Ready Made Garments Sector And it’s Contribution to the Bangladesh Economy
Letter of Transmittal
Date: 05 April 2011
To Imrana Sharmin Lecturer Department of Economics Faculty of Business Administration
Subject: Submission of term paper on Contribution Co ntribution of Garments Industry in Bangladesh Economy
Dear Madam, Here we are submitting our term paper on “Contribution of Garments Industry in Bangladesh Economy” prescribed by you in your course. For this Purpose, we have gone through internet, different books, articles, journals, interview of authorities and employees of the respective organizations and class lecture sheets for the relevant information of the assigned topic.
Please call me for any further information at your convenient c onvenient time and place.
Yours truly,
Taukir Ahmed 2009-2-10-246 Ph: 01617839494
ABSTRACT
For last 40 years, the RMG industry started developing in Bangladesh primarily as an export-oriented industry although; the domestic market for RMG has been increasing fast due to increase in personal disposable income, increase in per capital income and change in life style. The sector rapidly attained high importance in terms of employment, foreign exchange earnings and its contribution to Real GDP. RMG industry of Bangladesh now accounts for over 76% of the country's total export earning which is 13% of the total GDP. The success of readymade garment exports from Bangladesh over the past two decades has crossed the most optimistic o ptimistic expectations. The paper reviews the history of our cloth Industry, present condition of RMG sector, export expo rt earning in different fiscal year, contribution to the GDP, social impact of this sector, and the opportunities as well. Here we have also mentioned the problems and the prospects about the RMG sector of our country.
Table of contents
01. INTRODUCTION…………………… INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… ……………………………........…...…..…..05 …........…...…..…..05
02. DISCUSSION…………………… DISCUSSION………………………………………………… ……………………………………………..……05 ………………..……05
2.1 Garments Industry in Bangladesh……………………………….……….……06 Bangladesh……………………………….……….……06 2.2 History of our cloth Industry………………… Industry…………………………………………… ………………………………..06 ……..06 2.3The Present Scenario of RMG Industry in Bangladesh ………………....…….06 2.4 Export……………………… Export…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… …………………… 06 2.5 Export income of different fiscal years………………………………………..08 years………………………………………..08 2.6 Contribution of the RMG Industry in terms of GDP
…………….………...11
2.7 Social impact of RMG Sector ……………….………… Sector ……………….………………………….…… ……………….…… 16 2.8 Problems of RMG Sector …………………………… ……………………………….…………………….17 ….…………………….17 2.9 Safety Needs……………………………………..............................................17 2.10 Prospects of RMG Sector S ector ……………………………….…………………..18 ……………………………….…………………..18 2.11 Challenges of RMG Industry…………………………….…………… Industry…………………………….…………………..20 ……..20
03. CONCLUSION ………………………….………………………… ………………………….………………………………....………..21 ……....………..21
01. INTRODUCTION
The tremendous success of readymade garment exports from Bangladesh over the last two decades has surpassed the most optimistic expectations. Today the apparel export sector is a multi-billion-dollar manufacturing and export industry in the country. The overall impact of the readymade garment exports is certainly one of the most significant social and economic developments in contemporary Bangladesh. With over one and a half million women workers employed in semi-skilled and skilled jobs produc ing clothing for exports, the development of o f the apparel export industry has had far-reaching implications for the society and economy of Bangladesh
02. DISCUSSION
2.1 Garments Industry in Bangladesh:
Like other 3rd world countries Bangladesh is a developing country. Her economic development depends firstly on Agriculture and secondly on o n Industry. Although Bangladesh is not developed in industry, it has been enriched in Garment industries in the recent past years. In the field of Industrialization garment industry is a promising step. It has given the opportunity of employment to millions of unemployed, especially innumerable uneducated women of the country. It is making significant contribution in the field of our export income.
2.2 History:
Once upon a time the cloth of Bangladesh achieved worldwide fame. Maslin and Jamdani cloth of our country were used as the luxurious garments of the royal figures in Europe and other countries. The British rulers in India didn’t develop our cloth industries at all. Rather they destroyed them and imported cloths from England. After the emergence of Bangladesh radical change has h as come to our garment sector. Garment Ga rment industries started working from the 10's of the late century.
2.3 Present Scenario:
After the emergence of Bangladesh radical change has come to our garment sector. Garment industries started working from the 10's of the late cen tury. At present there are about 3000 garment industries in the country and 75 percent of them are in Dhaka. The rest are in Chittagong and Khulna. These Industries have employed fifty lacks of people and 85 percent of them are illiterate rural women. About 76 percent of our export earning comes from this sector. The RMG workers received USD 315.25 million as their wage in FY 2002. This purchasing power contributed significantly to the growth of the economy through its multiplier impact in terms of consumption expenditure and savings.
2.4 Export:
To about 30 countries around the world, Bangladesh presently exports ready-made garments, with over 45% to USA, 50% to the countries in EU and 3% to Canada and rest to the other countries of the world. Bangladesh is known in these countries co untries as “Bangladesh is a small country with a strong presence .”
Rank Origin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
World China Mexico Indonesia India Vietnam Hong Kong Bangladesh Honduras Cambodia Philippines Thailand Sri Lanka Guatemala Dominican Republic Italy Pakistan
Amount (Million US$)
Rate of change
2004
2005
2006
(%) 2004/05 2005/06
66,875 10,723 6,845 2,402 2,277 2,506 3,878 1,872 2,742 1,418 1,765 1,823 1,553 1,947 2,036 1,585 1,147
70,811 1 681 0 6,230 2,882 3 ,05 9 2,665 3,524 2,268 2,685 1,703 1,822 1,833 1,653 1,817 1,831 1,520 1,273
73,393 19 86 8 5,448 3,675 3,242 3,158 2,817 2,809 2,518 2,131 1,999 1,859 1,687 1,667 1,535 1,474 1,427
5.89 56.77 -8.99 19.99 34.31 6.37 -9.13 21.17 -2.09 20.08 3.21 0.60 6.46 -6.66 -10.09 -4.12 10.99
3.65 18.19 -12.55 27.50 6.00 18.49 -20.08 23.85 -6.24 25.17 9.70 1.39 2.03 -8.28 -16.14 -2.98 12.11
Note: Knit and woven garments are defined as commodities with HS codes of 61 and 62. Sources of data: U.S Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Census by World Trade Atlas.
Table: Region-wise Share of RMG Export Year
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Export share
Export share
Combined
Export Share
to USA
to European
Share of USA
of Other
4 2 .6 7 3 8 .0 2 2 8 .6 4
Countries 5 5 .4 3 5 7 .1 2 6 5 .4 2
& EU (%) 9 8 .1 0 9 5 .1 4 9 4 .0 6
Countries (%) 1.90 4.86 5.94
2004-2005 2005-2006
3 0 .6 4 3 3 .6 7
6 4 .2 4 4 9 .7 7
9 4 .8 8 8 3 .4 3
5.12 1 6 .5 7
Position of Bangladesh is exporting product in USA is not very satisfactory but this situation is better than any other condition of the previous time. But if our Government take some essential law and break out the wall of biasness then the position of Bangladesh in Garments sector would be hope to better. Country's apparel export has been growing on an average at the rate of 25% for last several years. The country,in 2004 ranked 7th largest apparel exporter to the USA the EU.
2.5 Export income of different fiscal years:
Items of exportable garments:
Among the garments of Bangladesh are shirt, pajama, jeans-pant, jacket, trouser, hats, laboratory coat, sweater, pullover, jumper, jacket, trousers, gloves, sports dress, nightdress etc.
MAIN APPAREL ITEMS EXPORTED FROM BANGLADESH (in Million. US$)
Year
Shirt
T-Shirt
Trousers
Jackets
Sweater
1993-94
805.34
225.90
80.56
126.85
-
1994-95
791.20
232.24
101.23
146.83
-
1995-96
807.66
366.36
112.02
471.73
70.41
1996-97
759.57
391.21
230.98
309.21
196.60
1997-98
961.13
388.50
333.28
467.19
296.29
1998-99
1043.11
471.88
394.85
393.44
271.7
1999-2000
1021.17
563.58
484.06
439.77
325.07
2000-2001
1073.59
597.42
656.33
573.74
476.87
2001-2002
666.18
403.98
449.18
296.82
362.23
(Jul-Mar) Source: BGMEA.
In 1977-78 fiscal years Bangladesh exported forty thousand shirts in Germany and earned one million U.S. dollar. At the beginning of the 80's this industry flourished rapidly. In 1983-84 fiscal years the income from garments raised to 6 corers 50 lakh US dollar. do llar. In 1998-99 it became 420 corers U.S. dollar. By 2003-2004 the factories multiplied three times. Simultaneously the export has also increased. The amount of export income in 2003-2004 increased to 568 corers US dollar. Starting in late seventies, the apparel industry of Bangladesh now accounts for over o ver 76% of the country's total export earning. Country's apparel export rose to US$2809 million in 2006 from a mere US$6 million in 1981.
Year
Export (in US $ million)
Percentage change
199 1 – 9 2 199 2 – 9 3 199 3 – 9 4 199 4 – 9 5 199 5 – 9 6 199 6 – 9 7 199 7 – 9 8 199 8 – 9 9 199 9 – 0 0 200 0 – 0 1 200 1 - 02 200 2 – 0 3
624.16 866.82 1182.57 1445.02 1555.79 2228.35 2547.13 3001.25 3781.94 4019.98 4349.41 4859.83
32.49 38.88 36.43 22.19 7.67 43.47 14.11 17.83 26.01 6.29 8.19 11.74
200 3 – 0 4 200 4 – 0 5 200 5 – 0 6 2006 --07
4583.75 4912.12 5686.09
2007--08
5.68 7.21 15.83 6745.40 7621.62
15.07 11.4
2008--09
8460.09
13.8
2009--10
9835.59
16.6
2.6 Contribution of the RMG Industry : In terms of REAL GDP:
In terms of GDP, RMG’s contribution is highly remarkable; it reaches 13 percent of GDP which was only about 3 percent in FY91. This is a clear indication of the industry’s contribution to the overall economy. It also plays a pivotal role to promote the development of other key sectors of the economy like banking, insurance, shipping, hotel, tourism, road transportation, railway container services, etc.
There are about 2500 export oriented ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh those are clustered over mainly Dhaka and an d Chittagong. Such distribution offers buyers advantage to choose the right manufacturers and exporters, throughout the year, with minimum effort. It is a huge surprise that the top foreign currency earner that earns annually on average 76 per cent of the country's hard currencies from exports and employs the greatest number of workers in the organized garments industrial sectors, such a monolith should be shown no concern when the government's long awaited package program for the recession hit export-oriented industries was unveiled last week. It is, as if, the policy planners are obsessed about molehills while the mountain remains ignored. Following is a chart to show the contribution of numerous industries in Bangladesh:
Year
2008-09
Product RMG Frozen
Export 12347.77 4 54 .5 3
% 79.33 2.92
Source: Export Promotion Burea u, Bangla desh (Valu (Valuee in in
Food Tea Raw Jute Chemical
12.29 148 .17 4 21 .5 8
0.08 0.95 2.71
Product Jute Goods Leather Agricultura
373 .18 17 7 .32 122 .3
2.40 1.14 0.79
l Product Others Total
1 5 0 8 .0 6 15565.19
9.69 100.00
Million US$)
FIGURE
Banking and Insurance
Growths of the RMG sector and the related activities have contributed a lot to the robust growth of the financial sector in Bangladesh. In FY 2002 the banking sector earned about 37 million dollars from business with the RMG sector in the form of interest and charges and L/C charges. More than one-tenth of the commercial banks’ asset portfolio belongs to the RMG and textile sector in the country [Appendix table 2]. In FY 2001 commercial banks lent Taka 4400 crore to the textile sector, while the amount lent to the woven-RMG sector was Taka 812 crore. The export financing business of the commercial banks is largely dependent on the textile and RMG sectors. The RMG sector received Taka 2175 crore as export-finance in FY 2001 200 1 which was 46.14% of the total export financing portfolio of the banks. A World Bank7 survey revealed that almost all firms (98%) are the clients of the commercial banks for working capital and procurement of machines and equipment (57%). The RMG sector has also contributed to the growth of the country’s insurance sector. On average, every year the premium paid by the RMG sector to the insurance companies was about 6 million dollars. All firms have their machines and plants insured and, additionally, 87% of importers of input and 15% of the RMG exporters get their imports/exports insured.
Shipping and Logistics
The RMG sector has contributed to the shipping business in Bangladesh and stimulated setting up of several container yards, expansion of port facilities to handle large container carrying trains, increase of cargo handling and storage facilities. RMG manufacturers also extensively use services of Clearing & Forwarding Agents for the purpose of customs clearance of inputs and finished goods. It is estimated that port usage fees earned from the RMG sector account for more than 40% of the income of the port authority. RMG sector contributed about US$65 million in FY2002 to earnings of the Shipping S hipping business of the country by way of port charges, C&F Agent’s commissions, freight charges, forwarding charges etc.
Transport Communication
The growth and development of inland transport services to a considerable extent owe to the growth of the RMG industry. Both wheel transport service and railway service are widely used by RMG sector for activities related to manufacturing and cargo movement. The concept of covered van emerged in Bangladesh for safe transportation of the RMG products in particular. In 2002 the inland transport industry received about 27.3 million dollars as revenue from the RMG sector. Contribution to Government Exchequer
The RMG sector contributes to the government exchequer both directly and indirectly. In FY 2002 the sector paid p aid 6.3 million dollars as stamp and postage, license renewal fee etc. Payments made for visa form, license form, GSP form and other forms to the Export Promotion Bureau amounted to 58.85 million dollars in FY2001 [See Appendix Table 6 and 7]. The sector also paid USD 2.4 million to the government as direct taxes in FY 2002. Professional Services
The RMG sector extensively uses professional services from CA firms, legal agencies, and business consultants. In FY 2002 total payment for professional services is estimated at 3.61 million dollars.
Engineering Sector
The RMG industry paid 14.2 million dollars to the engineering sector which included payments to repairing and maintenance service industry (USD 4.29 million), electrical engineering (USD 4.38 million), transport vehicle maintenance service ( USD 2.87 Million), and machine tools service (USD 2.63 Million).
Utility Services
Payment of Electricity bill by the RMG industry is estimated to be 14.74 million dollars in FY2002. Utility payments for gas, WASA etc. amounted to an additional 3.75 million dollars.
Information and Communication Technology The RMG sector also plays a catalytic role in the growth of the country’s ICT sector. The
services consumed by the RMG industry generated revenue for the ICT sector. Payments for ICT services which include communication, hardware and software services is estimated at 9.88 million dollars in FY 2002.
Real Estate
Demand for real estate development by the garment industry to accommodate offices and factories of over 3400 garment units u nits has generated a lot of activities in the Construction Industry. The RMG industries paid approximately 26.24 million dollars as factory, office and garage rent in FY 2002. Hotel and Tourism
About 1000-1500 overseas apparel buyers and their representatives visit Bangladesh every year for business purpose. In FY2002 the RMG industry created a business of approximately 4.42 million dollars for the country’s tourism industry. Waste Recycling Industry
Approximately 0.2 million people are engaged in waste (mainly, the waste out prices of fabrics) recycling industry of the country which get their materials from the RMG industries. With these waste materials, they are making stuff toys, patterns, quilts, cushions etc.
Emerging Consumer Market
The 1.6 million workers in the industry have created a large demand for consumer goods. A regular source of earning increases the basic consumption needs such as improved diet, d iet, better healthcare, improvements in family utensils and housing conditions etc. The sector has created an increasing demand d emand for consumption of low cost commodities, cosmetics items, dresses, footwear, fast food and other products. A whole industry has been created to service this growing demand and created employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people.
2.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE RMG SECTOR
Women Empowerment
It is well recognized that women’s participation in income generation activities lends them a better status within the family and provides them with considerable freedom. A job ensures equitable access to household resources (nutrition) and larger investment on female human capital (health and education). .At present, this sector has created highest employment opportunity in the country where nearly 2 million women are working. As a result the distress, poor, divorced and suppressed women of the country now don’t think themselves as helpless. Savings
Regular earning enables a large number of the garment workers to go g o for some savings. Workers also get family pension schemes etc. Thus they create savings. Child Labor
Bangladesh responded positively to the international requirement of elimination of child labor from the garments sector. Under the Memorandum of Understanding jointly signed by BGMEA, ILO, UNICEF and US Embassy, Dhaka on 4 July 1994, Bangladesh pledged to eliminate child labor by November 1996. Accordingly, it took necessary measures to do so. The laid-off children were provided financial support so that they could attend schools until they attain the age of 15. BGMEA and some NGOs jointly operate a number of schools for these children
Population Control
Employment opportunities especially for women created positive impact on family planning and population control in the country. Independent working-women are getting more conscious about the advantage of a small family, and they are adopting modern family planning methods. Adolescent girls are working to av oid early marriage as they have their own source of income and are self-dependent.
2.8 Problems Regarding With RMG:
The garment industry of Bangladesh has been the key export division and a main source of foreign exchange for the last 25 years. National labor laws do not apply in the EPZs, leaving BEPZA in full control over work conditions, wages and benefits. Garment factories in Bangladesh provide employment to 40 percent of industrial workers. But without the proper laws the worker are demanding their various wants and as a result conflict is began with the industry, such as,
•
Low working salary is another vital fact which makes the labor conflict.
•
Worker made strike, layout to capture their demand. Some time bonus And the overtime salary is the important cause of crisis
•
Insufficient government policy about this sector is a great problem in Garments Company.
•
lack of marketing tactics
•
absence of easily on-hand middle management a small number of manufacturing
•
lack of training organizations for industrial workers, managers and supervisors, managers, autocratic approach of nearly all the investors
•
fewer process units for textiles and garments
•
sluggish backward or forward blending procedure , incompetent ports entry/exit complicated and loading/unloading takes much time
•
time-consuming custom
2.9 Safety Needs
Safety need for the worker is mandatory to maintain in all the organization. But without the facility of this necessary product a lot of accident is occur incurred every year in most of the company. Some important cause of the accident are given below● Routes are blocked by storage materials ● Machine layout is often staggered ● Lack of signage for escape route ● No provision for emergency lighting ● Doors, opening along escape routes, are not fire resistant. ● Doors are not self-closing and often do not open along the direction of escape. ● Adequate doors as well as adequate staircases are not provided to aid quick exit ● Fire exit or emergency staircase lacks proper maintenance ● Lack of proper exit route to reach the place of safety ● Parked vehicles, goods and an d rubbish on the outside of the building obstruct exits to the open air ● Fire in a Bangladesh factory is likely to spread quickly because the principle of compartmentalization is practiced ● Lack of awareness among the workers and the owners
But now the situation is much improved and we found, all the surveyed garments are fulfilling the requirement of emergency exit. It is provided in all the cases, signage is present and fire fighting equipments are up to date, a departure from the past. Even fire drill is held once in a month.
2.10 Prospects of the RMG Industry
Despite many difficulties faced by the RMG industry over the past years, it co ntinued to show its robust performance and competitive strength. Factors like price competitiveness, enhanced GSP facility, market and product diversification, cheap labor, increased backward integration, high level of investment, and government support are among the key factors that helped the country to continue the momentum in export earnings in the apparel sector. Some of these elements are reviewed below:
Market Diversification
Bangladeshi RMG products are mainly destined to the US and EU. Back in 1996-97, Bangladesh was the 7th and 5th largest apparel exporter to the USA and European Union respectively. The industry was successful in exploring the opportunities in markets away from EU and US. In FY07, F Y07, a successful turnaround was observed in exports to third countries, which having a negative growth in FY06 rose three-fold in FY07, which helped to record 23.1 percent overall export growth in the RMG sector. It is anticipated that the trend of market diversification will continue and this will help to maintain the growth momentum of export earnings.
Product Diversification
In the globalize economy and ever-changing fashion world, product diversification is the key to continuous business success. It is clear that value addition accrues mostly in the designer items, and the sooner local entrepreneurs can catch on to this trend the brighter be the RMG future.
Backward Integration
RMG industry in Bangladesh has already proved itself to be a resilient industry and can be a catalyst for further industrialization in the country. If Bangladesh wants to enjoy increased market access created by the global open market economy it has no alternative
but to produce textile items competitively at home through the establishment of backward linkage with the RMG industry. Flow of Investment
It is important to have significant flow of investment both in terms of finance and technology. However further progress would be necessary to improve and sustain competitiveness on a global scale. Policy Regime of Government
Government of Bangladesh has played p layed an active role in designing policy support to the RMG sector that includes back-to-back L/C, bonded warehouse, cash incentives, export credit guarantee scheme, tax holiday and related facilities. The reduced tax rates and other facilities are likely to have a positive impact on the RMG sector. Labor Productivity
In Bangladesh, the garment workers are mostly women with little education and training. Bangladesh must look for ways to improve the productivity of its labor force if it wants to compete regionally if not globally.
]Research and Training
The country has no dedicated research institute related to the apparel sector. RMG is highly fashion oriented and constant market research is necessary to become successful in the business. A facilitating public sector role can b e very relevant here.
2.11 Challenges of RMG Industry:
Both external and internal factors contributed to the phenomenal growth of RMG sector. One external factor was the application of the GATT-approved Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) which accelerated international relocation of garment p roduction. Under MFA, large importers of RMG like USA and Canada imposed quota restrictions, which limited export of apparels from countries like Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India to USA and Canada. On the other hand, application of MFA worked as a blessing for Bangladesh. As a least developed country, Bangladesh received preferential treatment from the USA and European Union
(EU). Initially Bangladesh was granted quota-free status. To maintain competitive edge in the world markets, the traditionally large suppliers/producers of apparels followed a strategy of relocating RMG factories in countries, which were free from quota restrictions and at the same time had enough trainable cheap labour. They found Bangladesh as a promising country. So RMG industry grew in Bangladesh. The application of MFA had negative impact on many garments exporting countries. The countries, which were adversely affected by quotas under MFA, created pressure to discontinue MFA by integrating textile and clothing industries into GATT system. As a result, the Uruguay Round negotiations envisaged the phasing out of MFA by the end of 2004. With the phasing out of MFA, the position of Bangladesh in the world market will change ch ange as all countries including those under quota restrictions, will enjoy quota free status. Bangladesh will have to compete with a larger number of established and powerful suppliers of readymade garments. Bangladesh has taken some steps to face the new challenges. Such steps include removing infrastructural bottlenecks, building additional supply capacity, use of cost reduction strategy, and increase in value-addition through backward integration.
03. Conclusion:
Garments industry operators in Bangladesh are feared of the present situation. The regaining of this competitiveness involves the government extending an adequate package program of assistance to the garments sector at the soonest. Much harm h arm has been already caused to this sector from not extending ex tending such assistance to it a lot earlier. But there is still opportunity for government to limit damages in this sector by the earliest announcement of a package program that should include at least ten per cent cash assistance, withdrawal of value added tax (VAT), reduction of port charges, supply of diesel at subsidized prices to run generators, decreasing dec reasing interest rate on credits to a single digit, allowing the rescheduling of classified loans on longer terms basis, etc.
References
“Contribution of the RMG Sector to the Bangladesh Economy”. www.cpd-bangladesh.org. October, 2002. Retrieved on March 2 2010. http://www.cpd-bangladesh.org/publications/op/op50.pdf
“Future Prospects of Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garments Industry” www.bangladesh-bank.org. September 2006. Retrieved on March 3 2010 http:// http :// www. www .bangladesh bangla desh -bank.org/rese -bank. org/research/ arch/ policy note/pn0702 note/p n0702.pdf .pdf
“The RMG sector of Bangladesh and its female workers” www.bgwinfo.net. January, 2002. Retrieved on March 3 2010 http://www.bgwinfo.net/reports/The_RMG_Sector_of_Bangladesh_and_Its_Female_Workers_Awaiti.pdf
“Garments Industry in Bangladesh” www.tourtobangladesh.com March, 2005. Retrieved on March 3 2010 http://www.tourtobangladesh.com/Garments-Industry-in-Bangladesh.php
Majumder Pratima Paul and Binayak Sen, ed., (July 2001): Growth of Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Economic and Social Dimensions, Bangladesh Institute of Development
Studies, Dhaka.
Sobhan Rehman and Nasreen Khundker, ed., (2001): Globalisation and Gender, Changing Patterns of Woman’s Employment in Bangladesh, Centre for Policy Dialogue,
University Press Limited, Dhaka.
Spinanger Dean, (September, 2000): The WTO, ATC and Textiles and Clothing in a Global Perspective: What’s in it for Bangladesh? Background Paper prepared by the
Centre for Trade Policy and Law (CTPL) for Dialogue on Implementation of WTO ATC: Current Status and Implications for Bangladesh, held on Sept 30, 2000, Dhaka
(Unpublished).
Rahman Shamsur and A K M Atiqur Rahman, 2001, “ Development of Backward Linkage Industry in the Textile Sector: Promises and Achievements” Paper presented at the
TexBangla Seminar held on May 28, 2001.
Azad. A K. (2000), “ Inter Industry Linkages of Services in the Bangladesh Economy (With a Case Study of the Ready-made Garments Industry) And Potential Service Trade.”
Haarlem, Rijk van & Jose, San (2001), “The BGMEA/ILO/UNICEF Child Labour Project in the Garment Industry, Bangladesh” A presentation during the symposium
“Child Labour & the Globalizing Economy: Lessons from Asia/Pacific Countries”, Stanford University, California.
Chowdhury A Matin (2002), “ BTMA Presentation on Post MFA”, Powerpoint presented by BTMA at a seminar held on July 27 2002 at Hotel Sheraton Dhaka.
http://www.bgmea.com.bd/
http://www.bkmea.com/
http://www.epb.gov.bd/
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/
http://www.epzbangladesh.org.bd/
http://www.nbr-bd.org/
http://www.fbcci-bd.org/
http://www.bdgarments.wordpress.com/history/
http://www.en.wikipedi http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ a.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_RM Bangladeshi_RMG_Sector G_Sector
