mpfnms fstm sf lencdjurmnhe quf e tdpe hf mtumidzm êìe sfrí m pmhrìe +dntfr +dntfrddg$ f quf quf seid seidld ldtm tmêöfs vdnhms vdnhms hf lidfn lidfntfs tfs hfvf hfvfg g sfr djner djnermhm mhms. s. Rmrm Rmrm lencdj lencdjurm urmrr m lenvfrsm êìe%mtumidzm êìe fntrf e sfrvdher hf HKLR f e sfrvdher hf negfs NMGFH hfgmds pmràgftres hfvfg sfr mhdldenmhes. Rrelurf helugfntm êìe mhdldenmi pmrm dste. ◅

su`nft f nftgmsa

Hfcdnf e fslepe hf rfhf quf fstf sfrvdher hf HKLR dr í trm`mikmr. ◅

eptden reutfrs

Hfcdnf e jmtfwmy pmhr ìe. ◅

eptden su`nft-gmsa

Hfcdnf m gíslmrm hf rfhf. ◅

eptden hegmdn-nmgf f eptden nds-hegmdn

Fspfldcdlm e negf hf sfu hegç nde nde f e negf he heg ç nde nde ND\ lmse fxdstm. ◅

eptden hegmdn-nmgf-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrf êe he sfrvdher hf negfs prdg írde. ◅

eptden ntp-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrf êe he sfrvdher hf tfgpe +NXR$. ◅

eptden nft`des-nmgf-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrf êe he sfrvdher ZDN\. ◅

rmnjf hynmgdl-èetp

Hfcdnf e fslepe rfsfrvmhe hf fnhfrf êes DRs mes preteleies HKLR f @EEXR. ◅

hfcmuit-ifmsf-tdgf f gmx-ifmsf-tdgf

Hfcdnf e tfgpe hf miujufi pmhr ìe f e tfgpe hf miujufi g íxdge fg sfjunhes. ◅

kmrhwmrf ftkfrnft f cdxfh-mhhrfss çsdle Cdxm fstmtdlmgfntf ug fnhfrf êe DR pmrm ug fnhfrf êe c ç s dle GML.

=66

E sfrvdher gmntfg ugm idstm mtumidzmhm hes fnhfrf êes DRs hdspend`didzmhes%miujmhes pmrm es lidfntfs fg? %vmr%id`%hk %vmr%id`%hklp%h lp%hklph klph.ifms .ifmsfs fs .

Lencdjurmêìe he Lidfntf HKLR? Rmrm lencdjurmr ugm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf pfrgmnfntfgfntf pmrm utdidzmr e sfrvd êe hf HKLR utdidzf m cfrrmgfntm systfg-lencdj-nftwera f sfifldenf m ep êìe rfcfrfntf me HKLR) fg sfjudhm rf-dndldf fstm dntfrcmlf leg e legmnhe dcup. Fxfgpie? dcup ftk2 Gmnumigfntf e prelfsse hf lencdjurm êìe he lidfntf HKLR pehf sfr cfdte m pmrtdr he legmnhe? hklidfnt


%ftl%hklph.lenc

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj hklph en 1 sfrvdlf hklph stmrt

=63

[DNFXH? Dntrehuêìe? E xdnfth vfde pmrm su`stdtudr e mntdje dnfth) e prdnldpmi eòftdve ä ug supfr sfrvdher quf jfrfnldm eutres sfrvd êes quf nìe sìe gudte gudte rfquds rfqudsdtmh dtmhes es eu tmg` tmg` äg sfrvdêes quf nflfssdtmg nflfssdtmg rflurses mhdldenmds prdnldpmigfntf nm írfm hf sfjurmn êm. E xdnfth ä lmpmz hf lentreimr v írdes mspfltes hf sfjurmn êm nes sfrvd êes vdnluimhes m fif f tmg` äg id`frmr rflurses he sdstfgm ugm vfz quf es sfrvd êes mpfnms s ìe ’mlerhmhes‗ qumnhe mijugm seidldtm êìe nm sum pertm elerrf) pehfges hdzfr quf e supfr sfrvdher xdnfth gendterm gendterm ms rfqudsdêöfs fg tehms ms pertms hf sfus sfrvd êes vdnlu vdnluimhes imhes f hdspmrm hdspmrm es rfspfltd rfspfltdves ves sfrvdherfs hf mlerhe leg m hfgmnhm. Mhdldenmigfntf e xdnfth ä idnamhe nm `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se e quf pfrgdtf ug lentreif hf mutfntdlm êìe `msfmhe fg DRs eu negfs hf g íqudnm f heg ç ndes. ndes. Gfsge quf e sfrvd êe vdnluimhe me xdnfth n ìe tfnkm supertf m mutfntdlm êìe `msfmhm fg kests) lege e xdnfth ä lmpmz hf jfrfnldmr ms lenfx öfs) tehes es %ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny %ftl%kests.hfny sfrvd êes vdnluim vdnluimhes hes drìe su`gftf su`gftfr-sf r-sf m lkflmjfg lkflmjfg nes mrqudves mrqudves %ftl%kests.miiew

prfidgdnmrgfntf f s ü mpüs gflmndsges hf sfjurmn êm pmrtdluimrfs he xdnfth sfr ìe mpidlmhes. Fntrf eutres rflurses e xdnfth ä lmpmz hf ecfrflfr lege ldtmhe mldgm mutfntdlm êìe `msfmhm fg kests) rfhdrfldenmgfnte hf DR) rflurses fxtfnsdves hf iejs he sdstfgm) fstmt ç stdlms) stdlms) peidly hf n ÿgfre hf lenfxöfs per sfjunhe) ep êìe gudte fcdldfntf ne lentreif he mùse hf sfrvd êe f per cdg rfsfrvmr rflurses he sdstfgm) ugm vfz quf es sfrvd êes s ìe hdspmrmhes se` hfgmnhm. \um fstrut fstruturm urm hf lencdjur lencdjurmm êìe ä gudte gudte eòftd eòftdvm) vm) e lentrei lentreiff hf pertms pertms ä rfmidzmh rfmidzmhe e pfie pfie mrqudve mrqudve %ftl%sfrvdlfs %ftl%sfrvdlfs) ug mrqudve hf lentreif prdnldpmi pmhr ìe ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%xdnfth.lenc %ftl%xdnfth.lenc legug m tehes es

sfrvd êes f mrqudves hf lencdjurm êìe pmrtdluimrfs pmrm lmhm sfrvd êe ielmidzmhes hfntre he hdrft ürde %ftl%xdnfth.h %ftl%xdnfth.h . E`sfrvf quf e negf hes mrqudves hfntre hm fstruturm %ftl%xdnfth.h %ftl%xdnfth.h rfprfsfntm tmg` äg e

negf he sfrvd êe) fstm prítdlm hf negfnlimturm ä gudte crfqufntf.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes? Sfom m`mdxe es legmnhes nflfss írdes pmrm vfrdcdlmr sf e xdnfth o í fstm dnstmimhe f dnstmimr-ie. rpg -qm |jrfp xdnfth rpg -Vvk xdnfth

=6:

[DNFXH Lencdjurm êìe Rmhrìe hes \frvdêes? %ftl%xdnfth.lenc) nfstf mrqudve sfr ìe lencdjurmhes E mrqudve hf lencdjurm êìe jie`mi fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%xdnfth.lenc)

pmràgftres pmhr öfs quf mcftmrmg tehes es hfgmds sfrvd êes vdnlui vdnluimhes mhes me xdnfth.

%ftl%xdnfth.lenc Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf %ftl%xdnfth.lenc

, , Xkds ds tkf gmstfr xdnfth lencdjurmtden cdif. \fttdnjs dn tkf , hfcmuit sfltden wdii `f dnkfrdtfh `y mii sfrvdlf lencdjurmtdens hfcmuits { iejUtypf

7 \T\IEJ hmfgen dnce

iejUenUcmdiurf 7 KE\X iejUenUsullfss 7 RDH RDH KE\X HVPMXDEN F[DX lps dnstmnlfs pfrUseurlf

7 62 =2 7 62 7 =2

v3eniy

7 ne

jreups

7 yfs

ugmsa

7 220

} dnliuhfhdr %ftl%xdnfth.h

=6;

◅

iejUtypf

Hftfrgdnm pmrm enhf es iejs sfr ìe fnvdmhes. Ne fxfgpie mldgm pmrm ’cmldidty hmfgen‗ he sysiejh leg prderdhmhf ’dnce‗. ◅

iejUenUcmdiurf

Hftfrgdnm quf tdpe hf dncergm êöfs sfrìe iejmhms fg lmse hf cmikm qumnhe mijug sfrvdher ä dndldmhe. ◅

iejUenUsullfss

Hftfrgdnm quf tdpe hf dncergm êöfs sfrìe iejmhms fg lmse hf sulfsse mp üs mijug sfrvdher sfr dndldmhe. ◅

lps

Idgdtm e nÿgfre hf lenfx ìe hf fntrmhm. E prdgfdre pmr àgftre fspfldcdlm e n ÿgfre hf lenfx öfs gíxdgm xdgm per per sfjunh sfjunhe) e) e sfjunh sfjunhe e pmràgftre gftre fspfldc fspfldcdl dlmm e tfgp tfgpe e quf e sfrvd sfrvd êe drí cdlmr dnhdspenç vfi vfi qumnhe e idgdtf hf lenfx öfs cer uitrmpmssmhe. ◅

dnstmnlfs

Hftfrgdnm e n ÿgfre hf sfrvdherfs quf pehf sfr mtdve sdguitmnfmgfntf pmrm lmhm sfrvd êe. ◅

pfrUseurlf

Hftfrgdnm e n ÿgfre gíxdge hf lenfx öfs erdjdnmhms hf ug gfsge DR. ◅

S3eniy

Fspfldcdlm sf m epfrm êìe sfrí fxliusdvm ne cergmte DRv3 . ◅

Jreups

Es vmierfs pmrm fssf pmr àgftre pehfg sfr ’yfs‗ eu ’ne‗. ]umnhe fspfldcdlmhe ’yfs‗ es sfrvdherfs dr ìe sfr fxflutmhes leg mlfsse me jrupe he usu írde VDH quf e sfrvd êe pfrtfnlf. Lmse e pmràgftre ’jreup‗ tfnkm sdhe fspfldcdlmhe es sfrvd êes tfrìe mlfsse me jrupe fspfldcdlmhe pfie pmràgftre ’jreup 7‗. ◅

ugmsa

Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf ugm ugmsa pmrm es sfrvd êes. ◅

dnliuhfhdr

Xehes es mrqudves lentdhes ne hdrft ürde fspfldcdlmhe sfr ìe lmrrfjmhes pfie xdnfth. =64

[DNFXH Lencdjurm êìe Rmrtdluimr hes \frvd êes? %ftl%xdnfth.h%tfinft nft $. M`mdxe fstm m lencdjurm êìe he sfrvd êe tfinft vdnluimhe me xdnfth + %ftl%xdnfth.h%tfi $. E prdnldpmi

pmràgftre hf lencdjurm êìe ä e ’hdsmìf‗ quf lentreim sf e sfrvd êe fstm eu nìe mtdve. E`sfrvf quf fstf pmràgftre ä lentreimhe f mitfrmhe pfims cfrrmgfntms lkalencdj eu ntsysv qumnhe e mhgdndstrmher fcftum mijugm mitfrm êìe ne run-ifvfi.

, hfcmuit? en , hfslrdptden? Xkf tfinft sfrvfr sfrvfs tfinft sfssdens1 dt usfs , unfnlryptfh usfrnmgf%pmsswerh pmdrs cer mutkfntdlmtden. sfrvdlf tfinft { cimjs

7 PFV\F

selaftUtypf

7 strfmg

wmdt

7 ne

usfr

7 reet

sfrvfr

7 %usr%s`dn%dn.tfinfth

iejUenUcmdiurf !7 V\FPDH hdsmìf

7 yfs

}


%ftl%xdnfth.lenc

•

%ftl%xdnfth.h%/

Mtdvmnhe e \frvd êe nm Dndldmidzm êìe he \dstfgm? lkalencdj xdnfth en 1 sfrvdlf xdnfth stmrt E@\? Rmrm rf-dndldmr e xdnfth f rf-ifr tehm sum lencdjurmêì e usf? adiimii -KVR xdnfth

=32

XLR ZPMRRFP\? Dntrehuêìe? E XLRUZPMRRFP\ dgpifgfntm m sfjurmnêm `msfmhm fg kests) dste ä) m mutfntdlmêìe hf mlerhe leg e fnhfrfêe DR eu negf hf hegç nde nde hes lidfntfs. Jfrmigfntf es sfrvdherfs quf utdidzmg e tlpUwrmppfrs cmzfg use hm `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se) dnh fpfnhfn fntfs. tfs. id`wrmp.se) peräg pehfg elerrfr dgpifgfntmêöfs dnhfpfnh kests.miie .miiew w f %ftl%kests.h %ftl%kests.hfny fny fxdstfg hums leiunms quf hdvdhfg es lmgpes. E prdgfdre Nes mrqudves %ftl% mrqudves %ftl%kests lmgpe fspfldcdlm m idstm hf fxflutívfds) nìe lencunhm e negf hes fxflutívfds leg e negf hes sfrvdêes eu sfrvdhe sfrvdherfs. rfs. E sfjunh sfjunhe e lmgpe lmgpe lentäg m idstm idstm hms fspfldc fspfldcdlm dlmêöfs hes lidfntfs) lidfntfs) hdvfrsms hdvfrsms cergms hdcfrfntfs pehfg sfr utdidzmhms lege? fnhfrfêe DR) negf hm gíqudnm) fnhfrfêes hf rfhf) negfs hf hegç nde nde eu pmrfs hf gíslmrms hf rfhf f ftl. Es lerdnjms víidhes sìe ’ MII‗ ‗. MII‗ f ’ F[LFRX F[LFRX ‗. E prelfsse hf dgpifgfntmêìe elerrf hm sfjudntf cergm) qumnhe e lidfntf cmz ugm seidldtmêìe m mijug sfrvdêe vdnluimhe me tlp wrmppfrs es mrqudves %ftl%kests.m %ftl%kests.miiew iiew f %ftl%kests %ftl%kests.hfny .hfny sìe vfrdcdlmhes) tehm

ä mpidlmhm nm erhfg fg quf ä fnlentrmhm. Rer prdgfdre e mrqudve %ftl%kests.m %ftl%kests.miiew iiew ä fxmgdnmhe) sf e trícfje fxpidldtmgfntf nìe ä pfrgdtdhe e mrqudve %ftl%kests %ftl%kests.hfny .hfny ä fxmgdnmhe sf tmg`äg e trícfje nìe cer fxpidldtmgfntf ìequfmhe e mlfsse ä id`frmhe pmrm e lidfntf pfim rfjrm hf ’cmitm hf egdssìe‗) dste ä) fssm lenfxìe nìe fnlentreu nfnkugm rfjrm mpidlívfi m fim. Rmrm fntfnhfr dsse tfnkm fg gfntf quf ugm rfjrm idstmhm ne mrqudve %ftl% mrqudve %ftl%kests kests.miie .miiew w drí pfrgdtdr m lenfxìe) fnqumnte ugm rfjrm idstmhm ne mrqudve %ftl% mrqudve %ftl%kests kests.hfny .hfny drí ìequfmr. Ms guhmnêms sìe dgfhdmtmgfntf fcftdvms) nìe ä nflfssírde rf-dndldmr qumiqufr tdpe hf sfrvdêe eu sfrvdher. rfjrm dgpifgfntmhm nfssfs mrqudves

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Hmfgen +\frvdherfs$? Ne prdgfdre lmgpe ä fspfldcdlmhe m idstm hes fxflutívfds pmrm es sfrvdêes sfpmrmhms per vdrjuim ’)‗. Sfom m`mdxe mijuns fxfgpies? dn.tf dn.tfin inft fth? h?

=40. =40.=3 =3;. ;.02 022. 2.= =

sskh sskh)) jhg? jhg?

=40. =40.=3 =3;. ;.02 022. 2.= =

\f m sum gíqudnm pessud gmds hf ugm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf f velï hfsfom dgpifgfntmr dgpifgfntmr hdcfrfntfs hdcfrfntfs peidlys) peidlys) usf m sdntmxf m`mdxe? dn.tf dn.tfin inft fthB hB=4 =40. 0.=3 =3;. ;.2. 2.=? =?

=40.= =40.=3; 3;.2 .2..

sskh sskhB= B=40 40.= .=3; 3;.0 .022 22.= .=??

=40. =40.=3 =3;. ;.02 022. 2.

=3=

Ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm dgpifgfntmr rfjrms nes sfrvdêes `msfmhes ne PRL ne PRL lege lege e ND\ e ND\ eu eu NC\ NC\ ä nflfssírde pertgmp.. fspfldcdlmr lege fxflutívfi e pertgmp

Ä nmturmi quf guhmnêms ne peidly hes sfrvdêes `msfmhes fg

PRL ifvfg PRL ifvfg mijuns dnstmntfs pmrm ternmr-sfg fcftdvms.

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Lidfntfs? Hdvfrsms cergms pehfg sfr utdidzmhms pmrm fspfldcdlmêìe hes lidfntfs. Sfom `mdxe mijuns fxfgpies? ◅

Fnhfrfêe DR =40.=3;.=. =40.=3;.=.6

◅

Nftwera%Nftgmsa =40.=3;.022.2%066.066.066.2

◅

Negf hm Gíqudnm miune=.imèrmterde.leg.`r .imèrmterde.leg.`r

◅

Negf hm Pfhf +Mpfnms negfs he ND\ eu hf %ftl%nftweras$ Bfxfgpie

\dntmxfs Legpifxms ? Es lerdnjms víidhes sìe? ◅

MII +Fspfldcdlm tuhe$

◅

IELMI +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms sfg pente fg sfu negf$

◅

ANEZN +Fspfldcdlm tehes ms gíqudnms f usuírde quf pehfg sfr hftfrgdnmhes$

◅

VNANEZN +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms quf nìe pehfg sfr hftfrgdnmhms$

◅

RMPMNEDH +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms quf e fnhfrfêe DR f m rfseiuêìe hf negf nìe s ìe ms gfsgms$

E@\? M hftfrgdnm êì e hes negfs hf kests elerrf per gfde hm vfrdcdlm êì e ne sfrvdêe hf HN\ f tmg` ä g nes mrqudves ielmds hf rfseiu êì e hf negfs.

=30

Es epfrmherfs víidhes sìe? ◅

MII +Fspfldcdlm tuhe$

◅

F[LFRX +Rehf sfr usmhe nm idstm hf sfrvdherfs f lidfntfs pmrm fcftumr m fxliusìe$

E@\? Es epfrmherfs pehfg sfr utdidzmhes ountes) cergmnhe crmsfs. Sfom ug fxfgpie gudte legug? MII? MII F[LFRX F[LFRX .imèrmter .imèrmterde.le de.leg.`r g.`r F[LFRX F[LFRX miune<.im miune<.imèrmt èrmterde. erde.leg.` leg.`r r Ne fxfgpie mldgm fstmges pfrgdtdnhe eu ìequfmnhe tehms ms gíqudnm ne hegç nde nde imèrmterde.leg.`r gfnes pmrm gíqudnm miune<.imèrmterde.leg.`r .

Lfnírde hf Fxfgpies? Fxfgpie =?

,%ftl%kests.miiew ssk sskh) pertg ertgmp mp??

=40. =40.=3 =3;. ;.02 022. 2.

dn.tfinfth?

=40.=3;.022.=2

,%ftl%kests.hfny MII?

.kmlafr.er .kmlafr.erj j F[LFRX pdgpfr.k pdgpfr.kmlaf mlafr.erj r.erj

dn.tfinfth?

MII

sskh) pertgmp?

MII

Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse me ssk f sfrvdêes he pertg he pertgmp lege NC\ mpfnms mpfnms sìe jmrmntdhes m tehm limssf mp lege NC\ L hm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2 E mlfsse me tfinft ä id`frmhe mpfnms pmrm m gíqudnm =40.=3;.022.=2 Rmrm es hfgmds sfrvdêes quf nìe fstìe idstmhes) tehes sìe ìequfmhes m tehms ms gíqudnms he hegç nde nde qudnm pdgpfr.kml kmlafr.erj gfnes pmrm gíqudnm pdgpf r.kmlafr.e afr.erj rj..

=3<

Fxfgpie 0? ,%ftl%kests.miiew sskh?

=40.=3;.022. .imèrmterde.leg.`r

dn.tfinfth?

.imèrmterde.leg.`r

,%ftl%kests.hfny MII?

MII

ä mpfnms pfrgdtdhe pmrm e sfrvdêe ssk hm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2 f qumiqufr gíqudnm he hegç nde nde .imèrmterde.leg.`r . E sfrvdêe tfinft ä tmg`äg pfrgdtdhe segfntf m tehms ms gíqudnm he hegç nde nde .imèrmterde.leg.`r . Xehes es hfgmds sfrvdêes fstmrìe ìequfmhes m qumiqufr lidfntf. Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse

E fxfgpie mldgm ä gudte prítdle hf sfr gmntdhe f tmg` äg dgpifgfntm ug mite jrmu hf sfjurmnêm) pehfsf hdzfr quf ä m cergm gmds sfjurm f fcdlmz hf id`frmr e mlfsse jrmhumigfntf mes sfrvdêes.

=38

Imèrmtürde [DNFXH-XLR ZPMRRFP\) lfn írde hf lencdjurm êìe hf gähde pertf? Rmrm gmntfr legpmtd`didhmhf leg sdstfgms gmds mntdjes eu mt ä pfrgdtdr m legundlm êìe leg hdspesdtdves hf rfhf rfhf lege lege retfmher retfmherfs fs f gehfn gehfnss e use he pretele preteleie ie tfinft tfinft mdnhm ä utdidzmhe. Gudte ludhmhe ä nflfss írde nm utdidzm êìe hfstf preteleie peds n ìe kí lrdptejrmcdm f m trelm hf negfs hf usu írdes f sfnkms elerrfg fg tfxte pimne pfim rfhf. E eòftdve hfstf imèrmt ürde ä hdspend`didzmr e sfrvd êe hf tfinft vdnluimhe me supfr sfrvdher xdnfth f mpidlmr rfstrd êöfs hf mlfsse pfie tlp wrmppfrs. E mlfsse hfvf sfr pfrgdtdhe mpfnms pmrm m g íqudnm ielmi +ielmikest.ielmihegmdn%=0:.2.2.=$. E@\? Fssf imèrmt ürde nì nì e vdsm m cunldenmidhmhf he tfinft) gms sdg m hdspend`didzmêì hdspend`didzmêì e he sfrvdê sfrvdêe vdnluimhe me xdnfth f m mpidlmêì mpidlmêì e hms rfjrms pfie tlp wrmppfrs.


=. Xfstf e mlfsse ielmi ielmi he tfinft tfinft? tfinft ielmikest 0. Fxflutf Fxflutf e legmn legmnhe he dclencdj f hfslu`rm sfu DR. Dncergmnhe sfu DR m ug leifjm) pf êm m fif pmrm 9fnhfrfêe DR> tfntmr mlfssmr sfu sfrvdher? tfinft 9fnhfrfê

=36

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde [DNFXH-XLR ZPMRRFP\? =. Dnstmif es pmletfs pmletfs he xdnfth xdnfth f tfinft? tfinft? rpg -dvk xdnfth 1 rpg -dvk tfinft 0. Lenc Lencdj djur urff

e

sfrv sfrvdh dher er

xdnf xdnfth th

f

tfin tfinft ft

pmrm pmrm

dndl dndldm dmid idzm zm êìe

mute muteg gítdlm?

lkalencdj xdnfth en 1 lkalencdj tfinft en <. Dndldf e sfrvd êe xdnfth? sfrvdlf xdnfth stmrt

8. Lencdjurf e mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny %ftl%kests.hfny hm sfjudntf cergm? dn.tfinfth? MII F[LFRX =0:.2.2.=

=33

Nftcditfr? Dntrehuêìe?

êìe hes pmletfs elerrfg sfg nfnkug tdpe hf mpidlmtdve eu hmfgen fxtfrne. M dnspf êìe hes pmletfs ä gudte rípdhm) dsse perquf ä mnmidsmhe f vfrdcdlmhe segfntf e lm`f êmike hes pmletfs) dste ä) ug jrupe hf dncergm êöfs prfsfntfs quf dnliufg e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg) fnhfrf êe hf hfstdne) pertm hf erdjfg) pertm hf M cditrmjfg hf pmletfs ne Idnux elerrf nm pdikm hf rfhf hfntre he Afrnfi) m mnmidsf f vfrdcdlm

hfstdne) tdpe hf preteleie f ftl. M dnspfêìe pmhrìe he nftcditfr elerrf pfie gehfie E\D +Epfn \ystfgs Dntfrlennflt$ rfprfsfntmhe prdnldpmigfntf nms lmgmhms 8 +Xrmnspertf hf preteleie$) < +Pfhf$ f 0 +Fnimlf hf hmhes$) mhdldenmigfntf pehfg sfr dnlerpermhes eutres g ühuies eu cunldenmidhmhfs quf mgpidfg sfu rmde hf dnspf êìe pmrm mt ä e lentf ÿhe hes pmletfs per fxfgpie) mssdg pmrtdnhe pmrm eutrms lmgmhms lege e hm mpidlm

êìe fg sd.

Mlegpmnkmnhe e Idnux) m mrqudtfturm hms tflneiejdms hf cditrmjfg hf pmletfs hfsfnveivfusf gudte nes ÿitdges mnes) nm vfrs ìe he Afrnfi 0.2 e cditre hf pmletfs lkmgmvmsf dpcwmhg) mp üs leg e Afrnfi 0.0 pmsseu m sf lkmgmr dplkmdns f per cdg leg e Afrnfi 0.8 fg hdmntf vfde e Nftcditfr utdidzmnhe lege cfrrmgfntm e dptmìfs. E preofte he nftcditfr ä m`frte) hfsfnveivdhe f gmntdhe pfim legundhmhf vfg lentrdùdnhe pmrm e hfsfnveivdgfnte he Afrnfi f tmg` äg he sulfsse he Idnux. E sdtf ecdldmi he preofte pehf sfr milmn êmhe fg? kttp?%%www.nftcditfr.erj kttp?%%www.nftcditfr.erj..

Gühuies @msf f Fxtfns öfs he Nftcditfr? E dptmìfs ä fxtfns ç vfi) vfi) mssdg) tmnte e afrnfi qumnte e dptmìfs pehfg sfr fxtfnhdhes pmrm cernflfr nevms cunldenmidhmhfs. Ms fxtfns öfs he dptmìfs s ìe `dìdetflms legpmrtdikmhms ms qumds jfrmigfntf fst ìe fg? %id`%gehu %id`%gehuifs%9 ifs%9vfrs vfrsì e mtumi>%afrnfi%nft%dpv8%nftcditfr mtumi>%afrnfi%nft%dpv8%nftcditfr ) ountmgfntf leg es g ühuies `msf.

Fxtfns öfs vïg fg heds tdpes hdcfrfntfs? neves mives +tmrjfts$) f nevms msseldm êöfs +hfpeds cmimrfges gmds se`rf neves mives *tmrjfts*$. Mijuns preteleies mutegmtdlmgfntf ecfrflfg neves tfstfs? mtumigfntf sìe fifs XLR) VHR f DLGR lege gestrmhe m`mdxe. Rmrm fssfs preteleies vel ï pehfrí fspfldcdlmr neves tfstfs nm idnkm hf legmnhe hfpeds hm ep êìe bp*) quf lmrrfjmrí m fxtfns ìe. Rmrm neves tfstfs fxpi ç ldtes) ldtes) utdidzf m ep êìe bg* pmrm lmrrfjmr m fxtfns ìe) hfpeds hf g) tehms ms ep êöfs hm fxtfns ìe fstmrìe hdspenç vfds. vfds. Rmrm lensfjudr mouhm leg ugm fxtfns ìe) utdidzf m ep êìe quf m lmrrfjm +bp*) bo* eu bg*$ sulfhdhm per bk* eu bkfip*) lencergf e fxfgpie? dptmìfs p tlp kfip =3:

Ciuxe hes Rmletfs ne Nftcditfr?

E prelfsse hf cditrmjfg hes pmletfs elerrf`msdlmgfntf fg 6 prdnldpmds pentes) s ìe fifs? ◅

RPFPEVXDNJ

Fstf ◅

ä e prdgfdre pente hf cditrmjfg ieje fg quf es pmletfs lkfjmg. + Xm`fim NMX$

Peutdnj Hfldsden

\f e fnhfrf êe cdnmi he pmletf

ä e sdstfgm ielmi) fnt ìe e pmletf dr í sfr hdrfldenmhe pmrm sfr

vfrdcdlmhe ielmigfntf. \f e hfstdne he pmletf cer eutre sdstfgm f m lmpmldhmhf hf reutfmgfnte hf pmletfs he afrnfi fstdvfr mtdvmhm mtdvmhm +%prel%sys%nft +%prel%sys%nft%dpv8 %dpv8%dpUcerwm %dpUcerwmrh$) rh$) fnt ìe e pmle pmletf tf drm sfr sfr rfhdrfldenmhe f fntrfjuf hf mlerhe leg m tm`fim hf reutfmgfnte.

=3;

◅

CEPZMPH?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs quf dr ìe pmssmr pfie sfu sdstfgm) eu sfom) qumnhe e hfstdne cdnmi n ìe ä e sdstfgm ielmi. +Xm`fim CDIXFP$ ◅

DNRVX?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs hfstdnmhes me sdstfgm ielmi. +Xm`fim CDIXFP$ ◅

EVXRVX?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs jfrmhes ne sdstfgm ielmi) mntfs hf RE\XPEVXDNJ. +Xm`fim NMX f CDIXFP$ ◅

RE\XPEVXDNJ?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs dgfhdmtmgfntf mntfs hf sum sm ç hm. hm. +Xm`fim NMX$

Sfrdcdlmêìe hms Pfjrms? Ms rfjrms s ìe nugfrmhm f erhfnmhms hfntre hms ’lkmdns‗) m pesd êìe hf ugm rfjrm hfntre hm ’lkmdn‗

ä

cunhmgfntmi pmrm sm`fr sf fim sfr í eu n ìe prelfssmhm. Ms vfrdcdlm êöfs dndldmgsf he legf êe pmrm e cdg) eu sfom) ms rfjrms s ìe tfstmhms ugm per vfz) m prdgfdrm rfjrm tfstmhm

ä m rfjrm hf nÿgfre =.

ä fnlentrmhm f mpidlmhm e pmletf ä fntrfjuf f m vfrdcdlm êìe sf fnlfrrm) ms hfgmds rfjrms hm ’lkmdn‗ n ìe s ìe vfrdcdlmhms. Rmrm rfjrms leg v írdes lrdt ärdes) e pmletf hfvf smtdscmzfr tehes es lrdtärdes pmrm sfr fntrfjuf. Lmse me cdnmi he prelfssmgfnte hm ’lkmdn‗ n ìe cer fnlentrmhe nfnkugm rfjrm quf mpidqufsf me pmletf) fnt ìe ä mpidlmhe e peidly pmhr ìe hm lkmdn.

]umnhe ugm rfjrm

Rmrm vdsumidzmr ms rfjrms nugfrmhms usf? dptmìfs I v  idnfnug`frs

Mive hms Pfjrms? Mjerm quf sm`fges qumds ms mn íidsfs pehfg sfr cfdtms fg ug pmletf) prfldsmges hf ugm cergm hf hdzfr e quf cmzfr leg es pmletfs quf pmssmg nms lenhd êöfs quf fstm`fiflfges. Dsse

ä lkmgmhe hf mive

+tmrjft$ hm rfjrm. Rmrm fsleikfr ug mive utdidzf m ep êìe o. MLLFRX +mlfdtmr$. \f m rfjrm sf msseldm leg e pmletf f Kí heds mives `fg sdgpifs? HPER +hfslmrtmr$ f MLLFRX

sfu mive ä ug hfssfs heds) nfnkugm eutrm rfjrm

ä lensuitmhm? e hfstdne he pmletf o í ced hfldhdhe.

Kí heds tdpes hf mives hdcfrfntfs hes hfslrdtes mldgm? ms fxtfns öfs f ms lkmdns hfcdndhms per usu írdes.

=34

Lkmdns Hfcdndhms per Vsuírdes?

ä m pessd`didhmhf he usu írde lrdmr nevms lkmdns) DNRVX) CEPZMPH CEPZMPH f EVXRVX $. miäg hms trïs pmhrìe + DNRVX) $. Rer lenvfnêìe) lkmdns hfcdndhms pfie usu írde sìe fslrdtms fg gdn ÿsluims) hdcfrfnldmnhems. Vgm cunldenmidhmhf quf e dptmìfs kfrheu he dplkmdns

ä ugm lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usu írde) e pmletf pmssm m sfr mnmidzmhe pfims rfjrms hfssm lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usu írde. \f m lkmdn n ìe hfldhf e quf hfvf sfr cfdte leg e pmletf) e gfsge veitm m sfr mnmidzmhe pfim lkmdn pmhr ìe quf lentdnkm m rfjrm quf e ifvmvm pmrm m lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usu írde. ]umnhe ug pmletf msseldmsf leg ugm rfjrm luoe mive +tmrjft$

Fxtfnsöfs hf Lkmdns?

ä ugm fxtfnsìe. Vgm fxtfns ìemive lensdstf fg ug g ühuie he afrnfi) f ugm fxtfns ìe epldenmi me dptmìfs pmrm prevfr ep êöfs hf idnkm hf legmnhe. K í hdvfrsms fxtfnsöfs nm hdstrdùd êìe pmhrìe he nftcditfr?

E eutre tdpe hf mive

IEJ?

Fssf gühuie prev ï iejjdnj hes pmletfs su`gftdhes. Ressud ms sfjudntfs ep êöfs mhdldenmds? --iej-ifvfi

\fjudhe hf ug n ÿgfre hf nç vfi vfi eu negf. Es negf v íidhes +sfnsç vfds vfds m gmdÿsluims%gdnÿsluims$ sìe bhfùj*) bdnce*) bnetdlf*) bwmrndnj*) bfrr*) blrdt*) bmifrt* mnh bfgfrj*) lerrfspenhfnhe m n ÿgfres hf : mt ä 2. Sfom m p íjdnm hf gmnumi he sysiej.lenc pmrm ugm fxpidlm ême gmds hftmikmhm hfssfs n ç vfds. vfds. --iej-prfcdx

\fjudhe hf ugm strdnj hf mt ä 04 lkmrmltfrs) fstm sfr í mhdldenmhm ne dn ç lde lde hm gfnsmjfg hf iej) pfrgdtdnhe gfiker dhfntdcdlm êìe hm gfsgm. Fssf gühuie

ä ÿtdi mpüs ugm legpmrm êìe per idgdtf +idgdt gmtlk$) mssdg) vel ï nìe se`rflmrrfjm

sfus iejs.

=:2

PFOFLX?

Fssf gühuie tfg e gfsge fcfdte hf bHPER*) per äg

ä fnvdmhe ug pmletf DLGR hf rfspestm

dncergmnhe m qufg fnvdeu e pmletf. PFOFLX tmg` äg tfg e mrjugfnte epldenmi *rfofltwdtk* quf mitfrm e pmletf hf rfspestm utdidzmhe? vfom m píjdnm hf gmnumi.

Epfrmêöfs @ísdlms nms Pfjrms hms Lkmdns?

-M

◅

Mhdldenm rfjrm me cdnmi hm lkmdn) sf m tm`fim n ìe cer fspfldcdlmhm sfr í mssugdhm m tm`fim ’cditfr‗) fxfgpie? dptmìfs M DNRVX s =40.=3;.022.068 o HPER

-D

◅

Dnsf Dnsfrf rf ugm ugm rfjr rfjrmm ne dndl dndldde hf ugm ugm lkmd lkmdn n eu nm pes pesd êìe hfsfom hfsfomhm hm rfprfsfn rfprfsfntmhm tmhm nugfrdlmgfntf) fxfgpie? dptmìfs D EVXRVX h =40.=3;.2.2 o HPER

-H

◅

Hfiftm ugm rfjrm `msfmhm fg sfu n ÿgfre hf pesd êìe nm lkmdn. E fxfgpie m`mdxe dr í hfiftmr m rfjrm n ÿgfre < hm lkmdn DNRVX. Rmrm vdsumidzmr e n ÿgfre hms rfjrms usf? dptmìfs I  idnfnug`frs) fxfgpie? dptmìfs H DNRVX <

Epfrmêöfs leg ms Lkmdns?

ä m km`didhmhf hf mountmr rfjrms fg lkmdns +lmhfdms$. Selï pehf hmr e negf quf qudsfr pmrm ms lkmdns) gms ä rflegfnhmhm m utdidzm êìe hf gdnÿsluims pmrm fvdtmr lencus ìe leg ms lkmdns pmhr ìe eu leg es mives +tmrjfts$. Negfs hf lkmdns pehfg tfr mt ä <= Vgm cunldenmidhmhf gudte dgpertmntf he dptmìfs

iftrms. Lrdmnhe ugm nevm lkmdn?

Vsmhe pmrm lrdmr lkmdns) vmges lkmg íim hf tfst. Vtdidzmsf ms ep êöfs bN* eu bnfwlkmdn*? , dptmìfs -N tfst

=:=

Mpmjmnhe ugm Lkmdn?

Mpmjmr ugm lkmdn ä tìe sdgpifs qumnte lrd íim) utdidzmnhe ms ep êöfs b[* eu bhfiftflkmdn*. , dptmìfs -[ tfst

Kí ugm särdf hf rfstrd êöfs me sf mpmjmr ugm lkmdn? fim hfvf fstmr vmzdm +vfom Fsvmzdmnhe ugm lkmdn) ieje m`mdxe$ f fim n ìe hfvf sfr mive hf NFNKVGM rfjrm.

vfi mpmjmr nfnkugm hms tr ïs lkmdns Ä dgpess ç vfi pmhrìe. \f ugm lkmdn n ìe cer fspfldcdlmhm) tehms ms lkmdns hfcdndhms per usu írde sfrìe mpmjmhms) hfshf quf sfom pess ç vfi. vfi. Fsvmzdmnhe ugm lkmdn?

Kí ugm cergm gudte sdgpifs hf rftdrmr tehms ms rfjrms hf ugm lkmdn) utdidzmnhe ms ep êöfs bC* +eu b ciusk*$. , dptmìfs -C CEPZMPH

Idstmnhe ugm lkmdn?

Rehfsf idstmr tehms ms rfjrms hf ugm lkmdn utdidzmnhe ms ep êöfs bI* +eu bidst*$ \f e negf hm lkmdn

ä egdtdhe) tehms ms lkmdns sfr ìe idstmhms) mt ä ms vmzdms.

Kí trïs epêöfs quf pehfg mlegpmnkmr bI*. M ep êìe bn* +nugärdle$ ä gudte ÿtdi) ugm vfz quf prfvdnf quf e dptmìfs tfntf rfseivfr rfseivfr es fnhfrf êes DR) e quf +sf vel ï utdidzm HN\ mssdg lege m gmderdm hms pfssems$ lmusmrdm jrmnhfs mtrmses sf e HN\ n ìe fstí lencdjurmhe lerrftmgfntf) eu vel ï fstí cditrmnhe rfqudsd êöfs HN\. Fssm ep êìe tmg`äg cmz ms pertms XLR f VHR sfrfg dgprfssms lege n ÿgfres fg vfz hf negfs. M ep êìe bv* gestrm tehes es hftmikfs hms rfjrms) lege es lentmherfs hf pmletfs f `ytfs) ms legpmrm êöfs XE\) f ms dntfrcmlfs. Lmse tmi ep êìe nìe sfom pmssmhm) fssfs vmierfs sfr ìe egdtdhes. Netf quf es lentmherfs hf pmletfs f `ytfs s ìe dgprfsses leg es sucdxes bA*) bG* eu bJ* pmrm =.222) =.222.222 f =.222.222.222 rfspfltdvmgfntf. Vtdidzmnhe m cimj bx* +fxpmnhdr n ÿgfres$ es n ÿgfres sfrìe dgprfsses dntfdres) dn tfdres) dnhfpfnhfntf hf sfu tmgmnke. , dptmìfs -I -v -n

_frmnhe lentmherfs?

Ä ÿtdi zfrmr es lentmherfs. Dsse pehf sfr cfdte leg m ep êìe b_* +eu bzfre*$. , dptmìfs -_ CEPZMPH

=:0

Fsleikfnhe peiç tdlm tdlm pmhrìe?

Mpfnms ms lkmdns pmhr ìe +DNRVX) EVXRVX f CEPZMPH$ tïg peiç tdlms) tdlms) perquf sf ug pmletf lkfjm me cdg hf ugm lkmdn hfcdndhm per usu írde) e lmgdnke he pmletf lentdnum pfim lkmdn mntfrder. M peiç tdlm tdlm pehf sfr tmnte MLLFRX +mlfdtmr$ qumnte HPER +rfofdtmr$) per fxfgpie? , dptmìfs -R CEPZMPH HPER

Lrdtärdes hf vfrdcdlm êìe hms Lkmdns? Fg ugm rfjrm pehfges fspfldcdlmr hdvfrsms lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms hf ug pmletf) vfom m`mdxe ms lmrmltfr ç stdlms stdlms `ísdlms? ◅

-d

Dntfrcmlf hf rfhf hf fntrmhm. Fxfgpie? dptmìfs M DNRVX d ftk= o HPER ◅

-e

Dntfrcmlf hf rfhf hf sm ç hm. hm. Fxfgpie? dptmìfs M EVXRVX e ftk2 o PFOFLX ◅

-p

Rreteleie. Fxfgpie? dptmìfs M DNRVX p uhp o HPER ◅

-s

E fnhfrf êe DR hf erdjfg. Fxfgpie? dptmìfs M DNRVX s =40.=3;.022.2 o MLLFRX ◅

-h

E fnhfrf êe DR hf hfstdne. Fxfgpie? dptmìfs M EVXRVX h =40.=3;.=.068 o HPER

=:<

Fxtfnsöfs XLR? Ms fxtfnsöfs XLR sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf

ä fspfldcdlmhm m ep êìe bp tlp*. Fims prev ïg

ms sfjudntfs ep êöfs +nfnkugm msseldmsf leg crmjgfntes$? ◅

--tlp-cimjs

\fjudhm per ugm epldenmi b-*) f per hums strdnjs dnhdlmnhe cimjs) pfrgdtf quf sfomg cditrmhms cimjs XLR fspflç cdlms. cdlms. M prdgfdrm strdnj hf cimjs

ä m gíslmrm? ugm idstm hf cimjs quf sfr ìe fxmgdnmhms.

M sfjunhm strdnj hdz qumds cimjs hfvfg fstmr mtdvms pmrm quf m rfjrm sf mpidquf. Rer fxfgpie? , dptmìfs -M DNRVX --pretelei tlp --tlp-cimjs MII \TN)MLA -o HPER

ä sdnøndge hf b\TN)MLA)CDN)P\X)VPJ)R\K*$) gms mpfnms \TN f MLA hfvfg fstmr mtdvmhms. Xmg` äg k í ug Fssm rfjrm dnhdlm quf tehms ms cimjs hfvfg sfr fxmgdnmhms +bMII* mrjugfnte bNENF* quf sdjndcdlm nfnkugm cimj. ◅

--syn

Dnhdlm rfqudsd êìe hf dndlde hf lenfx ìe. ◅

--spert

Dnhdlm pertm hf erdjfg. ◅

--hpert

Dnhdlm pertm hf hfstdne. ◅

--tlp-eptden

sfjudhm per b-* epldenmi f ug n ÿgfre) msseldmsf leg ug pmletf leg m ep êìe XLR djumi me he nÿgfre pmssmhe. pmssmhe. Vg pmletf pmletf quf n ìe tfg ug lm`f êmike XLR legpifte

ä mutegmtdlmgfntf

hfslmrtmhe sf k í ugm tfntmtdvm hf fxmgdnmr sums ep êöfs XLR. E@\? Ms pertms pehfg sfr fspfldcdlmhms pfies sfus negfs msseldmhes me %ftl%sfrvdlf. Pmnjf hf pertms pertms s ì e fspfldcdlmhes sfpmrmhes pfie lmrmltfr ’?‗. Rmrm nfjm êì e utdidzf e lmrmltfr ’-‗.

=:8

Fxtfnsöfs VHR? Fssms fxtfnsöfs s ìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf m ep êìe bp uhp*

ä fspfldcdlmhm. Fim prev ï ms epêöfs

bseurlfpert*) bspert*) bhfstdnmtdenpert* mnh bhpert* lencergf hftmikmhe pmrm e XLR mldgm.

Fxtfnsöfs DLGR? Fssms fxtfns öfs sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf m ep êìe bp dlgp*

ä fspfldcdlmhm. Fim s ü pessud

ugm epêìe hdcfrfntf hms hfgmds? ◅

--dlgp-typf

Fspfldc Fspfldcdlm dlm ug negf negf hf tdpe tdpe dlgp dlgp +per fxfgpie) fxfgpie) bkestun bkestunrfm rfmlkm` lkmìf*$) if*$) eu ug tdpe nug ärdle +fxfgpie b<*$) eu ug tdpe nug ärdle f l ühdje sfpmrmhes per b%* +fxfgpie b<%<*$. Vgm idstm hf tdpes dlgp ä pmssmhm utdidzmnhesf bp dlgp “kfip*.

Lkflmjfns hf fstmhe hes pmletfs? E lrdtärde pmrm cditrmjfg hf pmletfs gmds ÿtdi

ä prevdhe pfim fxtfns ìe *stmtf* quf dntfrprftm m mn íidsf he lentreif hm lenfx ìe cfdtm pfie g ühuie bdpUlenntrmla*. Fssm fxtfns ìe ä mitmgfntf rflegfnhmhm. Fspfldcdlmnhe bg stmtf* m ep êìe bstmtf* ternmsf hdspen ç vfi) vfi) m qumi ä ugm idstm hes fstmhes pess ç vfds vfds hes pmletfs sfpmrmhm per v ç rjuim rjuim +m ep êìe b-* dnhdlm pmrm quf m rfjrm nìe sf msseldf leg es fstmhes pmssmhes$.

ä sfg hÿvdhms m lmpmldhmhf gmds pehfresm he Nftcditfr se`rf e mntdje dplkmdns. Vtdidzmnhe fstm fxtfns ìe ä pessç vfi vfi fvdtmr hf m`rdr dn ÿgfrms pertms hf rfterne pmrm es pmletfs. Mntdjmgfntf leg e dplkmdns ms rfjrms frmg fslrdtms fg pmrfs hf fntrmhm f sm ç hm. hm. Fstm

Fxdstf ug mugfnte sdjndcdlmtdve ne lensuge hf gfg ürdm qumnhe utdidzmhe fssm fxtfns ìe) peräg fxdstf tmg`äg ugm pfqufnm vmntmjfg peds e n ÿgfre hf rfjrms tfstmhms

ä rfhuzdhe mpüs m lenfxìe sfr

fstm`fifldhm.

Sfom nm pr üxdgm píjdnm m hfslrd êìe hfssms fxtfns öfs?

=:6

NFZ

◅

Vg pmletf quf lrdm ugm nevm lenfx ìe. F\XM@ID\KFH

◅

Vg pmletf quf pfrtfnlf m ugm lenfx ìe fxdstfntf +ug pmletf hf rfspestm) ug pmletf smdnhe per ugm lenfxìe nm qumi o í keuvfrmg rfspestms$. PFIMXFH

◅

Vg pmletf rfimldenmhe) gms quf n ìe cmz pmrtf) hf ugm lenfx ìe fxdstfntf) lege ug frre DLGR) eu +leg e gühuie CXR lmrrfjmhe$) ug pmletf fstm`fiflfnhe ugm lenfx ìe hf hmhes CXR. DNSMIDH

◅

Vg pmletf quf n ìe pøhf sfr dhfntdcdlmhe per mijugm rmz ìe? dsse dnliud cmitm hf gfg ürdm f frres DLGR quf nìe lerrfspenhfg m qumiqufr lenfx ìe lenkfldhm. Jfrmigfntf tmds pmletfs hfvfg sfr hfslmrtmhes.

NMX?

ä ugm tälndlm quf gmndpuim mijuns lmgpes he lm`f êmike he pmletf) lege? fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg) fnhfrf êe hf hfstdne) pertm hf erdjfg f pertm hf hfstdne mcdg hf rfmidzmr NMX eu +Nftwera Mhhrfss Xmìf$

retfmgfntes eu rfhdrfldenmgfntes nm rfhf. Sfom m`mdxe es tdpes gmds leguns hf NMX?

◅

Hfstdnmtden NMX eu HNMX

Es pmletfs s ìe gmndpuimhes nm lkmdn RPFPEVXDNJ) dste

ä) ieje qumnhe es pmletfs lkfjmg. \ìe gmndpuimhes es lmgpes hf hfstdne rffnvdmnhe es pmletfs pmrm eutre fnhfrf êe eu pertm. Fstf tdpe hf NMX ä gudte legug fg HG_s) enhf es sfrvdherfs hf GMDI) ZF@ per fxfgpie) pfrtfnlfg m rfhf dntfrnm. Ä rfmidzmhe ug rfhdrfldenmgfnte he DR v íidhe pmrm es DRs ielmds quf lerrfspenhfg mes sfrvdherfs quf rfspenhfg rfqudsd êöfs hf GMDI f ZF@. Rert cerwmrhdnj) iemh skmrdnj) f prexy trmnspmrfntf s ìe cergm hf HNMX.

=:3

◅

\eurlf NMX eu \NMX) GM\]VFPMHF

Es pmletfs s ìe gmndpuimhes nm lkmdn RE\XPEVXDNJ) dste ä) ieje qumnhe hfdxmg e sdstfgm. \ìe gmndpuimhes es lmgpes hf erdjfg hes pmletfs quf fst ìe smdnhe. Dsse

ä ugm cergm hf gmslmrmr ugm lenfx ìe peds sf guhm hf enhf v ïg ugm lenfx ìe. Gmsqufrmhdnj ä ugm cergm fspfldmidzmhm hf \NMX.

Fxfgpie Rrítdle hf NMX?

E`sfrvf m HG_ +_enm Hfsgdidtmrdzmhm$ m`mdxe?

Ms gíqudnms sfrvdherms hf www f ctp n ìe pessufg DRs víidhes nm Dntfrnft) per äg sìe mlfssmhms pfie fxdstfg rfjrms rfjrms hf ä) fxdstfg rfhdrfldenmgfnte hf lenfx öfs quf lkfjmg ne cdrfwmii nes preteleies kttp f ctp pmrm fnhfrf êes ielmds.

gunhe gunhe fxtfrder fxtfrder hfvdhe m rfjrms rfjrms hf HNMX HNMX dgpifg dgpifgfntm fntmhms hms ne cdrfwmii cdrfwmii)) dste dste

=::

\eurlf NMX? Selï qufr cmzfr \eurlf NMX1 guhmr e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg hms lenfxöfs pmrm mije hdcfrfntf. Dsse

ä cfdte

nm lkmdn RE\XPEVXDNJ) ieje mntfs hf quf e pmletf smdm hm g íqudnm. Dsse

ä ug hftmikf gudte dgpertmntf) peds sdjndcdlm quf qumiqufr tmrfcm hm sum g íqudnm Idnux +reutdnj) pmlaft cditfrdnj$ vfr í e pmletf dnmitfrmhe. Dsse tmg` äg sdjndcdlm quf m ep êìe be*+dntfrcmlf hf sm ç hm$ hm$ pehf sfr utdidzmhm. \eurlf NMX

ä fspfldcdlmhe leg bo \NMX*) f m ep êìe bteseurlf* hfgenstrm ug fnhfrf êe DR) ug rmnjf

hf fnhfrf êes DR) f ugm pertm epldenmi eu ug rmnjf hf pertms +mpfnms pmrm es preteleies XLR f VHR$. ,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8. , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8 ,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8) =.0.<.6 eu =.0.<.3 , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8-=.0.<.3 ,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8) pertms =-=20< , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -p tlp -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8?=-=20<

Gmsqufrmhdnj? Kí ug lmse fspfldmi hf \eurlf NMX lkmgmhe gmsqufrmhdnj) quf s ü hfvf sfr utdidzmhe pmrm fnhfrf êes DR hdnàgdles) lege ms lenfx öfs hdmiup +pmrm fnhfrf êes DR fstítdles) utdidzf \NMX hfslrdte mldgm$. Ne gmsqufrmhdnj) n ìe ä nflfss írde fxpidldtmr e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg? sfr í utdidzmhe e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg hm dntfrcmlf hf sm ç hm hm he pmletf. Gms e gmds dgpertmntf ä quf sf e idna lmdr) e fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg quf fstmvm sfnhe utdidzmhe idna cer rfstm`fifldhe.

ä hfslmrtmhe) hmnhe iujmr m ug neve fnhfrf êe hf erdjfg hm dntfrcmlf qumnhe e

,, Gmslmrmnhe tuhe quf smd pfim dntfrcmlf ppp2. , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ppp2 -o GM\]VFPMHF

=:;

Hfstdnmtden NMX?

ä cfdte nm lkmdn RPFPEVXDNJ) mssdg quf e pmletf lkfjm1 dsse sdjndcdlm quf tehms ms eutrms tmrfcms hm sum g íqudnm qudnm Idnux +reutdnj) +reutdnj) pmlaft cditfrdnj$ vfr ìe e pmletf o í dnhe pmrm sfu hfstdne vfrhmhfdre. M ep êìe bd* +dntfrcmlf hf fntrmhm$ pehf sfr utdidzmhm. HNMX

Rmrm mitfrmr e hfstdne hf pmletfs jfrmhes ielmigfntf) m lkmdn EVXRVX hfvf sfr utdidzmhm) gms dsse n ìe ä gudte utdidzmhe. Hfstdnmtden Hfstdnmtden NMX ä fspfldcd fspfldcdlmhm lmhm utdidz utdidzmnhe mnhe bo HNMX*) HNMX*) f m ep êìe btehfstdnmtden* fspfldcdlm ug fnhfrf êe DR) ug rmnjf hf DRs) f ugm pertm epldenmi eu ug rmnjf hf pertms +mpfnms pmrm preteleies XLR f VHR$. ,, Guhmnhe hfstdne pmrm 6.3.:.; , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk2 -o HNMX --te 6.3.:.; ,, Guhmnhe hfstdne pmrm 6.3.:.;) 6.3.:.4 eu 6.3.:.=2. , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk2 -o HNMX --te 6.3.:.;-6.3.:.=2 ,, Guhmnhe hfstdne he tr ícfje wf` pmrm 6.3.:.;) pertm ;2;2. , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -p tlp --hpert ;2 -d ftk2 Y -o HNMX --te 6.3.:.;?;2;2 ,, Pfhdrfldenmr pmletfs ielmds leg hfstdne m =.0.<.8 pmrm ieep`mla. , dptmìfs -t nmt -M EVXRVX -h =.0.<.8 -o HNMX --te =0:.2.2.=

Pfhdrfldenmgfnte? Kí ug lmse fspfldmidzmhe hf Hfstdnmtden NMX lkmgmhe rfhdrfldenmgfnte?

ä ugm sdgpifs lenvfnd ïnldm)

m qumi fqudvmif m cmzfr HNMX pmrm e fnhfrf êe hm prüprdm dntfrcmlf hf fntrmhm. ,, Gmnhmnhe tr ícfje wf` hm pertm-;2 pmrm nesse squdh prexy +trmnspmrfntf$ , dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk= -p tlp --hpert ;2 Y -o PFHDPFLX --te-pert <=0;

\mivmnhe ms Pfjrms he Dptmìfs? E dptmìfs ä ugm cfrrmgfntm quf gmndpuim ms rfjrms he cditre hf pmletfs he Afrnfi) ms rfjrms cdlmg mtdvms nm gfgürdm mtä quf e sdstfgm sfom rfdndldmhe) qumnhe e sdstfgm ä hfsidjmhe tehms ms rfjrms nm gfg ürdm sfrìe pfrhdhms pfrhdhms.. E PKFI PKFI hdspen hdspend` d`did didzm zm hf ugm cergm gudte gudte pr ítdlm f fcdlmz hf jrmvmr tehm sum lencdjurm êìe hf rfjrms mtrmv äs he jfrfnldmgfnte hf ug slrdpt rfmidzmhe leg e legmnhe sfrvdlf. ◅

Rmrm jrmvmr m lencdjurm êìe mtumi hms rfjrms usf? sfrvdlf dptmìfs smvf ìe jrmvmhms fg ug mrqudve ielmidzmhe fg? %ftl%syslencdj%dptmìfs E@\? Ms rfjrms sfr ì

=:4

Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\) lfnírde hf lencdjurm êìe hf pfqufne pertf? Mntfs hf dndldmr fstf imèrmt ürde? Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf n ìe k í nfnkugm rfstrd êìe fstm`fifldhm ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny f tmg` äg quf nìe k í nfnkugm rfjrm hf cditrmjfg o í lencdjurmhm) pmrm dsse usf? dptmìfs -I. Sfrdcdquf sf es sfrvd êes hf ssk f kttp fst ìe lencdjurmhes f mtdves.

Dgpifgfntm êìe he imètmt ürde? Lrdf ugm lencdjurm êìe hf cdrfwmii pfrsdstfntf me rf-èet pmrm ìequfmr ms lenfx öfs pmrm es sfrvd êes hf ssk f kttp. Vg hftmikf dgpertmntf ä quf e lidfntf hfvf rflf`fr ugm gfnsmjfg DLGR hf rfterne sf m lenfxìe nìe cer rfmidzmhm. Xehes es ìequfdes hf lenfx öfs hfvfg sfr hfvdhmgfntf iejmhes ne sdstfgm. Mpfnms es sfrvd êes hfslrdtes hfvfg sfr ìequfmhes) es hfgmds sfrvd êes hfvfg lentdnumr m epfrmr nergmigfntf.


=. LfrtdcdqufLfrtdcdquf-sf quf es mlfsses mlfsses ielmds fst fst ìe cunldenmnhe? cunldenmnhe? ssk ielmikest fidnas -hugp =0:.2.2.=

0. Hfsidquf sfu cdrfwmii? cdrfwmii? sfrvdlf dptmìfs step

<. Rfêm pmrm mijug leifjm tfstmr m hdspend`didhmhf hes sfrvd êes hf ssk f kttp hf sum g íqudnm? ssk 9sfu 9sf u fnhfrf ê e DR> fidnas -hugp 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

8. Mtdvf Mtdvf sfu cdrfwmii cdrfwmii?? sfrvdlf dptmìfs stmrt

6. Rfêm pmrm mijug leifjm tfstmr m hdspend`didhmhf hes sfrvd êes hf ssk f kttp hf sum g íqudnm? ssk 9sfu 9sf u fnhfrf ê e DR> fidnas -hugp 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

=;2

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde DRXM@IF\? =. Lencdjurf ms rfjrms? dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert 00 -o IEJ dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert ;2 -o IEJ dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert 00 -o PFOFLX dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert ;2 -o PFOFLX

0. Jrmvf ms rfjrms mtumds? mtumds? sfrvdlf dptmìfs smvf

<. Mhdldenf Mhdldenf e dptmìfs dptmìfs pmrm pmrm sfr dndldmidzmhe dndldmidzmhe ne ne èet? lkalencdj dptmìfs en

=;=

Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\-\T\IEJ) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf? Mntfs hf dndldmr fstf imèrmtü imèrmtürde? Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf nì nìe kí kí nfnkugm rfjrm hf cditrmjfg oí oí lencdjurmhm) pmrm dsse usf? dptmìfs -I.

Dgpifgfntmêì Dgpifgfntmêìe e he imètmtü imètmtürde? Hdrfldenf tehes es iejs hf tehes pmletfs hm dntfrcmlf ftk2 pmrm %vmr%iej%ftk2. Nfnkug eutre mrqudve hf iej hfvf rflf`fr iejs rfimtdves m dntfrmclf ftk2.


=. Fxflutf e legmnhe legmnhe m`mdxe pmrm jfrmr mijug trí trícfje? pdnj =40.=3;.022.068 # 0. Fxflutf e legmnhe legmnhe m`mdxe f e`sfrvf e trí trícfje hm dntfrcmlf? tmdi -c %vmr%iej%ftk2 %vmr%iej%ftk2 <. Sfrdcdquf Sfrdcdquf sf ne mrqudve prdnldpmi prdnldpmi hf iejs %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs k í iejs hf pmletfs? %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs nìe kí tmdi %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

=;0

\eiuêìe he imèrmt ürde DRXM@IF\-\T\IEJ? =. Lencdjurf Lencdjurf ms rfjrms? dptmìfs -M DNRVX -d ftk2 -o IEJ dptmìfs -M CEPZMPH -d ftk2 -o IEJ dptmìfs -M CEPZMPH -e ftk2 -o IEJ dptmìfs -M EVXRVX EVXRVX -e ftk2 -o IEJ

0. Mhdldenf Mhdldenf ms lencdjurm lencdjurmêö fs m`mdxe ne mrqudve %ftl%sysiej.lenc %ftl%sysiej.lenc êöfs afrn./

%vmr%iej%ftk2

/.dnce1gmdi.nenf1mutkprdv.nenf1lredn.nenf1afrn.nenf

%vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

<. Pf-dndldf Pf-dndldf e sysiejh sysiejh Adiimii -KVR sysiejh

=;<

IM@EPMXÜPDE\ LEGRIFGFNXMPF\

Pum Oernmidstm Gmnefi Gfnfzfs =84) Leno 820 Cierdmnüpeids “ \L “ LFR ;;2<8'232

Imèrmtürde hf Dnstmimêìe vdm Pfhf f Adlastmrt) A dlastmrt) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lege eòftdve prdnldpmi) fstf imèrmtürde celm e prelfhdgfnte legpifte hf dnstmimêìe vdm mg`dfntf hf rfhf mutegmtdzmhe) dste ä) drfges prmtdlmr m rf'dnstmimêìe legpiftm he sdstfgm enhf tehms ms pfrjuntms he prejrmgm dnstmimher sfrìe rfspenhdhms mutegmtdlmgfntf per ug mrqudve prfvdmgfntf prfpmrmhe. \djm \djm lerrft lerrftmg mgfnt fntff ms dnst dnstru ruêöf êöfss m`md m`mdxe) xe) fstm fstm dnst dnstmi mimêì mêìee sfrí sfrí hfcdn hfcdndt dtdv dvmm pmrm pmrm mtä mtä e cdnmi cdnmi hf sfu trfdnmgfnte f preperldenmrí m rfmidzmêìe hes hfgmds imèrmtürdes f fxfrlçldes cutures. M`mdxe fstm e mrqudve hf adlastmrt quf drfges utdidzmr? , Dndlde he mrqudve hf Adlastmrt dnstmii ncs ''sfrvfr7=40.=3;.022.068 ''hdr7%vmr%ctp%pu` imnj fnUV\.VXC'; afyèmrh `r'm`nt0 afy ''sadp xlencdj ''stmrtxenèet nftwera ''hfvdlf ftk2 ''èetprete hklp ''kestnmgf stmtden=.im`.nft reetpw ''dslryptfh (=(vj2zH:Gf( %ftl%hklidfnt.lenc , Cdg he mrqudve hf Adlastmrt

Dnstruêöfs? +Ifdm legpiftmgfntf tehms ms dnstruêöfs f sü mpüs dndldf e imèrmtürde$ =. Hftfrgdnf e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm leg e legmnhe kestnmgf 0. Vsmnhe ug fhdter) lrdf sfu mrqudve hf adlastmrt m pmrtdr he fxfgpie mldgm <. Lencdjurf lerrftmgfntf e pmràgftre ''kestnmgf stmtden=.im`.nft pmrm e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm g íqudnm 8. Lepdf sfu mrqudve hf adlastmrt pmrm e sfrvdher =40.=3;.022.068) jrmvf e mrqudve leg e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm)

fxfgpie?

8.= geunt =40.=3;.022.068?%gyadlastmrt %gnt 8.0 lp adlastmrt %gnt%stmtden[.im`.nft 8.< ugeunt %gnt 6. Dnsdrm e LH cernfldhe pfie pf ie dnstruter ne hrdvf hf LHPEG f hdjdtf rfèet 3. Mpüs e èet pfie LHPEG hdjdtf? idnux as7ncs?=40.=3;.022.068?%gyadlastmrt%stmtden[.im`.nft

:. +ERLDENMI$ Pfmidzf sums prüprdms lustegdzmêöfs utdidzmnhe tehm vfrsmtdidhmhf hes slrdpts fg `msk nm sfêìe &pest) gms nìe rftdrf ms idnkms oí dnliuçhms dnliuçhms nfstm sfêìe) mlrfslfntf sfu slrdpt me cdnmi he mrqudve.

Netm?

Rmrm Rmrm flen fleneg egdz dzmr mr tfgpe fgpe hf hdjd hdjdtm tmêì êìee fcft fcftuf uf e hewn hewnie iemh mh he mrqu mrqudv dvee hf adla adlast stmr mrtt gehf gehfie ie vdm vdm ctp ctp hf =40.=3;.022.068%pu`%adlastmrt'gehfie

M sfnkm he usuírde reet mpüs m dnstmimêìe sfrí ’rfhkmt‗. Ced rfsfrvmhe fspmêe fg hdsle prepesdtmigfntf pmrm rfmidzmêìe hes hfgmds imèrmtürdes hfstf trfdnmgfnte.

Sfrdcdlmêöfs mpüs m dnstmimêìe? =. 0.

Sfrdcdquf sf e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm fstm fs tm lencdjurmhe lerrftmgfntf. Sfrdcdquf es mrqudves hf iejs jfrmhes hurmntf e prelfsse hf dnstmimêìe. +Lensuitf Mpestdim$

Imèrmtürde +2=$ ' Epfn\\K?

Hdspend`didzf e mlfsse rfgete me sdstfgm ielmi lencdjurmnhe e sfrvdher Epfn\\K. E usuírde reet hfvfrí tfr mlfsse mtrmväs hm lentm he usuírde gmrles mutfntdlmnhe'sf per gfde hf lkmvf pÿìdlm%prdvmhm. Hf nfnkugm cergm e supfr'usuírde pehfrí iejmr'sf rfgetmgfntf ne sdstfgm dncergmnhe sfu pmsswerh. Es hfgmd hfgmdss usuír usuírde dess he sdst sdstfgm fgm peh pehfrì frìee mutf mutfnt ntdl dlmr mr'sf 'sf vdm vdm pmssw pmsswerh erh eu lkmvf lkmvf pÿ` pÿìd idlm lm%pr %prdv dvmh mhmm nergmigfntf. E@\?. Lmse es usuírdes nìe fxdstmg ne sdstfgm velï hfvfrí lrdmr'ies.

Xfstf hf Smidhmêìe Smidhmêìe Imèrmtürde +2=$ ' Epfn\\K? Epfn\ \K? lmriesBielmikest st Xfstf e mlfsse vdm pmsswerh hf usuírdes rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm? ssk lmriesBielmike Leg e usuír usuírde de gmrl gmrles es iejmh iejmhe) e) hdspe hdspend nd`di `didz dzmnh mnhee m lkmvf lkmvf pÿ` pÿìd idlm% lm%prd prdvm vmhm hm tfst tfstff e mlfss mlfssee Bielmikest mutegítdle ne sdstfgm he usuírde reet? ssk reet Bielmikest <. Leg e usuírde lmries iejmhe ne sdstfgm tfntf mlfssmr e sdstfgm lege usuírde reet dncergmnhe m sfnkm lerrftm. =. 0.

ssk reetBielmikest

Imèrmtürde +20$ “ Epfn\\K?

Lencdjur Lencd jurff tmg` tmg`äg äg pmrm pmrm mlfs mlfssmr smr e sdst sdstfgm fgm rfge rfgetm tmgf gfnt ntff lege lege usuír usuírde de reet reet mtrmv mtrmväs äs hf lkmvf lkmvf pÿìdlm%prdvmhm ms lentms hes usuírdes mhrdmne f iulms. iulms . E@\?. Lmse es usuírdes nìe fxdstmg ne sdstfgm velï hfvfrí lrdmr'ies.

Xfstf hf Smidhmêìe Smidhmêìe Imèrmtürde +20$ ' Epfn\\K? Epfn\ \K? =.

Pfspf Pfspflt ltdv dvmgf mgfnt ntff leg es usuírd usuírdes es mhrdm mhrdmne ne f iulms iulms iejmh iejmhes es)) hdspe hdspend nd`d `did idzmn zmnhe he m lkmv lkmvff pÿìdlm%prdvmhm) tfstf e mlfsse mutegítdle ne sdstfgm he usuírde reet? ssk reet Bielmikest Bielmikest

\eiuêìe Imèrmtürde +=$ Epfn\\K?

Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lencdjurf e sfrvdher Epfn\\K pmrm dndldmidzmêìe mutegítdlm? lkalencdj sskh en 0. Le Lenc ncdj djur urff e pmrà pmràgf gftr tree ne mrqu mrqudv dvee %ftl%ssk%sskhUlen %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj cdj ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn 7 wdtkeut' =.

pmsswerh‗ pmsswerh‗ <.

Leg e usuírde gmrles iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe?

ssk'afyjfn ssk'afyjfn 8.

Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lepdf e mrqudve %kegf %gmrles%.ssk%dh %gmrles%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` Ursm.pu` pmrm

%reet%.ssk%mut %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUa kerdzfhUafys fys 6. 3.

Moustf ms pfrgdssöfs he mrqudve? lkgeh :22 %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys Pf'dndldf e sfrvdêe? sfrvdlf sskh sskh rfstmrt rfstmrt

\eiuêìe Imèrmtürde +0$ Epfn\\K? =.

Leg e usuírde mhrdmne iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk'afyjfn ssk'afyjfn

0.

Leg e usuírde iulms iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe?

ssk'afyjfn ssk'afyjfn

<. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm hdjdtf? 8. lmt %kegf%mhrdmne%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` >> %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys 6. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm hdjdtf? 3. lmt %kegf%iulms%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` >> %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys

Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe? +Ifdm legpiftmgfntf tehms ms dnstruêöfs f sü mpüs dndldf e imèrmtürde$

Mntfs hf dndldmr dndldmr fstf imèrmtürde) imèrmtürde) lfrtdcdquf'sf lfrtdcdquf'sf hf quf velï hfsgenteu hfsgenteu legpiftmgfntf legpiftmgfntf leg sulfsse ms lencdjurmêöfs he imèrmtürde mntfrder. +ghmhg ''step %hfv%gh2 $. Lmse velï hfsfof lrdmr ug eutre hdspesdtdve hdspesdtdve PMDH ne sdstfgm) hfvfrí lrdmr e neve nehf mntfs. \f hfsfomr e ghmhg pehf cmzfr dsse per velï mhdldenmnhe m epêìe mute7yfs ne gegfnte hm lrdmêìe he mrrmy. Lrdf ugm lencdjurmêìe hf \ectwmrf PMDH hf nçvfi 6) e tetmi hf fspmêe hdspençvfi pmrm mpidlmêöfs hfvf sfr hf mprexdgmhmgfntf 022G. Hdspend`didzf 20 hdsles fg lencdjurmêìe hf spmrf pmrm fstf mrrmy. Vg hftmikf gudte dgpertmntf ä quf fstf mrrmy hfvf tfr e lkuna sdzf lencdjurmhe pmrm =0;A. E Cdifsystfg hfvf sfr tdpe fxt< leg e tmgmnke hf ìele djumi m 8243 @ytfs) lrdf e cdifsystfg mlegehmnhe es ìeles nes lkunas he PMDH hf cergm m lrdmr ugm fstruturm hf hmhes dntfidjfntf f etdgdzmhm. Rfêm vfrdcdlmêìe nm kerm hm cergmtmêìe lentrm `mh ìelas f tmg`äg nìe fsqufêm hf fspfldcdlmr quf nìe ä nflfssírde rfsfrvmr fspmêe nfstf cdifsystfg pmrm e supfr usuírde. E hdspesdtdve PMDH 6 hfvf sfr gentmhe pfie veiugf im`fi ’lentfdnfr=‗ ne gegfnte he èet he sdstfgm. Xmgmnke he PMDH 6?

Rmrm lmiluimr e tmgmnke tetmi he mrrmy hf ug PMDH 6 usf m cerguim? +N'=$/\ enhf N ä e nÿgfre hf hdspesdtdves f \ ä e tmgmnke he gfner hdspesdtdve) ä fxtrfgmgfntf rflegfnhmhe quf tehes es hdspesdtdves sfomg he gfsge tmgmnke) sf pessçvfi gfsge gehfie. Lencdjurmêìe hf \pmrf?

Lencdjurmêìe hf spmrf ä enhf hdspesdtdves fxtrms sìe mhdldenmhes pmrm mutegmtdlmgfntf su`stdtudr legpenfntfs mtdves he mrrmy segfntf fg lmse hf cmikm hes gfsges. Rmrm fcftumr fstm lencdjurmêìe utdidzf e pmràgftre 'x he ghmhg nm kerm hm lrdmêìe he mrrmy. Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs lensuitf? gmn ghmhg @iela \dzfs) Lkuna \dzfs # PMDH 6 Xunndnj?

E tmgmnke hes ìeles hf ug cdifsystfg mcftmg hdrftmgfntf m pfrcergmnlf hfssf cdifsystfg. Lmse velï tfnkm ug cdifsystfg gudte jrmnhf tfrí quf lencdjurmr e tmgmnke hf ìele gmderfs) m nìe sfr quf fstfom utdidzmnhe fstf cdifsystfg pmrm mrgmzfnmr gdikmrfs hf mrqudves gudte pfqufnes. Fg jfrmi 8A ä ug tmgmnke rmzeívfi pmrm ug cdifsystfg hf mijuns Jdjm`ytfs. M hfcdndêìe hf lkuna sdzf ä e gfner hmhe quf pehf sfr fslrdte nes hdspesdtdves quf cmzfg pmrtf he mrrmy. Rer fxfgpie? Vgm fslrdtm hf =3A fg ug PMDH 2 leg 0 hdsles leg lkuna sdzf djumi m 8A) rfsuitmrm nm fslrdtm he prdgfdre f tfrlfdre lkuna hf 8A ne prdgfdre hdsle f e sfjunhe f qumrte lkuna hf 8A ne sfjunhe hdsle. Rmrm fslrdtms jrmnhfs e tmgmnke hes lkunas hfvf sfr gmder) fnqumnte pmrm mrrmys pfqufnes hfstdnmhes me mrgmzfnmgfnte hf mrqudves pfqufnes e lkuna sdzf hfvf sfr gfner. E lkuna sdzf ä fspfldcdlmhe fspfldcdlmhe pmrm tehes es nçvfds nçvfds hf PMDH peräg mcftm hdrftmgfntf hdrftmgfntf m pfrcergmnlf pfrcergmnlf hf nçvfds nçvfds 2 f 6.

Ä pessçvfi moustmr e tmgmnke hes ìeles hf ug cdifsystfg fxt0%fxt< nm kerm hm cergmtmêìe hf mlerhe leg e tmgmnke tmgmnke hes lkunas he mrrmy) mssdg lrdmnhe ugm fstruturm hf hmhes hf cdifsystfg cdifsystfg dntfidjfntf dntfidjfntf f gfiker etdgdzmhm pmrm hdspesdtdves PMDH. \f e lkuna sdzf cer djumi m <0A nfstf fxfgpie) dsse sdjndcdlm quf <0A hf gmssm hf hmhes lensflutdvms drìe sfr fslrdtms nug ÿndle hdsle. Vsmnhe e tmgmnke hf ìele djumi m 8A) lenliudges quf tfrfges ; ìeles fg mpfnms = lkuna) nm kerm hm h m lrdmêìe he cdifsystfg pehfrfges pmssmr fssf fs sf vmier. Sfom Sfom m`mdxe e fxfgpie? gacs.fxt< '` 8243 'P strdhf7; %hfv%gh=6

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? =. 0.

Sfrdcdquf m smçhm s mçhm he legmnhe? ghmhg ' 'hftmdi %hfv%gh[ Sfrdcdquf leg e legmnhe hc 'Xk sf e hdspesdtdve %hfv%gh[ %hfv%gh[ lerrfspenhf ms nflfssdhmhfs rfqufrdhms per fstf fxfrlçlde +imèrmtürde$.

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde PMDH? =. 0.

Lrdf 6 pmrtdêöfs lentfnhe mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ lmhm. Xdpe Idnux Pmdh Mutehftflt + ch $. ch $. Dndldf e mrrmy? ghmhg 'L %hfv%gh= 'l =0; 'i 6 'n < %hfv%kh`: %hfv%kh`; %hfv%kh`4 'x 0

%hfv%kh`=2 %hfv%kh`=2 %hfv%kh`= %hfv%kh`== = ''mute7yfs ''mute7yfs <. Lrdf e Cdifsystfg? gacs.fxt< '` 8243 'P strdhf7<0 %hfv%gh= 'l 'g 2 'I lentfdnfr= 8. Nm cstm` mhdldenf? IM@FI7lentfdnf IM@FI7lentfdnfr= r= %lentfdnfr= %lentfdnfr= fxt< hfcmuits 2 2 6. Gentf? gahdr %lentfdnfr= 1 geunt 'm

Imèrmtürde ISG) ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lrdf 2< veiugfs cçsdles +pv=)pv0)pv<$ +=22G@ lmhm$) lrdf ug jrupe hf veiugfs +vj=$ f per cdg lrdf ug veiugf iüjdle +iv=$ elupmnhe tehe fspmêe hdspençvfi he jrupe hf veiugf rfläg lrdmhe. M dhäm prdnldpmi hfstf imèrmtürde ä dgmjdnmr quf lmhm veiugf cçsdle elupm =22& hf ug hdsle cçsdle tdpe \L\D Ket \wmp. E eòftdve hfstf imèrmtürde ä rfmielmr es hmhes he pv= hf gehe quf pessmges rftdrmr fstf hdsle lerrfspenhfntf m qufntf hm gíqudnm) mssdg su`stdtudnhe per eutre) peräg leg e veiugf iüjdle gentmhe f mlfssçvfi âs mpidlmêöfs he sdstfgm. E@\?. M hdlm pmrm rfmidzmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde imèrm türde ä mlfssmr e pregpt dntfrmtdve he ivg hdjdtmnhe? ivg Mpüs velï pehf fntrmr e legmnhe? kfip quf mouhmrm m dhfntdcdlmr ms cfrrmgfntms nflfssírdms pmrm m rfmidzmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde. Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? =. 0. <. 8.

Leg e legmnhe vjhdspimy 'v vj= ä pessçvfi vdsumidzmr tehes es pvs lentdhes ne vj=. Sdsumidzf pv=)pv0)pv< rfspfltdvmgfntf leg =22G@ lmhm. E`sfrvf m smçhm he legmnhe hc 'Xk rfprfsfntmhe iv= gentmhe leg mprexdgmhmgfntf <22G@. Mpüs m rfmielmêìe) pv= nìe hfvfrí gmds lenstmr nm smçhm he legmnhe pvslmn nm gíqudnm.

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde ISG? =. Lrdf 8 pmrtdêöfs lentfnhe mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ lmhm. Xdpe ISG. ISG. 0. Lrdf es pvs? pvlrfmtf pvlrfmtf %hfv%kh`= %hfv%kh`= %hfv%kh`0 %hfv%kh`0 %hfv%kh` %hfv%kh`< < %hfv%kh`8 %hfv%kh`8 <. Lrdf e vj? vjlrfmtf vj= %hfv%kh`= %hfv%kh`0 %hfv%kh`< 8. Lrdf e iv? ivlrfmtf 'I 0:3G 'n iv= vj= 6. Lrdf e cdifsystfg? gacs.fxt< %hfv%vj=%iv= 3. Lrdf e pente hf gentmjfg f gentf e iv? gahdr %imìvg 1 geunt %hfv%vj=%iv= %imìvg :. Mugfntf e SJ? vjfxtfnh vj= %hfv%kh`8 ;. Pfmiequf es hmhes he pv= ne vj=? pvgevf %hfv%kh` %hfv%kh`= = 4. Pftdrf e pv= he vj=? vjrfhulf vj= %hfv%kh`= =2. Pfgevm e pv= he sdstfgm? pvrfgevf pvrfgevf %hfv%kh`= %hfv%kh`=

Imèrmtürde RMG) RMG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Dgpifgfntf ugm lencdjurmêìe enhf e sdstfgm cerlf tehes usuírdes m trelmrfg sum sfnkm pfssemi mutegmtdlmg mutegmtdlmgfntf fntf â pmrtdr hm hmtm hf keof. E sdstfgm sdstfgm hfvf mpfnms mlfdtmr mlfdtmr sfnkms hf ne gçndge =2 lmrmltfrfs) enhf pfie gfnes = lmrmltfr hfvf fstmr fs tmr fg gmdÿsluie. M pmrtdr hm hmtm fg quf e usuírde usuí rde trelm sum sfnkm pfssemi) fstm tfrí vmidhmhf hf <2 hdms) mpüs <2 hdms e sdstfgm nevmgfntf cerêmrí m trelm hf sfnkm pmrm es usuírdes rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm. E@\?. M hdlm pmrm rfmidzmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde ä m lensuitm hes gmnumds +gmn pmjfs$ hes gühuies hm RMG quf rfmidzmg r fmidzmg m mtumidzmêìe hf sfnkm. Sfrdcdquf Sfrdcdquf es gühuies hdspençvfds fg %id`%sflurdty %id`%sflurdty. Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe? =. 0. <.

Lrdf ug usuírde f iejuf'sf ne sdstfgm leg fif. E sdstfgm hfvf pfhdr ugm nevm sfnkm mutegmtdlmgfntf. Xfstf hdvfrsms leg`dnmêöfs hf sfnkms nìe pfrgdtdhms mcdg hf jmrmntdr quf m lencdjurmêìe mpfnms pfrgdtm sfnkms leg ne gçndge =2 lmrmltfrfs enhf pfie gfnes = lmrmltfr fstfom fg gmdÿsluie.

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde RMG? RMG? =. cer d dn (+lmt %ftl%pmsswh | lut 'c = 'h ?$1 he lkmjf 'G <2 (d1 lkmjf 'D 4444 (d1 lkmjf 'h 9hmtm hf keof peräg he gïs pmssmhe> (d1 henf 0. Ne mrqudve %ftl%pmg.h%systfg' %ftl%pmg.h%systfg'mutk mutk mhdldenf lerrftmgfntf m idnkm m`mdxe? pmsswerh pmsswerh rfqudsdtf rfqudsdtf pmgUlrmlaid`.se pmgUlrmlaid`.se tryUcdrstUpmss tryUcdrstUpmss rftry7< rftry7< hlrfhdt72 hlrfhdt72 ulrfhdt7'= ulrfhdt7'= elrfhdt72 elrfhdt72 ilrfhdt72 gdnifn7;

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

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