Th Inst Instit itut utio io
of Stru Struct ctur ural al
Th Inst Instit itut utio io
of Highways and Transp Transport ortati ation on
JANU JANUAR AR
1984 1984
Design
(2nd (2nd ed edit itio ion) n)
gi
Th Inst Instit itut utio io
of Struct Structura ura
Th Inst Instit itut utio io
Transporta ortatio tio of Highways and Transp
Design multi-storey an (2nd (2nd ed edit itio ion) n)
Th Inst Instit itut utio io
of Stru Struct ctur ural al Engineers
Co stit stitut utio io
oh
of Join Join Co
el
itte itte
(Chairman)
MC
R. J.
(Secretary)
1984 1984:The :The Inst Instit itut utio io
of Stru Struct ctur ural al Engi Engine neer er
This This publ public icat atio io iscopyr iscopyrig ight ht unde unde th Bern Bern Conv Conven enti tion on an th Inte Intern rnat atio iona na Copy Copyri righ gh Conv Conven en ion. ion. ll righ rights ts rese rese ved. ved. Apar Apar from from an copy copy ng unde unde th UK Copy Copyri righ gh Ac 1956 1956 part part 1,sect 1,sectio io 7, wher whereb eb sing single le copy copy of an arti articl cl ma be supp suppli lied ed unde unde cert certai ai cond condit itio ions ns fo he purp purpos oses es of rese resear arch ch or pr vate vate stud stud bya libr librar ar of clas clas pres prescr crib ibed ed by th Boar Boar of Trad Trad Regu Regula lati tion on Stat Statut utor or nstr nstrum umen ents ts 1957 1957 no 868) 868) no part part of th publ public icat atio io ma be repr reprod oduc uced ed stor stored ed in retr retr eval eval syst system em or tran transm smit it ed in an form form or by an mean mean with withou ou prio prio perm permis issi sion on of th copy copyri righ gh owne owners rs ermi ermiss ssio io isno howe howeve ver, r, requ requ re to copy copy extr extrac acts ts on cond condit it on that that full full refe refere renc nc to th sour source ce isshow isshown. n. fore foreme me ti ne
Act. Act.
Contents
FOREWORD
Park Parkin in angl angl Layo Layout ut cont contro rols ls Park Parkin ingg-ar area ea layo layout ut Ramps En ranc rances es nd ex ts Choi Choice ce of layo layout ut
GLOSSARY SPECIFICATION Introduction Scope Mixe Mixedd-us us
Dynamic Dynamic requireme requirements nts
Procedure Traf Traffi fi dema demand nd
stru struct ctur ures es
requ requ re ents ents Desi Design gn brie brie
an pu li
Vehi Vehicl cl spee spee Ca acit acit es of aisl aisles es an stal stalls ls
po ic
Park Parkin in angl angl Ramp Ramp capa capaci city ty Acce Access sswa wa nd carr carr agew agew
he ai he site site Sit condit condition ion ig wa cces cces Stat Statut utor or unde undert rtak akers ers Re-use
Entr Entran ance ce-b -bar arri rier er
Design Design consider consideration ation
CONTROL Vehicle Vehicle control control
Performan Performance ce specifica specification tion
General Traf Traffi fi feas feasib ibil ilit it requ requir irem emen ents ts Site Site feas feasib ibil ilit it requ requir irem emen ents ts Acco Accomm mmod od tion tion an oper operat atio io al requ requ re ents ents Schedule Choi Choice ce of solu soluti tion on
NC
Introduction Entr Entr cont contro ro
ry
10
Introduction Th ca
Pedest Pedestria ria
13 13 13
widths
Principles CulCul-de de-s -sac ac park parkin in
ro rk Signs Vehi Vehicl cl safe safety ty barr barrie iers rs Coll Collec ecti ti of park parkin in fees fees Fraud Me ho of paym paymen en Exit Exit capa capaci citi ties es
Side Side clea cleara ranc nces es on stru struct ctur ur Columns Height Floo Floo grad gradie ient nt Ramp Ramp nd acce access ss wa radi radien ents ts
Layo Layout ut of ca park park
capa capaci city ty
entr entran ance ce layo layout ut Exit Exit-b -bar arri rier er capa capaci city ty Exit Exit capa capaci city ty Vehi Vehicl cl rese reserv rv ir at exit exit Turnover
Structural Environmental Town Town plan planni ning ng Buil Buildi ding ng regu regula lati tion on
nd clea cleara ranc nc stru struct ctur ur Superelevation Kerb Kerb heig height ht Entr Entr an exit exit arra arrang ngem emen ents ts
capa capaci ci
contro contro
Introduction Pede Pedest stri rian an/v /veh ehic icle le Stai Stai an lift lift shaf shaf Ramps Aisles Lifts Disa Disabl bled ed pers person on
conf confli lict ct
CARPARKS Clas Classi sifi fica cati tion on of abov abovee-gr grou ound nd ca park park Mate Materi ri ls an etho ethods ds onst onstru ru ti fo abov abovee-gr grou ound nd ca park park Materials Concre Concrete te constr construct uction ion Steel Steel constr construct uction ion Comp Compos osit it cons constr truc ucti tion on
5.3 5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Cons Constr trai aint nt in abov abovee-gr grou ound nd ca park park Column Column positi positions ons Loading ns ve gr un Precas concrete concrete In situ concrete Compos Composite ite constr construct uction ion Stru Struct ctur ural al disc discon onti tinu nuit itie ie in abov abovee-gr grou ound nd
30 30 30
Moveme Movement nt joints joints (full (full latera latera discon discontin tinuit uity) y) Foundations Deflec Deflectio tio limits limits Stability
34 35 35 35
General Catego Categorie rie of claddi cladding ng
35 35 36 36
Unde Underg rgro roun un
ca park park
30 31 31
Geom Geomet etry ry an circ circul ulat atio io Fireprecautions Smoke Smoke prec precaut autio ions ns and extr extrac acti tion on Mechani Mechanical cal servic services es Noise Drainage Site investigati investigation on 5.9 Me ds rp General Type Type of carpa carpark rk Meth Methods ods of cons constr truc ucti tion on 5.10 5.10 Land Landsc scap apin in of unde unde grou ground nd ca park park Design Design criter criteria ia Cont Contro ro of mois moistu ture re cond condit itio ions ns After-care Waterfeatures
36 36 37 37 37 38 38
VENTILATION
40 40 40 40
6.2
General Illumi Illuminat nation ion standa standards rds Sele Select ctio io of elec electr tric ical al equi equipm pmen en (general (general requirement requirements) s) Choice Choice of lumina luminaire ire Circuit Circuit arrangement arrangement Heating General Ramps Roofs Spac heating heating Reaso Reasons ns fo vent ventil ilat atio io Natura Natura ventil ventilati ation on Mechani Mechanical cal ventil ventilati ation on Nois Nois leve levels ls Genera recommendat recommendations ions
FIR
7.
ir dete detect ct on an exti exting ngui uish sh ng equi equipm pmen en General Sprinklers Autom Automat atic ic fire fire alar alarms ms Han applian appliances ces Gove Govern rnin in bodie bodie Rule Rule fo guid guidan ance ce
MAINTENANCE 8.1 General Altern Alternati ative ve approac approaches hes to waterp waterproo roofin fin Conc Concre re deck deck slab slab with withou ou ater aterpr proo oo membrane
8.4
8.5
45 45 45 45 45 45
47 47 47 47
Introduction Th roof roof Intermediat Intermediat floor
48 51 51 52 52 52 52
Introduction Underg Undergroun roun floors floors Line Line an leve leve Typical Typical floor floor specif specifica icatio tions ns Curing Curing concret concret floors floors Cold-weath Cold-weather er construction construction Hot weathe weathe constr construct uction ion Admixtures Prec Precaut autio ions ns agai agains ns snow snow and ic Floor Floor harden hardeners ers Specia surfaces surfaces Main Mainte tena nanc nc of wate waterp rpro roof ofin in an floo floors rs Defini Definitio tio of mainte maintenanc nanc Design Designer' er' intere interest st in mainte maintenan nance ce Cost Cost of igno ignori ring ng th need need fo main mainte tena nanc nc Premature Premature failures failures Mainte Maintenanc nanc staff staff Conclusion
52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
membrane Vulner Vulnerabl abl detail detail Move Moveme ment nt join joints ts
38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39
40 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43
CONSID CONSIDERA ERATIO TIONS NS pr ve
NITE NITE
KING KINGDO DO
REFERENCES
56
57
Foreword
In Ma 1973t 1973the he Inst Instit itut utio io
fo
re
nd
po th tw Inst Instit itut utio ions ns It he
ro
of Stru Stru tura tura Engi Engine ne rs nd th Inst Inst tuti tution on of High High
hi
nf re
In
Th or gina gina Comm Commit it ee comp compri rise se nt re ry
Dece Decemb mber er 1983 1983
of on
ru fi
eigh eigh memb member er In
SHARP,
ue
he
ra En ne ra
it th inva inva uabl uabl supp suppor or ru rs
Chairman, Chairman, lointCommi lointCommittee ttee
Glossary
ccessway ccessway
Aisle half-bin
Bin
Clea Clearw rway ay ramp ramp
Dyna Dynami mi
Park Parkin in
capa capaci city ty
angl angl
Ramp
Reservoir
Stall Static Static capaci capacity ty
reservoir
vehicl vehicl reserv reservoir oir
rfor rf or ance ance sp ific ificat atio io
11 Introd Introduct uction ion Scope es
ar
ho or arki arking ng ov elow elow nd nd op on he ow ramp ramp pr ncip nciple le Sing Single le-l -lev evel el park park ng lo ar no spec specif ifiicall call deal deal with with mech mechan anic ical ally ly-o -ope pera rate te stac stacki king ng devi device ce have have been been excl exclud uded ed Neve Neve thel theles es much much of th info inform rmaami
ed
de
he mu ti-s ti-s orey orey ramp ramped ed faci facili lity ty or en ns
bl
bl
ci
or
ve op
of
nt
at
acceptable. MixedMixed-use use struct structures ures
tions.
petr petrol ol ma be envi envisa sage ged, d, an thes thes will will pose pose part partic icul ular ar desi design gn prob proble lems ms
spec specia ia requ requ reme rement nt beca becaus us sion.
itself.
ho
publ public ic poli policy cy qu
nt
et ork. ork.
us
ng
n,
on
Desi Design gn brie brie de
ny
en
rend rend befo before re ente enterr-
no
spec specif ific icat atio ion. n. ng om ar of ce ai as un ar of
ince ince seve severa ra al erna ernati tive ve desi design gn ma
ce
be he
he
nd ng he
Sit condit conditions ions ul
be
d,
kn
ub
on
arra arrang ngem emen en fo site site clea cleara ranc nc an coll collec ecti tion on of desi design gn data data rela relati ting ng to grou ground nd cond condit itio ions ns shou should ld be expl explai aine ned. d. High Highway way acces acces
us
he
pt on
us ofla
nd
ar ng em
then then be revi review ewed ed
es
ns an ho cl nt pe resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty fo th prog progre ress ssin in of thes thes cons consen ents ts to lie. lie.
ce
ment ment of th perf perfor orma manc nc ou at he ne or gina gina br
ul
impo impose se by cove covena nant nt or othe otherw rwis is on bu ld ng or acce access ss
be af ecte ecte by na iona iona an loca loca poli polici cies es aime aime at traf traffi fi gu ug ov pa pa pl pr eec ni byother byother devi device ces. s. Many Many of thes thes tech techni niqu ques es ar pres presen entl tl is proj projec ec th clie client nt cons consid ider er curr curren en nt mm nt
he
of unus unusua ua vehi vehicl cl dime dimenn-
pted pted
na
prop prop ed
he po
uc on ny area area avai availa labl ble. e. Th nece necess ssit it to esta establ blis is surv survey ey evel evel at an ag ho ph d. en on ou unit unit migh migh be conv conven enie ient ntly ly ncor ncorpo po ated ated in he fasc fascia ia of Stat Statut utor or
os
nt
under underta take kers rs
mentioned.
or ad
si
Re-use Fina Finall ll th clie client nt shou should ld indi indica cate te whet whethe he cons consid ider erat atio io
cons consti titu tuti ting ng
feas feasib ibil ilit it
conv conven enie ient nt to exec execut ut
time time-s -sca cale le that that he requ requ res. res. desc descri ribe be th mann manner er in hich hich he wiII wiIIex expe pect ct th deta detail il of be ce ar
13 Desig conside consideration ration Structural
ol
nd
ding ding
or
af
hi
Environmental Th clie client nt must must stat stat hi na an
en
In othe othe case case th dime dimens nsio ions ns give give
th perf perfor orma manc nc
spec specif ific icat atio ion. n.
Traf Traffi fi
requ requir irem emen ents ts
feas feasib ibil ilit it
ve an ho
Fo exam exam
nt nd be traf traffi fi feas feasib ibil ilit it stud stud also also esta establ blis ishe he th capa capaci city ty (see (see chedul ul belo below) w) (a) of ched Site Site feas feasib ibil ilit it requ requir irem emen ents ts hi stag stag th func functi tion onal al desi design gn appr approp opri riat at to he it an park parkin in requ requir irem emen ents ts isprep isprepar ared ed hi proc proces es ay
be
ishe ishe conc concer erni ning ng th fini finish shed ed ow
feas feasib ibil ilit it stud stud fo th deve develo lopp-
he he traf traffi fi stud stud also also iden identi tifi fies es ke requ requir irem emen ents ts
ul
un
th feas feasib ibil ilit it stud stud
stud study. y.
be
clie client nt
br ef an th qu nt (b) and (e)
raff raff
requ requir irem emen ents ts
Acco Accomm mmod odat atio io an oper operat atio iona na he or nc
no nl eh vent vent lati lating ng plan plant. t.
Th perf perfor or
requ requir irem emen ents ts
he po nt (d) to (u) nece necess ssar ar ly comp comple lete te an ndic ndicat ates es poin points ts that that ma need need taki taking ng into into cons consid ider erat atio ion. n.
Town Town plan planni ning ng oc pl nn ng um nt he cl en 's poss posses essi sion on shou should ld be supp suppli lied ed wi th brie brief. f. Spec Specia ia plan planni ning ng requ requir irem emen ents ts part partic icul ular arly ly in resp respec ec of on at nd ve op be no ed
Schedule
(a Capa Capaci city ty
Buildi Building ng regula regulatio tions ns (ii) di gu at pl io of an assu assu ptio ptions ns as to rela relaxa xati tion on ifth co plet pleted ed he
14
as indi indivi vidu dual al lock lock ups, ups,
brea breakd kdow ow
on nt type type
erform erforman ance ce specif specifica icatio tio
General isreco isrecomm mmen ende de
that that th pe form forman ance ce spec spec fica ficati tion on be
traf traffi fi feas feasib ibil ilit it requ requir irem emen ents ts site site feas feasib ibil ilit it requ requir irem emen ents ts acco accomm mmod odat atio io an oper operat atio iona na requ requ reme rement nts. s. or arks arks bo 20 feas feas bili bili requ requ reme rement nt ar comm common only ly ea onab onably ly self self comb combin ined ed With With larg larger er deve develo lopm pmen ents ts it is reco recomm mmen ende de
uc
qu co
nt
ha
ar
po dy
(b
yo on of
ne oi
em nt ance ance egre egress ss an circ circul ulat atio ion, n,
(e Dime Dimens nsio ions ns
nc ud ng prov prov
(1
Heating cases.
(m Fire Fire fi ht ng
layout
(d Inte Intern rnal al acco accomm mmod odat atio io
nd reve revent nt on
systems.
(n Elec Electr tric ical al equi equipm pmen en
(0 Ligh Lighti ting ng cont contro ro (vii (vii
Stor Stor ge
acco acco
odat odat on
(e Head Headro room om
requ requir ired ed
(p Drai Draina nage ge-p -pum umps ps (q
tand tandby by powe powe
rran rrange geme ment nt
equipment.
(r
Clea Cleani ning ng arra arrang ngem emen ents ts
(s
Surv Survei ei la ce an secu securi rity ty arra arrang ngem emen ents ts
si
(h Fini Finish shes es (u Liai Liaiso so es
(j
Si ns an fl
mark markin ings gs atis atis acto acto
(k
an we
Vent Ventil ilat atio io econ econ mi
arki arking ng
acil acil ties ties
os di cu he nd nt
enti entire rely ly diff differ eren en
he
cu
othe othe
ua
pmen pmen of ot fact factor or es), es), plac places es of ente entert rtai ainm nmen ent, t, ra lway lway stat statio ions ns an sports sports facili facilitie ties. s. erta ertain in feat featur ures es ar co mo to al si ua ions ions oten oten tial tial user user shou should ld be ab dent dentif if read readil il ca -par -parki king ng urba urba as he pf ifa publ public ic ulti ulti-s -sto tore re ca park park ma be seen seen read readil il be perm permit it natu natura ra vent ventil ilat at on Usua Usuall ll ho izon izon al exce except pt fo th
he
or
ba
es ua ui tand tandar ards ds of scal scale, e, an in an case case he
such such circ circum umst stan ance ce stro strong ng case case ca so etim etimes es be made made ng un ul ar mult multii-st stor orey ey ca
othe othe wise wise be cons consid ider ered ed econ econom omic ical al or desi desira rabl ble. e. ha
on ed
nd
ng
heig height ht does does no
ampe ampedd- loor loor ayou ayou
or wh ch
norm normal ally ly exce exceed ed ng 1in 20 To meet meet circ circul ulat atio io
requ requir iree-
ul
or
ds
on
ul
he ex al nc of cour course se of grea grea mpor mporta tanc nce. e. ur
ca he norm normal al pr nc ples ples of pp
ow ve on
nint nint
no ee
em nd side sidera rabl bl
he
rest restri rict ct on
sa isfy isfyin in
adva advant ntag ageo eous us
no
he
requirements
on he desi design gn an appe appear aran ance ce
almo almost st alwa alwa
it is gene genera rall ll
ng
Al
an avai availa labl bl in mult multii-st stor orey ey ca park parks, s, this this proc proces es ha in th ad on qu ance ance It shou should ld be stro strong ngly ly resi resist sted ed by thos thos resp respon onsi sibl ble. e.
chal challe leng ng ng task task
of
de op desi design gn th deve develo lopm pmen en
dl
ns
de
ning ning
pa
as
po
st uc ur
in egra egra ed into into th deve develo lopm pmen ent. t. he geom geomet et ou ec on mini mini a, exce except pt wher wher clea clearl rl stat stated ed othe otherw rw se Cons Conseemult mult -fun -funct ctio io
bu ldin ldin cann cannot ot be made made to conf confor or
it
hi ed ge
an he op
nt of he ve urba urba
go ur un
ua
ns
ding ding or ni
er
mean mean of re atin atin an conn connec ecti ting ng he ca pa
avoi avoi mono mono on
he
wi
othe othe func functi tion on
nc ea es th cost cost
tion tion itmay be desi desira rabl bl to plac plac ca park park unde unde grou ground nd es of he us of natu natura ra vent ventil ilat atio ion. n. 10
ct
an
ee nc
othe othe
an shru shrubs bs tree tree an flow flower er ca he p,
buil buildi ding ng ar no nece necess ssar ar ly mars marsha hall lled ed in te race race park park in buil buildi ding ng wi
is
xi
outl outlin ined ed abov above. e. Th exce except ptio io
an
nd
ut isin he ramp ramps, s, whic whic ca
ster steril iliz iz rela relati tive vely ly larg larg area area of th grou ground nd surf surfac ace. e. Th side side of th ramp ramp offe offe obvi obviou ou oppo opport rtun unit itie ie fo care carefu fu thou thou ht nd inte intere re ting ting tr at en Howe Howeve ve el ramp ramp
trea trea th on it urve urves. s. Th rete rete tion tion st blis blishe he tr es isimpo isimport rt nt nd tech techni ni ue xi wher wher by this this ca roun roun
ca
arks arks
Mult Multii-st stor orey ey an unde underg rgro roun un
ca park park ar esse essent ntia iall-
Vand Vandal alis is pres presen ents ts perp perpet etua ua haza hazard rd an it will will rare rarely ly be poss possib ible le on grou ground nd of cost cost to choo choose se vand vandal al-r -res esis ista tant nt
pl nnin nnin ta of th need need full full to inte integr gr te th rvic rvices es in th truc tructu ture re of th ca park park Th in lude lude igns igns nd signpo signposti sting ng method methods. s. is ofte ofte th firs firs
uild uildin in with with
hi
th
have have inti intima mate te
11
De ig
geom geomet etry ry
3.1 Introduction Introduction inst instal alle le as cons conseq eque uenc nc of chan changi ging ng circ circum umst stan ance ces. s. pr isio isio isno ad fo entr entr nc nd xi co trol trol ro
Reco Recomm mmen ende de dime dimens nsio ions ns in this this Sect Sectio io ar net, net, an allo allowa wanc nces es shou should ld be adde adde fo fini finish shes es an fitt fittin ings gs Fo
stat static ic requ requir irem emen ents ts dyna dynami mi requ requir irem emen ents ts Th re isso atit atitud ud in th
hoic hoic of dime dime sion sion
fo Thre Thre
ri er
il be in nven nvenie ienc nc
nd th
only only or
or
sign sign
rs re
Fig. 1. highw highway ay design design.? .? om nded nded
ed fo
rk de ig purp purpos os
1isth 1isth ra ti
to esig esig fo norm norm
us by
caused. stor storey ey an unde underg rgro roun un ethe ethe in part partic ic la ri at
park park
1.800m.
ca park park is no inco incons nsid ider erab able le lo
is om ti
de ig
tand tand rd than than
ug este este
that that sm ll
park parkin in of cars cars as be foun foun that that in th en ra as iz isno ir ctly ctly on ecte ecte it th inco inco le el of
rect rectan angl gl
la
00
2.00 2.00
Th
al
ar
size size of cars cars will will have have chan change ged. d. Inve Invest stig igat atio ions ns from from time time dime dime sion sion of rs re insu insuff ffic icie ient nt to ju if lt ri th desi design gn stan standa dard rd fo ca park parks. s. Th desi design gn cars cars desc descri ribe be 1a highways.
tical. ri er ar in
nd tt da
ar in on th
on
ro nd th e c stan standa dard rd ca
dynam dynamic ic capac capacity ity
re ired ired In re tric tric us
ny in tanc tanc s, th
auth author or se
ot fo
turning-cir turning-circle cle diameter diameter
2.000
15.000
1.600
11.000
wall wall 14.000
ubli ubli an pr vate vate
to xclu xclude de ar
he th
is recomme recommended nded
12
4.100
width on plan
Th esig esig ca di nsio nsions ns give give in Tabl Tabl an Fig. Fig. pl to cars cars regi regist ster er he it in do et
desi design gn vehi vehicl cle" e" are: are: 5.72m 2.03m
length width wheelbase front front overha overhang ng betw betwee ee axle axle rea overha overhang ng turn turnin in circ circle le (dia (diame mete ter) r) oute oute wall wall
parking angle
1.05m 3.23m 1.55m 14.94m
twotwo-wa wa 6.9S0
90°
oneone-wa wa
facility."
Th reco recomm mm nd
dime dimens nsio io al requ requir ir ment ment
(sta (stall ll leng length th 4.750 4.750m) m)
minimum preferred
minimum
aisl aisl 6.950
all
16.450
16.450
2.4UO 2.500
15.404 IS.439 15.474
15.404 IS.439 IS.474
2.500
IS.137
15.269 15.337
4.200
2.300 2.400 2.500
14.277 14.377 14.477
14.727 14.827 14.927
3.800
2.300 2.4UO
13.863
14.163 14.291
2.400
13.612
aisl aisl
fo th 70°
io
in
tres tres to be th exac exac equi equi alen alents ts of im nsio nsions ns
r>.,\f;;j ~'";1
3.60()
13.570 13.712 13.853
-,
\,
guid guidan ance ce an circ circum umst stan ance ce widths.
. -
ma just justif if usin usin diff differ eren en
ar
.3 tatic requiremen requirements ts
park parkin in
stal stal leng length th stal stal widt widt lon sta general shor shor stay stay disabl disabled ed person persons+" s+"
4.750m 2.300m 2.400m 2.500m
d m
90° 7So
7.925
19.202
45°
3.658
14.326
ns
rchi rchite te tura tura
prov provis isio io
to be
on
effe effect ct of vari varied ed ai le an stal stal idth idth fo th diff differ eren en park parkin in uc ighw ighway ay Ad inis inistr trat atio io nd au C. Bo an As ocia ocia es
Side Side clea cleara ranc nc
he lc ir us rs Fo th
dimensions are:"
provided. fr
minimum pref prefer erre re mini minimu mu ee
ngle ngle
on stru struct ctur ur
Columns
5810.
stal stal widt widt
Notes:
angl angl
tanc tanc fr
is
they they
0.460m
ay encr encr ac on th
ta
idth idth
redu reduce ce th stal stal widt width. h. Clea Clearr-sp span an cons constr truc ucti tion on isprefe ispreferr13
columns.
ns
Height he co IS 2.05 2.05
nd ug
ed
he
om
g.
inst instan ance ce in resi reside dent ntia ia area area
ar
de
one-way two-way ad
hi
3.650m 7.000m 0.500m
am an cc betw betwee ee kerb kerb nc pref prefer erre re mini minimu mu minimum
hi ma be done done by givi giving ng
3.000m O.300m 0.230m
2.3
gh ng ve
on
he
kl
us ervi ervi stru struct ctur ur
st
arge arge es gn xp
an
he
ning ning
is part partic icul ular arly ly reco recomm mmen ende de
avai avail~ l~bl bl s~ac s~ac
ve
co
ar ur on
urni urni be
diam diam
ov
ul
heig height ht requ requir ired ed In addi addi ion, ion, allo allowa wanc nc shou should ld
stru struct ctur ural al defle deflect ctio ions ns
5.00 5.00
by
ke om
nd
he de
ni
ving ving qu ed at
or turn turnin in
urni urni
dt
gh mp en
at th ramp ramp end, end, fo exam exampl ple, e,
dime dimens nsio ions ns are: are: inne inne stru struct ctur ur minimum uter uter uc
Floor Floor gradi gradient ent pose drainage pu pose
(see (see subs subsec ecti tion on 8.2) 8.2) In park parkin in
ee gr ispre~ ispre~er erab able le sinc sinc wi
ramp ramp
recom recomme mende nde
us gr stee stee grad gradie ient nt diff diff cult cult ma be
experienced
down down-g -gra radi dien en
side side
Ramp Ramp an acce access sswa wa grad gradie ient nt om de um dien dien stra straig ight ht ramp ramp rise rise no grea greate te ha 1.50 1.500m 0m rise rise grea greate te ha 1.50 1.500m 0m centre-line) rise rise no grea grea er than than 3.00 3.000m 0m rise rise grea greate te ha 3.00 3.000m 0m
1in7 in 10
or or
he rans ransit itio iona na grad gradie ient nt at ha
Ramp Ramp an acce access sswa wa curv curvat atur ure, e, widt widths hs an clea cleara ranc nc on structure mm ed on recommended pref prefer erre re mini minimu mu abso absolu lute te mini minimu mu stru struct ctur ur clea cleara ranc nc outs outsid id kerb kerb 14
mini minimu mu
betw betwee ee
stru struct ctur ur
aigh aigh betw betwee ee
nd stru struct ctur ur
668m to 11.7 11.728 28 10. 668m m to to 3
ce
3.658m
Superelevation vanon:
Kerb Kerb heig height ht he
12.000m 9.000m 7.500m 0.600m
co
nd
ke
ht
50
bo
ch ne
exce exceed ed l00m l00mm. m. Entr Entr
1 i n 10.
6.096m
minimum.one-way
1i 1i 1 i n 10
radi radius us
an
exit exit arra arrang ngem emen ents ts of nd ex he mana manage geme ment nt syst system em adop adopte ted. d. ig illu illust stra rate te typi typica ca pa -on-on-ex exit it arra arrang ngem emen en whic which, h, neve nevert rthe hele less ss cont contai ains ns os he ui em or em of carr carria iage ge ay at cont contro ro po nt shou should ld no exce exceed ed 2·30 2·300m 0m car'), nd dr ve hi an ks by th us of flex flexib ible le boll bollar ards ds an whit whit line lines. s. Th carr carr ageagewa widt widt ma be redu reduce ce 2·15 2·150m 0m when when th appr approa oach ch on oint oint aigh aigh na ce ce po ng of nt or nt de
ce
eq
Th heig height ht of tick ticket et-i -iss ssui uing ng mach machin ines es an wind window ow-s -sil il le el of th ki shou should ld no ex ee 50 to redu reduce ce fa po ible ible iffi iffi ltie ltie it hi taki taki ti kets kets
2·300 2·150
Ifsuitable straight accessway available before installation
Centre-line io window
1-220
Closing loop
a>
IOV
In
Barrier arm,
lfun lfun tion tion rive rive
a>
te
in 40 is de ir le an entr entr nc
nd xi
he ontr ontr
un bl to rest restar ar
ui
ntro ntro ispr
id
ay
lf ncti ncti
en
lt rn tive tively ly
at
ri er ma
-_:jj--'
It '_
In
gr ient ient 1in
subs subsec ecti tion on 3.5) 3.5) re un tt nded nded auto automa mati ti
Barrier' arm Detector loop
xi
stra straig ight ht acce access sswa wa of at leas leas
Flexi Flexibl bl
'--1
p~ ------
that that
no desi desira rabl ble. e. tw en th publ public ic road road
Kiosk
Photoelectric cell t:'I
iffi iffi ltie ltie
In
-~.-
~.-.-
is reco recomm mmen ende de
Clos Closin in
loo
~I TICe -ISSU -ISSUing ing machine
s. ui en is inst instal al ed re uire uire nlar nlar in to
re unat unatte tend nded ed to ti tr nc xi th layo layo
vi al ir um tanc tanc in ludi ludi th rovi rovi io de manu manufa fact ctur urer er in equi equipm pmen en to redu reduce ce malf malfun unct ctio ioni ning ng
Layout ut of ca park park .4 Layo 1---2-.5--2-5-----I~
Plan
· --- -. -2-5 -2-5---~· ~·~1 ~1 I...·---
Principles Th sign sign deta detail il park park re in en ra in penpendent dent of thei thei size size Thre Thre cons consid ider erat atio ions ns affe affect ct th layo layout ut
10
ot he tati tati be adeq adequa uate te
Ticketissuing machine
acit acit
nd he dyna dyna ic ap city city
us
Ticket-isSUing" leveL
um er of fl or ar or Section A-A
ppro pproac ac
(ii)
umbe umbe ac
sw
ay
fr tr ti
ca
dela delays ys
turn turn an ra ps nvol nvol d. It foll foll ra ps cl mbin mbin tw
feasible. park park expe expe te
to
rr
on id rabl rabl
or fl or
re
tr ffic ffic flow flow
to kios kiosks ks nd ti ke ma hine hine
hi ma be do
by plac placin in
ba over over ea
ntra ntranc nc
an
it.
pr vi idth idth f, 2· 00 ntry ntry nd xi ntro ntro points. issu issuin in or paym paymen en mach machin ines es th dyna dynami mi capa capaci city ty of th it iscons isconsid ider ered ed nece necess ssar ar to prov provid id
grea greate te widt widt than than
only only syst system ems. s. This This appl applie ie also also to indu indust stri rial al ca park park fo park park fo dayday-on only ly offi office ce or fact factor or work worker er wher wher ther ther utfl utflow ow or vi
achie achieve ve 100 rk it
er
stall stall occupa occupancy ncy isusua isusua to ro id to ti ount ountin in me ha is th
ar in
15
bein bein
expe experi rien ence ced. d.
oper operat atio iona na ul-d ul-dee-sa sa
suit suitab abil ilit ity. y. park park ng
La ou
ontr ontrol ol
Tabl Tabl
Fu ctio ctio al co pari pari on of ai le
o ne ne -w -w a y a is is le le s
t wo wo -w -w a y a is is le le s
Dyna Dynami mi capa capaci city ty good, good, espe especi cial ally ly whe angl angl park parkin in isadopt isadopted ed Aisl Aisl widt widths hs ma be less less than than two-way two-way aisles aisles
Dynami Dynami capaci capacity ty normall normall less less than than oneone-wa wa aisl aisles es bu ma be grea greate te ifmaxi ifmaximu mu cont contra rafl flow ow do no occu occu simul simulta tane neous ously ly so that that adva advant ntag ag of th grea greate te widt widt of th twotwo-wa wa aisl aisl ca betaken
narrow ow oneone-wa wa Ifnarr
aisl aisles es ar adopt adopted, ed, vehic vehicle le stra straddl ddling ing stal stall/ l/ai aisl sl demar demarca cati tion on lines lines ca obst obstru ruct ct th aisl aisl
Gene Genera rall ll grea greate te widt widt of aisl aisles es ha less lesser er effe effect ct on aisl aisl obstruction
Highe Highe stuct stuctura ura effi effici cienc enc
Lowe Lowe struc structur tural al effi effici cien ency cy
Disr Disrega egard rd of one-w one-way ay traf traffi fi dire direct ctio ions ns no unco uncomm mmon on in publ public ic ca park park resu result ltin in in disr disrup upti tion on of flow flow an crea create te accide accident nt hazard hazard
Easi Easily ly unde unders rsto tood od syst system em an require require little little discip disciplin lin
g-
ut
sp it leve leve
·7
16
is usua usua
site.
4.
plit plit-l -lev evel el ca park park tb co bi ed entr entr circ circul ulat atio io an witb witb en ramp ramp
circ circul ulat atio io
an
sbor sbor
ow (dep (depar artu ture re
an
epar epartu tu
ay be diff diff cult cult
ramp ramp syst system em
crossover. circ circul ulat atio io an witb witb sbor sbor up (ent (entry ry an down(de down(depa part rtur ure) e) ramp ramp syst system em
17
Ramps
it
litlit-le le el ca park parks) s)
th
elic elic (cir (cir ular ular in la ). le rway rway ra ps re ed es ti or to oi thro thro
ayou ayou
ay
re uire uire
isde re to im ro tr ffic ffic in park park ng ar
capacity. wo-w wo-w
ra ps re uire uire to
ig
ampe ampe -flo -floor or ca park park ramp
bsta bsta ti ll
it
clea clearw rway ay ow (dep (depar artu ture re
sigh sigh dist distan ance ce an late latera ra prox proxim imit it of stru struct ctur ure. e. Fail Failur ur
oneone-wa wa ramp ramp with with segr segreg egat atio io
cr
in driv driv rs re requ requir ir
of th traf traffi fi stre stream am by
to driv driv on he ri ht nste nste
such such inst instan ance ce it isrecom isrecomme mend nded ed that that th traf traffi fi stre stream am
mini minimu mu
radi radius us
ar
ra iu is us
Conc Concen entr tric ic heli helica ca up-a up-and nd-d -dow ow
8.
ampe ampe -flo -floor or ca park park with with sepa separa rate te entr entr parkin parkin ramps ramps
an
epar epartu ture re
9.
ampe ampe -flo -floor or ca park park with with inte interl rlac aced ed entr entr an park parkin in ramp ramp (exp (explo lode de view view
epar epartu ture re
an nt cl k-
ramp ramp ma be used used in
gradient. Entr Entr ce xits xits Th geom geomet etri ri layo layout ut requ requir irem emen ents ts fo entr entran ance ce an exit exit
fa ilit ilit te
vi
he
in mu numb numb sto
tr nc
ble.
closed closed-ci -circu rcuit it televi televisio sion. n. 10
18
arpe arpe -sla -sla
ca park park
stre street et
rese reserv rvoi oi
requ requir ired ed to av id cars cars queu queuin in
he
peak peak ho rs tima timate te
ay be as es ed fr
It isusua isusua to on id
th dyna dynami mi
ap itie itie
eman eman
epen epende dent nt
th traf traffi fi
fo Choi Choice ce of layo layout ut refe refere renc nc
ismade ismade in Sect Sectio io 1, re so
in '/4 hour.
an an vari vari bl
Dynami Dynami capaci capacity ty vari varies es with with th trip trip purp purpos ose. e. fo ho ping ping co suma sumabl bl Fo usin usin ss trip trip th dura dura tion tion of park parkin in isus ally ally long long r; it isstil isstil long long fo or trip trips. s. Fo park park-a -and nd-r -rid id (for (for exam exampl pl at rail railwa wa stat statio io it ou dela dela is im orta ortant nt Th reco recomm mm nded nded axim axim earc earc path path of 50 tall tall in prin princi cipl pl limi limits ts layo layout ut with with inte intern rnal al ramp ramp syst system em to sinc sinc gene genera ra ar ar it inte intern rn ra yste ystems ms ar no equi equipp pped ed with with auto automa mati ti vehi vehicl cl coun counte ters rs to oper operat at
e l l cars cars
w w l maxi maximu mu
7 a d 7 6 a d 2 7 a d 5
dime dimens nsio ions ns rb
circ circum umst st nces nces
ar park park ma just justif if
me mo ific ific
rm desi design gn capa capaci citi ties es in term term of stal stalls ls
th
ttem ttempt pt ismade ismade
CaUl
XI
is idth idth metr metres es tall tall idth idth metr metres es ta le gth, gth, metr metres es
rt ra -a Th sear search ch path path of 50 stal stalls ls isthe abso absolu lute te maxi maximu mum. m. Th refe referr rr axim axim bout bout 20 ta ls i.e. i.e. ar arks arks ofmore ofmore than than 20 st ll refe refera ra ly ho ld av or th or larg larg
ar park park th
refe referr rr
layo layo
fo culcul-de de-s -sac ac aisl aisl (=X (2X
is sual sually ly th
c1ea c1earw rwaywh aywhen en usua usuall ll they they ar heli helica cal. l. An alte altern rnat ativ iv ra
radi radius us of curv curvat atur ur of vehi vehicl cl path path metr metres es tura turati tion on fl (veh (vehic icle le er ho r) in near near
is
3.00 3.000m 0m or gr at
WI
.5 Dyna Dynami mi requir requirem emen ents ts Procedure Th de ig ro edur edur is esti esti at
Vehic Vehicle le speed speed th tr ffic ffic dema demand nd
larg largel el in epen epende de of th pe ds ar Prov Provid ided ed th free free-f -flo lowi wing ng cond condit itio ions ns prev prevai ail, l, th driv driver er obta obtain in litt little le bene benefi fi from from in re ed spee speeds ds paci paciti ti
Traff Traffic ic dema demand nd info inform rm tion tion re uire uire fo each each entr entran ance ce
hour hour
of is es nd tall tall
formulas: is
in
in COUI
COUI
ea
metres
55X,+425X +150X -1O.24X -849 also 49A-1O.IX4+300 66X, 242X 7.7X -136X -690 also 34Ax7.5X -109X -90
Th form formul ul pply pply to trai trai ht nd zi -z ai le Th coef coeffi fici cien en of in th form formul ul fo th ou flow flow ap it is no stat statis isti tica call ll sign signif ific ican ant. t. 19
nc unpa unpark rkin in
n.
ac .Th
plot plot
90
duri during ng infl inflow ow peri period ods, s, an vice vice vers versa. a.
pa
ow
pp
ca
nf
of
es
cars cars er ou
apac apac um
parking.
al
gt 50 er ng
'600r----.----~----_.----,_----._--_.
90 parking
Inflow 30", 30", reve revers rsed ed in stal stalls ls
pa 1-'000
pt
Park Parkin in
or
pe
angl angl
ve
ne
....>.
ay
du
Q.
....
ch ge in dr vers vers
20
rive rivers rs reve revers rsin in
stalls 1.00 0.43 0.40 0.37
confid iden ence ce limi limits ts ------90'"conf
30% 13
12% 11%
Ramp Ramp capa capaci city ty 11 Infl Inflow ow capa capaci city ty 12 Outf Outflo lo
capa capaci city ty
significantly.
'600r----.----~-----.----~----.----. Outflow 30", 30", reve revers rsed ed in stal stalls ls
Acce Access sswa wa an carr carria iage gewa wa capa capaci city ty he capa capaci city ty of stra straig ight ht acce access sswa wa an carr carria iage gewa ways ys is by
C=15W+1800.
One-w One-way ay-on -only ly aisle aisle
ca
Fo
ge
3.04 3.04 4m 3.00 3.000m 0m acce access sswa wa th calc calcul ulat ated ed capa capaci city ty is say, say,
ca
_--- ----
en he by
pu on ci ormu ormu
ds
ay be ds
pl s: C=525W
am ce
ps
give give
C= 1850/ 1850/(1 (1 100/,-3). or
90",
Entr Entran ance ce-b -bar arri rier er ou Ar
20
op
ap
el
ps
he
al am
capa capaci city ty eq
en ve
or gh
us
or ac
entr entran ance ce barr barrie ie
paci pacity ty (and (and or th
ynam ynamic ic
paci pacity ty
Given: ca park park exit exit (min (minor or road road traf traffi fi dema demand nd exi access accessway way capaci capacity ty
provided.
200 780
oneone-wa wa with with tw lane lane carria carriage geway way width width (WI) thro throug ug traf traffi fi Exit Exit-b -bar arri rier er capa capaci city ty
yste ystems ms with with re
icle pe ho 800 ve icle
Calculation:
tt ndan ndan calc calcul ul te th charge fixed fixed charge charge rive rive purc purcha ha es toke toke befo before re inse insert rt toke toke into into
6. 100
cars cars pe hour hour cars pe hour hour 270 cars
mach machin in
high high
cars pe hour hour 400 cars
capa capa ity, ity, nd prop propri riet etar ar
S=525W IN S=525x6.1xl/2=1600
mino mino road road (car (car-p -par ar exit exit satu satura rati tion on flow flow traf traffi fi dema demand nd aj road road (pub (publi li road road tura turati tion on flow flow in ne park traf traffi fi dema demand nd
stem stem
ehic ehicle le
er hour hour
780 200
vehicl cles es pe hour hour 1600 vehi 400
ehic ehic es
road. Th paypay-on on-e -e it paci pacity ty of 200 th atte attend ndan an calc calcul ulat ates es th char charge ge ma no be achi achiev eved ed ayme ayment nt comm common only ly in coin coin bs rv rate rate er in th rang rang 150 to 225 ar er hour hour chie chie ig rate rate ther ther us be dequ dequat at vehi vehicl cl re rvoi rvoi betw betw th
trai trai
need need to ca hi
equi equipp pp
fo th rapi rapi
il re uire uire reli reli vi
al ul ti
if high high rate rate ha to
200
200 530
Table satu satura rati ti
fl
of 1600 ehic ehic es er our; our; Ta le
ef re goin goin to th ir ar
rece receiv iv
is fo
stre stream am of left left-t -tur urni ning ng cars cars ente enteri ring ng sing single le lane lane oftr oftraf affi fi ina oneoneroad road Addi Additi ti na tr ffic ffic inoth lane lane fthe fthe and re calc calcul ul te
righ righ turn turn refe refere renc nc here here th exte extern rnal al road road
asso associ ciat ated ed with with paypay-on on-e -exi xi syst system em resu result lt in many many exit exit lane lane bein bein re uire uire most most of ic il re uire uire nl inpe peri period ods. s. Spac Spac il ls be re uire uire fo driv driver er iv rg to acan acan xi lane lane In uc as it issugg issugges este te shie shie or ma hi
530
hour. Evaluation:
2000
he io
er hour hour
hi le re rv ir
be on lted lted fo ui ance ance rrie rrie igni ignifi fi nt tr ffic ffic flow flow
xi
barr barrie ie open opens. s. exte extent nt as to caus caus an unac unacce cept ptab able le redu reduct ctio io
in capa capaci city ty
Exi capaci capacity ty mate mate usin usin Figs Figs whic appl appl to 18 whic exit exit-b -bar arri rier er capa capaci citi ties es of 200,270 and 400 cars cars pe hour hour
ff turn turnin in left left no poss possib ibil ilit it of othe othe traf traffi fi turn turnin in left left with with rest restri rict cted ed sigh sigh line line sign WA or WAIT
example."
stim stim te asfo access accessway way wit ben
say, 780 cars cars pe hour hour
Given: carcar-pa park rk peak peak depa depart rtur ur demand exit exit-b -bar arri rier er capa capaci city ty (one (one barr barrie ier) r)
700 270 500
ehic ehicle le pe
ou 21
Tabl Tabl
Capa Capaci city ty (veh (vehic icle le/h /h of mino minor-r r-roa oa
ccep ccepta tabl bl
ga
in majo majorr-ro road ad traf traffi fi
fo left left-t -tur urni ning ng traf traffi fi
at T-ju T-junc ncti tion on wher wher satu satura rati tion on flow flow fo
earear-si side de lane lane is 16
vehi vehicl clel el
5. second second
f lo w i n
s a tu r at i o f l o f o r m i no r -r o a 1200
1300
( c ar / h 1400
1800
1500 1417
1331
1503
1096
1589 1060
1200 1300 1600
0
Tabl Tabl Capa Capaci city ty (veh (vehic icle le/h /h of mino minor-r r-roa oa fo left left turn turnin in ccep ccepta tabl bl ga in majo majorr-ro road ad traf traffi fi 5. second second
0
traf traffi fi at T-ju T-junc ncti tion on wher wher satu satura rati tion on flow flow fo
s a tu r at i o f l o
f o r m i no r -r o a 1100
1200
0
0
earear-si side de lane lane is
0
44
0
vehi vehicl clel el
( c ar / h 1300 1590 1401 1076
1000 1200 1300
1700 1900 2000
0
.!:.
0
rese reserv rvoi oi size size an
Gate Gate serv servic ic
250
'"
'w
100 ::I:
0
1200 ainain-ro road ad flow flow
near nearsi side de lane lane vehi vehicl cle/ e/
0
main main-r -roa oa
ca acit acit
20
0
ow
ar h)
Calculation: m in im u o f t hr e e xi t ba rr ie r i s re qu i e d T h e c o mb i n e d d e si g n c a p a c i t y o t h re e b a r ri e r i s8 1 c ar s pe r h ou r 1 0 r ed uc ti on i n b ar ri e c ap ac it yw il l t he re fo r b e a cc ep ta bl e g iv in g b ar ri e o pe ra ti n c ap ac it y o c ar s p e r h ou r C as e e ac h b ar ri e o pe ra te s a t c ar s p e h ou r T h f lo w i n t h n ea r s id e la n o f t h r oa d o ut si de e ac h barrierare: 0 v =7 v e h i c l e sp sp e h o u r b a r r i er 2 5 00 + 24 0 = 9 v e h i c l e sp sp e h o u r b ar ri e 74 24
';c
s: II
:E
II
s:
'"
s:
'0
;:[
1000~ 1000~---:2~00::--~4:-:!0~0--::-!:-::---~ ::-!:-::---~::--~:-::---:'12: :-::---:'12:-:' -:'00 00 "'ai "'ainn-ro road ad
flow flow
near nearsi side de lane lane
Gate Gate serv servic ic
ehic ehicie ie/h /h
ccpc ccpcci ci
20 Garth Garth
re ervo ervoir ir size size an ainain- oa lo Gate Gate ervi ervice ce capa capaci city ty 27 ca /h
12
eser eservo voir ir size size
ervi ervice ce capa capaci ci
of 20 ca /h
ervi ervice ce capa capaci ci
of 27 ca /h
Ga spac spaces es
eser eservo voir ir an main main road road lo (Gat (Gat se vice vice capa capaci city ty 40 car/ car/h) h) 450r-----~----,_----._----~----_,----_.
1200r-~~~~~-'~::~:::::J::::::C:~~
s: s: II
VI
VI
'0
'0
at
e se se r o i
By inspec inspectio tion: n: barrier vehicl vehicl reserv reservoir oir barrier vehicl vehicl reserv reservoir oir barrier vehicl vehicl reserv reservoir oir ma be or conv conven enie ie to Case
car cars cars av vehi vehi le re rvoi rvoirs rs
Tota Tota barr barrie ie capa capaci city ty er our. our.
serv servic ic
capa capaci city ty
iz ze e,
265
70car 70car/h /h
es
245
210
10
12
72 cars cars
--
270ca 270cars rs er our) our) Ch ck ifa 2ca rese reserv rv ir isadeq isadequa uate te
Turnover is
23
over over th gene genera ra widt widt of2. of2.40 400m 0m faci facili liti ties es load loadin in cars cars as npa of he
,. r ,,, Percentage· re ctio ctio in system system capaci capacity ty
faci facili lita tate te
syst system emat atic ic sear search ch by driv driver er fo
gh
ov
he
give give driv driver er good good visi visibi bi it an to faci facili lita ta
vaca vacant nt stal stall. l.
ut on park parkin in an
requ requir ired ed
12
eser eservo voir ir sr e, ca spac spaces es
18.
elat elatio io ship ship betw betwee ee
perc percen enta tage ge re ucti uction on in syst system em
igni igning ng both both dire direct ctio iona na an of info inform rmat ator or hi pe ui It is reco recomm mmen ende de ha shor shortt-st stay ay high high-t -tur urno nove ve ca park park be plan planne ne in asso associ ciat atio io with with th deve develo lopm pmen en inte intend nded ed serv serve. e. edes edestr tr an acce access ss shou should ld be dire direct ct an be qu demand. In su face face carcar-pa park rk desi design gn he equi equi emen emen to cate cate fo
serv servic ic capa capaci city ty of 40 carl carl
ha isin
redu reduct ctio io
in th stat static ic effi effici cien ency cy of th la out. out. olve olve
1if urno urno
ur
ve
2have 2have pa ks
or
gn
nd
1ifit or
ge
op
na nt on dr th reco recomm mmen ende de stal stal widt widt of2. of2.50 500m 0m or shor shortt-st stay ay on dd
nd
hi hge de
ac
ov
he
ve
ct
hi
ng
us
Vehicl contro contro 4.1 Vehicl Introduction Fo he full full dy amic amic
pa it
ca
ar
at aine ained, d,
perm permit itte te
in on dire direct ctio io whil whil prov provid idin in
posi positi tive ve
Th vehi vehicl cl capa capaci city ty of entr entran ance ce lane lane willdep willdepen en on th
quic quickl kl as poss possib ible le Sm ot nd ra id tr ffic ffic flow flow
be ac ieve ieve
nl by
is appa appare rent nt willinf willinflu luen ence ce th sele select ctio io of th park parkin in cont contro ro syst system em auto automa mati ti
stages: at entr entr
Entr Entr cont contro ro en ve ontr ontr ll ntry ntry is re uire uire it er fo ch rg in rp es reve reve cong cong tion tion in th ar th signals CA
FULL
EA ON TICKE TICKE
Lift Liftin ingg-ar ar
tick ticket et issu issu
risi rising ng step step 500 450
reco recogn gniz iz that that th maxi maximu mu
effi effici cien ency cy will will be achi achiev eved ed
righ righ ar intr introd oduc uced ed
rtic rticul ular ar
is
im or an
en
signs, signs, ticket ticket-is -issu suing ing machin machines es an machines.
CCE TANC TANC
barr barrie iers rs
stra straig ight htfo forw rwar ar from from
barr barrie ie ar 550 450
id ta
in oper operat atio ion. n. Whil Whil th mech mechan anis is ma
onve onve ie tl
va dali dali
it te
ffic fficie ient nt oper oper tion tion
Rising Rising-st -step ep barrie barriers rs
to is purp purp ca
pe rs like likely ly to
rk it is th refo refore re es nt al
be mech mechan anic ical ally ly rais raised ed from from it 'dow 'down' n' posi positi tion on leve leve rotr rotr es
ro id
bove bove th ro
rf ce to form form
re po itiv itiv ve icle icle arri arrier er
imme immedi diat atel el
arri arrier er
es ha
visi visibl bl to moto motori rist sts, s, an it is ther theref efor or it is
lowered. park park
it
om
cc
ofte ofte
in conj conjun unct ctio io
it
re ul it isus al
di id
ar
park park into into unit unit
00
le tron tronic ic dete dete tors tors th acti acti te vehi vehicl cl unte unte th on tant tant nito nito he cc pa cy of nits nits Th ounounters ters auto automa mati tica call ll swit switch ch inte intern rnal ally ly illu illumi mina nate te sign sign to guid guid inco incomi ming ng moto motori rist st to unit unit that that have have vaca vacant nt stal stalls ls ca park park of 50 stal stalls ls or less less ther ther ma be circ circum umst stan ance ce il
le tron tronic ic cont contro ro
te
re ofte ofte
ce
ry
rk
nd
ca park park
It
cong cong te it it tr ig tf rwar rwar to refe referr rred ed
il be re tl
nflu nflu nc d, fo
xa ple, ple,
th
vari variab able le char charge ge tari tariff ff will will usua usuall ll be nece necess ssar ar
ow ver, ver, as ha be ot bove bove nd ooth ooth-f -flo lo ng de ig is reat reat
Signs it bl fo
in ca
rk
In on eque eque ce
Howe Howeve ver, r, by intr introd oduc ucin in
nu be
thei thei effe effect ctiv iv igns igns requ requir ir
refu refu lo ti
to
sure sure th
th
re no
Fraud it an
oper operat atio ion. n. bu in
feefee- ll tion tion ontr ontr
vari variab able le tari tariff ff cont contro ro ca be
fe ture ture
fr ud isa re
tems tems
th
Th
ar
ro lem, lem,
ma ua or ut
ot iffi iffi lt
hi
this this at in
register.
Inte Intern rnal ally ly illu illumi mina nate te
park parkin in buil buil in
sign sign ar usua usuall ll adop adopte te
igns igns an
il be li to
in ca
righ rightl tl
nd
nd thef thef is nl li ly
th ti
ol ecti ecti
mone mone
remo remote te audi audi faci facili liti ties es Vehi Vehicl cl safe safety ty barr barrie iers rs10 11 re tr in of ehic ehicle le
ha
Meth Method od of paym paymen en et ut
eel, eel, an in ny of he
as
co trol trol Th isca
ri er
ight ight be driv driv
(a Vari Variab able le char char sh
tick ticket et ss ed on entr entr
ndpaym ndpaymen en
bein bein take take to ensu ensure re that that exte extern rnal al clad claddi ding ng isadeq isadequa uate te from from th issu issuin in mach machin in caus causes es th entr entran ance ce barr barrie ie ca park park mach machin in or mach machin ines es reco record rd th stat stat of occu occupa panc nc of th ar rk an il ss ic ts tori torist st only only nt outl outlin ined ed nsta nstall ll ti ll ti adopted.
ov
houl houl
of addi additi tion on park parkin in
ra ee
lw ys be on id red, red, he rrie rriers rs
ppro ppro ri te fe
th
tt nd nt rais raises es th
xi barr barrie ie
park. (b Vari Variab able le ch rg This This
te
is
tick ticket et ss ed on entr entr ch ex ri cipl cipl actl actl th
ndpaym ndpaymen en th
desc descri ribe be in (a abov above. e. Th diff differ eren ence ce isthat isthat inst instea ea of th park parkin in fe in calc calcul ul te an tt ndan ndant, t, calc calcul ul te th fe du fr
info inform rm tion tion
barr barrie ie isauto isautoma mati ti ally ally rais rais fee.
ncod ncoded ed on
hort hort-s -sta ta
ar ar
it is es ntia ntia fo
tric tric enfo enforc rcee-
on paym paymen en ofth full full
have have th corr correc ec chan change ge coup couple le with with syst system em brea breakk-
paypay-an andd-di disp spla la
syst system em isoper isoperat ated ed ther ther isgener isgeneral ally ly no
(a)
Th vant vant ge ofth ofthis is et od comp compar ar it (a) abov abov ar subs substa tant ntia iall ll high higher er exit exit-b -bar arri rier er capa capaci city ty
be anti antici cipa pate te
duri during ng th init initia ia intr introd oduc ucto tory ry peri period od
(d PayPay- nd-d nd-dis ispl pl ca arks arks With With th paypay-an andd-di disp spla la syst system em th driv driver er park park hi achi achi es in th ca
ar
Paym Paymen en
ad
ei he
ym t, th carcar-pa park rk layo layo nd conf config igur ur tion tion nd th paci pacity ty th surr surrou ound ndin in hi hw yste ystem. m. arri arri rs re fr qu ntly ntly da aged aged ithe ithe vand vandal alis is ac id nt pair pair ma ff ct si y, hear hear olts olts br kabl kabl pl te re in or or te to pr ve dama damage ge th echa echani ni
coll coll psib psible le traf traffi fi plat plat ar inst inst ll in th ro wa to perm permit it free free outf outflo lo of traf traffi fi whil whil prov provid idin in posi positi tive ve barr barrie ie to in omin omin ehic ehicle le Th op rate rate ffec ffecti ti el bu re uire uire ai tena tenanc nc ince ince alth alth ug ro us they they an incomi incoming ng vehicl vehicles. es. Exi capac capaciti ities es Esti Estima mate te of th maxi maximu mu re
vehicle.
exit exit capa capaci citi ties es of sing single le lane lane capacity, carslh
Fee-col Fee-collect lection ion system system th
indi indivi vidu dual al vehi vehicl cles es
thor thor ties ties
ecau ecau
avai availa labl bl
to comm commer erci cial al oper operat ator ors. s.
utfl utfl
fr
he init initia ia purc purc as
th ca park park hi
ille illega ga ar in take take lace lace
ot ntia ntia
ou hi
240
ti ke on ntry ntry nd paym paymen en ar able able char charge ge acce accept ptin in mach machin in link linked ed to th exi barrie barrie
270
ti ke on ntry ntry nd op rati ration on th barr barrie ie by pr paid paid ti et or ok
400
xi
no xi barr barrie iers rs
nd cons conseq eque uent nt lo
ircu ircula lati ting ng tr ffic ffic th cont contro roll lled ed syst system em an indi indi at
in
os of quip quip
ti ke on ntry ntry nd paym paymen en at mann manned ed exit
re enue enue
be pr en ow lo
il
it more more th
ehic ehicle le
4.
edestri edestrian an control control
Introduction as ee fo nd th
in
ho pers pers
ar park park th
vera verage ge
pede pedest stri rian ans. s. Th safe safety ty of pede pedest stri rian an shou should ld ther theref efor ore, e, si ne it this this in mi d. il ther ther isfort isfortun unat at ly no sign signif ific ican an pede pedest stri rian an acci accide dent nt hist histor or in ca park parks, s, ther ther ar many many poin points ts of pote potent ntia ia conf confli lict ct betw betwee ee pede pedest stri rian an an mo oris orists ts hi an re uced uced re tl at litt little le os with with care carefu fu desi design gn 27
Pedest Pedestria rian/v n/vehi ehicle cle confli conflict ct
tu
so iate iate
ratio. Th
It ises ntia ntia th he ntra ntra ce to stai stai nd liftsh liftsh ft ar po itio itione ne that that pede pedest stri rian an appr approa oa hi nd leav leavin in prov provid id guar guar rail rail
Ramps Th plit plit-l -l ve rr ge spli splitt-le leve ve
to re en pede pedest stri rian an
from from
lkin lkin
rran rrange geme ment nt is th most most comm common only ly us
at mezz mezz ni
or nt rm di te leve levels ls to redu reduce ce
ar park park it isoft
impo imposs ssib ible le to po itio itio th
if roup roup(s (s san
it
ar-p ar-par ar
houl houl
desi desi n.
base base
inim inimum um ther ther isno ppor pportu tuni nity ty fo th
ow ver, ver,
he
wait waitin in inte interv rval al
ifts ifts norm norm ll to
le ti n, th th arry arry 0% th nomi nomi al er onne onne capa capaci city ty Wher Wher th ca park park is asso associ ciat ated ed with with shop shoppi ping ng entr entr it is unli unlike kely ly that that lift lift il be apab apable le arry arryin in or than than 50 of apac apacit it an tr lley lley re vail vail bl this this coul coul opti optimi mi ti part partic ic larl larl in mall mall lift lift or invali invali chairs chairs 100m 4000m
ra ps or stai stairs rs inki inking ng he plit plit leve level, l, inorde inorde to re th in lift lift tair tair haft haft no spec specia ia prov provis isio io ismad th refo refore re re omme ommend nded ed that that
para parate te pede pede tria tria
is ra ps
ol ec thes thes
mpty mpty tr ll ys fr
Aisles
2·000
Trolley
Trolley
on Re earc earc
ha
incr incr se
own' own' that that by isle isle
in
ta
ar in
id h.
Lifts
<":"
e rs rs on on s
chie chie
ti fa tory tory
uali uality ty in term term of
er atis atisfa facc-
Tech Techni nica call lly, y, th qual qualit it of serv servic ic is norm normal ally ly defi define ne
ca
fl or an
ma be nece necess ssar ary. y.
as satisf satisfact actory ory
ffec ffecti ti
th park parkin in
arry arry
in inte interv rv l) Th firs firs
fthe fthe
rite riteri ri is
Dime Dimens nsio io
re
of two) two)
in
etre etre
lift lift lobb lobbie ie ar prov provid ided ed at ever ever othe othe park parkin in
leve leve
powe powe fail failur ure. e. that that prov provid ides es bett better er arch arch tect tectur ural al fini finish shes es an ligh lighti ting ng
Disa Disable ble ev
disi disinc ncen en iv
to pote potent ntia ia
ur
on ct d,
af or
av buildi building( ng( s).
or be
di
alar alar
ng nt
es ne
ca pa
be
d,
Chro Chroni nica call ll Sick Sick an Disa Disabl bled ed wide po er ar avai availa labl bl to Loca Loca Pers Person on Act, Act, 1970 1970,1 ,1 wide
vand vandal als. s.
g(s) g(s)
perso persons ns gi ba
ne d. In gene genera ral, l, this this mean mean that that when when desi design gnin in acce access sswa ways ys nd sh ul us athe athe ha ps
or pr
en
ed
nv nien nien othe othe acce access ss po nts. nts.
vi ou
ns oo
ul us
ne
de di
29
5.1 Clas Classi sifi fica cati tion on of abov abovee-gr grou ound nd ca park park
rinc rincip ipal al anci ancill llar ar
st uc ures ures ar
Constr trai aint nt in bove bove gr un 5.3 Cons Colu Column mn posi positi tion on Th loca locati tion on avai availa labl bl from from cons consid ider erat atio io
tair tair an li to er
specia specia situat situation ions. s.
5.
bo e-gr e-gr un
estr estr cted cted by th need need of open openin in
ar ar
~~tAl
Materials Basi Basi mate materi rial al comm common only ly used used in carcar-pa park rk cons constr truc ucti tion on
'0 '0
pr is used used eith either er alon alon as th prin princi cipa pa stru struct ctur ural al mate materi rial al or ompo omposi site tely ly wi conc concre re e. Concre Concrete te constr construct uction ion on rete rete ca park park ay be asse assemb mb ed from from prec precas as un ts or form formed ed conc conc et stru struct ctur ures es ma be cast cast on wide wide vari variet et of prop propri riet etar ar fo wo an fals fals work work syst system ems; s; he prop propri riet etar ar li t-sl t-slab ab meth method od avoi avoids ds th us
no
ur
ov
-t
II-
: 0 0·80 0·80 to '·OOOm desirable B: 3·30 3·300m 0m minim minimum um 3'600 3'600 desir desirab able le
iIIE .!; E::> In
.0 M 0
u.~ ~E
Acce Accept ptab able le supp suppor or posi positi tion on
iin n
iid dth th
20 Supp Suppor or posi positi tion on rela relate te struct structura ura
Steel Steel constru constructi ction on
of circ circul ulat atio io
door door an mano manoeu euvr vr
1m
support
z one
ar ar
park park ng geom geomet etry ry
require requiremen ments. ts.
pt Loading
hese hese test test sugg sugges este te that that exis exis in requ requir irem emen en or fire fire nc ou wh ch prac prac ice. ice. appl appl to th ajor ajorit it of ulti ulti-s -sto tore re oc os
110.
ve pm nt nt
ng ca park parks. s. Wind Wind load loadin in is rare rarely ly
subs substa tant ntia ia desi design gn cons constr trai aint nt
to
ke pl equi equire re care carefu fu de aili ailing ng tion.
nt oa ng
ut achi achiev ev
pr bl sati satisf sfac acto tory ry solu solu
Compos Composite ite constr construct uction ion Ca park park in comp compos osit it cons constr truc ucti tion on gene genera rall ll
comp compri rise se
on
uc
ve he
willnot willnot norm normal ally ly give give an appr apprec ecia iabl bl
cost cost savi saving ng beca becaus us
parks. po basi basica call ll prec precas as with with in situ situ
op ng cons constr truc uc io
ne or
5.4
parks
esig esig solu solu io
Prec Precas as conc concre rete te
or abov abovee- ro nd ca
divi divisi si ns Tw ba ic form form ar
os ible ible
inte interv rv ls i.e. i.e. abou abou
span spanne ne with with long long floo floo unit unit usua usuall ll usin usin eith either er fl Fig. Fig. 1) rs beams.
ltho lthoug ug
th
paci paci
need need
stru struct ctur ural al grid grid Struct Structura ura forms forms
(ii) (ii)
Supp Suppor or
m.
eameam- nd-s nd-sla la
on truc tructi tion on
th
uita uitabl bl fo th
odul odul
~._------------------~~ B I N W I DT DT H
~-r-----------4-----------------------------------~---~ ----~---~ L_
Clea Clearr-sp span an
L-
=J -1
L__
__
supp suppor orts ts
~~_J
L__
~: L__
-t:====================T -1~~================::::;r
_1
Supp Suppor or beam beam ma be omit omitte te i f c ol ol um um n
p ro ro vvii ddee d a t a r
deck-unit intervals
I T I S D ES ES IR IR AB AB L TO CO ON N TA TA I M AI AI N B EA EA M DEPTH WITHIN OVERA OVERAll SLAB THICKNES THICKNES
~B ecti ection on A-
T YP YP IC IC A L
S E CT CT IO IO N
Section
21 Clea Clearr-sp span an stru struct ctur ures es 22 Ribb Ribbed ed-s -sla la
cons constr truc ucti tion on
ra nb an bala balanc nced ed cant cantil ilev ever er form form ar poss possib ible le they they are, are, howe howeve ver, r, rare rarely ly adop adopte ted. d.
conn connec ecti tion on
betw betwee ee
ol mn loca locate te intervals
et ee
Th spac spacin in in th alte altern rnat ativ iv
to
co omic omic an gain gainin in in po ul rity rity inthe
rima rimary ry truc tructu tura ra el ment ment or
th unit unit
re es es in
concrete Suppor Suppor positi positions ons re asic asic supp suppor or po itio itions ns fo (i
vi
hi
ar of eameam- nd-s nd-sla la
th carcar-pa park rk li htin htin
an
mo nt d,
fittings. ta ls gene genera rall ll dire direct ctio io
stall
ischos ischosen en fo
Compos Composite ite constr construct uction ion Suppor Suppor positi positions ons it thos thos appl applyi ying ng to conc concre rete te cons constr truc ucti tion on 31
Struct Structura ura for
BINWfDT
ve
poss possib ible le Ther Ther
on
inte intera ract ctio io
betw betwee ee
ns nd
beam beam la ou
,11
slab slab
t 1 --
t -
---+
f -
---+
diff diffic icul ul to opti optimi mize ze -1---- -
BI
W IQ IQ T
FL
..., -..., _...J -...,
,L
....I
....
L.._
1.
-..,
-....I
L..._
_...J
-..,
._
. . . . I
. .. .
._
L.._
_....J
-...,
L.._
-...,
-...,
....
-...,
-...,
_..J
L..._
....I
L...
-....I
....
-..,
_....J
.....
-...,
L.._
L..._
' _...J
-~ -,
.....
.....
..
.....
-
L..._
-...,
-...,
L..._
.....
-..,
' -..., _....J -..., ' -..., _...J -...,
---,
.1---
.J
.....
---,
L..._
~---r--~
...,
; -
_...J
.L.._
-...,
_....J -...,
F=
-....I -...,
L..._
._
_....J
. . . . I
L..._
_....J
t -
---,
--
._
--1
; -
_....J
LA
L.._
'\
'
-
L.._
I ~
PLAN
....J
..
-..,
._
_...J
_/'vr-----PLAN
*"
T YP Y P IC IC A L S E CT C T IO IO N
II II
Flat Flat-s -sla la
T YP YP IC IC A L
I T I S D E SI SI RA RA B L T O C ON O N TA TA I M A I B EA EA M DEPTH WITHI O V E RA RA L L S LA LA B THICKNESS
S EC EC T O N
OPTI OPTIONA ONA
OUTER COLUM COLUMNS NS
DE DE S PA CI CI NG NG ,
UP RI C HO HO IC IC E O F
E lE VA VA T Q NA NA l
cons constr truc ucti tion on
T RE RE AT AT ME ME N
AND FOUNDATI FOUNDATIONS O NS
,II,,,, 23 Beam Beam-a -and nd-s -sla la
cons constr truc ucti tion on
pa ning ning
ul
el cted cted
dt on mi al
er
pa
ng ui g; stee steelw lwor or
ve or an
el
us
nt al
at so on vide vide gh gh of it ligh lighte te indi indivi vidu dual al unit units. s. otal otal cost cost of he
system.
ha us es he inev inevit itab ably ly requ requir ir grea greate te stor storey ey heig height ht inorder inorder to acco accomm mmod odat at he incr increa ease se stru struct ctur ural al dept depths hs
Floo Floo slab slab he thic thickn knes es of th conc concre rete te slab slab isusual isusually ly dete determ rm ne by loca loca bend bendin in mome moment nts; s; howe howeve ve wher wher th ul imat imat nt ol de gn of he ma am
32
T YP Y P IC IC A L S E CT C T IO IO N Waff Waffle le-s -sla la
cons constr truc ucti tion on
24 Flat Flat-p -pla late te solu soluti tion on
th conc conc et slab slab or comp compos osit it acti action on Alte Altern rnat ativ ivel el
th
un hing hing he prov prov po be ni mu inte interv rval als. s. loor loor slab slab ca be eith either er whol whol in situ situ or whol wholly ly prec precas ast. t. mono monoli lith thic ic topp toppin in isusual isusually ly requ requir ired ed sect sectio io 8) Sect Sectio io also also cont contai ains ns reco recomm mmen enda dati tion on ec of cret cret s.
fo
Seco Second ndar ar he
beam beam os
I DT H
ep
of
ab
ce
norm normal al ha they they shou should ld span span th bi widt widt
on clea clearr-sp span an p~
ng of nd simply simply support supported. ed.
Beam Beam secti section on om pr
ne
STEEL
ce
serv servic ic load load cond condit it on
nd
he comp compos osit it acti action on
used used
erection. Al houg houg it is poss possib ible le desi design gn plat platee-gi gi de sect sectio ions ns de om plat plat no on fo nonnon-re repe pe itiv itiv stru struct ctur ures es It is howe howeve ver, r, poss possib ible le to atta attach ch pa tial tial leng leng flan flange ge plat plates es to he bott bottom om lang lang of proc proces es th us of high high-s -str tren engt gt
us
er al be
T YP Y P IC IC A L S E CT C T IO IO N
stee stee wher wher defl deflec ecti tion on
advantage.
BI
WIDTH WIDTH
term termed edia iate te colu column mn
Continuity In long long span span wher wher defl deflec ecti tion on prod produc uces es th crit critic ical al imit imit eg co dv ge s. nt
bs an al ca
situ
ss on
he
es
in structu tura ra toppi topping ng in situ situ struc
nk
on
bo
ng
Columns T YP Y P IC IC A L S E CT C T IO IO N I Ns Ns rT rT U
T OP OP PI PI N
tive tive wher wher ea
he bo he be pe he beam beam la ou issuc that that sign sign fica ficant nt biax biaxia ia ma nt n.
av
olum olum
compo composi site te sect sectio ion. n.
Comp Compos osit it desi design gn In posi positi tive ve-m -mom omen en regi region ons, s, wher wher th deck deck slab slab ma be 25 Typi Typica ca park parkin in ba cons constr truc ucti tion on Clea Clearr-sp span an cons constr truc ucti tion on long longit itud udin inal al main main fram fram
beam beam th econ econom omic ic adva advant ntag ages es of subj subjec ecti ting ng th slab slab to do bl du ar ob ou 33
colu column mn need need details.
Construction
be cons cons dere dere
in devi devisi sing ng appr approp op iate iate
Maintenance de
of
ng
ks
gr
nd
ol
de
mini minimi mize ze hi ar he us of abra abrasi sion on-r -res esis is an coat coatin ings gs comb combin ined ed wi th us of guar guardr drai ails ls or othe othe prot protec ecti tion on ot xp
Protect Protective ive treatm treatment ent'l= 'l= prot protec ecti tive ve coat coat main mainta tain ined ed th buil buildi ding ng ma look look bett better er pa pa ua
ho
on
easo easona nabl bl long long peri period od betw betwee ee sati satisf sfac acto tory ry appe appear aran ance ce nd Th of
Th
olut olutio io nc
Demountability bl
un
us
majo majo ma nten ntenan ance ce on
ve prop propos osed ed il inev inevit itab ably ly be be
comp comp om
va
he ve if of he prot protec ecti tive ve pain pain work work will will be affe affect cted ed to
on
re-e re-ere rect cted ed else else he e. Howe Howeve ver, r, expe experi rien ence ce show show that that this this oppor opportu tuni nity ty rare rarely ly reac reache he real realiz izat atio ion. n. Addi Additi tion onal ally ly he co of di mant mantli ling ng re-e re-e ecti ection on an rans ranspo port rtat atio io is no ow ince ince ne ound oundat at on an serv serv ce conn connec ecti tion on ui only only form form of cons constr truc uc io easi easi re-e re-ere rect cted ed
truc tructu tura ra isco isco tinu tinuit ities ies in abov aboveegrou grou ca park park
5.
Move Moveme ment nt join joints ts (ful (ful late latera ra disc discon onti tinu nuit ity) y) Ca park park ar gene genera rall ll tole tole an of dime dimens ns onal onal chan change ge aris aris ng from from temp temper erat atur ure, e, humi humidi di or load loadin in ef ects ects on expo expose se to he chan change ge of at osph ospher er cond condit it on sinc sinc they they ar rare rare co plet pleted ed encl enclos osed ed hi mean mean he ar nc ef ects ects alth althou ough gh he temp temper erat atur ur diff differ eren en ia betw betwee ee insulated. or
nt
atte attent ntio io to de ai ed poin points ts in th desi design gn an spec specif if ca tion tion to avoi avoi weak weak poin points ts here here corr corros osio io woul woul star star dete deteri rior orat atio io
of th unde unde lyin lyin pi
ow nt
up
he
trea trea ment ment an ma nten ntenan ance ce
whic whic reprepul
by
hi
or-T or-Ten en is th best best know known, n, bu desi design gner er shou should ld atis atis
in weat weathe heri ring ng stee steels ls
an unti unti this this occu occurs rs patc patchy hy appe appear aran ance ce isinevi isinevita tabl ble. e. is poss possib ible le that that unif unifor or appe appear aran ance ce wi neve neve deve develo lo in prot protec ecte te loca locati tion ons. s. esse essent ntia ia that that deta deta ling ling of th buil buildi ding ng al ow or th shed sheddi ding ng of th oxid oxid pa ticl ticles es in
34
ot
ho
nt ul nd on
ny
om pl ov is alwa always ys prud pruden en to prov provid id addi addi iona iona part partia ia move moveme ment nt join join in
ng
Weathe Weatherin rin steels steels eath eather erin in stee steels ls of whic whic
avai availa labl bl
trea trea ment ment
nl
bl reeree-sl slid idin in
he
nc
op bear bearin ings gs must must be prov prov ded. ded.
of
plac placed ed at grea greate te nter nterva vals ls than than sugg sugges este te abov abov ca is take take aint aintai ai he cont cont nu ty of suff suffic ic en re nfor nforce ce ment ment to prov provid id adeq adequa uate te tens tens le capa capaci city ty to tran transm smit it al da
ve
nt
nt
on ul
half half co umns umns wher wher they they adjoi adjoi eith either er he expo expose se roof roof or on occa occasi sion ons, s, wher wher hi form form of cons constr truc uc io islink islinked ed ve ur ow or cros crossw swal al of bu ldin lding. g. Th desi design gner er in this this si uati uation on
ea
colu column mn or th ir slen slende dern rnes es isadju isadju te
Th ig to th to de
th
he
us on id th po ibil ibilit it am ge ri in fr it expo expo ur ac pt le
high high rest restra rain int, t, poor poor curi curing ng an high high sett settin in temp temper erat atur ures es occu occur. r. BS 5400 5400 Part Part 217 give give info inform rmat atio io on th desi design gn riti riti Isle Isle hi at to nabl nabl th
IA ec ni ou ofmove ofmove
18
note note nt to
provides stim stim te
Foundations Th desi design gn of foun founda dati tion on shou should ld foll follow ow norm normal al prac practi tice ce xc pt ha iffe iffere rent nt al sett settle le nt re te th th se of ny ot uild uild ng ay be ce ted. ted. uida uidanc nc this this cont contin inuo uous us memb member er te l-fr l-fr
ed
tr ctur ctur
to avoi avoi crac cracki king ng or unac unacce cept ptab able le om ared ared
it
ncre ncrete te fr
certai certai soi condit condition ions. s.21,22 Th redu reduce ce pa fo nd tion tion ven, ven,
ac ptin ptin
os ibly ibly
so
alls alls urro urroun undi di
an
ppor ppor in
lift lift
nd tair tair as
5. Cladding General Fe mult multii-st stor orey ey ca park park ca disp dispen ense se alto altoge geth ther er with with some some form form of clad claddi ding ng alth althou ough gh it will will form form seco second ndar ar ro in th tern tern nvel nvelop op ompa ompare re it cl di to ar
re gene genera rall ll
nh ated ated buil buil in
re uiri uiri
bunbun-
be comp comple lete te func functi tion on
that that incl includ ude: e:
re tr inin inin
Ib
rs from from ru ni
er th
dg of he floo floo
tt em nt (s bjec bjec to
tr ct ra co cr te), te), wh reas reas
uppo upport rt pi es Th us of ligh lightw twei eigh ghtt-ag aggr greg egat at la isal os
weig weight ht coup couple le
divi dividi ding ng bins bins
he vier vier
conc concre rete te shou should ld also also
ua to th live live lo d,
25
redu redu ti
ff ct olum olum nd fo ndat ndat on lo s. This This us et agai agains ns th disa disadv dvan anta tage ge of usin usin ligh lightw twei eigh gh conc concre rete te redu reduce ce perm permit itte te span span/d /dep epth th rati ratio, o, slig slight htly ly redu reduce ce
fire cr ni
rk
consid considere ere
unsigh unsightly tly
ulti ulti-s -sto tore re prov provid idin in
ar from from xter xter
ca park park in ke pi
vi
it
he th
esth esth ti
im in
secu securi rity ty
Cate Catego gori ries es of clad claddi ding ng soli soli cons constr truc ucti tion on Deflec Deflectio tio limits limits
es th
an many many will will requ requir ir
fa ilit ilit es
il
fire fire-p -pro rote tect cted ed
ro ided ided on th peri peri hery hery of
ee ed in ar park park tr ct re in they they ar ot fi ishe ishe it ra k- nsit nsitiv iv mate materi ri ls Th foll follow owin in pe ts buil buil in
design:
rare rare
Sinc Sinc th
feat feat re
ee to be pr vi
re
ainl ainl cons cons ru te
with with clad claddi ding ng
fter fter
of
nsid nsid
an it bare bare stru struct ctur ural al mate materi rial als, s, th arch archit itec ectu tura ra obje objecc11023
here here isno evid eviden en th pr bl of ibra ibrati ti
ncre ncreas as it er it
fl ct on iv ri ncre ncrete te ar rk
infl influe ue ce th requ requir ir ents ents
hoic hoic meth method od fo fulf fulf llin llin th para parape pets ts li ed bove bove
adul adul shou should ld be able able to fall fall inad inadve vert rten entl tl
th
over over th barr barrie ie
stru struct ctur ures es havi having ng high higher er defl deflec ecti tion ons. s. Stability limi limite te by prac practi tica ca cons consid ider erat atio ions ns
Th nece necess ssar ar stab stabil il
inco incorp rp rate rate nt th para parape pet/ t/ rrie rrie te to ro id part part th oriz oriz ta re ista istanc nc here here th ol ns re
ot
ui
Fixings29 shou shou be emph emphas asiz ized ed that that in th desi design gn spec specif if ca io
cant cantil ilev ever er post posts. s. Al erna ernati tive vely ly
stru struct ctur ural al clad claddi ding ng eleele-
ve
ns or
oa on
10
mend mendat atio ions ns fo th anal anal si of barr barr ers. ers. BS 6180 618011 is also also relevant. soun soun prin princi cipl pl in th desi design gn of impa impact ct resi resist stan an
pres preser erve ved. d. Fixi Fixing ng syst system em that that ca be insp inspec ecte te ar possi possibl bl to prov provid id on anch anchor orag ag
achi achiev eved ed by limi limiti ting ng th stif stiffn fnes es of some some fixi fixing ng in orde orde
invi invisi sibl bl fixi fixings ngs corr corros osio ionn-re resi sist stan an el of syst system em an ma eria eria dura durabi bili lity ty shou should ld be
fixi fixing ng an fast fasten enin ings gs avai availa labl ble, e, th desi design gner er shou should ld take take 30
an alte altern rnat ativ iv
to
flex flex bl ba rier rier
igid igid rest restra rain in
allo allowi wing ng th impa impact ct ener energy gy to be diss dissip ipat ated ed by crum crumpl plin in ca cula culate te in acco acco danc danc with with th Code Code of ract ract ce th om ssio ssio of sepa separa rate te cras cras barr barr er attr attrac ac iv sinc sinc he accu accu ulat ulatio io of li te is avoi avoide de an aint ainten enan ance ce co ts ar redu reduce ced. d.
resi resist sted ed with within in or beyo beyond nd th usua usua serv servic icea eabi bili li nd allo allowe we
on nc appr approa oach ch ts ul imat imat
stre streng ng h.
limi limits ts
impo import rtan an
stre street et leve level. l.
31
when when eval evalua uati ting ng clai claims ms fo th perf perfor orma manc nc ar fixi fixing ng devi device ces. s.
nd rg ou 5. Th basi basi geom geomet etri ri
of prop propri riet et
ca pa ks
an spat spat al desi design gn requ requ reme rement nt
fo
grou ground nd usag usage, e, bu he high high cost cost pe unit unit volu volume me requ requ re os at nt pa ul atte attent ntio io nece necess ssar ar in th plan planni ning ng of th mech mechan an ca se vice vice with with thei thei duct duct an plan plan la out; out; th prov provis isio io smok smokee-ve vent nt spac spac cons cons sten sten wi prop proper er oper operat atio ion. n. he stru struct ctur ural al desi design gn will will prob probab ably ly be most most econ econom omic ic um tion tion 5.5. 5.5.
tern terns. s.
para parape pe prob prob em prov provid idin in oses oses
be
de
hi even even th circ circul ulat at on
il be adju adjust sted ed
su
di fere ferent nt elem elemen ents ts fo di fe gu nt
he
or
buil buildi ding ng above above disg disgui uise se th comp compos osit it asse assemb mbly ly from from he ou side side). ). hi tech techni niqu qu ma el be th most most prac practi tica ca sinc since, e, from from th po nt be er ligh ligh chea chea an lexi lexibl bl nter nterna na boar boar ha to deal deal with with br ur on he ns de of he main main st uc ural ural para parape pet. t. In addi additi tion on kerb kerb have have been been used used to dete dete vehi vehicl cles es from from appr approa oach chin in
5. Geom Geomet etry ry an circ circul ulat atio io he same same data data or dyna dynami mi capa capaci city ty an geom geomet etry ry appl appl un as os
adop adopte te ke
d.
us
clad claddi ding ng does does no form form part part of th esse essent ntia ia stru struct ctur ur el
bu
like like of
al
requ requir ired ed gene genera ral, l, hori horizo zont ntal al or vert vert ca pane panels ls or ribs ribs used used pure purely ly as clad claddi ding ng coul coul be-d be-des esig igne ne in acco accord rdan ance ce 25 26 th prec precas as conc conc et clad claddi ding ng ng no 36
he
oc
itho ithout ut stud stud in th prob probab ab
wi
he high high arif ariffs fs ha
patt patter er
il be requ requ re
ofuse or to offoff-se se
stal stal widt widths hs of 90°pa 90°park rkin in ma no be appr approp opri riat at om
fo he
Fire Fire prec precau auti tion on In er on ro In buil buildi ding ng (but (but excl exclud ud ng thos thos of exce excess ss he gh and/ and/or or ve ne the Lond London on Buil Buildi ding ng (Con (Const stru ruct ctio iona nal) l) By-L By-Law aw 1982.32 have have
ve fire fire re ista istanc nc no lesstha lesstha twic twic ha requ requir ired ed or Petroleum
(Con (Conso soli lida dati tion on re fo be ai ed
Ac
le gt
1928,33
here here th floo floo ar
is natu natura ra perm perman anen en vent ventil ilat atio io
le than than 46 .5
havi having ng
(ii)
cros crosss-se sect ctio iona na
of
ar
em va (a) NATU NATU
path path nd li it in numb number er of leve levels ls
VENTI VENTILA LATIO TIO
it lf Mo tl this this is ro id By-L By-L ws Both Both truc tructu tura ra
tion tion ma be perm permit itte te alread alread descri describe bed. d. En la an ru
para para io
in ircu ircums msta tanc nc
ales ales incl incl di
1976.35
it isclea isclea th
nd th
ro isio isio
practicer"
2V2%
agai agai in ba em nt cons constr tr ctio ctio
ok
re
rece recent ntly ly th us of mode mode test test ha demo demons nstr trat ated ed that that effe effect ctiv iv an effi effici cien en smok smok extr extrac acti tion on ca
simi simila la to th se
oute oute ondo ondo orou orough gh Th Buil Buildi ding ng Regu Regula lati tion on
vert vertic ical al
(b)
such such test tests. s. 39 MECHA MECHANIC
VENTI VENTILA LATIO TIO
ecti ection on
(inc (inclu lu in
Mechan Mechanica ica servi services ces ri soli solida dati tion on desc descri ribe be
Petr Petrol oleu eu
33
Ac 1928 ould ould gain gain appl appl
(Con (Con outl outlin in
prop propos osal al
stag stage. e.
wi be xcee xceede de loca locall ll to keep keep el
cc pt bl
36
tota totall ll
belo belo -gro -groun un
cotl cotlan an
ar ar s; comm common only ly
nd Nort Nort er
Smok Smok prec precau auti tion on
er
Irel Irelan an
an
rn
enti entila lati tion on
eadr eadr om
us be
ucts ucts requ requir ir
ai tain tain d. Unde Underg rgro roun un
from from th rela relati tive vely ly larg larg ai move moveme ment nt
leve levelswi lswith thin in an nder nder ro nd ca
es ap rout rout th
ecti ection on 7) Es pe rout rout is osit ositiv ivel el
th fr
char char ed by mech mechan aniiNoise Th enti entila lati tion on
duct duct or
park. re acce accept ptab able le beca becaus us
ar ma be lo
ou
0m (w te gaug gauge) e) Th us of osit ositiv ivel el harg harg esca escape pe rout routes es is part partic icul ular arly ly valu valuea eabl bl ifthe ca park park li bene bene th la ds aped aped ar er dire direct ct erti erti
fl or
ca park park
acce access ss ways ways henc henc resu result ltin in
ro te (s
th pede pede tria tria
re
ca
ca
to cr
extr extrac acti tion on
tion tion ar requ requir ired ed (i)
rk
fire fire rati rating ng
fthe fthe
ee to pr vi
thro throug ug
la
yste ystem. m.
is comm common only ly situ situ te
ow ver, ver, th nois nois
in th
ut id th
pper pper
la
hole holes, s, incl includ udin in th entr entran ance ce an exit exit open openin ings gs
37
Drainage iscus iscusto toma mary ry to aythe fl or ow to is harg harg cons consid ider erat atio io
gull gull ys
nd rgro rgroun un
park park
this this isbr ught ught in bycars bycars in
ma be give give to layi laying ng floo floors rs subs substa tant ntia iall ll
Caisso sonn-si sink nkin in (b) Cais
(c)
is requ requir ir
befo before re
form form ll wing wing or zont zontal al ry ppor ppor this this faci faci it perm perman anen en stru struct ctur ure. e. en at
ki
th fl or as he
rc to rovi rovi al be ed
re onst onstru ru te
spac spac is exca excava vate ted. d. (e) Cut-an Cut-and-c d-cove ove method method This This ma dopt dopt er
Soil Soil cond condit itio ions ns
nd th loss loss
simp simple le circ circul ular ar or squa square re shap shap isdesi isdesira rabl bl fo this this form form of cons constr truc ucti tion on larg larg supp suppli lies es of free free-f -flo lowi wing ng wate water. r. Shee Sheeti ting ng pili piling ng or cast cast in situ situ
melt meltin in snow snow caus causes es rela relati tive vely ly fe prob proble lems ms an hosi hosing ng is usua usuall ll acco accomp mpan anie ie by usin usin sque squeeg egee ee on th floo floors rs
Site investig investigatio atio ta le it in stig stig ti
tech techni niqu ques es wher wher th enti entire re shel shel of
supp supp rt th
this this ma oc sion sion th
oint oint
materials.t"
temp tempor or ithi ithi he
th
dequ dequ te late latera ra
scapin in of unde underg rgro roun un 5.10 La scap Design Design criter criteria ia Th foll foll in sign sign rite riteri ri pl
th
ac is
ca park park
etho etho of co stru struct ctio io an stru struct ctur ural al esig esig fo un ergr ergrou ou ca park parks= s= 41,42
5.9
General Th meth method od of cons constr truc ucti tion on ofte ofte beco become me th prin princi cipa pa esig esig nstr nstr in ge er ti th om tr tr c-
ic ll th re re tw
ha
of th
ypes ypes of nd rgro rgroun un
uild uild ng
park parks: s:
ove: ove: th colu column mn po itio itions ns in
chan change ge isusual isusually ly expe expens nsiv iv an no adop adopte te
re nt ee
tura tura io
of th
of th
le te
uper uper mpos mpos
oi
ow ver, ver,
vege vegeta tati ti n.40,43-45
Cont Contro ro of mois moistu ture re cond condit itio ions ns Th cost cost of supp suppor orti ting ng vege vegeta tati tion on over over th unde underg rgro roun un cond condit itio ions ns thro throug ug adeq adequa uate te drai draina nage ge an regu regula la wate wate pply pply (ada (adapt pted ed ac re nd it lant lant is enti enti l. Ther Theref ef re thre thre on itio itions ns it ar in form form pl tin ar sugg sugges este ted: d:
unle unless ss
area areas, s, publ public ic park park or simi simila la area areas. s. Thei Thei peri periph pher eral al io
here here it isof riti riti
im or an
to re tric tric weig weight ht
subs subseq eque uent nt land landsc scap apin in of th area area abov abov ma affe affect ct re
oxes oxes
lant lantin in
re uire uire
nt
Planting
Meth Method od of cons constr truc ucti tion on cons constr truc ucti ting ng deep deep base baseme ment nt thes thes thod thod re dire dire te
Topsoil 0·'0 0·'000-1· 1·20 20
in city city cent centre res. s. Some Someti time me void void ng te or ry rk
Peat appr approx oxim imat atel el , -S -S in in te te re re d
pr ce ds vi usly usly th ar like likely ly to se unle unle trad tradit itio iona na temp tempor orar ar supp suppor or is abno abnorm rmal ally ly expe expens nsiv ive. e.
Asphalt
conditions.
Drain
Periph phera era wall wall (a) Peri muds muds re 38
ai able able
7. Typi Typica ca sect sectio io thro throug ug grammatic
plan planti ti
0-20 0-20
ex an ed
used used this this case case plan plants ts shou shou be rest restri rict cted ed to thos thos that that will will grow grow in impo impove veri rish shed ed soil soil cond condit itio ions ns In coun countr tr es
(b
ee
us be
or
ac or of 50 (c
di
de
up
ng oo
oj cted cted
or
ha
ng ho
va on
ng elow elow or ed
Prov Provis isio io shou should ld be made made ei he fo arti artifi fici cial al wate waterr-
uc ul ai pe of glas glasss-fi fibr br ma or simi simi ar ma eria eria shou should ld be ai over over
al syst system em th unde underl rlyi ying ng wa erpr erproo oofi fing ng shou shou
Norm Normal al ve et ti wa er etai etaini ning ng mate materi rial al shou should ld be prov prov ded. ded. Th unde unde ou be nd ho stru struct ctur ure. e. Fig. Fig. 27
maintenance. or orga orga ur ng ho
ho
he ul ur ha
oo
on hich hich
mi nc ul
ho
be
cl nt he
After-care mso he ge ou ho nn su at with with land landsc scap ap arch archit itec ect, t, wh shou should ld also also advi advise se on he
ther theref efor or
be plac placed ed over over th supp suppor or posi positi tion on fo th ca
nt ne
ul
po vo
(a
reco recomm mmen ende de system.
gr ho
ua
on he pr
ns ow ng ctor ctor ot
fo gene genera ra plan planti ting ng this this will will prev preven en
co
ed
nc
Wate feat Wate featur ures es Wate Wa terf rfea eatu ture re ar of en
valu valuab ab
addi additi tion on to land landsc scap ap
appr approa oach ches es ar poss poss bl wa erpr erproo oofi fing ng ng ov on
(i prov provid id ge ul
prov prov de doub double le la er wi drai draine ne cavi cavity ty betw betwee ee th memb memb anes anes this this al ow main main enan enance ce of th prel prel mina minary ry wate waterp rpro roof ofin in be unde undert rtak aken en duri during ng rout routin in main mainte te nance. co oa gh en po
he
ne
39
6.1 Lighting
General
ente ente in
llum llum nanc nanc co plet pletel el
un it pace pace
ha rtif rtific ic al ligh lighti ting ng willhav willhav time. as is th sa
ovem ovemen en of ca
so be us
bu to
of up
1000 1000 ux
lter lter at ve
suff suff cien cien
in ta ce da fo
os of he
ar acce acce
insi inside de an outs outsid id illu illumi mina nati tion on As sign signif ific ican an cont contra rast st rati ratios os ma obta obtain in betw betwee ee
well well
oute oute
mini minimi mize ze vand vand lism lism nd pres presen en ea onab onab at racractive tive appe appear ar nc co mens mensur ur te th th envi enviro ronm nmen en of as oc ated ated or ad acen acen buil buildi ding ngs. s. xper xperie ienc nc su gest gest Acce Access ss rout routes es shou should ld be well well illu illumi mina nate ted, d, reas reason onab ably ly problem. by th cont contra ra in illu illu in nc it djoi djoini ning ng ta ls ossi ossibl bl ar ange ange en re nece nece sa il imit imited ed bu om on empl employ oy lter lterna nati tive ve ar as ol ow bett better er cons consid ider ered ed visu visual ally ly attr attrac acti tive ve easi easily ly main mainta tain ined ed prac practi tica ca ligh lighti ting ng solu soluti tion on Th rest restri rict cted ed head head clea cleara ranc nc ha
ea onab onab
even even llum llum nanc nanc ov
th
ho
area area
he
acce access ss rout route, e, with with subs subsid idia iary ry lumi lumina nair ires es over over th stal stalls ls acce access ss rout rout
with with spil spil ligh lighti ting ng illu illumi mina nati ting ng th stal stalls ls
indu indust stri rial al buil buildi ding ngs, s, ca be achi achiev eved ed only only at proh prohib ibit itiv iv ount ountin in
eigh eigh an type type of um nair empl employ oyed ed whic whic
su fa
ount ounted ed
he stal stal lu in ires ires ca
re esse esse or
co fusi fusion on it he rout rout ma ke s. he latt latter er lter lterna nati ti ha he er of grea grea er cono cono bu itis mp rt nt ha Illumi Illuminat nation ion standa standards rds Havi Having ng st bl shed shed th basi basi crit criter er an conc conc uded uded ha th no ma prac prac ic of pr vidi viding ng even even llum llum nanc nanc over over
An anal analys ysis is of some some curr curren en inst instal alla lati tion on indi indica cate te th pace pace an
de ai ed elow elow ar th in mu acce acce tabl tabl stan standa dard rds, s, an in reas reases es of up 100% 100% ould ould be vi uall uall de ir ble. ble. Th in um evel evel oc ur at he grea greate te dist distan an from from area park parkin in ba acce access ss rout route, e,
service illuminance, lux
2· -3·3 -3·3 W/m2
Sele Select ctio io of elec electr tric ical al equi equipm pmen en (gen (gener eral al requ requir irem emen ents ts egul egulat at ons, ons, bu or ener eneral al guid guidan an e, he ondo ondo re riga rigade de (Pet (Petro ro eu ranc ranch) h) od of ract ract ce or equi equipm pmen en (inc (inclu ludi ding ng elec electr tric ic lamp lamps) s) if inst instal alle le
belo belo
gases). 47
At en ra ce wher wher vehi vehicl cles es ca ov sudd sudden en from from br gh sunl sunlig ight ht in he re at ve dark dark nter nterio io of th ca park park it ma be advi advisa sabl bl to cons consid ider er spee spee rest restri rict ctio ion. n. 40
suit suitab ably ly prot protec ecte te agai agains ns mech mechni nica ca dama damage ge an shou should ld be tota totall ll encl enclos osed ed
Choi Choice ce of lumi lumina nair ires es mina mina es ho us on with with anti anti-c -cor orro rosi sion on fini finish shes es sinc sinc they they ar ofte ofte call called ed on empl employ oy rece recess ssed ed cons cons ruct ruct on whic whic offe offers rs both both visu visual al nd prac prac al va ed droo droo an bett better er prot protec ecti tion on agai agains ns vand vandal alis ism. m. Glaz Glazin in shou should ld us ht nd da es nt ns or po bo ur crew crew Th fore forego goin in basi basi requ requir irem emen ents ts natu natura rall ll infl influe uenc nc qu nt ut en ks he oi ua ge of comm commer erci cial al luor luores esce cent nt batt batten en-t -t pe lumi lumina nair ires es prepreui bl us visi vision on en he pe with with high high-p -p essu essure re merc mercur ur lamp lamp that that have have good good lume lume nc ou he exce except ptio iona na life life requ requir ired ed situ situat atio ions ns here here or xa na blem blem on
os di
nc
ou
be
ve
ha most most of th attr attrac acti tive ve char charac acte teri rist stic ic 600m 600m
squa square re umin uminai aire re wi
ps de or sing sing clea clea ce ling ling with with maxi maximu mu ub
of cold cold-c -cat atho hode de
4-,
lume lume ou pu equi equiva vale lent nt
of vide vide clea clea head headro room om an litt little le or
ot atho atho
hi
us
gr
de
Bulk Bulkhe head ad-t -typ yp lumi lumina nair ires es will will norm normal ally ly inco incorp rpor orat at high high ur er nc ea po ou be eful eful em ed be avoi avoide ded. d. cont contro ro he ligh ligh ou put, put, to achi achiev ev acce access ss rout routes es gs en ge lood lood-t -t pe lumi lumina nair ire, e, moun mounte te
lo glar glar
ac or an
mini miniat atur ur at high high leve leve ha
ImIW ec ve
60
Circ Circui ui arra arrang ngeme ement nt Norm Normal al ligh lighti ting ng When When dayl daylig ight ht pene penetr trat atio io in abov abov grou ground nd mult multii-st stor orey ey ca park park sign signif ific ican ant, t, mark marked ed savi saving ng in runn runnin in cost cost peri periph pher eral al ligh lighti ting ng is swit switch ched ed ou duri during ng dayl daylig ight ht hour hours, s, ot
gh
de
un
be swit switch ched ed emot emotel el
an
se ecti ective vely ly
vacated.
Securi Security ty lighti lighting ng Secu Securi rity ty ight ight ng will will be requ requir ired ed alon alon th rout routes es aken aken norm normal ally ly be secu securi ri pers person onne nel, l, an hese hese will will cert certai ainl nl incl includ ud stai stairs rs if obbi obbies es an ramp ramps. s. Th circ circui uits ts ma be
Emerg Emergen ency cy ligh lighti ting ng merg mergen ency cy or esca escape pe ight ightin in
ha whic whic isprov isprovid ided ed in
safe safety ty of pers person ons, s, part partic icul ular arly ly fo prov provid idin in assi assist stan ance ce in he ve nt nd he al ligh ligh ing. ing. Guid Guidan ance ce in he prov provis isio io of emer emerge genc nc ligh ligh and Fire whic Fire Prec Precau auti tion on Ac 197149 whic pl ui ", he ns al ou pp or ge
is furt furthe he ge ba up
loca locall-ci circ rcui ui and/ and/or or main mainss-su supp pply ly fail failur ure. e. Th incl inclus usio io of emer emerge genc nc ligh lighti ting ng circ circui uits ts an lamp lamp into into th secu securi rity ty ligh lighti ting ng lumi lumina nair ires es ma well well be an attr attrac acti tive ve alte altern rnat ativ iv to prov provid idin in sepa separa rate te lumi lumina na res. res.
6. Heatin Heatin General he prin princi cipa pa heat heatin in ng oint oint
prob prob em in ca park park nd no or
asso associ ciat ated ed be
xp ns ve
ice. ov pe ag
ou ne e. he nd me ho ha ur ns ve nd he
it
dv
ov usef useful ul
outp output uts, s, bu ha re ativ ativel el shor shor ob ecti ective ve li (nor (norma mallly2 00 h) an only only mode modest st lumi lumino nous us effi effica cacy cy of abou abou 18 ImIW. ho un ha ce co ve High High pres pressu sure re merc mercur ur or high high-p -pre ress ssur ur sodi sodium um (SON (SON
55
shou should ld gene genera rall ll
pe Ramps os
ce
ps
he
he nl ex
nl
ex os
at
ob
un In wint winter er condi conditi tions ons with with pers persis iste tent nt lo temp temper erat atur ures es th surf surfac ac of th ramp ramp willult willultim imat atel el fall fall belo belo free freezi zing ng poin point, t, an an prec precip ipit itat atio io in th form form of cond conden ensa sati tion on or ainf ainfal al nv ny ha be mp n. wa to prev preven en this this occu occurr rrin in isto prov provid id suff suffic icie ient nt heat heat pr nt ur ce ng Heat Heatin in ca be carr carrie ie ou us ng ow volt voltag ag supp supp ma of stee stee mesh mesh or by us ng main mainss-vo vo tage tage supp supply ly to sing single le-c -cor or heat heatin in elem elemen ents ts
pa 41
In thes thes da bi nc ns
or
ofhig ener energy gy cost cost itis wort wort exam examin inin in de no ow pe
or
offi offi es ca norm normal al
be supp supp ie
it heat heat ro
conv convec ec or or tubu tubula la heat heater er ca prov provid id on oo hs
th ma
sa isfa isfact ctor or he
gn
on
pe ng
6. Venti Ventilat lation ion
Reas Reasons ons fo vent ventil ilat atio io
requ requ re
to desi design gn to
short short-t -ter er
ligh lightl tl lowe lowe stan standa dard rd
he mo
prob proble lem. m.
nd
th more more
be
lOO-180W/m
tions. ut liza liza ion. ion.
losi losing ng th
ng
nd
mono monoxi xide de emit emit ed from from th exha exhaus usts ts
ve Natu Natura ra vent ventil ilat atio io
gr un
ve
he
Roofs Unde Unders rsla la heat heatin in ma be nece necess ssar ar in cert certai ai circ circum umst st ance ance when when pa king king akes akes plac plac on open open oo s, asdriv asdrivin in
carcar-pa pa
pl
nant nant is th ca bo
stea steady dy-s -sta tate te cond condit itio ions ns rath rather er than than cons consid ider erin in
ds
of
oo area area ca ther theref efor or
heat heatin in toge togeth ther er wi he at enda endant nt inan inanci cial al pena penalt lt on th carcar-pa pa owne owne both both from from ncre ncreas ased ed capi capita ta co an
staf staf use, use, adve advers rs road road cond condit itio ions ns redu reduce ce th carcar-pa park rkin in equi equire reme ment nt on mini minima ma ly Th cons conseq eque uenc nces es ther theree-
prov provid id suff suffic icie ient nt cros crosss-fl flow ow vent ventil ilat atio ion. n. In this this case case th 2V2%
effe effect ctiv iv cros cros vent ventil ilat atio ion. n. This This ca norm normal ally ly be deem deemed ed to prov prov de sati satisf sfac acto to vent ventil ilat atio io an wi norm normal ally ly be on ur ue va bu Mechani Mechanical cal ventila ventilatio tio
on mech mechan anic ical al extr extrac ac sy te
tion tion cann cannot ot be prov provid ided ed be inst instal alle led. d. pa airair-fl flow ow at when when ru
epar eparat atel el
dl
he an so cont cont olle olle
owne owne just just fy th expe expend ndit itur ure. e.
ha
um ha nu
Spac Spac heat heatin in he
reas reason onab able le comf comfor or
of
exce exceed ed he ollo ollowi wing ng ev ls
be achi achiev ev
nc
cond condit itio ions ns econ econom omic ical ally ly ut
gene genera ra carcar-pa park rk area area normal peak tran transi sien en occu occupa panc nc only only
50ppm 100ppm 250 ppm
subs subsec ecti tion on 6.l. 6.l. di
bo
he
or
Q=nx 10 /(C -C
/h n=nu n=nu be of ngin ngin runn runn ng simu simult lt neou neousl sl x=rate /h r= er is ible ible on entr entrat atio io of CO in ar ark, ark, ppm
ppm av rage rage cond cond tion tion
an
nois nois leve levels ls 53 Genera Genera recomm recommend endati ations ons with with carcar-pa park rk vent ventil ilat atio io desi design gn In some some case case th item item re no it in th irec irec ontr ontrol ol th uild uildin in serv servic ices es
obta obtain in
they they yp
eh cl
il ontr ontrib ibut ut
to im rove rove
buil buildd-up up in th co cent centra rati tion on place place eXRone eXRonenti ntiall ally. y. Work rial
vent ventil ilat ated ed
carb carbon on
onox onoxid id take take
Expe Experi rien ence ce sugg sugges ests ts that that th vent ventil ilat atio io
periods.
ro
ra
sche schedu duli ling ng of main mainte tena nanc nc norm normal ally ly qu va en to abou abou 3. th tota tota ar-p ar-p rk capacity. is reco recomm mmen ende de that that th supp supply ly airair-ra rate te calc calcul ulat atio io nd
co dl usin usin th anti antici ci at
pe
cond condit itio ions ns of heav heav usag usag it willvar willvar betw betwee ee
driv drivin in
on itio itio
shown+'
th fuel fuel on umpt umptio io
en
per
is more more cl el 5.
capacity. Noise Noise levels levels
echa echani ni al vent ventil il tion tion ispr vide vide th syst syst uppl uppl pr vi ed fo on pl nt Th
to la troo troo fo fuel fuel comb comb tion tion an gene genera ra vent ventil ilat atio ion. n.
ngin ngin
ta dooli ooling ng
fo lavatories. vent ventil ilat atio io
peri period od inwhic inwhic it isanti isantici ci at
30min expo exposu sure re
unnecessarily.
tr ffic ffic flow flow
an
work work
cars cars will will crea create te adeq adequa uate te vent ventil ilat atio ion. n. Thei Thei rela relati tion on
el ctri ctri
capacity.
fe hi de ig
CO emitted 1(0'4 (0'41I 1Iit itre re/s /s /h (0·70 (0·70 litre/ litre/s) s)
In some some case case wher wher th leve leve of poll pollut utio io isconst isconstan antl tl vary varyin in it isposs ispossib ible le to redu reduce ce he ir volu volume me ligh lightl tl
pp
cono cono
th
th vent ventil il tion tion
rate rate will will have have to be adju adjust sted ed acco accord rdin ingl gly. y. -a
la
cars louv louvre re face face system.
43
Fir consid consider erati ations ons
7.1 Fire preventi prevention on oc
ar
pliances th spac spac ng an adeq adequa uacy cy of fire fire-p -pro rote tect cted ed pede pedest stri rian an esca escape pe stai stairs rs
an
Th loca loca fi offi office ce shou shou alwa alwa be cons consul ulte te when when prop propos osal al cove coveri ring ng he abov abov tems tems have have been been draw draw up he advi advisa sabi bili lity ty of prov prov ding ding hydr hydran ants ts dr rise risers rs hose hose eels eels an fire fire exti exting ngui uish sher er shou shou be disc discus usse se wi th fire fire offi office cer. r. It shou should ld be reme rememb mber ered ed ha spri sprink nkle le an hydr hydran ants ts ma be vuln vulner erab able le to nter nterfe fere renc nc by vand vandal als. s. nd ne os bl ng ally ally requ requir ired ed be stor stored ed adja adjace cent nt esca escape pe stai stai wa on each each loor loor in ocke ocke cupb cupboa oard rd wi emer emerge genc nc keys keys ov ng ns poin poin of view view of petr petrol oleu eu stor storag ag (inc (inc ud ng stor storag ag in
hi
ke desirable. Unfo Unfort rtun unat atel el
arso arso cann cannot ot be enti enti el rule rule out, out, an
ed po bi uper upervi visi sion on to ensu ensure re that that no rubb rubbis is or othe othe mate materi rial al
Petr Petrol oleu eu dd
It
or
et by 54 de 76 In Engl Englan an an Wa es an appr approp opri riat at valu valu fo th tand tandar ar of stru struct ctur ural al fire fire esis esista tanc nc fo mult multii-st stor orey ey ca pa ks as whol whol or fo rela relati tion on to he Buil Buildi ding ng egul egulat atio io requ requir irem emen en s. mult mult -sto -store re ca park park thes thes ar curr curren entl tl de ermi ermine ne on pu or ge nd on circ circum umst stan ance ces: s:
na
or by
va
stru struct ctur ural al fi resi resist stan ance ce ha th auth author orit it shou should ld as fo unde unde buil buildi ding ng egul egulat atio ions ns Home Home Of ic equi equi emen emen ni ment ment gara garage ges. s. Al fixt fixtur ures es an fitt fitt ng that that cont contri ribu bute te to op shou shou
resistanc 7.2 Fire resistanc
be desi design gned ed to be as vand vandal al resi resist stan an
detectio tio 7.3 Fir detec equipment
an
General Thes Thes reco recomm mmen enda dati tion on
extin extingui guish shin in assu assume me that that th prom prompt pt at endend-
bl
ui prec prec
othe othe
on ol
as poss poss ble. ble.
available. It vi he he de va that that noti notice ce ca be take take of th effe effect ct of loca loca cond condit it ons. ons. on ng ng ca be ende endere re inop inoper erat ativ iv byan expl explos osio ion, n, an fo this this po
at
1928 and 1936.56 The
ht of
requirements 2,35,37,38 pr ve ou by comp compar artm tmen enta tati tion on an by adeq adequa ua el fire fire resi resist stan an boun bounda dary ry wall walls. s. he requ requir irem emen ents ts an prov provis isio ions ns fo ng ua on
prac practi tice ce an
ct
qu nt et sp inkl inkler er syst system em ar to be ns alle alled, d, th fire fire offi office ce
prev preven enti tion on meas measur ures es
os th foll follow owin in
(Reg (Regul ulat atio io
item item of exti exting ngui uish shin in
nt
on ns ha
equi equipm pmen ent, t, care care shou should ld be aken aken ct us ga ns an
buil buildi ding ng
adja adjace cent nt buil buildi ding ng
on
"Sim "Simil ilar ar requ requir irem emen ents ts appl appl in Scot Scotla land nd Nort Northe hern rn Irel Irelan an
an
Inne Inne Lond London on
thei thei cont conten ents ts come come nt cont contac ac with with ho su face faces. s. equi equipm pmen en that that issuit issuited ed or us ou door door pres presen ents ts 58
BS5306 dist distri ribu bu io ul
es om of exti exting ngui uish sher er
of
om oxic oxic
(b Foam Foam exti exting ngui uish sher er ov
da on or an an on th su tabi tabili lity ty of he
na
(c
or
ch
0m at er
nd cket cket de ea
nd ho gu ot
al
pi pe ol
ut
Peri Period odic ical al test testin in by disc discha harg rg is also also cove covere red, d, incl includ udin in
7.
vari variou ou ty~e ty~e of exti exting ngui uish sher er BS5423 extinguishers:
eans eans
esca escape pe
Gove Governi rning ng bodie bodie he bo es ns bl ec an pr desi design gner er prop propos osal al in conn connec ecti tion on with with mean mean of esca escape pe eren eren he ed gd ar follows:
wate waterr-ty type pe (gas (gas pres pressu sure re wate waterr- yp (sod (sod ac d) wate waterr-ty type pe (sto (store re pres pressu sure re foam-type carb carbon on diox dioxid id dr powd powder er holog hologena enate te hydr hydroc ocar arbon bon
nn
hi ex ng pp ed by he mm og thei thei resp respec ecti tive ve manu manufa fact cture urers rs
he
ha
on on
ug
on on ng an Wa Wale le
ug
ment asso associ ciat atio io authority
Scotland
with with he loca loca ir brig brigad ad
Nort Northe hern rn Irel Irelan an Sprinklers ul on
go erni erni give give
ul
ex
ct ow ng pr or nt
bodi bodied ed vehi vehicl cles es When When ther ther
di
with with th loca loca
62
ha
ng
of
is ampl ampl cros crosss-ve vent ntil ilat atio ion, n, is
Buil Buil in Stan Stan ar (Sco (Scotl tl nd Re ulat ulat on da or de glan glan eg of ca pp ca on 62
Rule Rule fo guid guidan ance ce General
ca park park situ situat ated ed bene beneat at buil buildi ding ngs. s. Norm Normal ally ly acce accept pted ed desi design gn stan standa dard rd fo spri sprink nkle le inst instal alla lati tion on ar laid laid down down
ui
of
198137 is ke
an
Whil th spri sprink nkle lers rs ma be neff neffec ecti tive ve in installations." Whil thority. Au omat omatic ic fi
alar alarms ms utom utom
ul
from from th
comp compar artm tmen en
pe co nt Th firs firs ofthese ofthese fact factor or gove govern rn th widt widt of exit exit an Han
appl applia iance nce
parks:
nd pp
ou
ed
es nozz nozz an
shou should ld have have an in erna erna diam diamet eter er of no less less 5m up ul be uc at zz ur op
arou around nd an anti antici cipa pate te
obst obstru ruct ctio ions ns such such asparke asparke
ca
45
park parks. s.
here hereve ve
ca park park
arra arrang nged ed pr vi
it sp it evel evel it
exit exit Th trav travel el dist distan ance ce to thes thes exit exit shou should ld be wi hi ot
nd
bl
Widt Widt
of es apeape-ro rout ut
of
nt
2.6
od 360
360 385
ho
ns
ng
st irca ircase se
pe on
floors
375
dead dead ends ends
norm normal al
Tabl Tabl
460
om
690
735
900
885 960
exce exceed ed 12m, 12m, prov provid ided ed that that in th la te case case he
exce exceed ed 30m. 30m. Th ayou ayou of th pa king king ba visi visibl bl an
we
width, and/ and/or or serv servic icee-ve vehi hicl cl
indi indica ca ed
ou pe ns be asse asse se on th basi basi of tsproba tsprobabl bl usag usage, e, taki taking ng into into acco accoun unt, t, wher wher appl applic icab able le surg surg load loadin ing. g. In th abse absenc nc of an spec spec fi info inform rmat atio ion, n, he to al occu occupa panc nc shou should ld
ov de
pa ks an 1·5pe 1·5pe ca -par -parki king ng spac spac in pr vate vate ca park parks. s. Th mini minimu mu idth idth of an esca escape pe ou with within in loor loor us or
pr ho
ni
W=0·005 Pn dt
nc or
gh ou
he widt widt of fina fina ex ma be nece necess ssar ar
nc
or nn
du pa
he th occu occupa pann-
on de
p.
horizontal. shou should ld he be dete determ rm ne
us ng able able
an sizi sizingthe ngthe
or
nd
fire fire-r -res esis isti ting ng cons constr truc ucti tion on to th stan standa da ds laid laid down down eith either er he appr approp opri riat at bu ldin ldin egul egulat atio ions ns32 35,37,38 or odes odes of ract ract ce62 he od
he
46
660
gn
um
an
aint aint na
8.1 Waterproof Waterproofing ing General
nt on ag
en
pa
cons consid ider ered ed that that wate waterp rpro roof ofin in othe othe
om
hrou hrou
ec
olve olve
of even even grea greate te nd nter nter
tremel tremel expensi expensive. ve.
ng
is ofte ofte mpor mportt-
en
ch
isfoun isfoun that that he cost cost oferadi oferadica cati ting ng
cons constr truc ucti tion on stag stag to avoi avoi th prob proble lem. m. Th prob probab abil ilit it plet plet es proo proo xt
8. Co cr te deck deck with with ut embr embran an Cons Constr truc ucti tion on join joints ts seal sealed ed
ns uc on
oint oint ar
pl
ed an
ec
ct oi ab of ha cons constr truc ucti tion on join joints ts that that migh migh open open beca becaus us of shri shrink nkag ag Alte Altern rnat ativ iv appr approa oach ches es to wate waterp rpro roof ofin in Ther Ther ar tw poss possib ible le wate waterp rpro roof ofin in po icie icies; s; on suff suffic icie ient nt prec precau auti tion on
ne ctur ctur
ha
duri during ng cons constr truc ucti tion on to ensu ensure re that that
brane IS es be pa 48 nt ve he ne pe ne be modi modifi fied ed acco accord rdin in to th crac crackk-ri risk sk char charac acte teri rist stic ic of he part partic icul ular ar form form of conc concre rete te stru struct ctur ure. e. Fo situ situat atio io
hi
ol
en
ha or ve ma nt
ce
ha os
at
pu
Conc Concre rete te join join spac spacin in const constru ruct ctio io join joints ts eren eren pa
cont contra ract ctor or wish wishes es to plac plac join joints ts ul po
shou should ld gene genera rall ll be as larg larg as isconsi isconsist sten en with with keep keepin in ck di nd like likely ly ther therma ma expo exposu sure re infl influe uenc nc this this deci decisi sion on Th size size wate waterp rpro roof ofin in on General
mult multii-st stor orey ey ca park park isgiven isgiven
ec
ou
of
memb membra rane ne must must be desi design gned ed spec specif ifie ie cret cret
Tabl Tabl 8.
ul
working hours.f en crac crac an ns uc on oint oint ea
br
be
of
nd
ou
othe othe pref prefer er
an cons constr truc ucte te ou
prev preven en ca resu resu in fine fine hrou hrough gh-c -cra rack ck that that alth althou ough gh they they ma subs subseq eque uent ntly ly seal seal them themse selv lves es ca be resp respon onsi si er ha
ular ular pa
on
ns hich hichev ever er poli policy cy fo deal deal ng with with cons constr truc ucti tion on shri shrink nk op ap pr at ge or me sh ul de d. ev pa construction.
distinguished: (a
(b)
them.
gt
of owns owns nc
os typi typica ca park parkin in
floo floo (15. (15.5m 5m appr approx oxim imat atel ely) y)
indu induce ce
nt
be
Fabric Fabric reinfo reinforce rcemen men
448366 ul
uc op
IC
panel ...............
stra stra gh -lin -lin
in fo soun soundn dnes es an clea cleanl nl ness ness he groo groove ve shou should ld then then be seal sealed ed
co
PLAN CA
typi typica ca arra arrang ngem emen ents ts of cons constr truc uc ou nt
he sect sectio io to crac crac in
:,
In such such
resi resist stan ance ce of th beam beam f,ther theref efor ore, e, stif stif prev previo iousl usl cast cast main main beam beam ar suff suff cien cientl tl clos clos oget ogethe he ther ther pp Figs Figs 29 an 30sho
r'
@'
be on uc
nk
stag stage. e. Th
_.
._._ ._._..--l -l.. ....-ii-
29 Cons Constr truc ucti tion on-j -joi oint nt layo layout ut with with beam beam an slab slab cast cast toge togeth ther er
\.'~--I
--11-
1- --
---~--
___j
ab nl
or
iCon;t~tion in
Last pane pane of floor slab Next Next pane pane slab fl
ng es
ov
oint
II ir
:'
P l" 09 09 re re s
ti
i n concretHlg
;. 23
subs subsec ecti tion on 8. be ow). ow).
and
11.4
Cons Constr truc ucti tion on join join deta detail il when when no over overal al memb membra rane ne is provided mo
like like
posi positi tion on or leak leak beca becaus us it gene genera rall ll
-1---':'--, -------" Beams cast cast sepa separa rate tely ly floo floo slab slab
acts acts as Direction
of prog progre ress ss in conc concre retin tin
shou should ld be st uc suff suffic ic en ly earl earl so ha th surf surfac ac ca EC IO
ve of str ou he line line of th join join soon soon afte afte ward wards. s. qu
ov atte attenn- orme orme
dg
67
48
ne cr
0.
on groo groove ve
ns
68
ns ru on
nt
General
on br ne
wate wate proo proofi fing ng an
A-
ou
befo befo
em nt
ng prop prop
fine fine crac cracks ks prio prio to wa erpr erproo oo in
chem chemic ical al dura durabi bili lity ty an comp compat atib ibil ilit it it adhe adhesi sive ve an with with an expa expans nsio ionn-jo join in mate materi rial al with with whic whic it is in conta contact ct
Tabl Tabl
etho ethods ds of wate waterp rpro roof ofin in
carcar-tr traf affi fick cked ed surf surfac aces es
method
ater ater roof roof ng Con-
ap lied lied
1.
rele relevan van subs subsect ectio io
resi resist stan an with with al appr approp opri riat at
prepre-
gene genera ra comm commen en
wate waterp rproo roofi fing' ng' memb membra rane ne se 'Non 'Non-t -tam ampe pe text textur ural al fini finish shes es
nted nted
wate waterr-
cont contra rast st memb membra rane ne requ requ reme rement nt unde unde 'Mem 'Membr bran an elas elasti tici city ty se 'Non 'Non-m -mem embr bran ane, e, wate waterp rpro roof ofin in systems'
2b. 'Mem 'Mem ra e' modi modifi fied ed fill filler er rein reinfo forc rcem emen en rote rotect cted ed wear wearin in surf surfac ac 'thi 'thin' n' laye layers rs
sepa separa rate te wear wearin in surf surfac ace: e: (thi (thick ck systems) wear wearin in
an seal sealin ing, g,
pa
on
incl include ude slur slurri ried ed surfa surface ce trea treatm tment ents: s: pa on nt specified incl includ udes es bitu bitume me resins
ne
'Mem 'Membr brane ane elas elasti tici city ty,' ,' 'Che 'Chemi mica ca dura durabi bili lity ty of memb membra rane ne,' ,' Adhe Adhesi sion on of memb membra rane ne,' ,' 'Pro 'Prote tect ctin in th memb membra rane ne.' .'
thic thic
oint oint posi positi tion on
ship
2a. appl applie ie 'non 'non-m -mem embr bran ane' e' proo proofi fing ng (thi (thi syst system ems) s)
3a.
stre stress sses es
se 'Thi 'Thick cker er wear wearin in surf surfac aces es to proprotect tect wate waterp rpro roof ofin in syst system ems' s'
surf surfac ac
ne
emul emulsi sion on modi modifi fied ed bran bran
brane brane elast elastic icit ity' y' wear wearin in cy
su face face ma inhi inhibi bi ul effi effi br be vi
bonded el
uc
3b. asphalt
unbonded
ROOF
ea in surf surfac ac 30mm 30mm on coat coat pavi paving ng grad grad mast mastic ic asph asphal al Memb Memb an 20mm 20mm roof roofin in grad grad
tion tion refl reflec ecti tive ve trea treatm tmen en
desi desira rabl bl
appr approv oved ed shee shee memb membra rane ne ment ment sugg sugges este te
treat(n hosi hosing ng
mast mastic ic asph asphal al (act (actin in as ater ater proof proofin ing/ g/we wear arin in surfa surface ce). ). treatment ment sugg sugges este te (whe (where re hosi hosing ng 13mm on coat coat mast mastic ic expected) 13mm asph asphal al memb membra rane ne or appr approv oved ed asph asphal al wear wearin in
surf surfac ace. e. suggested.?"
wear wear ng resi resist stan ance ce of
Memb Membra rane ne elas elasti tici city ty od elas elas op es pr
ed mini mini um
comp compat atib ib lity lity with with
va en es
ge uc
supe superi rimm-
ut mm ha
on ed
rema remain in effe effect ctiv ive. e.
he
es fo brid bridge ge-d -dec ec
ng
wate waterp rpro roof ofin in
is 0.3m 0.3mm. m. This This indi indica cate te
oa g. gh hi an cree cree stra strain in of th orde order, r, bu crac cracks ks resu result lt ng from from such such
po be
he
hick hicker er ayer ayer
ul
pa nt appl applie ie
hi
ha liqu liqu d-ap d-appl plie ie iqui iquids ds of esse esse
trea treatm tmen ents ts and, and, be ng hick hickne ness ss
cons constr truc ucti tion on join joints ts an it isessen isessenti tial al to ensu ensure re adeq adequa uate te bran bran bond bond thor thorou ough ghly ly an enca encaps psul ulat ates es an pene penetr trat at in aggr aggreg egat at part partic icle le In gene genera ra floa floatt-fi fini nish shed ed surf surfac ace, e, free free from from lait laiten ence ce ge pa mach machin inee-gr grou ound nd surf surfac aces es ar also also of cour course se acce accept ptab able le Chem Chemic ical al dura durabi bili lity ty of memb membra rane ne Sola Sola radi radiat atio ion, n, shri shrink nkag ag hard harden enin in
onde onde
an embr embrit ittl tlem emen en
conj conjun unct ctio io with with poly polysu sulp lphi hide de sinc sinc poly polysu sulp lphi hide de in th uncu uncure re stat stat an bitu bitu en ar mu uall uall so uble uble leav leav ng he ured ured ma er al ea at he nter nter ace. ace. lso, lso, tartar-ba base se of Adhe Adhesi sion on of
embr embran an
oo
adhe adhesi sion on no on
ti fens fens
laye laye syst system ems, s, part partic icul ular arly ly syst system em with with unbo unbond nded ed memmembranes. Mult Multii-la laye ye appl appl cati cation on of wearin wearin surfac surfac
embr embran an
resi resist stin in we ring ring surf surfac ace. e. syst system em cons consis isti ting ng of tw laye layers rs of diff differ eren en bu comp compat atiihe
prep prepar arat atio ion, n, th conc concre rete te mo stur stur cont conten en an ambi ambien en befo before re appl appl ng bond bonded ed memb memb anes anes bu hi is pa ticu ticu ar impo import rtan an with with resi resino nous us ma eria erials ls itum itumen en emul emul mult multii- ayer ayer syst system ems. s. Th nece necess ssar ar
of
in sh of conc concre re
plus plus bond bonded ed th
surf surfac ac func functi tion on usua usuall ll in mult multii-la laye ye appl applic icat atio ions ns typi typica ca exam exampl pl cons consis ists ts of pitc pitchh-ep epox ox wate waterp rpro roof of
Prot Protec ecti ting ng th memb membra rane ne
deck deck
prep prepar arat at on or
em
prop proper er ie
of me
prov provid id ng thin thin la er of we ring ring su face face nd memb memb an ma er al prop proper erti ties es an as al ays, ays, be thor thorou ough gh
syst system em perf perfor orma manc nc eval evalua ua ed
shou shou d,
systems
appl applie ied, d, whet whethe he it
50
ar offe offe ed
th spec specif ifie ie thic thickn knes ess. s. In th even even of wate wate pene penetr trat atio io ho ever ever it is poss poss bl to loca loca reas reas of loca loca prem premat atur ur
sus
poin points ts of eakn eaknes ess. s. Mast Mastic ic asph asphal al memb memb anes anes '" shou should ld no be bond bonded ed to de
atur atural al
NonNon-me memb mbra rane ne wate waterp rpro roof ofin in syst system em Prop Propri riet etar ar ce enti enti ious ious slur slurry ry reat reatme ment nt
lack lack elas elasti tici city ty or duct ductil ilit ity. y. With Withou ou thes thes prop proper erti ties es they they
bo
para paramo moun un impo impo tanc tance. e.
Surf Surfac ac brane
membranes.
x.
liab liable le to dama damage ge
ne
me bran branes es requ requ re high high stan standa da ds of su face face
coar coar
bond bonded ed or unbo unbond nded ed an
surf surf ce wi
shar shar
ggre ggrega ga
heth hether er proj projec ectt-
toug toug enou enough gh to re is abra abrasi sion on impa impact ct oi an petr petrol ol an be nonnon-co co bu tibl tible. e. efer efer bl it shou should ld also also be ligh ligh
pavi paving ng grad grad
mast mast
asph asphal al
of ng oppi opping ng must must be full full co pact pacted ed an us airair-en entr trai aine ne ecau ecause se ofth grea greate te po enti ential al he ma move move en of be
he ur
us be
du 31 Perm Perm able able surf surf ce mate materi rial al
joints. no-f no-f ne conc concre re is less less susc suscep ep ible ible to cu ling ling an prov prov de pe meab meable le surf surfac ac whic whic avoi avoids ds pudd puddle le tinu tinuou ou stri strips ps with with crac crackk-in indu duci cing ng plas plasti ti stri strips ps tamp tamped ed with with al conc concre rete te wear wearin in surf surfac aces es comp compre ress ssib ible le mate materi rial al must must be plac placed ed agai agains ns al upst upstan an face faces. s. Beca Becaus us wa er flow flow free freely ly thro throug ug th topp topp ng ainw ainwat ater er outl outlet et must must
ta cons constr truc ucti tion on join joint. t.
na
oi
stri strict ctes es simp simpli lici city ty in deta detail il Th foll follow owin in gene genera ra advi advice ce rela relate te to wate waterp rpro roof ofin in at move move en oint oints: s: do ho 1.
ou nl by unde unde expe experi rien ence ce su~e su~erv rv sion sion to ensu ensure re that that th ecom ecom mend mended ed spec specif ific icat atio io is foll follow owed ed Al houg houg pavi paving ng slab slab on be of ceme cement nt mort mortar ar have have
clea cleanl nl into into open open gutt gutter er acce access ssib ible le fo main mainte tena nanc nce. e. nc be on spec specif if ed he must must be capa capabl bl of resi resist stin in seve severe re an on nd oc
om or ha
pr manu manu actu acture re un einf einfor orce ce f:av f:avin in labs labs supp suppor orte te on stri strips ps of resi resili lien en mate materi rial al Such Such prec precas as pavi paving ng-s -sla la sy tems tems ar also also appr approp op iate iate fo eari earing ng surf surf ce over over
4.
nd en deta deta ling ling of en caus causes es diff diffic icul ulti ties es ec fall fall shou should ld pref prefer erab ab be away away ro move moveme ment nt oint oints. s. Move Moveme ment nt join join tend tend beco become me chan channe nels ls fo he on
of
offices. Vuln Vulner erab able le deta detail il hate hateve ve type type of wate wate proo proo in of ng
Ramp Ramp nter nterse sect ctio io assi assist st
ne
suff suff cien cientl tl lo
spee spee to allo allo
ra se stri strips ps of urfa urfacc-
woul woul be simi simi ar to th prov provis is on of ha lo poli police ceme men' n' be
slee sleepi ping ng
with with floo floors rs requ requir ires es spec specia ia at en
hi so utio ution. n.
Move Moveme ment nt join joints ts he oi or
ha been been chos chosen en or he pans pans
ka
ng es belo belo
th
embr embran ane. e.
pe of
oi
on
occu occurs rs th deta deta ls of th jo nt must must ak al owan owance ce fo ou ne n. of th move moveme ment nt join join deta deta ls reco recomm mmen ende de fo bu ldin ldin ke br
idth idth
ou
BS 6213 6213 67 peni peni
be adju adjust sted ed acco accord rd ng to he im of ea op Guid Guidel elin ines es fo esti estima mati ting ng th cons conseq eque uent nt ov nt oi 8. ur on ur
adva advant ntag ages es fo long long-t -ter er
reli reliab abil ilit it
in firs firs intr introd oduc uc
ha be
ha
to be po itio itione ne
vehi vehicl cl clea cleara ranc nc
8. Drain Drainage age Introduction he sp ci ie
unde unde su pend pend
lo rs
requ requir ired ed
8. Floor Floor finish finishes es in
um fa ls or th fini fini he
ur aces aces of
Introduction noti notice ce bl
nfor nfor unat unatel el
he atte attent nt on of
dr ve
nd
hope hopes, s, carcar-pa park rk user user ma neve neve noti notice ce th floo floo surf surfac ace, e, cust custom omer ers' s' sati satisf sfac acti tion on or dist distas aste te fo th inte interi rior or of ca leaks
unco uncomf mfor or ab
ross rossfa fall ll
prev preven en pudd pudd ing. ing.
al
in
al on
soft soft-s -sol oled ed hoes hoes an ladi ladi
inis inis ed surf surf ce suit suitab ab fo markings.
most most xpos xpos
to
he pp ic tion tion of ra fi di ec io
an stal stal
ur ac in sh ng ro esse esse ar empl employ oyed ed ve mino mino chan change ge in dayday-to to-d -day ay meth method od caus caus irre irregu gula la text textur ures es
amp. amp.
Inte Interm rmed edia iate te floo floors rs Unde Underg rgro roun un floo floors rs drai draina nage ge de ig ap roac roac or su floo floo belo belo he gr vi ra evel evel shou should ld fo lo th reco recogn gn ze proc proceegene genera ra floo floo area area bein bein affe affect cted ed exce except pt in part partic icul ular arly ly
vehi vehicl cles es an by evap evap ra io
ay el be th po ic of
heth hether er it uddl uddles es an eaks eaks Cons Conseq eque uent ntly ly ar as ha re no gu rant rantee ee ater ater roof roof ay need need to be prov prov de 1in stan standa dard rd of regu regula lari rity ty Cu -off -off gril grille le shou should ld be prov provid ided ed
pumps.
drai drai
itho ithout ut nter nterru rupt pt on
he irec irec io ch eved eved of th
al
ve
ta da
he
ater ater pond pond on
of egul egular arit it equa equa
hi requ requir ires es that that th re shou should ld be
iffi ifficu cult lt of
ea ur ng he egul egular arit it
that that
depr depres esssof ex ur
Sinc Sinc down downpi pipe pe ca obta obtain in prot protec ecti tion on agai agains ns vehi vehicl cl
ah ad of th rran rrange ge om
to be as unob unobtr trus us ve
th
truc truc ur
dict dictat at
ar an em nt
xt rn
elev elevat atio io
he dire dire tion tion of
trai trai ht ed
authority.
th
ur ac -wat -water er di posa posa ss nt al to make make adeq adequa uate te
stem stem shou shou rovi rovisi sion on fo
gard gardle le
de ermi ermine ne at th stri striki king ng-o -o st ge si ce he fini fini hing hing echn echn qu an chan chan er ly th ch ra te of th uppe uppe surf surfac ace. e. Th tamp tamped ed surf surfac ac desc descri ribe be sepa separa rate tely ly belo belo ha requ requen en ly be prov prov de on un ater aterpr proo oofe fe loor loor ainl ainl beca becaus us ends ends disg disgui uise se irre irregu gula lari riti ties es ud whee wheeli ling ng trol trolle le
lowi lowing ng in
he stri striki king ng off. off.
more more diff diffic icul ult. t.
et in ut tabl tabl an accu accu at of concre concretin ting. g.
cr ed ba tens tens
adva advanc nc
or he ex ba ag in it be in sh it clea clea lu matc matchi hing ng surf surfac ac free free from from laye layers rs of over oversp spil il mate materi rial al
Typi Typica ca floo floo spec specif ific icat atio ions ns at ve surf surfac ac fini fini is re uire uire th pr para parati tion on fo conc concre rete te supp supply ly plac placin in an comp compac acti ting ng ar esse essent ntia iall ll
74 Po tr well wellin in ft floa floati ti pr duce duce ense ense hard hard-w -wea eari ring ng surf surfac ac with with negl neglig igib ible le 'rip 'rippl ple' e' or 'cha 'chattte mark mark pr vi ed th th work work ha been been ro erly erly
po er main mainta tain ined ed in serv servic ice. e. Conc Concre rete te veri verifi fied ed to cons consis is of th corr correc ec cons consti titu tuen ents ts surc surcha harg rg befo before re comp compac acti tion on Fo re on of truc tructu tura ra erfo erform rm nc
ro el
ro
surface."
nd ur bili bility ty
en uara uara teed teed to ffec ffecti ti venl venl an to full full dept dept Surf Surfac ac comp compac acti tion on is sepa separa rate te proc proces es asso associ ciat ated ed with with prod produc uc
exce excess ssiv iv lait laiten ence ce
follows: Non-ta tamp mped ed textu textura ra fini finish shes es 1. Non-
rush rush-m -m rk gene genera rall ll afte afte th tion tion
bt in it rf ha ee
rodu roduce ce
ho
duce duce
fi ishe ishe
to ro id
groo groove ve
made made
it
tiff tiff ir
er tiff tiff bris bristl tl us oo oo he by th ompa ompa t-
it er roll rollin in li -res -resis ista tanc nc
ru hi th
rfac rfac with with ri ge at
32
ur ac text text re obta obta ne by brus brushi hi ig twei tweigh gh tagi taging ng pans pans th pane pane
be up
gr gate gate ty
fair fairly ly re ul
Bmm. houl houl xcep xcep fo ra ps be in th irec irecti ti in ic at isinte isinte de to ru off. off. This This isdiff isdiffic icul ul to chie chie
walki walking ng surfac surface. e.
1in rf
text text re fo
ny
at rpro rproof ofin in
re tm nt
an
it mo
ed su
diff differ eren en from from
quired.
umbe umbe of it ms of uita uitabl bl
quip quip en ar
trow trowel elle le
smoo smooth th surf surfac ace. e. Natu Natura rall lly, y,
vacu vacuum um coll collec ecti tion on Th cost cost ofth ofth proc proces es isreduc isreduced ed he grin grindi di iscarr iscarrie ie ou et en 24an Shafte Shafte casting. 53
Curi Curing ng conc concre rete te floo floors rs aspe aspe
of curi curing ng ha isreall isreall pr vent vent ti
begi begi imme immedi diat atel el
tr at
nt
afte afte surf surfac ac finishing.?' Th easi easies es
ma no regu regula larl rl us d, shou should ld fros fros re ista ista t. Th most most posi positi tive ve pr ca tion tion fo this this is to us airair- ntra ntrain ined ed stre streng ngth th conc concre rete te ha suff suffic icie ient nt fros fros resi resist stan ance ce fo many many chlo chlori ride de-c -con onta tain inin in
de-i de-ici cing ng salt salts. s. In 9,en 9,ener eral al howe howeve ve
no howe howeve ve th most most effe effect ctiv iv mean mean of avoi avoidi ding ng plas plasti ti entr entr or wher wher ve
e-ic e-icin in
al ar like likely ly to be carr carrie ie in 6).
Reference 64 conc concre rete te
Neve Nevert rthe hele less ss good good-q -qua uali lity ty nonnon-ai air-e r-ent ntra rain ined ed
vehi vehicl cles es arri arrivi ving ng from from salt salted ed high highwa ways ys
Cold-w Cold-weat eather her constr construct uction ion
Floo Floo hard hardne ners rs Ma floo floorr- ar enin enin tr tm nt re vail vail bl Thes Thes redu reduce ce surf surfac ac dust dustin in an impr improv ov wear wear resi resist stan ance ce with with xpan xpande de olys olysty tyre re traw traw pane panels ls houl houl be se to over over oncr oncr te sl bs when when ai temp temper er ture ture re li el to fall fall belo belo zero zero or more more than than 15°Cb 15°Cbel elow ow th temp temper erat atur ur of th conc concre rete te as lace laced. d. This This re omme ommend ndat atio io isba on th ec ssit ssit re en oncr oncr te th isge er ti it ol air. air. temp temper er ture ture diff diff renc renc (wit (wit in th oncr oncr te of more more ha 5° that that ould ould ther ther by be in uced uced ou be uffi uffi ient ient to au cr king king Cold Cold ni ht temp temp ratu rature re in
re ista istanc nc ro erti erti floo floo shou should ld no requ requir ir ever everit it of th
br sion sion
suit suit bl onst onstru ru te conc concre rete te fl or-h or-har ar enin enin trea treatm tmen ent. t. On nd th
ccep ccepta tabi bili lity ty
usti usting ng
-s
slabs. application. floo floorr-su surf rfac ac trea treatm tmen ents ts ar appl applie ie care care houl houl take take to oi pote pote ti ll sl pp ry cond cond tion tion he et
Hot-we Hot-weath ather er constr construct uction ion pl ti
rink rink ge cr ckin ckin
ddit dditio io al pr auti aution on
re
arti arti ular ularly ly
mp rt nt
ma be dvis dvisab able le fo th
Specia Specia surfac surfaces es
ontr ontrol ol
et rr nt to cars cars ha
concrete.
nd inte interf rfer er nc ro nd ta rc se
Admixtures
ee
bt in
si
pr ca
pane panels ls
it rivi rivi vi ib lity lity Ar as fl or nd lift lift nd reas reas here here edes edestr tria ians ns
slip slip-r -res esis isti ting ng inde indent nted ed tech techni niqu ques es as it cont contra rast st to trea treatt-
cele celera rate te rate rate ear, ear, houl houl fi ishe ishe it spec specia ia re an le te oncr oncr ting ting ggre ggrega gate te granolithic op in ar used used th ho ld if po si le be mono mono ithi ithi ac el rati rating ng
dmix dmixtu ture re to in re
th
arly arly tr ngth ngth of
do ot poss poss oo abra abra ionion-re re isti isti rope ropert rtie ie go urfa urface ce fo exte extern rn ramp ramp surf surfac ac ha been been fo nd to be hi h- tren trengt gt airair-en entr trai ai ed oncr oncr te surf surfac ac om
78
ro id 54
wi
lect lectri rica ca he ting ting or
here here uc
f"
eati eati
even evenly ly ridg ridged ed
aint aint nanc nanc
8.4
ofwate ofwaterp rp oofi oofing ng an floo floo
ud ep ng nd em es an ea ng cont contra ract ctio io join joints ts an unin uninte tent ntio iona nall ll nd pa
ou ne xa an ma nt ce du he th bu ldin lding. g. Th exte extent nt of this this ma nten ntenan ance ce wi depe depend nd on ee ca he gn nd ng he bu nd he qu of co ve
ur ce crac cracke ke conc concre rete te nt or
Prem Premat atur ur fail failur ures es prem premat atur ur fail failur ur of wate waterp rp oofi oofing ng take take plac plac with within in
nt
g, pr um dv ce ea in from from abra abrasi sion on an th poli polish shin in of surf surfac aces es suff suffic icie ient nt
nc ha
ow ve
ea
ee
oo
co
ns Main Mainte tena nanc nc
staf staf
Desi Design gner er's 's inte intere rest st in main mainte tena nanc nc pr
ns uc on
de
xing xing ha
pe
ntai ntaine ne
of
routes. ng society. assu assume me va
us carr carrie ie
an
ev
main mainte tena nanc nc nd um
out. out.
uc
er
pe
or
ke
cost cost incu incurr rred ed at pred predet eter ermi mine ne ow ed ut
bu
nc
ot
of ag
nd
pr
disc discou oura rage ge th main main enan enance ce staf staf in thei thei an as oo on
ork. ork.
ervi ervice ce go
ment. vand vandal al-r -res esis ista tant nt fitt fittin ings gs an surf surfac aces es part partic icul ular arly ly asso associ ci
no ne aint ainten en ce CarCar-pa park rk oper operat ator or freq freque uent ntly ly rece receiv iv comp compla lain ints ts abou abou dama damage ge to cars cars from from alka alkali line ne drip drips. s. Desp Desp te disc discla laim imer er when whenev ever er
ea
ures ures ul
comp compla lain in israise israised, d, even even ifno comp compen ensa sati tion on
proo proo nt an
na
e, vi er
pe nt ng
el he
co po
at
nd et
on
ub
n.
6.3, 6.3,
periods.
8.5 Conclusion
have have to tole tolera rate te subs substa tand ndar ar cond condit itio ions ns deterioration er ss he ed or eith either er th owne owne or he less lessee ee coul coul find find them themse selv lves es wi vuln vulner erab ab st uctu uctura ra elem elemen ents ts Undo Undoub ubte tedl dl an wa er en on hrou hrough gh he el nt na bl uc ur de ua
ci on mult mult -sto -store re nten nten
ofou ofou dl
nc
un an
n-
ca park park rely rely more more than than othe othe buil buildi ding ng on em
proo proo
inte intent ntio io is clea clearl rl an expr expres essl sl stat stated ed in spec specif ific icat atio ions ns fo ming ming part part ofthe cont cont ac an ifdesi ifdesign gn deci decisi sion on to us intr intrin insi sica call ll wate waterp rpro roof of conc concre rete te or appl applie ie wate waterp rpro roof of ar ef ct el ed ut
othe othe coun coun ries ries In such such coun countr tr th work work unde undert rtak aken en gd be pu ov departments. appr approv oval al equi equi ed from from gove govern rnme ment ntal al au hori horiti ties es th
eq
pt
desi design gn stan standa dard rds. s.
nt
dime dimens ns on ma vary vary
hi
stan standa dard rd
appr approp opri riat at
to ca pa ks have have been been
situ situat atio io ma be foun foun in othe othe coun countr trie ies. s. Alte Altern rnat ativ ivel ely, y,
ve
li tl from from thos thos list listed ed in ecti ection on
proc proc n, oc va he norma norma dime dimens nsio ions. ns. or stru struct ctur ural al an serv servic ices es desi design gn will will be nece necess ssar ar ui od de
56
ui ding ding de been been ound ound to esul esul in an unne unnece cess ssar aril il high high stan standa dard rd of
esis esista tanc nc
applications. ec dime dimens nsio iona na
requ requir irem emen ents ts fo stru struct ctur ural al fire fire resi resist stan ance ce Hist Histor oric ical ally ly
desi desira rabl bl
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