Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Barlow Essex C11/120 2JE, England and Associated Companies throughout the world.
Contents
ISBN 978-0-582-46893-1
7
First published 2001 Fourth impression 2008 Copyright C Jake Allsop 2001
11
Key facts about nouns Plurals • Possession • Compound nouns Pronouns Key facts about pronouns Subject and object pronouns • self selfl l selv selves es Special uses of the pronoun it • Possessives
Nou Nouns
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27 Key facts about determiners Identifying a(n), the, this, that, these, those Describing distribution all, each, every, both, either, neither Describing quantity (not) match, (not) many, some, any, no, a few, a little, a lot of
37 Key facts about adjectivals Ways of defining the tall house across the road Position a silly mistake Numbers the first street on the left Adjectives from names an Indian meal
must/have to, should/ought to, can/could, may/might Key facts about modals I'm falling asleep.must/have ns bigger/biggest; more/the most expensive Patterns with adjectives 103 he's a woman who knows everything. Adjective order a big old Key Victorian house facts about conditionals If I had had bought bought a tick ticket et 53 I'd he rich now! now! Key facts about passives Several bystanders were killed by gunmen. Key facts about gerunds and infinitives We kept on working. They decided to leave. 75
ons ons Key facts about adverbials ime on Sunday Comparisons more carefully or money - Method go by bus Manner swim like a fish - Possession a man with a beard Manner She drives well.
over there there.. Place Put it over - Viewpoint nses The bus leaves at eight. They've been working hard.
115 don't Time We meet for an hour on Wednesdays. Frequency I don't 129 usually lose my temper easily.
you leave? Why didn't you call? Forming negatives She didn't play last week.1 make and do ry, aren't you? get/have ve some somethi thing ng done done 2 get/ha oke/spoken; oke/spoken; find/found/found; find/found/found; put/put/put put/put /put 89
6 like doing and like to do 7 must and have (got) to 8 ought to and should
3 say and tell 9 shall st - Continuous tenses Perfect tenses - Ways of expressing the future
4 still and yet 5 which and what
10 very and to o
Grammar files
139
140 14 0 1 Prepositional phrases Verbs followed by particular prepositions depend on Adjectives followed by particular prepositions jealous of
2 Verb patterns Simple tenses tenses - Perfect tenses - Continuous Continuous tenses Passi Pa ssives ves
3 Common irregular verbs
Answers
142 14 2
145 14 5 152 15 2
Most grammar books are thick and heavy — and too big to carry around in your pocket or your m m a r bag! R e a l l y U s e f u l E n g l i s h G r acontains the key facts that you need, to know to be able to use English correctly. You can take it anywhere with with you, leaving the bigger grammar book at home for later reference.
Chapters 1 to 8 cover the main areas of the language. Each chapter begins with Key
series of sentences containing common errors for you to identify and correct. The The chap chapte ters rs are are foll follow owed ed by thre three e Grammar files that provide straightforward information on verb forms, including a list of irregular verbs, and useful prepositional phrases. At the back of the book, there is an Answers section for all the exercises and review activities.
Facts, illustrated with examples from contemporary spoken English. There are exercises and a Review to test your understanding.
i o n s , with Chapter 9, F r e q u e n t l y a s k e d q u e s tdeals some of the common confusions that occur: for exam exampl ple, e, the the us use e of make and d o , the . differenc difference e between 'should and o u g h t t o There is also a
As a quick reference for those occasions when you are not completely sure about a point point of of gramma gr ammar. r. To refr efresh esh and and test test your our know knowlledge edge when hen you have a little time to spare.
• You can work through the book systematically, from cover to cover, or just dip into it, concentrating on those points that matter to you at the time. In trying to fix a grammatical rule in your head, it is always a good idea to memorise an example sentence. So, for example, don't
g o ing in g toexpresses simply learn go expresses intention'; learn a sentence like I ' m g o i n g t o a s k m y b o s s f o r a r a i s e . You Yo u can learn lea rn the the sent senten ence ces s in this this book book,, then try making up your own, so that they are real for you. But remember, while R e a l l y
U s e f u l E n g l is is h G r a mcontains m ar essential information about English grammar, it does not tell the whole story. For detailed grammar advice you should should also consult a good g ood reference grammar.
Key facts about nouns
S t -e -e 5 W A D 15T BABY ? TNA FANTA5T1C
Nouns describe concrete things that you can see or touch: a friend, a house, a church; and abstract abst ract things that that you cannot cannot see or touch: happiness, i n f o r m a t i o n , l o v e , t im e . 1 P l u r a ls
To form form the plural plural of of most most noun nouns s add add (e)s: f r i e n d — f r i e n d s , h o u s e — h o u s e s , c h u r c h — c h u r c h e s -x -es: Nouns ending in - c h , - s h , - s , - s s ,add m a t c h — m a t c h e s , w i s h — w i s h e s, s, b u s — b u s e s, k i ss s s — k i ss ss e s , b o x — b o x e s Nouns ending in consonant + y change the y to IT:5 BAB C .5ACTUALLY, i and add e s : b a b by a b i e s , c o u n tcroyu n t r i e s tIZ WILLIAM 5 s : b o yb o y s ) (Vowel + y just add s: Most nouns ending in -f change the f to v and add ad d - e s : w i f e — w i v e s , s h e l f -s -s h e l v e s -
-
—
—
-
— —
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Note these irregular plurals: man—m en, woman—w omen, child—children child—children,, fo ot — feet fe et,, m o u se— se — m ice, ic e, to ot h — teet te ethh
police lice and p e o p leare plural in The The noun nouns s po and pe English. The police have arrived; people are angry. A Complete the table. Food, substances and materials are ngular Plural alwaysSisingular. 1 bread, milk, grass, snow , steel, cotton, glass Abstract nouns are also always singular. 2 love, happiness, information 3 Note that these words are singular in English:
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3 news, advice, furniture, work, homework, progress, luggage Hard work is good for 5 you. No news is good news.
2 Possession To show how poss posses essi sion on by peop people le or ani animal mals, or - ('s)': ('s)': the b oy's bicycle, women 's add add 's or rights, gir g irls ls ' m a g a zin zi n es -
Use this form with time expressions: in three days' time, yesterday's newspaper
In other cases, use compound nouns (see below): bedroom, computer program, washing machine or the preposition of a cup of tea, the leg of a
table
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3 Compound nouns part:: The The firs firstt par part desc descrribes ibes the seco second nd part toothbrush =a brushused for cleaning teeth
8
Write compound nouns as one word
6
9 10
where both parts are very short: homework, bedroom, toothbrush
life
feet
child
Practice 1 A
day
B Choose the1correct form 2 of the verb. People is/are always ready to criticise. criticise. 1 arm car 2 Antique furniture cost/costs a lot. 2 bottle ch ai r 3 The news from the war zone is/are not good. 3 green directory 4 Your hair look/looksreally nice! 4 match driver 5 The police has/haveasked for volunteers. 5 police house C Combine from 1 and 2 to mak 6 pwords ost offiboxes ce compound 7 scrnouns. ew op e ner 8 te telephone stick 9 wrist w at c h
ladies
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Key facts about pronouns 1 He/she/it/they Thes These e pron pronou ouns ns repl replac ace e peop peoplle or thin things gs that have already been referred to. i c Sh e r .e l o v e s h e r j o b . Jan J an e' sa p o l i c e o f f ic
Subject he she it t h ey
Object him her it them
Possessive his his he r h er s its — t hbook eir theirs
Mary i s a n e n g i n e esrh;e w o r k s i n a f a c t o r y ; i t
s u i t sher; s h e l i k e hs e r j j o b . t s; t h e y l o v e T h e y l i v e i n a n o l d h o u s e ; i t tshueim their h o u s e ; t h e y l oivt.e
taxes
Jane's a police officer. She love
2 I/we/you I (written with a capital I) refers to the person speaking; we refers to more than tree yo u refers to the one person speaking; you person or people spoken to. m y lunch. I' I 'Subject m hungry; m a km e e a sandwich for Object Possessive WWho? e have a d og; u s; it is our pet. it lives with Who(m)? Whose? YI ou must take money w ith yo u o n yo u r jo j o u r n e y .
me my mine Uw see you for one person or for several people: our ou rs us you Joh J oh n, are a real friend. you your yours yo u yo u to listen to me. Bo B o y s a n d g ir ls I , want you be, have,etc., can join with pronouns: you're,he's, he's, I'm, I'm , you're, Parts of be, they're, I've, she'd, well Distinguish between and it's — its — a house and its garden; it's [it is] a nice house)
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3 -self/-selves myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Use s e l f s/ e l v e swhen subject and object are the same. T h e y l i k e t o e n jt h o ye m s e l v e sa t w e e k e n d s . y o u r s e l f a t h o m e ! M a k e y -
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The se is also used for s e l f / - - s e l v eform s emphasis. N o b o d y h e l p e d m e . I dmi dy siet l f ! T h e h o u siet s e l f i s s m a l l , b u t t h e g a r d e n i s b i g . -
Note: by myself = alone, without help
The house house itself itse lf is small, but the the ga ga
p e c iand a l say, u s euse s to o fme: the pronou n it t4 er S explain teUse the pattern there: as direct and indirect object objectwith pronouns objects: s:
plain to me; say toused yourin grand ma. E Th T he prothere's n it ingrandma. many patterns: ere's lot to do; a is spider my bed. me. me .nouhello HeEathis loves
raining, it's 2 o'clock. e a s tit's T It's ell m o r y a nice da y, it's It's easy/hard/difficult easy/hard/difficult to know w hat to do.
Practice 1 B A Com plete the table. table.
lowing noun:
I _ _ _ - - - -
me
she
her
yours
it
we my hair. Use e; I don't like Use mine, etc., when no noun follows: mine. m ine. r than they
us
ourselves their
B Choo se the correct word. 1 This bike belongs to me. It is my/minebike. my/minebike. 2 Mary's my sister, so I'm his/her brother. brother. 3 We really enjoyed us/ourselvesat the disco. 4 Have the girls finished her/their homework? homework? 5 Did you get a letter from Alan and lime today? 6 Is this John's work, or is it you it your/yo r/yours? urs?
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Review 1 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 2 X Its time to give the cat it's dinner.
3 X Look after yourself, children! 4 X Explain me the difference between if and and whe, 5 X Is this your hairs' brush? 6 X It's
not much bread left.
7 X Did Kate say you where she was going? 8 X Your Your hous house e is bigg bigger er than than our. our.
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Key facts about determiners Determiners often identify, and describe distribution and quantity. They come before nouns.
1 Identifying a / a n , t h e , t h is is / t h e s e , t h a t / t h o s e
They They answ answer er the the ques questi tion on Which one(s)? I' m lo o k in g fo r a book. the book that my dad bought me. I'm I 'm lo o k i n g f o r Is this the book you want? (i.e. (i.e. this one here) that book. (i.e. the one further No, N o, I want that away)
a(n)/the a(n) is not used in plural t Dog D og s statements: A do g is a g oo d peor are good pets.
Use Use som e as the plural of a(n) for for an unspecified number or quantity: 1 bought an o vercoat a n d some sh ir ts. ts .
Use Use the for something that Dogs is well-known: I pets. make good The must go tothe bank and the po p o s t o ff i c e .The poor poor people) po p o o r ju st g e t p o o re r. (= Don't use th e in general statements: Sugar is bad for you. Dogs m ake good pets. ... ... or in many verb/preposition + noun expressions: have lunch, ma ke friends, for example, by train
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2 Describing distribution all each every both either/neither
Thes These e word words s are are us used ed to desc descri ribe be grou groups ps:: Every morning, I giv g ivee each of my children a kiss and theyall sa s a y 'D o n 't d o t h a t , d a d d y ! ' Both knives are sharp;either will do. For three or more in a group, use all/every. For two or more in a group, use each. For two only in a group, use both/either/neither. Use Use both/all to join, either/neither to separate: Both roads lead to town; take either of them. Use every and each to describe the group as individuals (every =a series, each =one by one). Every Ever y Saturday, we go to the market. Take each day as it comes.
E v e r y morning I give give each each of my chil child d
Note the patterns with all: all or all of + pronoun 11---ler pronoun + all or he ate all the biscuits he ate them all all + the/my, etc. + noun all my life, all these rules, all the students
H ow m u ch / m an y? They answer the questions How m H o w m u c hmoney have you got? I haven't got m u c hmoney. m I ' v e g o t a l i t t l e .
Ho H o w m a n ydollars have you got? d 1 haven't got d ollars. a n y dollars. I' I ' v e g o t af e w p e s e t a s . --
,seeciAL FAMILY Are OFF S2. all the t he se child children ren yours et-IiLDkat EA-r "/ITN
ACULT5 2. AC
some/any/no Use somein positive statements and in questions expecting the answer yes: There's some m ilk in the fridge if you're thirsty. thirsty. Would you like some biscuits biscuits with your m ilk? Use any in negative statements and in open open questions: questions : There isn't any milk in the fridge. D o y o uhave any mineral water instead? Use no if you want to emphasise the negative: You're wron g: there's no milk in the frid fr id g e!
so m e-/a e- /any ny -/no -/ no (and Use som (-and also every-) with - thing/-one/-body/-where. Shh! Don't say anything to anyone! Let L et's 's g o so m ew he re d iffe if fe re n t fo r o u r h ol id a ys this year.
Practico2 Practico2 A Put in alan or the where needed. 1 .... French people shake .... hands more often than ....English do. 2 .... Moon goes round .... Earth. 3 Let me give you .... piece of .... advice: don't accept .... sweets from .... strange men! When I was .... boy, we always had .... eggs for .... breakfast. 5 What time do you leave .... home in .... morning? 6 If is ....poem by .... English writer. B A d some, dome, any or s any or no to these
sentences. 1 There's .... point in telling me; I can't do .... thing about it. 2 .... body's been smoking! I can smell it! 3 I have coffee but .... milk, so you'll have to 35
r e v i e w2 A Correct the mistakes. 1 X Are these money yours? 2 X Th Ther ere e ar are en' n'tt no ca cake kes s lef eft. t. Th The e ca catt ha has s eaten all them. 3 X We do any shopping every weekends. 4 X I have three sons and they are both crazy. 5 X Have you lived here your all life? 6 X Why do French always shake the hands when they meet? R Replace the underlined word with the word in brackets, and change change the sentences as necessary. I need a few more minutes [time]. You u sh shou ould ld ea eatt fe fewe werr pot potat atoe oes s [br [brea ead] d].. 2 Yo 3 There aren't many chairs in here [furniture]. 4 I haven't much homework to do [exercises].
W h i c h m a n ? Ttall o tall he one. W h i c h h o u s e s ? Tnhe ew o n e sacross sacross the road. 1 Ways of defining Single items (usually adjectives): new , tall, afraid, well-known e the road Phrases: t h e h o u sacross w ho lived in a shoe Defining clauses: a w o m a nwho 2 Position Adjectivals come... immediately before a noun: a si s i l ly m i s t a k e ; t hbest e computers; two new red cotton dresses after verbs like b e , s e e m , l o o k , f e e l: l:
I - a m cold;i cold; i t s e e m stu ss tu p id ; s h e l o o khs a p p y .
38 These adjectives can only come after a verb: afraid, re ashamed, asleep, awake, glad, ill, well I felt ill yesterday, but I'm well again now. As I'm afra afraid id of the the dark dark,, I stay stayed ed awak awake e all all nigh night. t. You look cold.
The The numb number ers s one, two, three, etc. (cardinal numbers) answer the question H question How ow many? There are thirty-one days in October. The The numb number ers s firs first, t, seco second nd,, thir third, d, etc. (ordinal numbers) answer the question In question In what hat orde orderr? Today is the thirty-first of October. Adjectives from the names of countries end in -ese, -nl-anl-ian, -ish, -ch or -i: Chinese, Indian, Spanish, Iraqi Adjectives from names of people mostly end in -nl-anl-ian: Victoria—Victorian, Victoria—Victorian, Christ—Christian Christ—Christian
5 Making comparisons Add Ad d -erl -est to most one-syllable adjectives, and to two-syllable adjectives ending in -le, -1y, -ow and -er. big—bigger, simple—simpler, lovely—lovelier The Taj Mahal is older than than the Eiffel Tower. Who is the youngest member of the team? Otherwise (or if you are not sure), use morel most: more difficult, most interesting. Health Heal th is i s more important than money. She's the most intelligent person perso n I know
Are you sure your oldest player player is is un
OND EP lls lls COP
dialngl
.31 re: *BM !.1.
These are irregu irregular: lar: good—better—best, bad—worse—worst, little—less—least, much/many—more— most
I aL:
.
- c r (1T-4
-
I'm so glad you're interested interested in f
With the verb m a k e :
H e m a d e m e v e r y a n g r y . In verb + adjective patterns like: f a l l a s l e e p , g o m a d , g r o w o l d in the pattern It I t i s +adjective + t o d o :
This puzzle is too difficult for me to solve. ending in - e d and - i n g : W hat a boring programm e! O h , a r e n ' t y o u i n t e r e s t e d i n f o o t b a l l?
,,,,,,
-,11141111e.
-,
tJ
ri
,
)11 -
-7:44tt'
t
atv-, -
Clauses which define the subject begin with the pronoun that: He's H e's a m anthat knows everything. I h ave av e a car ca r that makes a loud noise. When the clause defines the object of the verb, leave out the pronoun that: I I told you about her — Mar M aryy is i s the t he girl gi rl + M a r y is t h e g ir l (t h a I t) told you about. I I sold That is the car + so ld it to Charlie — That's the car I so so ld to C h ar lie. li e.
Wh o (for people) and which(for things) Who are less commonly used: He H e 's a m a nwh who o knows everything. That's the car which I sold so ld to C ha rlie rl ie.. Whoseis used to show possession: Are A re yo u the th e m anwhose car was stolen?
46
8 Adjective order Determiners and numbers come first: greenapples all thesebig greenapples m y f i r s t i m p o r t a nassignment t
That's your steak, sir.
Order of adjectives is usually:
1 quality 2 size 3 age/heat 4 shape 5 colour 6 origin 7 material
beautiful, dirty, nice big, little, small old, young, cold squ sq u are, ar e, ro un d blue, red, dark F r e n c h , V i c t o r i a n metal, plastic, cotton
A big old Victorianhouse. A beautiful round red metal ball.
What's this tiny round red thing?
Practice 3 1 school/my/all/old/photos school/my/all/old/photos 2 dining/French/several/old/tables 3 wildlife/Mike's/African/first/safari 4 pretty/Brazilian/young/a lot of/girls 5 tennis/cotton/white/a pair of/shorts
B
2 go C Match verbs and adjectives. 3 grow 4 make 5 stand 6 turn a) )g r e e n asleep sure old still mad
D Jo Join the two sentences as in the example. Example: You bought me a book. This is the book ..... En gl ish is h is ea sier si er th a n Ja pa ne Ise. seJapanese . This is the book (that) (that) you bought m e. —Engl —English ish [easy] 1 You wrote to a girl. I am the girl 2 Walking—jogging 2 I can speak Chinese. I am the only one [difficult] 3 Thirst—hungei 3 She works in a bank. She's the one [healthy] 4 Health—money 4 I told you about a man. He's the man [bad] 5 Half a loaf—no loaf at all 5 A cat ate my breakfast. This is the cat [important] [good] Example: English—Japanese English—Japanese
50
Review 3 Never wake up an asleep tiger. 2 X It's the most biggest stadium of the world! 3 X Are you the man who's cat ate my
breakfast? 4 X I am interesting in football. I go to all the matches. 5 X Today Today
is the the twen twenty ty-t -two wo of June. June.
6 X Angela is the more intelligent person I know.
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place time
into the house, under a tree a t 2 o ' c l o c k , o n S u n d a y , b y F r i d a y , during the day
The They y express othe ther relatio ations nshi hips ps,, such uch as: as:
purpose method manner
w o r k f o r t h e m o n e y , d o a n y t h in g f o r a f r i e n d g o b y b u s , l e a v e b y t h e b a c k door in a hurry, like a fish, with a s m i l e
possessiona m a n w i t h a b e a r d , a f r i e n d o f mine
She drinks like a fis
After a preposition, use the -ing form form of the th e verb: verb : s wimming, tired of waiting w aiting goo od a t swimming, g After a preposition, use the object form of the pronoun: fo r them, without her, near us us Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a particular preposition: look for an answer,depend d epend on others, talk about the weather,kind k ind to animals Prepositions can come at the end of a question or a defining relative clause: Is th is th e b o o k y o u w er e re fe rr in g to ? about? What are you talk talking ing
56
.
'm not very good at skii
1 Place At the the cinema cinema there's there's always a tall tall person in
Prepositions of place answer the questions Where? and Where to/ from? 1 live in an apartment block near the city centre. from Land's We walked from Land's End End to John o'Groats. o'Groats. in/at
Use in to emphasise a position inside a building or other big space. It was was raini raining, ng, so we we staye stayed d in the hotel all day. We met at the Court Hotel.
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in/into/inside Use into to make clear the idea of moving and and entering: entering : We walked into the room; there was nobody in the room. Ins Insid idee is more precise than in and always refers to an enclosed space: Stay inside the car, there are dangerous animals outside.
over/under; above/below Over an Over and d under describe under describe vertical position: A position: A plan planee flew flew over the house; we sat sat under a tree. Abo Above ve and and below simply say that one thing is higher than another: above average height, below sea level level
He's above average heigh
2 Time
in
after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, past, since, to, until (till)
Use in with parts of the day: in the morning,in in the afternoon,in the evening (but at night)
Tim Time prep prepos osit itio ions ns answ answer er the the ques questi tion ons s When?and H o w l o n g ? to/at/past
Use Use to, at and and pa st to tell the time: past past seve quarter to three, half se ven, n, at six six o'clo o'c lock ck Also at night, at the weekend on
Use Use on with days and parts of the day and with dates: F ri d a y( s ),on M o n d a y a ft e rn o o non , th e on Fri fo u rt h of July
by
Use Use by when you want to say not later than: If yo u h a ve n 't fi n is h e d b y si x o 'c lo ck , I' ll sh o o t y o u ! If he's not hereby 11.20, 11.20, its its all all off. off.
62
T i
since/for sinc eto describe the starting point of Use Use since an action: ncetwo o'clock. I ' v e b e e n w a i t isni g Use Use for to to describe the length of time of the action: I ' v e b e e n w a i t fi nog r t w o h o u r s .
until (till)/during (or till)means up to a point in the Until (or future: W h a t h a p p e n e d t o y o u ? W e w a i t e d uf no tr i ly o u ten o'clock.
Durin D urin g means after the start and before the finish of an event. P a s s e n g e r s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o s w i t c h o f f m o b i l e p h o n e sd u r i n g t h e f l i g h t .
Practice 4A A C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t p r e p o s i ti tio n s . (2) past/to John John wal walked ked (1) (1) acro across ss/i /in n the the road, oad, (2) the church and (3) at/round the corner. Then he (4) along/up the steps and (5) (5) down/over went (4) (6) through/over the the bridge. He walked (6) (7) under/across the grass until garden and (7)
he reached the footpath. Then he went 8)through/along the footpath, jumped 9)under/over the gate and went (10) into/at the bank. B C o m p l e te te t h e s e n t e n c e s
1 (It is 12 now! It was 7 when hen I had had breakfast.) I last ate .... seven o'clock. I haven' haven'tt eaten eaten .... seven seven o'clock. o'clock. I haven't haven't eaten .... five hours. 2 I was born .... 1980. I was born .... Friday 7 July at 3 o'clock .... the
morning!
These words are used to describe other relationships — of purpose, method, manner and possession. about, according to, against, at, by, except, for, from, in spite of, instead of, like, of, than, with, without
for
Use fo to describe why something is done: f o r to
T h i s k n i f e fo fios r p p e e l i n g p o t a t o e s . I ' v e b o u g h t s o m e m e d fo fi coir n y yeo u r c o l d . Also, use fo to describe support: f o r to
D i d y o u v o ft oe r t r t h e R e p u b l i c a n c a n d i d a t e ? The opposit opp osite e of f o r is a g a i n s t :
I a m a g a i n s tt h e i d e a o f c l o s i n g t h e s t r e e t t o traffic.
They say scientists have found a cure for apathy, apathy, b
4 Method by/with/without
Use by/with/without to describe how something is done/ opened the window by breaking the glass. Can you open a bottle with your teeth? I can do it without any help from you! Also, use by to describe authorship: `The Street Lawyer' by John Grisha Grisham m
5 Manner like/as
Us e like to compare: He fights fights like a tiger when he is angry. Use as with adjectives: i'm as hungry as a horse.
I'm as 1 1 1rzgry 4 as a horse.
6 Possession of Us e o f to describe possession: the
symphonies symphonies of Mozart, Mozart, a man of property property Also, use of to describe materials and quantities:
made of wood, a glass of water Note also the following: about/on a book about web page design, a lecture on Turkish ceramics from/out of This lamp was made from (out of) a bottle. than My father is stronger than yours.
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Practice 4B 1 a present .... your birthday 2 a painting .... Rembrandt 3 a table made .... wood 4 an old man .... a grey beard 5 a car that goes .... the wind 6 a book .... dinosaurs 7 a building taller .... the Eiffel Tower 8 a peace march .... the war 9 I am very proud .... my daughter. 10 He is very good .... football. 11 Did you pay .... the meal? 12 Does this pen belong .... you? 13 Bill looks exactly .... his father! 14 I'm not used .... eating spicy food. 15 Do you believe .... ghosts?
He's not used to eating spicy j -
R___mow 4 Please be home until 10 10 pm at the latest! si nc e two hours. 2 X I have been waiting sinc 3 X John John got got tire tired d of wait, so he went home. 4 X Our friends were late, so we went without they. 5 X What did you do in the weekend? past st one. 6 X 12.50 is the same as ten pa 7 X We arrived t o the hotel after midnight. 1 A hammer is used a) on other people. 2 He started his car b) without moving his lips. 3 John eats c) for driving in nails. 4 She made a model d) by turning the key. 5 I hate hate to depen depend d e) out of of yoghurt yoghurt carto cartons. ns. 6 He can talk f) like a horse.
DON'T BE SILLY
Key facts about verbs Verbs describe the time of an event and our viewpoint or attitude to the event.
Actions and states Verbs can describe: physical actions — s l e e p , l i v e , t a l k , w o r k , d r i v e S o m e p e o p work le t o l iv i v e , s o mlive e to work! mental actions — t h i n k , d r e a m , w o r r y , w o n d e r I wond wo nder er i f t h e r e i s li li f e o n o t h e r p l a n e t s . states — b e , s e e m , a p p e a r Y o u seem v e r y s a d t o d a y . A r e y o u a l l r i g h t ?
Time Verbs describe time (past, present, future):
IWONDCR. TNER TNERES ESLIFE ON 0114g.R.PLANATE
-to -to
I live li ved d i n R i o f o r y e a r s ; I liwve i n s a o P a o l o . n olive 77
Viewpoint Verbs show whether the action is finished or unfinished, whether its outcome is certain or uncertain, e t c .
I' I ' v e l o s t m y h o m e . (present result of past action) N o w I'm living li ving w i t h f r i e n d s . (an unfinished action) It might rain l a t e r . (predicting an action) I'm going to marry a m i l li li o n a i r e . (expressing intention) He's s t u p i d (permanent (. permanent state) He's He's bein being g st (. temporary s t u p i d(temporary state)
1 Simple and continuous tenses (For more information see Grammar file 3)
Fashions come and go
Ther There e are are two simp simple le tense enses s (pres presen entt and and p past) Present: talk (talkswith hel shel it) go . F a s h i o n scome a n d go. M a r y works in Cardiff; sheteaches maths. m Past: t a l k e d The T he moviestarted half an hour ago. Th The other tens nse es and forms use the base form talk, the present present participle participle,, talking, or with: the past participle, talked with: Parts of b e and have: It I t is raining. It I t has rained every e very day this week! Jo J o h n has been working h a r d . Modals, e.g. will, must, can/could, may/might: H e must leave so s o o n ; h ecould come b a c k later. 81
Invert subject and verb: It is raini raining ng — Is it raining? He must must leav leavee — Must he leave? Where have you been? Use parts of do in the simple tenses: Where do you live? Where does she work? What did you do last night? Why didn't you call?
Ad d n o t ( n ' t ) It is not not (isn't) too late to go out. out. I can't believe it. I haven't haven't done much work work today. today. Use parts of do in the simple tenses: I eat vegetables — I don't socccer — He eat eat meat. He pl plays soc doesn't play rugby. We drank coffee— We didn't drink tea.
it?
4 Short forms Parts of be, haveand modals (e.g. can, join with not: must) join is + not = isn't had + not = hadn't can + not = can't Note: will + not won't
U Use short forms in s speech and informal writing short answers Doe D oess C arrie ar rie live liv e h ere? er e? N o, she sh doesn't. d e question tags aren't Expecting yes: You're Harry, you? Expecting no: This isn't right, is
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5 Irregular verbs (See Grammar File 3 for list.) Th There are about 140 irregular verbs in spea k, spoke, spo ke, spoke sp oken: n: English, e.g. speak, Fr ench. h. We W espoke German at I speak Frenc home. I I haven ha ven't 't spoken French Fre nch for ages. a ges. Th The main patterns are:
ABC where the three parts are different: sp ea k, spo sp o ke, ke , spo s po ken ke n e.g. spea (about 55) ABB where two parts are the same: e.g. fi n d , fo u n d , fo u n d (about 55) AAA where all three parts are the same: p u t, p u t, p u t e.g. pu (about 25)
Practice
Complete the questions. I went to the movies last night. Where did you go last night?
A Complete the table. s pe a k 1
s po ke
s pok en
f i nd caught
2
3 4
C How many correct forms can you make from these tabl
put saw
has
6
wr it t e n
It will
.
9
t ook
Does me t
cost
move hasbeen
tell
8 10
live in an apartment. Where .... ? had steak for dinner. What .... ? can speak three three languages. languages. How many many ? go to work by car. How .... ? use Word 6. Which program .... ? have done nothing today! What .... ?
fa l l e n
5
7
2I 3I 4I 5I 6I 7I
Did Has sI
moving m o ve d work?
she
works? working? worked?
85
86
Rovew 5 X What John does? He teachs physics. 2 X Fm tired: I've been work hard. 3 X Must we to stay in? 4 X Why this watch doesn't works? 5 X You're a student, isn't it? 6 X Can you telling me the time, please? This box box is meas measur urin ing g 20 200c 0cm m by 30 300c 0cm. m. 7 X This 8 X Do you live here? Yes, I live. 88
Key facts a oout tenses This This chapt hapter er cover overs s the the main ain us uses es of the the sim simple ple present, simple past, continuous and perfect verb forms and ways of expressing the future. Time Time:: not not impo import rtan ant, t, any any tim time Viewpoint: simply describes the action or the state Fis F ishh swim, birds fly. fl y. I work w ork in an o ice. • Use the present simple: to make general true statements The earth goes go es round the sun. r with verbs that describe mental states, possession, measuremen measurement, t, yo uunderstand? I appearance: Do you think she's sh e's craz c razy. y.This T his belongs to me. It looks like a bomb. l to describe timetabled or fixed events: The examsstart next Monday.
No, ftfLi swim. Birds fly.
90
2 Simple past Time: before now Viewpoint: a completed act act U Use the simple past: to make statements about the past The policewanted to know how the fire started. s to tell a story w as yo ,I had h ad a pet alligator that When I was y o u n g I lived under the stairs and ate cornflakes. c with with verb verbs s that hat desc descri ribe be men mental tal stat states es,, pos possess sessiion, on, meas measur urem emen ent, t, appearance: D id y o u remember to
lock the door? I once owned a horse that weighed a ton. used to
Use Use used toto emphasise a past habit: I used to like rock, but now I
pref pr efer er jazz ja zz..
I had a pet alligator that lived under the cornflakes. ,.t
3 Continuous tenses
Time: Time: show shown n by part of be (is/was/has been, etc.) Viewpoint: an unfinished action, one in progress Use a part of be with the - ing form form of the f o r h e r fr ie n d t o a rr iv e . verb: She's waiting fo 1 was leaving when w hen the phone rang. T e pre The Th prese sent nt conti continu nuous ous desc descri ribe bes: s: things happening now or in this period of time: I'm I'm not feeling well. Ja J a m e s is studying to t o be an accountant. t something planned to happen soon: to a party tomorrow W e're e're all going night. n a temporary situation: W h y are you being so s o d i ff i c u l t ?
I'm not feeling feeling well. well.
• The past continuous describes background actions in an account of past events: standing The spectators were standing round, chatting and waiting for the race to begin. Suddenly, a man jumped over the fence and ran towards the horses. He w a s c a r r y in inaggun ... was sitting in the dentist's waiting room when I heard a loud scream.
PE -NTAL-
4 Perfect tenses Time Time:: betw betwee een n a poin pointt in the the past past and and now, exact time is not given Viewpoint: result of the action more important than the time when it happened Use Use has/have + the past participle: Look, Anna has left her books behind! Have you seen seen Georg Georgee latel lately? y? U Use the continuous form if the action is still going on: I h a v e b e e n w a i there i n g for ages! hin you can see the results of a recent action: I t h a s b e e n r a i n ithe n g :roads are still wet. Use had for the past perfect: I noticed that Anna h a d l e ft fher t books behind. If I had left later, I would have missed my bus.
5 Ways of expressing the future Time: Time: later later than than now now Viewpoint: fixed, planned, predicted, etc. Use will in will in statements of fact: It will snow soon. If you sit down, you will be more comfortable. Use present simple for a regular planned finishes at event: The concert starts at 8, and finishes 10. Use present continuous for a planned but not regular event: A new supermarket is opening next week. Use goi Use going g ng to to make personal predictions: snow. Just It's going to snow. look at the the sky! J look to emphasise intentions: Charlie says he's going to drop out of college.
Choosethecorrectformtocompletethe sentences. What (do you do/are you doing) with a bottle opener? I'm going to open a bottle, silly! What (do you do/are you doing) with a bottle opener? You open bottles, silly! Why (don't you work/aren't you working)? It's my coffee break. Why (don't you work/aren't you working)? I don't need to, Fm rich. Thi This bott bottle le (hold holds/ s/is is hol holding ding)) 2 litr itres. es. We (hold/are holding) a meeting later on. Makesentencesbymatching1-4witha—d. a—d. Are you com coming to the par party a) tonight Everybody's going to the party b) every Friday I go cycling c) on Friday I'm going cycling d) most Fridays
Anne always always puts the the cat out out when when sh
wanted to see Ann but 2 You can't see Ann because 3 1 managed to see Ann just as 4 I managed to see Ann just before a)she left. b)she was leaving. c)she has already left. d)she had already left.
D
-
—
1 Ann has been in bed 2 Ann always used to go to bed 3 Ann was just going to bed 4 Ann never goes to bed a)at 9 o'clock. b)before setting her alarm clock. c)since 9 o'clock. d)when the phone rang.
100
R_ viow 6 I'm not sure what is the H standing for in H20, 2 X We go to Rome last year and see the Vatican. 3 X I was being a good singer when I was younger. 4 X Tye lost my purse.' `What is it looking like?' 5 X When was the Golden Gate bridge erecting? 6 X 'Why we won't go shopping tomorrow?' `OK.' 7 X Do you think it rains this evening? 8 X I'm waiting for you since long time.
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You don't do n't have ha ve to tell me. 1 alre alrea a
should st st a rt. rt . s to say it is better to do/not to do something: Y o u shouldn't eat so much chocolate!
can (past and conditional: could)
Use can/could c to express ability/possibility: I could I could read read when I was only three years old. r to express a negative logical can't be serious! You deduction: You can't be must be joking! m to make a polite request: Could you pass pass the salt, salt, please? please? may/might
Us e may/might m to say you are not certain if something will happen or not (might is (might is less certain than may): ay see you tomorrow if I'm not too I m I m ay see busy. I busy. I m igh t see you tomorrow, but it's very unlikely. v to express a polite request or ask I have another cake, please? permission: Ma permission: Mayy I have
10 4
I
1 05
Key facts aoout conditionals A conditional sentence has at least two clauses, one containing a conditionand and the other containing a consequence.
Tenses in conditional conditional sentences Use clauses beginning with if to say how the c condition leads to the consequence: I f y o u k i s s m e , I 'l l s c r e a m . in the world as it is: I in the world as108 it might be (but isn't): If I h a d a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , I w o u l d b u y a y a c h t . in the world as it might have been (but wasn't): I f I h a d g o n e t o u n i v e r s i t y , I w o u l d b e rich now. Where if means every time, use the present simple in both parts of the sentence:
if you heat water, it boils.
?ou t Key facts facts a?ou p assu s Use part of b e +the past participle: T h e r o a has d been blocked b y s n o wT. h e w as taken w i t h o u t p e r m i s s io c a r was io n . U the passive Use to put the most important element first: S e v e r a l b y s t a n d were e r s killed b y g u n m e n . (rather than ' G u n m e n k i l le le d s e v e r a l bystanders.') when the person performing the action is not important, or is not known: I f i t r a i n s , t h e p i cwill n i c be cancelled. Note how the indirect object can become the subject of a passive sentence:
They never told us the truth — We were never told the truth. Someone sent him a fax He was sent a fax.
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Practice 7 A Use can't be, must b e, can't can't or have must h a v ein these sentences. 1 How old is Linda? She has grey hair, so she .... over 40. 2 Who took the file? It .... been Joe, he's the only one with a key to the filing cabinet. 3 She .... over 40! I'm older than her and I'm only 35. 4 Who took the file? It .... been Alicia. She doesn't have a key.
B Use m u s t n 'or t d o n ' t h a v e in t o these sentences. 1 You .... come with us if you don't want to. 2 You can look at my t oys, but you .... touch anything. 3 It's a secret, you .... tell anyone else, OK?
4 You .... shout, I'm not deaf!
C Use s h o u l d / s h o u l d n ' tto b esay what's wrong. 1 him 2 english
The r e .. .. a dot ove r th e i . The word english written with a capital letter 3 180kphwm Tha t c a r ... . t r a ve ll i ng a t 180kph. It's dangerous. 4 No SMOKING Those people .... smoking in here. Can't they read?
D Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentences. I H e ' s go o d a t . . .
a ) .. . pl a y i ng t he gui t a r
2 Let them ... 3 J us t ke ep on .. . 4 I dislike ...
b) ... to play the guitar
5 Julia hates ... 6 We enjoy ...
c ) .. . pl ay t he gui t a r
7 You can't make me 8 I'd like ...
R__vl__w 7 1 X Did you enjoyed to dance with my girlfriend? 2 X If you will not be busy, I might to can see see you later. 3 X If you're very good, I might to let you coming with me.
4 X If there will not be enough enrolments, the course will cancel. 5 X We saw that the door was locked, so we can't get in was not not tol told the the truth ruth.. 6 X To us was
7 X I saw the car to crash into a wall.
Comparisons
Key facts aboutWe usually use moreand and lessto make comparisons of adverbs: carefully a t n i g h tC. a n y o u t a l k a l it Y o u s h o u l d d r imore ve i tless t le l e l acverbials Adverbials say something more aboutNote: hard-harder, fast-faster, well-better, badly-worse Tea tastes better if you the action or state described by a verb: run quickly, be in trouble e..xcus . C N NL They modify mod ify adjectives: ad jectives: g o o d — v e r y g o o d ; n i c e — q u i t e n i c e ; g r e a t — r e a l l y g r e a t They The y rela r elate te to manner: the question H o w ? place: the question W h e r e ( t o ) ? time: the questions W h e n ? H o w l o n g? g? frequency: the question H o w o f t e n ? A Adverbials can be: a word (i.e. an adverb) You should always tt e l l t h e t r u t h . ien an American accent. in a phrase H e s p o ki I am tired. a whole clause I g o to b ewhen d
YO YOU TALK A LATT-L. LESS LOUDLY.
Add -ly -l y to adjectives: sad— sad—sa sadl dly; y; happy happy—h —hap appil pily; y; terr terribl ible— e—te terr rribl iblyy I am happy to tell you/I will happily tell you and fast do not Good changes to well; hard and change: He's a good good driver: driver: he drive drivess well. fast. He drives drives carefully; carefully; he never never drives drives fast. Avoid putting the adverb between a verb and and its object: She quickly left the room; not She left quickly the room. Note the position of the adverb in verbs using parts of have of have and be or modals: He has definitely left the building. They were carefully counting the money. She will probably probabl y make a mistake. You might easily have missed the bus. An adverbial at the beginning of a sentence sentence is like a comment on the whole sentence:
I'm afraid, Mr Jones, that you have definitely fa
Gently, Sarah picked up the injured bird. On the whole, I think women are better drivers. 118
2 Place here, there, upstairs, downstairs, next door, upside down, back to front, face to face, side by side, up and down, backwards, forwards
The The most most comm common on adver dverbi bial als s of plac place e are are here and there:
Bring it here. Here it is! Put it over there. There's a hole in your shirt. Many adverbials of place are phrases:
Why did you hang mother's picture upside down? You've got your T-shirt on back to front. Words ending in -wards relate to
78
movement: The rope swung backwards and forwards.
3 Time T Time adverbials can relate to a point of time: See tomorrow at six six in the morning. morning. S you tomorrow a length of time: Will you stay in London the whole week? T The order of time adverbials is usually: from the particular to the general I was born on Friday, the fifth of June, 1985. 1 how long, how often an hour hour every every morning. morning. The Board meets for f an day + time (focus on the time) Let's Let's meet meet on Friday at 9. 9 time + day (focus on the day) Let's Let's meet meet at 9 on Friday. The normal order of adverbials is manner, place and time: He went quietly out of the house at midnight.
121
79
4 Frequency
Frequency adverbs range from never through sometim sometimes es and often to always: I've I've never liked tea; I always drink coffee. The The norm normal al posi positi tion on is befo before re the the part part of the verb that carries the main meaning: You can usually identify a bird by its song. Put adverbs of frequency at the beginning or end of the sentence if you want to draw attention to them: Usually, birds don't sing in the wintertime (but there are some exceptions!) She doesn't lose her temper often (but when she does ... .!!!) If you put seld seldom om or rarely at the beginning of the sentence, invert the verb: verb: but I have seldom heard such nonsense, but Seldom have 1 heard such nonsense!
80
She doesn't lose her temper often, but when she does ...
A note on adverbial clauses
Practice
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by: by: as far as, where, wherever, everywhere
A Complete the table.
This is as far as Igo. We will find him wherever he may be.
ADJECTIVE
1
Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, now that, once, since, until, when, whenever, while
2 3 4 ,
You look as if you had seen a ghost! Take some water in case you get thirsty
12 4
ADVERB
nice usefully angry terribly
5
Stay as long as you like. Go before it gets dark. Other adverbial clauses are introduced by: although, as far as, as long as (providing), as if; because, in case, so that
8
3
6
real easil
B Match each verb with an adverb. 1 breathe 2 shine 3 sleep 4 speak 5 wait 6 whisper
a) br br ig h t ly b ) clearl y c) d eep ly d) patiently e) so f tly f ) so u n dly 12 5
126
C
1
behave 2 eat l3 isten s4hout r e me mbe r 5 stroke
6
a) angri ang rily ly b) a t t e nt i ve l y c ) ba dl y d) ge nt ly e ) gr e e di l y f ) s udde nl y
1 Haven't you seen an elephant fly? (ever) 2 Make sure you close the door. (quietly) 3 He doesn't make such a fuss. (usually) 4 We stayin bed late on Sundays. (always) 5 Where's Jane? She's in her study. (probably) 6 John has gone out. (just)
1 Take your umbrella (in case/so that) it rains. 2 Let's go (before/until) he changes his mind! 3 This dog follows me (where/wherever) I go. go . 4 Are youill? You look (as (a s if/as) you have flu. 5 Wait here (while/since) I go to the bank. 6 You can stay (as long as/as far as) you like.
1
he has been
2
31
a) on business b) apparently c) abroad 2 She Pi works 2 3 a) always b) in the morning c) much better
2- 3 3 I 1 sleep a) well b) in a strange bed c) never 4 Y o u s h o u l d T p a r k 3 a) after dark b) without lights c) never
RovIew8 1 X Barbara speaks fluently French. 2 X Tr Try y to th thin ink k in fu futu ture re mor ore e ca care refu full be befo fore re you speak. 3 X J Jo ohn works very har ard dly; he takes never a holiday. 4 X Have you still finished your homework? 5 X I would go never by car to work. 6 X Be carefully when you ever cross the road.
126 12 8
make do? do ?
Make Literally, make describes creating or producing something from raw materials: I materials: I made a model house out of toothpicks. We use make metaphorically in expressions like: make a mistake, make friends, make a noise. Common expressions with make m a k ea profit/loss, a phone call, a speech, a decision, decisi on, an impression impression,, a fuss, an appointment, a suggestion, an excuse, a ...
Do
Literally, do describes performing an action on something something which already exists: do a crossword, do your hair (i.e. hair (i.e. brush it).
13013
Common expressions with do do ... your hair, your best, your duty, well, someone a favour, business, a good job, harm,
02
get/have something done?
Use this pattern when you ask or pay someone else to do a job for you: need to get' have the car serviced. Where do you get/have your hair done? Use the pattern with get with get for for something you will do yourself, but which will take a lot of effort: I really must get this essay finished! If you name the person, the pattern is: I must get Mervyn to service my car or (less usual) I must have Mervyn service my car.
132
Q3 What's the difference between say say and tell? To tell is to inform or to order (include the person who is being told): Tell me your name. Tell the children to be quiet. story, tell tel l Note the expressions: tell a story, the time.
To say is to utter words: The children said 'Thank you, grandma!' Grandma said 'I am very proud of you!' We can also report what has been said: The children said thank you to their grandma, and grandm grandma a said said that that she she was very very prou proud d of of the them. m. Note the different pattern: I told her (that) I was upset. I said to her (that) I was upset.
h .
I still work for for IBM. Do you still still love love me? Yet describes something that hasn't started (or may not have started) to happe happen, n, so so it is used only in negative negat ive statements and questions: The morning post hasn't arrived yet. Has the dog been fed fed yet?
still yet? They They both both mean mean cup cup to the the pres presen entt time time'. '. Still describes something that has been happening, and may be continuing: Use Use still still (with stress) in negative statements to express surprise: Unbelievable! The post still hasn't arrived!
07 which?
what?
must
Use which? to ask which one(s)? (from a known set of objects). We've got three kinds of apples. Which (ones) do you want? want? Which John Grisham novels have you read? Use what? to ask a general question: What (kind of) novels do you enjoy reading?
Q6
like doing
like to do?
Like doing doing focuses on a regular habit: I like like read readin ing. g. Like to to do focuses on each example of the activity: I like like to read read for an hour hour before before I go go to sleep. sleep. Use only to do after would like: What would you like to eat? I'd like to order a pizza.
have (got) to?
Must expresses an obligation from within you: I must remember to buy a birthday card for my si sister. Have to expresses an obligation from outside: The teacher says we have to (we've got to) work harder. Note: mustn't expresses an obligation no t to do. Don't have to means there is no obligation to do. You must be nice to her; but you don't have to like her!
08
ought to
should?
Ought expresses what you feel you owe to other people (ought is an old past form of owe). Should expresses what you feel you owe to yourself. 135
134
Co
Q9
shall?
on errors
Shall is usually used only with I or we. we. The most common use is in questions:
Now that you have almost completed the the book, see see how many of these common errors you can correct. There may be more than one mistake mi stake in each sentence sentence..
Shall I open the window? Shall we go now?
10 very
too?
Very expresses a higher degree of a quality: This tea is hot; in fact, it's very hot.
1 X John is teacher. r1
,
Too expresses an unacceptable degree: If it's very hot, I can still drink it, but if its too hot, I can't drink it.
2 X1 fell and broke the leg, so I must to go to hospital. 3 X I go always to the work on bus. 4 X Nobody Nob ody helped hel ped me: I did d id it all by my own. own . 5 X I
never said nothing to nobody.
6 X What time the bus leaves for Oxford? 7 X Why
you don't get your hair cutting?
8 X She left house without saying me goodbye. 9 X I am waiting since ages! Where you been? 136 137
10 X Here's a picture from a dog and it's owner. 11 X Are you believing for ghosts? 1.2 1. 2 X Alicia: I don't like people which smokes. 13 X Philip: Neither I do. 14 X You sh shou ould ldn' n'tt of ea eate ten n so mu much ch po pota tato toes es.. 15 X She is the beautifullest girl I am knowing. 16 X If I were you, I would listen your fathers advices. 17 X I made my homeworks in less than an hour! 18 X Ja Jack ck sh shou ould ld be he here re an ho hou ur ag ago, o, and he hasn't still arrived! 19 X I am very interesting in Indian music. 20 X Have another drink: it won't make you no harm.
138
B Adjectives followed by particular A Verbs followed by particular prepositions prepositions account for accuse of
come from
look like
congratulate on
long long for for
agree with
depend on
object to
apologise for
escape from
approve of
get rid of
arrive at
hope for
ask for
laugh at
be/get used to believe in belong to
listen to
pay for prevent from rely on reply to see to
look after
stare at
look at
blame for borrow from
jealous of keen on late for
angry about asha ashame med d of aware of
mad/crazy about pleased with proud of ready for sad about
bad at close to
serious about
suffer from
different from/to fond of
look for
take after
full of
sorry about
look forward to
(wouldn't)
glad about good at grateful for interested in
sorry for
of the verb after a preposition: I don't believe in getting up early. dream of of doing that!
91
absent from accustomed/used accustomed/used to afraid of
similar to
surprised at tired of worried about
Continuous tenses
I
Simple tenses
( do n' t )
s i ng
was wa s
(didn't)
have been sang
he / s he / i t
sings
sing
didn't
is was wa s
sang doesn't
am
has been we / y ou/ t hey
are were have been
Perfect tenses
I / w e /y ou/ t he y
he / s he / it
ha ve
t a l ke d
I/he/she/it/
had been
had
will be
ha s
must (etc.) be
had 92
143 143
Pattern ABC 1 Changing to-o- in simple past tense I
am was have been
he / s he / i t
is was has been
w e/ y ou/ t he y
are were have been
I/he/she/it/ we/you/they
had been
Continuous passives are possible but not common: Something is being done. We were being criticised. 93
break choose drive forget freeze speak steal tear wear
broke chose drove forgot froze spoke stole tore wore
broken ch osen driven forgotten frozen spoken stolen torn worn
2 Changing to-oo- in simple past tense shake t ake to o k
shook
shaken taken
147 147
3 Changing to-e- in simple past tense blow draw fall fly go grow know throw
blew drew fell flew went grew knew threw
blown d r a wn fallen flown gone g r o wn known th rown
4 Changing to i in simple past tense -
-
bite do hide
bit did hid
bitten done hidden
145
PassivesGrammar file 3: Common irregular verbs
5 Changing to a in simple past tense -
be eat forgive give lie see se e begin drink sing swim
-
was ate forgave gave lay saw began drank sang swam
b ee n eaten forgiven g iven l a in seen b egu n d ru n k su n g swum
This verb is is also ABC but but does not fit any of the above categories:
show showed shown
Pattern ABB 1 Ending in d -
have hear hold lay make pay say sell stand tell feed lead read
f i n d
had heard held laid made paid said sold stood told fed led read found
had heard held laid made paid said sold stood told fed led read found
2 Endi ng in t -
bend build feel get k e e p l e a v
e l e n d lose m e a n m e e t
send shoot sit sleep spend 148
149
bent built felt got kept left lent lost meant met sent shot sat slept spent
bent built felt got kept left lent lost meant met sent shot sat slept spent
3 Ending in -ought/-aught bring buy catch fight teach think
brought bought caught fought taught thought
Pattern AAA brought bought c au g ht fought t au g h t thought
b et cost c ut hit hurt let p ut set split spread shut
4 Vowel change 4i a to u/ o -
dig hang stick strike shine win
du g hung stuck struck shone won
150
-
-
dug hung stuck struck shon e won
bet cost c ut hit hurt let p ut set split spread shut
bet c o st cu t hit hurt let put set split spread shut
became came ran beat
become come r un beaten
Other patterns
become come r un beat 151
Review 1 1 Did she go to the party on her own/by herself? 2 It's/It is time to give the cat its dinner. 3 Look after yourselves, children! 4 Explain to me the difference between if and when. 5 Is this your hairbrush? 6 There's not/There isn't much bread left. 7 Did Kate tell you/Did Kate say where she was going? 8 Your house is bigger than ours. 2 Determiners Practice 2 A 1 French people shake hands more often than the English do/than English people do. 2 The Moon goes round the Earth. 3 Let me give you a piece of advice: don't accept sweets from strange men! 4 When I was a boy, we always had eggs for breakfast. 5 What time do 1 Nouns and pronouns you leave home in the morning? 6 If is a poem by an Practice: English writer. 1A 2 lives 3 foot 4 children days 6 lady A 1 woman no point in telling me; B 1 There's I can't do5anything 7 matches 8 books 9 tax 10 trees about it. 2 Somebody's been smoking! I can smell it! it! B 1 are 2 costs 3 is 4 looks 5 have C 1 armchair bottle opener 3 greenhouse 3 I have coffee but2no milk, so you'll have to drink it black. 4 matchstick 5 police car 6 post 4 Shall I make some more popcorn foroffice you? 57Iscrewdriver know hardly anybody atdirectory this party. 8 telephone 9 wristwatch Practice: 1B Review A 2 yours? 2 There aren't any cakes/There A 1 Is me my mine myself I this money are no cakes left. The cat has eaten them all/all of you you your yours yourself/yourselves them. he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its itself we us our ours ourselves they
them
their
theirs
themselves
152
15 3
3 We do some shopping every weekend. 4 I have three sons and they are all crazy. 5 Have you lived here all your life? 6 Why do the French/Why do French people always sshake hands when they meet? 1 I need a little more time. 2 You should eat less bread. 3 There isn't much furniture in here. 4 I haven't many exercises to do.
Practice 3 A 1 all my old school photos 2 several old French dining tables 3 Mike's first African wildlife safari 4 a lot of pretty y young Brazilian girls 5 a pair of white cotton tennis shorts (Sample answers) 1 Japanese is more difficult than English. 2 Walking is healthier than jogging. 3 Thirst is worse than hunger. 4 Health is more important than money. 5 Half a loaf is better than no loaf at all.
C 1 fall asleep 2 go mad 3 grow old 4 make sure 5 stand still 6 turn green 1 I am the girl (that) you wrote to. 2 I am am the only one who/that can speak Chinese. 3 She's the one who/that works in a bank. 4 He's the man (that) I told you about. 5 This is the cat that/which ate my breakfast. :
101
Review 3 1 Never wake up a sleeping tiger (a tiger that is asleep). 2 It's the biggest stadium in the world! 3 Are you the man whose cat ate my breakfast? 4 I am interested in football. I go to all the matches. 5 Today is the twenty-second of June. 6 Angela is the most intelligent person I know. Practice 4A A 1 across 2 past 3 round 4 up 5 over 6 through 7 across 8 along 9 over 10 into B 1 I last ate at seven o'clock. I haven't eaten since seven o'clock. I haven't eaten for five hours. 2 I was horn in 1980. I was born on Friday 7 July at 3 o'clock in the morning!
Practice 4B 1 a present for/on your birthday 2 a painting by Rembrandt 3 a table made of/from wood 4 an old man with a grey beard 5 a car that goes like the wind 6 a book about dinosaurs 7 a building taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 a peace march against the war 9 I am very proud of my daughter. 10 He is very good at football. 11 Did you pay for the meal? 12 Does this pen belong to you? 13 Bill looks exactly like his father! 14 I'm not used to eating spicy food. 15 Do you believe in ghosts?
155
102
Review 4 A 1 Please be home by 10 pm at the latest! 2 I have been waiting for two hours. 3 John got tired of waiting, so he went home. 4 Our friends were late, so we went without them. 5 What did you do at the weekend? 6 12.50 is the same as ten to one. 7 We arrived at the hotel after midnight. B lc 2d 3f 4e 5a 6b Practice 5 A 1 find 2 catch 3 fall 4 pu t 5 see 6 write 7 t e ll 8 take 9 me e t 10 co st
f o un d caught f e ll put saw wrote told took m et c o st
found caught fallen pu t seen written told taken me t c o st
B 1 Where did you go last night? 2 Where do you live? 3 What did you have for dinner? 4 How many languages can you speak? 5 How do you go to work? 6 Which 103
program progra m do you use? 7 What have you done today? C 1 It has moved — It has been moved — It has been moving — It will move 2 Does she work? — Did she work? — Has she worked? — Is she working?
Review 5 1 What does John do? He teaches physics. 2 I'm tired: I've been working hard. 3 Must we stay in? 4 Why doesn't this watch work? 5 You're a student, aren't you? 6 Can you tell me the time, please? 7 This box measures 200cm by 300cm. 8 Do you live here? Yes, I do.
Practice 6 A 1 are you doing 2 do you do 3 aren't you working 4 don't you work 5 holds 6 are holding B 1 + a/c 2 + a/c 3 + b/d 4 + a/c C ld 2c 3b 4a lc 2a 3d 4b (a is also correct)
Review 6 1 I'm not sure what the H stands for in H20. 2 We went to Rome last year and saw the Vatican. 3 I was a good singer when I was younger. 4 'I've lost my purse: 'What does it look like?' 5 When was the Golden Gate Bridge
157
erected? 6 'Why don't we go shopping tomorrow?' `OK: 7 Do you think it will rain/it's going to rain this evening? 8 I've been waiting for you (for) a long time.
Practice 7 A 1 must be 2 must
have 3 can't be 4 can't have
B 1 don't have to 2 mustn't 3 mustn't 4 don't have to C 1 should be 2 should be 3 shouldn't be 4 shouldn't be
Review 7 1 Did you enjoy
dancing with my girlfriend? 2 If you are/you're not busy, I might be able to see you later. 3 If you're very good, I might let you come with me. 4 If there aren't enough enrolments, the course will be cancelled. 5 We saw that the door was locked, so we couldn't get in. 6 We were not told the truth. 7 1 saw the car crash into a wall.
D la 2c 3a 4a 5a
or b 6a 7c 8b
104
Practice 8
Now
Longman
A 1 nicely 2 useful
3 angrily 4 terrible 5 really 6 easy lc 2a 3f 4b (e also fits) 5d 6e C lc 2e 3b 4a 5f 6d D I Haven't you ever seen an elephant fly? 2 Make sure you close the door quietly. 3 He doesn't usually/He usually doesn't make such a fuss. 4 We always stay in bed late on Sundays. 5 Where's Jane? She's probably in her study. 6 John has just gone out. o ut. E 1 in case 2
befor e 3 where w herever ver 4 as if 5 while 6 as long as F l Apparently he has been abroad on business. business . 2 She 105
always works much better in the morning. 3 I never sleep well in a strange bed. 4 You should never park without lights after dark. Review 8 1 Barbara speaks
French fluently. 2 Try to think more carefully in future before you speak/In speak/In future, try to think more carefully ..-. 3 John works very hard; he never takes a holiday. 4 Have you finished your homework yet? 5 I would never go to work by car. 6 Be careful
whenever you cross the road.
Common errors
1 John is a teacher.
158
2 I fell and broke my leg, so I must go to hospital. 3 I always go to work by bus/on the bus. 4 Nobody helped me: I did it all by myself/on my own. 159
5 I never said anything to anybody. 6 What time does the bus leave for Oxford? Oxfo rd? 7 Why don't don' t you get your y our hair cut? 8 She left the house without saying goodbye to me. 9 I have been waiting for ages! Where have you been? 10 Here's a picture of a dog and its owner. 11 Do you believe belie ve in i n ghosts gh osts?? 12 Alicia: Alicia : I don't don' t lik e people peo ple who/that who/ that smoke. 13 Philip: Neither do I. 14 You shouldn't have eaten so many potatoes. 15 She is the most beautiful girl I know. 16 If I were you, I would listen to your father's advice. 17 I did my homework in less than an hour!
1
18 Jack should have been here an hour ago, and he still hasn't arrived! 19 I am very interested in Indian music. 20 Have another drink: it won't do you any harm.
3 0 A 4 5 8 4 16
Penguin Quick Guid learning English qui Kean)/ useful Do you want to improve your English grammar! Kean)/ useful English Grammar can help! It guides you to the most important points and difficulties of English grammar, using: short, clear explanations llots of practice and review pages cartoons to help you understand — and mak e you laugh! Jake Allsop has a special interest
testing and grammar -. He is the author of several books in the Test Your series from Penguin English. For learning For work
ü ü
in
For travelling
1./
Level: Intermediate
Series Editors: Andy Hopkins and Jocelyn Potter
Cover illustration M C Escher's 'Ascending and Descending' 2000 Cordon Art B V, Baarn, Holland. All rights reserved.
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Publis Published hed and and distr distribu ibuted ted by by Pear son Educ atio n Limi ted
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