Red Fort

Red Fort - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort Coordinates: 28°39′21″N 77°14′25″E

Red Fort From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Red Fort (usually transcribed into English as Lal Qil'ah or Lal Qila) is a 17th-century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan[1] in the walled city of Old Delhi (in present day Delhi, India) that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors. The fort was the palace for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad, the seventh city in the Delhi site. He moved his capital here from Agra in a move designed to bring prestige to his reign, and to provide ample opportunity to apply his ambitious building schemes and interests. It served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Red Fort Complex Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list)

The Red Fort is a prominent fort in Delhi

The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats that surround most of the walls.[2] The wall at its north-eastern corner is adjacent to an older fort, the Salimgarh Fort, a defence built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. The construction of the Red Fort began in 1638 and was completed by 1648. The Red Fort has had many developments added on after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan. The significant phases of development were under Aurangzeb and later under later Mughal rulers. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.[3][4] The earlier Red Fort was built by Tomara king Anangpala, now known as the Qulb Mosque.[5]

Country

India

Type

Cultural

Criteria

ii, iii, vi

Reference

231 (http://whc.unesco.org /en/list/231/)

UNESCO region (http://whc.unesco.org

Asia-Pacific

/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=& type=&media=®ion=&order=region)

Inscription history Inscription

2007 (Unknown Session)

Contents 1 History 2 Architectural designs 2.1 Important structures 2.1.1 Diwan-i-Aam 2.1.2 Diwan-i-Khas 2.1.3 Nahr-i-Behisht 2.1.4 Zenana 2.1.5 Moti Masjid 2.1.6 Hayat Bakhsh Bagh 2.1.7 Others

Location of Red Fort in India Delhi.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort

3 Red Fort today 4 Security threats 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History The Red Fort derives its name from the extensive use of red sandstone on the massive walls that surround the fort.[5] Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort in 1638 when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Ustad Ahmad and Ustad Hamid were chosen as the architects for construction of the royal palace. Construction began in the auspicious month of Muharram on 13 May 1638.[6]:01 Construction of the fort was supervised by Shah Jahan himself and was completed in 1648.[7][8] The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the The Rang Mahal residence of the royal family.[9][10] Unlike the other Mughal forts, layout of the boundary walls of the Red Fort is not symmetrical so as to retain and integrate the older Salimgarh Fort.[6]:04 The fortress palace was an important focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad (present day Old Delhi). The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the zenith of Mughal creativity which prevailed during the reign of emperor Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's successor, added the Moti Masjid to the emperor's private quarters and constructed barbicans in front of the two main gates, which made the entrance route to the palace more circuitous.[6]:08 The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughals declined after Aurangzeb. The 18th century thus saw a degeneration of the palace and people of the Red Fort. When Jahandar Shah took over the Red Fort in 1712, the palace had been without an emperor for 30 years. Within a year of his rule, Jahandar Shah was murdered and replaced by Farukhsiyar. To combat the declining finances, the silver ceiling of the palace Rang Mahal was replaced by copper during this period. Muhammad Shah, who was also known as Rangila (the colourful) for his deep interest in arts, took over the Red Fort in 1719. In 1739, Nadir Shah, the Persian emperor, attacked the Mughals. The Mughal army was easily defeated and Nadir Shah plundered the Red Fort of its riches including the Peacock Throne. Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months leaving a destroyed city and a weakening Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah.[6]:09 The internal weaknesses of the Mughal empire turned Mughals into titular heads of Delhi. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the throne at Delhi.[11][12] The Maratha conquest of Lahore and Peshawar in 1758,[13] put them in direct confrontation with Ahmad Shah Durrani.[14][15] In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted the Silver ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas to generate funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of Ahmed Shah Durrani.[16][17] In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani. In 1771, Shah Alam ascended to the throne in Delhi with the support of the Marathas.[6]:10 In 1783, the Sikh Misl Karorisinghia, led by Baghel Singh Dhaliwal, conquered Delhi and the Red Fort. Sikhs agreed to restore Shah Alam as the emperor and retreat from the fort on the condition that Mughals would construct and protect seven historical Gurudwaras in Delhi associated with the Sikh gurus.[18] In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha 22-06-2013 15:00



forces in the Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha rule over the city and their control over the fort.[19] After the battle, British took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a Resident at the Mughal courts in Red Fort.[6]:11 The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II "Zafar", emerged as a symbol of the 1857 rebellion against the British in which the residents of Shahjahanbad participated.[6]:15 Despite being the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not defended during the 1857 Red Fort in Delhi, c. 1905 uprising against the British. After the failure of the rebellion, Zafar left the fort on 17 September. He returned to Red Fort as a prisoner of the British and was tried in 1858. He was exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of the same year.[20] With the end of the Mughal reign, the British gave official sanctions to remove and sell valuables from the palace at the Red Fort. In 1863, British destroyed many buildings inside and outside the fort, filled up the gardens, stripped the fort of any valuable items and reduced the fort to just a military structure.[6]:16-7 After Indian Independence, the site experienced few changes in terms of addition or alteration to the structures. The Red Fort continued to be used as a cantonment even after Independence. A significant part of the fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until 22 December 2003, when it was handed over to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration. [21][22]

Architectural designs The Red Fort covers a total area of about 254.67 acres enclosed within 2.4 kilometres of defence walls.[1] The walls are punctuated by turrets and bastions. They vary in height from 18 m on the river side to 33 m on the city side. The fort is shaped like an octagon with the north-south axis longer than the east-west axis. The use of marble, floral decorations, double domes in the buildings inside the fort exemplifies the later phase of Mughal architecture.[23] It showcases a very high level of art form and ornamental work. It is believed that the Kohinoor diamond was a part of the furniture. The art The Indian flag flying from Lahore work in the Fort is a synthesis of Persian, European and Indian art which Gate resulted in the development of unique Shahjahani style which is very rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the important building complexes of India which encapsulates a long period of Indian history and its arts. Even before its notification as a monument of national importance in the year 1913, efforts were made to preserve and conserve the Red Fort, for posterity. The walls of Lahore and Delhi gates were for the general public and Khizrabad Gate was for emperor's personal use.[6]:04 The Lahore Gate is the main entrance; it leads to the domed arcade containing shops called the Chhatta Chowk (covered bazaar).[23] Silk, jewellery and other items which catered to the royal household were sold in Chatta Chowk in the Mughal period. leads to a large open space where it crosses the large north-south street that was originally the division between the fort's military functions, to its west, and the palaces, to its east. The southern end of this street is the Delhi Gate.

Important structures

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Diwan-i-Aam In the Diwan-i-Aam (or the Hall of Public Audiences) the Emperor, seated in a canopied alcove, would hear complaints and pleas of the commoners through a jharokha (balcony). The hall was ornamented with stuccowork and featured a series of gold columns. It also included a large railing that separated the commoners from the emperor. The Diwan-i-Aam was also used for state functions.[23] The spacious mardana or courtyard behind the Diwan-i-Aam is surrounded by several interesting structures, though the function and purpose of some of them remain an enigma.

Diwan-i-Aam

Diwan-i-Khas In the Diwan-i-Khas or the Hall of Private Audiences the Emperor held private meetings with courtiers and state guests. The hall comprises a rectangular chamber with engraved arched openings supported on piers, on all of its sides. Each of the piers is gilded, painted and decorated with floral designs. Pillared chatris (umbrellas) cover the corners of the roof. At the centre of the chamber, the famous Peacock Throne throne was placed over a marble pedestal.[5] The throne was looted in 1739 by Nadir Shah. Two of the marble pedestals were taken away by Captain Tytler from the fort after the 1857 uprising and one of these is located at the New York Metropolitan Museum.[24] In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted the Silver ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas to generate funds for the defence of Delhi from the Afghan invader Ahmed Shah Durrani.[25][26] Nahr-i-Bihisht or the "stream of paradise" flowed through the centre of the hall. The arches at the corner of the walls contain the inscription of the famous verse of the 13th century Sufi poet Amir Khusrow, which reads– "Agar Firdaus Bar Rooe Zaminast Haminasto Haminasto Haminast" ("If there be a paradise on the earth, it is this, it is this, it is this").[27] Nahr-i-Behisht The imperial private apartments lie behind the throne. The apartments consist of a row of pavilions that sits on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort, looking out onto the river Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a continuous water channel, known as the Nahr-i-Behisht, or the "Stream of Paradise", that runs through the centre of each pavilion. The water is drawn from the river Yamuna, from a tower, the Shahi Burj, at the north-eastern corner of the fort. The palace is designed as an imitation of paradise as it is described in the Quran; a couplet repeatedly inscribed in the palace reads, "If there be a paradise on earth, it is here, it is here". The planning of the palace is based on Islamic prototypes, but each pavilion reveals in its architectural elements the Hindu influences typical of Mughal building. The palace complex of the Red Fort is counted among the best examples of the Mughal style. Zenana The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas, or women's quarters: the Mumtaz Mahal (now a museum), and the larger, lavish Rang Mahal, which has been famous for its gilded, decorated ceiling and marble pool, fed by the Nahr-i-Behisht. Moti Masjid Main article: Moti Masjid (Delhi)

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To the west of the hammam is the Moti Masjid, the Pearl Mosque. This was a later addition, built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's successor. It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-arched screen which steps down to the courtyard. The Moti Masjid measures approximately 12 x 9 metres, with a height of nearly 8 metres.[28] Hayat Bakhsh Bagh

Naqqar Khana

Mughals brought with them the West Asian tradition of developing gardens to symbolically represent paradise on earth. Planning and design of the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh or "LifeBestowing Garden" was integrated into the design of the Red Fort. The garden comprised many aesthetically designed structures such as, tanks, pavilions, water channels and fountains which complimented flowers of varying colours and trees of various kinds. The pavilions were decorated with stonework and lit by lamps at night. A few other smaller gardens like the Mehtab Bagh (moonlight garden) were also constructed in the Red Fort.[6]:07 Two pavilions called Savon and Bhadon stand at either end of the north-south channel. Two smaller pavilions were added in 1842 by the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, one of which still stands along the eastern wall.[29] Others Other attractions within Red Fort include:[30] The Hammams (Royal Baths) The Muthamman-Burj was the octagonal tower where the emperor appeared before the commoners. The Rang Mahal (Palace of Colours) housed the Emperor's wives and mistresses. This palace was crowned with gilded turrets. It was painted and decorated with an intricate mosaic of mirrors. It also had a ceiling overlaid with gold and silver that was reflected in a central pool, which was located in the marble floor of the palace. Naqqar Khana (Drum House) was located at the entrance point of the Rang Mahal. Music was played at specific times in the day alongside a large gate. People who visited the fort and would come on elephants, would get off of at this gate.

Red Fort today Every year on 15 August, the day India achieved independence from the British, Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort, followed by a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts.[31] The Red Fort is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Old Delhi,[32] attracting thousands of visitors every year.[33] It also happens to be the largest monument in Old Delhi.[34] Today, a sound and light show describing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the evenings. The general condition of the major architectural features is mixed. None of the water features, which are extensive, contain water. Some of the buildings are in fairly good condition and have their decorative elements undisturbed. In others, the

The Red Fort by night.

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marble inlay flowers have been removed by looters and vandals. The tea house, though not in its historical state, is a functioning restaurant. The mosque and hamam are closed to the public, though one can catch peeks through the glass windows or marble lattice work. Walkways are left mostly in a crumbling state. Public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The entrance through the Lahore Gate leads to a retail mall with jewellery and crafts stores. There is a museum of "blood paintings" depicting young Indian martyrs of the 20th century along with the story of their martyrdom. There is also an archaeological museum and an Indian war memorial museum.

Security threats To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially tightened around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. Delhi Police and paramilitary personnel keep a vigil on the neighbourhoods around the fort. Sharpshooters of the National Security Guard are deployed on high rises near the Red Fort.[35][36] The aerial space around the fort is declared a no-fly zone during the celebration to prevent aerial attacks,[37] Safe houses are picked in nearby areas where the Prime Minister and other Indian leaders can be rushed to in case of an attack.[35] The fort was the site of a terrorist attack on 22 December 2000 carried out by six terrorists of the Lashkare-Toiba. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed, in what was described by the media as an attempt to derail the India-Pakistan peace talks and relations.[38][39]

Gallery

Diwan-i Khas

Pietra dura works from the fort

Zafar Mahal

Diwan-i-Khas

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A gate inside Red Fort complex


Indian national Flag waving under clear blue sky on the Red Fort

Red fort, Lahore Gate, Distant View

Red Fort in Delhi from a different angle in the afternoon

Nahr-i-Behisht, Stream of Paradise

Red fort, Front View, Lahore Gate

Sawan Pavilion (Sawan Mandap) in Red Fort

See also Agra Fort Lahore Fort

References 1. ^ a b N. L. Batra (May 2008). Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna (http://books.google.com /books?id=wUMWAQAAMAAJ). Niyogi Books. Retrieved 5 August 2012. 2. ^ "Red Fort lies along the River Yamuna" (http://www.delhicapital.com/monuments-in-delhi/lal-qila.html). Retrieved 4 August 2012. 3. ^ "Red Fort Complex" (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231). World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved November 15, 2009. 4. ^ "Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007" (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi /greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour). Retrieved 4 August 2012. 5. ^ a b c Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India (http://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC& pg=PA293). Popular Prakashan. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan for Red Fort, Delhi" (http://asi.nic.in /ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-03-history.pdf) (pdf). Archaeological Survey of India. March 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 7. ^ Controversy: Though this fort was thought to be built in 1639, there are documents and a painting available of

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Shah Jahan receiving the Persian ambassador in 1638 at the jharokha in the Diwan-i-Aam in the Red fort. This painting preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, was reproduced in the Illustrated Weekly of India (page 32) of 14 March 1971. However the painting shows the jharokha at Lahore, and not Delhi. See History of Mughal Architecture, R. Nath, Abhinav Publications, 2006.. ^ Pinto, Xavier; Myall, E. G. (2009). Glimpses of History (http://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6WcgC&pg=PA129). Frank Brothers. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-8409-617-0. ^ William M. Spellman (1 April 2004). Monarchies 1000-2000 (http://books.google.com /books?id=MRbExiEuYPsC). Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-087-0. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ Mehrdad Kia; Elizabeth H. Oakes (1 November 2002). Social Science Resources in the Electronic Age (http://books.google.com/books?id=yF8kiCtBeLoC). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-474-8. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707 - 1813 (http://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. ^ Jayapalan, N. (2001). History of India (http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249). Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 249. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=raghunathrao+attock& source=bl&ots=HKTZh2dh_g&sig=APrp07_4dpYII1sMfxqxtPpBTFM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8HsFTWbL9CHrAfevaT1Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=raghunathrao%20attock&f=false ^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-8178241098. ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 276. ^ Kulkarni, Uday S. (2012). Solstice at Panipat, 14 January 1761. Pune: Mula Mutha Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1. ^ Kumar Maheshwari, Kamalesh; Wiggins, Kenneth W. (1989). Maratha mints and coinage (http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ). Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. p. 140. ^ Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition (http://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151). Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0. ^ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins (http://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C). Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8. Retrieved 25 August 2012. ^ Mody, Krutika. "Bahadur Shah II "Zafar"'s significance with Red Fort" (http://know.burrp.com/my-city/aboutred-fort-delhi/11267). Retrieved 4 August 2012. ^ India. Ministry of Defence (2005). Sainik samachar (http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ). Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ Muslim India (http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ). Muslim India. 2004. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ a b c Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats (http://books.google.com/books?id=T5J6GKvGbmMC&pg=PA178). ABC-CLIO. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-57607-112-0. ^ "Indian Treasure for Metropolitan" (http://select.nytimes.com /gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D1EFC395A17738DDDAF0A94DF405B888CF1D3). New York Times. 26 Jul 1908. Retrieved 03 Dec 2012. ^ Kulkarni, Uday S. (2012). Solstice at Panipat, 14 January 1761. Pune: Mula Mutha Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1. ^ Kumar Maheshwari, Kamalesh; Wiggins, Kenneth W. (1989). Maratha mints and coinage (http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ). Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. p. 140. ^ "World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas" (http://asi.nic.in /asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_diwanikhas.asp). Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012. ^ World Heritage Series - RED FORT. Published by Director General, Archeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 2009. ISBN 9878187780977 ^ "World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Hayat-Bakhsh Garden and Pavilions" (http://asi.nic.in /asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp). Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 22-06-2013 15:00


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30. ^ "World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi" (http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort.asp). Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 31. ^ "Singh becomes third PM to hoist flag at Red Fort for 9th time" (http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews /news/singh-becomes-third-pm-to-hoist-flag-at-red-fort-for-9th-time/44355/). Business Standard. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012. 32. ^ Devashish, Dasgupta (2011). Tourism Marketing (http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcGFsC&pg=PA79). Pearson Education India. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-317-3182-6. Retrieved 25 August 2012. 33. ^ Murthy, Raja (23 February 2012). "Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover" (http://www.atimes.com/atimes /South_Asia/NB23Df01.html). Asia Times (South Asia). Retrieved 25 August 2012. 34. ^ Schreitmüller, Karen; Dhamotharan, Mohan (CON); Szerelmy, Beate (CON) (14 February 2012). Baedeker India (http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253). Baedeker. p. 253. ISBN 978-3-8297-6622-7. Retrieved 25 August 2012. 35. ^ a b "Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightenedacross-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877). Daily News and Analysis. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012. 36. ^ "Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration" (http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-iday-celebration-119). The Asian Age. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012. 37. ^ "Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national /article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2). The Hindu. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 38. ^ "Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves" (http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm). 19-08-2012. 39. ^ "Red Fort terrorist attacks" (http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-allegedlet-terrorist.html). Retrieved 4-Aug-2012.

External links Delhi Tourism Site (http://www.delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/red_fort.jsp) Image of Diwane-e-Khas in 1840s (http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/asianprintsdrawings /delhibook/delhihouse/large14168.html) The Delhi Book of Thomas Metcalfe Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&oldid=560642155" Categories: Mughal architecture Buildings and structures in Delhi Visitor attractions in Delhi Royal residences in India Forts in Delhi Palaces in India Indian National Army trials World Heritage Sites in India Archaeological monuments in Delhi Persian gardens in India Mughal fortress gardens in India Monuments and memorials in India Indian Army bases Buildings and structures completed in 1648 Infrastructure completed in the 17th century This page was last modified on 19 June 2013 at 18:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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