Conception et etude d’une tour Hotel de 40 etages
Ibrahim El Rhezzali 3IB1 M’hammed Rih 3IB1
Encadré par :
21/ 2 1/ 0 6/ 2 0 12
Abdelmajid Niazi ( EHTP ) Sofia Alami Moutawakil ( Novec )
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
REMERCIEMENTS Nous avons eu l’honneur d’avoir le p rofesseur Abdelmajid NIAZI comme encadrant de nos travaux de fin d’é tudes. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de notre vive viv e reconnaissance, notre grande considération et
nos remerciements les plus sincères. Nous remercions également le Professeur Malika AZMI, chef du Département Génie Civil, ainsi que nos honorables Professeurs et membres du d u jury. Nos remerciements et notre considération, les plus sincères, vont à tout le corps professoral du département génie civil. Que nos honorables p rofesseurs trouvent ici l’expression de notre respect et notre reconnaissance. Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre gratitude envers notre encadrante ingénieur de structure au bureau d’ingénierie NOVEC, Mlle Sofia El Alami.
Nous remercions également Monsieur Samir AGOUTI et Taj-Eddine DAOUDI, ingénieurs de structure à NOVEC, pour les conseils et les orientations qu’ ils nous ont prodigués. Enfin, nous ne saurions oublier dans ces remerciements toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à l’aboutissement de ca travail, et spécialement tout le personnel technique et
administratif du service structure de NOVEC.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Résume
Le présent travail a pour objectif la conception, l’étude et le dimensionnement d’une tour hôtel du projet « New Casablanca Marina». Dans un premier temps, il nous a paru utile de présenter une brève description des différents systèmes de contreventement, leur conception ainsi que la méthodologie de calcul de ces systèmes. Ensuite, nous avons proposé une conception des différents éléments de la structure, à savoir le plancher, les poteaux et les voiles de contreventement afin établir un plan de coffrage convenable. Nous avons effectué la modélisation en utilisant le logiciel « Autodesk CBS » et le calcul des différents éléments a été fait par le logiciel de calcul de structure « Autodesk Robot », dont les résultats ont étés comparé à ceux que nous avons trouvé par un calcul manuel. A la lumière des résultats obtenus, nous avons pu élaborer une conclusion générale ainsi que quelques recommandations.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Table des matières
I.
Liste des figures ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ................................. .......... 8
II.
Introduction ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 10
III. Introduction aux IGH ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 11 1)
Introduction générale ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 11
2)
Définition d’un IGH ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 12
3)
Historique des IGH ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 13
4)
Exigences fonctionnelles ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ 16 a)
Les contraintes mécaniques .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. .................................. ........... 17
b)
Les contraintes sur la vie des occupants.......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 17
c)
Les contraintes financières .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 17
d)
Les contraintes de fonctionnement ............................................................. ............................................................................. ................ 17
5)
Style de tours ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 17 a)
Exemples de gratte-ciel classés selon leur style.......................................... ......................................................... ............... 18
b)
Exemples de gratte-ciel classés clas sés selon leur forme ...................................................... ...................................................... 19
IV. Présentation de l’entreprise ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ 21 1)
Présentation générale ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 21
2)
Organisation................................................. Organisation.......................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 21
3)
Organigramme ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 22
4)
Prestations ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 23
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
1)
Présentation générale ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 24
2)
Structuration ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 25
3)
Sous-projets .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 26
VI. Contreventement ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 27 1)
Généralités............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 27
2)
Les différents éléments de contreventement :...................... : ............................................ .......................................... .................... 28 a)
Structures en portiques auto-stables : ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ........................... .... 28
b)
Structure en voiles en béton b éton armé : ................................... ......................................................... .......................................... .................... 29
c)
Structure mixte : ................................................. ....................................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ 31 i.
Voiles alternés a lternés avec a vec des files de portique : .......................................... ............................................................. ................... 31
ii. Structure par noyaux de contreventement :............................................ ........................................................... ............... 32 3)
Règles de bonne conception : ......................................................... ................................................................................ .................................. ........... 33 a)
Symétrie............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 33
b)
Régularité : ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........33
4)
Méthodologie de calcul : ...................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................. ....................... 34 a)
Calcul des d es caractéristiques caractéristi ques des systèmes de contreventement : ............................. ............................. 34
b)
Recherche du centre de torsion :............................................ ................................................................... ...................................... ............... 35 i.
Pour des voiles parallèles :........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ...................... 36
ii. Pour des voiles dans deux directions: .......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 36 iii. 5)
Pour un noyau: ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 37
Répartition des sollicitations sur différents d ifférents éléments de contreventement :............. 38 a)
Voiles parallèles : ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 38
b)
Pour des d es voiles v oiles dans deux directions: ............................................................ ........................................................................ ............ 41
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
VII.
Conception ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 44
1)
Positionnement des éléments de structure .......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 44
2)
Choix du type de plancher .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 46
3)
Etablissement du plan p lan de coffrage cof frage final......................... fi nal............................................... ............................................. ........................... .... 47
VIII.
Dispositions Constructives .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 48
1)
Matériaux utilisés ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................48
2)
Normes utilisées pour le calcul des éléments en BA .................................................... .................................................... 48
3)
Hypothèses et charges de calcul ........................................................... .................................................................................. ........................... .... 48
IX. Pré-dimensionnement des éléments BA............................................ ................................................................... .................................. ........... 50 1)
Dalles.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 50
2)
Poteaux .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................................... .................... 50
X.
Descente de charge .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 52
XI. Vérification du plancher Dalle .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 54 1)
Vérification de la flèche .................................. ........................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 54
2)
Vérification au poinçonnement ............................ .................................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... 55
3)
Calcul des escaliers ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 57
XII.
a)
Méthode 1 ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 57
b)
Méthode 2 ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 58 Choix du type de fondation ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 60
1)
Caractéristiques du site et du sol ................................ ...................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 60
2)
Vérification face à la poussée des eaux ............................................ ................................................................... ............................... ........ 61
3)
Vérification au poinçonnement ............................ .................................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... 62
4)
Vérification vis-à-vis de l’agressivité de l’eau ........................................... ............................................................... .................... 63
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
1)
Présentation du logiciel ................................................ ...................................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 64
2)
Phase de saisie ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 64
3)
Phase de calcul ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 66
4)
Phase d’exploitation :......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .......................................... ....................69
XIV.
Etude dynamique ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................70
1)
Calcul sismique ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 70 a)
Dispositions constructives : ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 70
b)
Phase de calcul : ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. .............................................. ....................... 70
c)
Vérification des résultats ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 71
2)
Etude au vent ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 72 a)
Pression dynamique corrigée :........................................... .................................................................. .......................................... ................... 73
b)
Effet de la hauteur au-dessus a u-dessus du sol : ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ........................... .... 73
c)
Effet du site : ................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... 74
d)
Effet de masque : ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 74
e)
Effet de dimension δ : .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 75
f)
Vérification de la réduction maximale de d e la pression de base : .............................. .............................. 76
g)
Valeurs limites li mites des pressions dynamiques corrigées cor rigées : ............................................. ............................................. 76
h)
Calcul des d es actions statiques exercées par le vent : ................................. .................................................... ................... 76
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
4) XV.
a)
Description du voile : ................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................ ........................... ..... 81
b)
Contraintes limites : ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 81
c)
Dimension des potelets de rive :............................................ ................................................................... ...................................... ............... 83
d)
Ferraillage vertical de compression : .......................................................... .......................................................................... ................ 84
e)
Ferraillage horizontal de l’éffort tranchant : ................................................... .............................................................. ........... 84
Effet de second ordre P-Delta .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 85 Conclusion ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 86
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
I. Liste des figures ................................................................... ........................... .... 11 Exemples d’IGH à travers le monde ............................................ Pyramide de Khéops, Egypte ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. ....................... 13 Monadock Building, Chicago ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. ....................... 14 Woolworth Building, Manhattan ............................... ...................................................... .............................................. ....................... 15 Empire State Building, New York ....................................................... ........................................................................... .................... 15 Site du projet « New Marina », Casablanca............................. Casablanca.................................................... ............................... ........ 24 Secteurs couverts par le projet « New Marina » ......................... ................................................ ........................... .... 25 Contreventement Portique ou Ossature poteaux/poutres .................................. .................................. 28 Etat de déformation d’une structure en voile et en portique .............................. .............................. 29
Contreventement par voiles ............................. ................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 30 Voile associé à système de portiques............................................ ................................................................... ....................... 31 Déformée d’une structure de voiles associés à un système de portiques ...... 31
Structure par noyau de contreventement ..................................... ........................................................... ...................... 32 Etages flexibles....................................................... ............................................................................. ............................................. ........................... ....33 Discontinuité des voiles .................................... .......................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 33 Système de voiles................................................... voiles......................................................................... ............................................ ........................... ..... 34
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Position des éléments en Béton Armé .................................. ........................................................ ............................... ......... 45 Plan de coffrage final de l’étage courant .......................................... ............................................................. ...................47
Vérification de la dalle da lle sur Autodesk Robot 2013 201 3 ............................................. ............................................. 54 Section de diffusion de l’ef fort ........................................... .................................................................. .................................. ...........56
Contour de contrôle de référence.......................................... ................................................................. ............................... ........ 56 Ferraillage type des escaliers ......................................................... ................................................................................ ....................... 57 Escaliers modélisés par une dalle dall e sur 2 appuis .......................................... .................................................. ........ 58 Niveau des P.H.E par rapport au bâtiment ............................................. ........................................................ ........... 61 Vue 3D de la modélisation d’un étage courant sur CBS ...................................65
Modèle 3D 3 D à 42 nivaux niv aux généré sur CBS CB S ........................................ .............................................................. ...................... 66 Structure exportée sur Robot 2013 après maillage maill age ........................................ ............................................ .... 67 Définition des d es normes des charges cha rges dynamiques ............................................... ............................................... 68 Définition des charges dynamiques ......................................... ............................................................... ........................... ..... 68 Paramétrage de l’analyse modale ......................................... ............................................................... ............................... .........70
Maitre couple des 2 directions du vent v ent ............................. ................................................... .................................. ............ 72 ................................................................ ....................75 Coefficient δ pour les grandes surfaces ............................................ Valeur du Coefficient de d e Trainée selon la construction.................................... .................................... 77 Longueur de flambement en fonction du type de voile ................................... ................................... 82
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
II. Introduction Au terme de notre parcours à l’Ecole Hassania des Travaux Publics, nous avons effectué notre projet de fin d’étude au sein du service struct ure du bureau de conseil et d’ingénierie
NOVEC, filiale du Groupe CDG Développement, émanant du rapprochement entre SCETSCOM et INGEMA. Le travail que nous avons effectué durant une période de quatre mois, consiste dans le cadre d’un avant-projet sommaire, en la conception et l’étude d’une tour hôtel appartenant
au projet « New Marina Casablanca » qui se situe sur la berge casablancaise. En effet, les IGH sont devenus de nos jours un élément de prestige, faisant la renommée de villes comme Dubaï, qui ne cessent de connaitre des records de hauteurs. Casablanca également, étant la plus grande ville du Maghreb, envisage de s'imposer comme ville à vocation internationale. Certes, elle possède déjà de grands magasins luxueux, de splendides hôtels et des gratte-ciels d’entreprises internationales cependant rien ne l’empêche d’augmenter son patrimoine d’immeuble à grande hauteur. Par ailleurs, un bâtiment d’une telle enve rgure présente des difficultés de conception et de calcul de par le manque d’expérience des bureaux d’é tudes dans ce domaine, et aussi par la sensibilité d’un tel ouvrage vis -à-vis des sollicitations horizontales telles que celles dues
au vent ou au séisme.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
III. Introduction aux IGH 1) Introduction générale Le monde actuel regorge de structures intéressantes, grandes et petites, anciennes et contemporaines. Les gratte-ciel modernes sont les plus accrocheurs et qui provoquent le plus d’émerveillement chez le spectateur. Ce sont des monuments qu i dégagent pouvoir et prestige. C’est des réalisations suprêmes dans l’ingénierie et la conception, par conséquent
ils représentent des témoignages à l’esprit humain et des relations publiques au plus haut niveau. Il y a quelques années de cela, évoquer les bâtiments à grande hauteur faisait penser généralement aux grandes villes telles que New York et Chicago ; Ces deux villes ont vu grandir des constructions du plus haut degré mais la couronne a été arrachée d’abord par Les jumelles Petronas de Kuala Lumpur, puis par le gratte-ciel Taipei 101 Taïwanais et plus récemment par le Burj Khalifa à Dubaï.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
La faisabilité de bâtiments de grande hauteur a toujours dépendu des matériaux disponibles et du développement du transport vertical nécessaire pour déplacer des personnes de haut en bas des immeubles. L’évolution qui a suivi repose sur deux innovations techniques majeures qui ont eu lieu dans le milieu à la fin du XIXe siècle: le développement du fer forgé, par la suite celui de l’acier, et enfin l'incorporation de l'ascenseur. Le fait d’introduire l es ascenseurs dans les IGH et donc permettre l’accès facile aux étages supérieurs, plus attrayant que ceux du bas, a fait de ces immeubles un succès financier.
2) Définition d’un IGH Il est difficile de distinguer des caractéristiques généralisées sur des bâtiments dits de grande hauteur. L’aspect extérieur de grande taille est une question relative. Dans un
typique quartier de plain-pied, un immeuble de cinq étages peut paraître grand. Un bâtiment de 30 étages dans une ville peut être considéré comme élancé, mais les citoyens d’une petite ville pointeraient fièrement à leur « gratte -ciel » de 6 étages. Dans les grandes
villes comme New York et maintenant les villes des Emirats Arabes, une structure doit
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
3) Historique des IGH Si l’on remonte à des centaines d’années auparavant, nous constaterons que l’être humain se souciait principalement d’assouvir ses besoins les plus fondamentaux : Se nourrir et s’abriter. Il se contentait du minimum pouvant lui assurer la survie. Avec l’évolution de la technologie et des techniques de construction, l’homme a déchainé
son imagination et ne cesse de se dépasser pour atteindre les plus hauts niveaux du réalisable. Son aspiration à concevoir des bâtiments imposant par la taille et leur architecture s’est manifestée sans plusieurs de ses œuvres. Fierté semble avoir été la motivation première pour la construction de ces structures anciennes comme la tour de Babel, le colosse de Rhodes, les pyramides d’Egypte, les temples des Mayas au Mexique...
En plus des facteurs sociaux et économiques, l’égo et la concurrence jouent leurs rôles dans la révolution dans le monde de la construction. Maintenant, ce qui a été récemment considéré comme un phénomène urbain en Amérique, peut être vu en rase campagne. Les horizons des villes du monde entier sont sans cesse percés par d’énormes colonnes aussi
impressionnantes les unes que les autres.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Les constructions étaient constituées principalement de bois et de maçonnerie, deux matériaux très limités. Le bois n’était passez fort pour les grandes structures et ne résistait
pas au feu, la maçonnerie et la pierre souffraient de la contrainte du poids. La construction en maçonnerie a atteint son apogée en 1891 avec la construction de Monadnock à Chicago (figure), un édifice de 17 étages (64m), la charge du vent étant supportée par les murs porteurs en maçonnerie épais de 2,13m au niveau du sol. Par conséquent, la superficie occupée par les murs était de 15% de la superficie brute au rez de chaussée.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Woolworth Building, Building, Manhattan
La construction en hauteur a connu une accalmie lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, mais elle reprit son cours normal après la guerre et atteint les 319m avec le Chrysler Building, toujours à New York. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une nouvelle ère de gratte-ciel naquit. Avec le doublement de la population et l’augmentation rapide de la production, l’économie en espace devient primordiale. En 1930 a été construit l’Empire State Building à New York, un
bâtiment de 448,7m (antenne comprise), dépassant ainsi les 324m de la tour Eiffel à Paris
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
C’est en 1974 que le Sears Tower remporte le titre du plus haut bâtiment du monde avec
ses 442m et ses 110 étages. Maintenant, nous sommes dans une ère dans laquelle la hauteur n’est plus l’unique défi à relever, mais l’aspect architectural également. Les ingénieurs en structures poussent les limites du béton et de l’acier pour réaliser des formes aussi impressionnantes le s unes que
les autres. Les gratte-ciel avaient généralement une forme prismatique, mais aujourd’hui, les propriétaires et les promoteurs exigent de plus en plus d’originalité d’originali té aux architectes. Des
tours avec 3 à 10 côtés ou à section circulaire, les IGH de nos jours exposent audace et finesse, certains ont une section variable, varia ble, d’autres penchent dans le style de la tour de Pise,
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
a) Les contraintes mécaniques
La résistance à la compression des matériaux (béton …).
La résistance aux vents (flexion). La résistance au cisaillement de la tour (séisme).
La résistance du sol pour supporter le l e poids de l’ensemble.
b) Les contraintes sur la vie des occupants
Vertige ou mal de mer au sommet quand le bâtiment est soumis à un vent violent.
c) Les contraintes financières
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
a) Exemples de gratte-ciel classés selon leur style
Le tableau ci-après illustre quelques styles de tours : STYLE
Néoclassique
DESCRIPTION
EXEMPLE
Se caractérise par l'utilisation d'éléments gréco-romains (colonnes, arches, plans symétriques). Ce style est apparu au milieu du 18e siècle et a duré jusqu'au milieu du 20e. Thurgood Marshall United State Courthouse, New York
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Déconstructiviste
Pagode
Ce style apparu au début des années 1990 est une réaction contre les formes trop strictes du style international. La forme elle-même du bâtiment, forme souvent audacieuse, est l'un des éléments centraux de ce style qui se caractérise aussi par l'absence d'ornements.
Torre de la roselada, Espagne
S'inspire des formes traditionnelles de l'architecture japonaise et chinoise avec par exemple une forme en pagode. Tapei 101, Taïwan
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
Hyperboloïdes
Ces structures offrent une certaine résistance au vent.
Nouvelle tour de télévision de Canton,Chine
Pyramidales
Ce type de forme existe depuis les années 1970
Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
IV. Présentation de l’entreprise 1) Présentation générale Novec est le fruit de la fusion entre les sociétés Ingéma et Scet-Scom, dont CDG Développement est l’actionnaire de référence.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
3) Organigramme
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
4) Prestations Novec assure l’ensemble des processus des métiers de l’ingénierie, depuis les études de faisabilité jusqu’à l’assistance à la réalisation et à l’exploitation.
- Les études générales : plans et schémas directeurs, études stratégiques, évaluations environnementales… -
Les prestations de maîtrise d’œuvre : études de conception et de réalisation des
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
V. Présentation du projet New Marina 1) Présentation générale Le projet « Casablanca Marina » constitue un projet novateur qui ambitionne de positionner la ville de Casablanca dans le giron des grandes métropoles économiques et touristiques. Ce méga chantier lancé par la CGI nécessitera une enveloppe budgétaire de
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 étages
2) Structuration L’opération « Marina de Casablanca » est structurée en quatre pôles à vocation distincts : •Le Port de Plaisance : C’est un ensemble immobilier comprenant, un complexe hôtelier
de 58 659 m² SHON regroupant un hôtel 5 étoiles luxe et un hôtel 4 étoiles, auxquels est associé un Business Center de 33.688 m², dont le rez-de-chaussée sera affecté aux
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
En cas de nécessité d’ancrage avec des fondations profondes (type pieux), le taux de travail sera de 50 bars à l’ELS. Les sondages SC39, SC40, SC41 et SC42 ont été équipé de piézomètres. D’après les levés effectués entre le 21/12/2011 et le 16/02/2012. Le niveau piézométrique durant cette période fluctue entre +0,11 NGM et +1,23 NGM. Le niveau des Plus Hautes Eaux retenu au droit de la tour est de +1,80 NGM
Ainsi on peut conclure que le sol est très favorable à ce projet la cote des PHE sera certainement un élément contraignant plus tard lors de l’étude des fondations de la
tour.
2) Vérification face à la poussée des eaux
Niveau des P.H.E par rapport au bâtiment
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
La stabilité générale de l’ensemble vis -à-vis de la poussée des eaux doit être assurée
par son poids propre. Ainsi nous avons :
Avec
≥1,1∆ℎ 1,1∆ℎ =1,15,7965131.4
: Masse du 2ème sous-sol (Dalle pleine + Poteaux et voiles) = 1015T
Masse des remblais : (5,2x2,2x1.8x1.8)x(131.4). .d = 1446,7d Masse du voile périphérique (25cm) : 025x131,4x7x2,5 = 574.8 T
Masse du Radier (965 + (131.4). .d) x d x 2.5 On en déduit que : 138d² + 2180d – 4460 = 0 d’où
= ,
3) Vérification au poinçonnement On vérifie le radier au poinçonnement par la formule de Caquot :
1.2 ≥ −. ℎ1
Avec :
: Résistance à la traction du béton
Uc : Périmètre d’un contour homothétique de ce lui du Poteau situé à mi-hauteur du radier Uc = 2(h+b) + 2(h+a). : Valeur de la réaction du sol appliqué sur l’aire délimité par Uc
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
En vérifiant vis-à-vis du poteau le plus sollicité et en prenant en considération la hauteur imposée par la poussée hydrostatique, la vérification au poinçonnement est loin de la valeur limite. Ainsi la poussée hydrostatique est la plus contraignante pour le cas de notre Radier.
4) Vérification vis-à-vis vis-à- vis de l’agressivité de l’eau L’analyse d’un échantillon d’eau visant à définir son agressivité vis -à-vis du béton
montre que cette eau a une agressivité chimique modérée et est classée de type XA2 voir Annexe A3. Ainsi en se basant sur la Norme Marocaine de Béton on en déduit que le béton utilisé
pour le radier sera du B35, au moins, sont rapport maximal est de 0.5 et sa teneur minimal en ciment est de 350 Kg/
.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
XIII. Modélisation sur Logiciel 1) Présentation du logiciel Pour nos calculs sur logiciels nous avons opté pour la combinaison de deux logiciels fournis par « Autodesk » : « Autodesk CBS » et « Autodesk Robot ». CBS nous a permis de modéliser la structure avec tous ses éléments qui à la suite nous permettra d’exporter ce modèle vers Robot qui lui à son tour effectuera l’analyse de la structure et nous fournira les résultats nécessaires. L’utilisation du logiciel consiste en trois phases principales : la saisie, le calcul et enfin l’exploitation des résultats.
2) Phase de saisie La première opération consiste à faire une description géométrique et qualitative de la structure à calculer. Cette tâche s’effectue de façon entièrement graphique à l’aide d’outils de CAO à travers une zone de dessin qui donne à chaque instant une
représentation en deux ou trois dimensions du modèle. Les positions des éléments dans l’espace sont décrites en utilisant le clavier ou la souris, en s’aidant d’un support que l’on appelle la grille ou en se basant sur les entités déjà construites .On
peut également utiliser des outils de copie, de déplacement, de symétrie etc. Les éléments ainsi dessinés représentent des objets réels : poutres, dalles, voiles etc. A cette description géométrique s’ajoute donc une description qualitative, on doit
donner à ces entités un certain nombre de propriétés que l’on ap pelle attributs (par exemple la section d’une poutre ou d’un poteau, l’épaisseur d’une dalle ou d’un voile). Les informations appropriées sont saisies dans chacun des boutons et chaque objet créé va posséder l’ensemble des propriétés décrites.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Vue 3D de la modélisation d’un étage courant sur CBS
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Après avoir saisi la structure, on procède à la saisie des différentes charges qui lui sont appliquées. Ces charges (ponctuelles, linéaires, surfaciques ou déplacements imposés) peuvent être regroupées en cas de charge qui correspondent à divers scénarios de chargement et qui peuvent être calculés isolement ou combinés.
Modèle 3D à 42 nivaux généré sur CBS
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Structure exportée sur Robot 2013 après maillage
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Définition des normes des charges dynamiques
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Une fois que les deux études sismique et par rapport au vent sont terminées, nous pourrons dans ce cas-là comparer les deux sollicitations et déterminer laquelle sera la plus défavorable et qui bien entendu entendu servira à dimensionner notre structure.
4) Phase d’exploitation d’exploitation : : Une fois la phase de calcul terminée et on a pu définir quel est notre effort horizontal dimensionnant, nous pourrons procéder ainsi à l’exploitation de nos résultats. En
effet on pourra utiliser le module « Ferraillage des éléments BA » pour vérifier si les dimensions qu’on a calculé manuellement sont convenables, et éventuellement produire des plans d’exécution prêts à l’utilisation sur chantier.
Aussi le logiciel produit une panoplie de tableaux et de diagrammes qui permettent de vérifier rapidement si notre modèle est en effet un modèle qui marche ou dans le cas contraire on localise l’erreur, on la corrige et on relance les calculs pour ré -
entamer la même procédure de vérification. Les résultats et les notes de calculs générés sont en Annexe D.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
XIV. Etude dynamique 1) Calcul sismique a) Dispositions constructives :
Comme cité précédemment, avant d’entamer les calculs sismiques il convient de fixer
certains paramètres. La norme des charges sismiques qu’on va utiliser est la norme marocaine RPS 2 000.
Nous rappelons les paramètres relatifs à notre site : -Zonage sismique : Zone II (Carte sismique en Annexe A2) -Coefficient du site : S1 -Classe de la structure : II -Coefficient de comportement : 1,4 (contreventement par voiles) b) Phase de calcul :
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Nous avons donc finalement opté pour un calcul à 30 modes, nombre au-delà duquel le pourcentage de participation des masses modales reste invariable. Ainsi avec 30 modes on atteint un pourcentage de participation des masses dans les deux directions X et Y de 89,9%. Valeur qui est jugée acceptable vue qu’elle est
quasiment égale aux 90% que préconise le RPS 2000. Les résultats sont donnés dans le tableau en Annexe E1. c) Vérification des résultats
Une fois l’analyse terminée, on a immédiatement accès à plusieurs résultats. A savoir
les efforts appliqués sur les différents éléments mais surtout dans notre cas les résultats les plus intéressant sont les déplacements. En effet on se doit de vérifier le déplacement maximal de la structure et le déplacement inter-étage. Le RPS préconise les valeurs suivantes : Le déplacement global de la structure Dg doit satisfaire à la formule suivante :
≤ 4⁄
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
2) Etude au vent Etant donné que notre tour est d’une hauteur considérable, près de 150m, il co nvient d’étudier l’effet du vent sur celle -ci puisqu’elle offre une grande surface d’exposition.
Comme vu précédemment nôtre Bâtiment est implanté en bord de mer en région 1 dans un site exposé. Il dispose d’une densité normale de parois (Commentaire III -
1.511 du NV65) La hauteur de la tour est H = 145m La structure est en béton armé et le contreventement est assuré par voiles.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Pour étudier l’action du vent sur le bâtiment il faut étudier les caractéristiques du
vent ainsi que les caractéristiques de la construction. Ainsi, plusieurs coefficients, que nous étudieront ci-dessous, entreront en jeu lors de ce calcul. Région
Pression dynamique de
Pression dynamique de
base normale ( daN/m²)
base extrême ( daN/m²)
Région 1
53.5
93.63
Région 2
68
119
Région 3
135
236.25
a) Pression dynamique corrigée :
= . . . .
La pression dynamique de base à 10m de hauteur
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
c) Effet du site :
La nature du site d’implantation du bâtiment joue aussi un rôle sur les sollicitations
appliquées sur ce dernier. Ainsi il convient d’en tenir compte en introduisant un
coefficient de site
donné par le tableau suivant selon l’article III -1,242 du NV65. Région 1
Région 2
Site protégé
0.8
0.8
Site normal
1
1
Site exposé
1.35
1.3
d) Effet de masque :
Il
y a effet de masque lorsqu’une construction est masquée partiellement ou
totalement par d’autres constructions ayant une grande probabilité de durée. Cet
effet peut se traduire :
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Dans le cas de notre structure, ces conditions n’étant pas vérifiées, on prend alors : Km=1 e) Effet de dimension δ :
Pour tenir compte de la variation de la pression dynamique moyenne du vent en fonction de la dimension de la surface exposée et de la côte H du point le plus haut de cette surfa ce on introduit le coefficient de réduction δ. Il est à noter que ce coefficient ne varie qu’entre [30m ; 50m] et qu’il prend des
valeurs constantes en dehors de ces plages. Les valeurs de δ pour chaque étage sont données par l’abaque Fig R -III-2 du NV 65
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
NB : Les valeurs de δ pour chaque étage sont listées en Annexe F2 et F3. f) Vérification de la réduction maximale de la pression de base :
Les règles de la NV65 (Art 1,245 NV65) concernant « l’effet du masque » et « l’effet des dimensions » ne doit, en aucun cas, dépasser 33% Avec Km =1 et δmin = 0,75 on a bien K m x δmin= 75% > 67% g) Valeurs limites des pressions dynamiques corrigées :
Valeur
Valeur
Valeur
Valeur
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
Concernant les actions intérieures, les parois internes peuvent être en état de surpression ou de dépression selon l’importance des ouvertures par rapport à la
surface totale des parois ainsi que leur orientation par rapport au vent. Elles sont caractérisées par un coefficient
Afin de déterminer ces actions on doit d’abord déterminer deux coefficients : Le rapport de dimensions λ
Le coefficient
La valeur de λ est le rapport de la hauteur h (toiture comprise) à la largeur d du
maitre couple
=
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
On détermine à partir du tableau ci-dessus (R-III-3,2 Tableau 15) le coefficient de trainée
en interpolant entre un prisme à 8 cotés et un prisme à 10 cotés on
obtient :
Le coefficient
=.
est déterminé à partir de la figure (R-III-10 du NV65 en Annexe F6)
γ λ=4.07 λ=3.53
notre bâtiment étant de catégorie IV on obtient la valeur de
pour chaque direction
en fonction des rapports de dimension λ déjà calculés. Dans la direction X on a « a = 35.55 », « h = 145 » et « Dans la direction Y on a « a = 41.07 », « h = 145 » et «
» donc
» donc
= 1.06 = 1.03
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages k) Actions extérieures
Nous sommes dans le cas d’un vent normal frappant des parois verticales d’après le
NV65 nous avons. Suivant la direction X
Face au vent : Face sous vent :
γ
γ
= + 0.8 (Quel que soit ) = - (1.3 – 0.8) = -0.58
Suivant la direction Y
Face au vent :
γ
= + 0.8 (Quel que soit )
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages Les valeurs des pressions face au vent et face sous vent
pour chaque étage sont listées
dans le tableau en Annexe F8. m) Modélisation sur logiciel
En ce qui concerne le calcul sur logiciel, après avoir modélisé la structure sur CBS et exporté vers Robot, on doit ajouter les charges dues au vent. Pour cela comme cité précédemment on choisit la norme NV65 pour les charges du vent, et on applique les charges en utilisant la fonctionnalité « Vent sur Cylindre » présente dans Robot. On saisit ainsi les différents paramètres relatifs à notre bâtiment. A savoir la hauteur totale du bâtiment, la position du sol, le type de site (exposé dans notre cas) et bien
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
3) Exemple de calcul d’un voile Après avoir déterminé l’effort dimensionnant, le séisme, on peut à présent effectuer le calcul d’un élément de contreventement solli cité par cet effort.
Pour cela nous allons effectuer le calcul du voile de rive.
a) Description du voile :
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
On calcule la longueur de flambement l f d’après le tableau suivant (Victor Davidovici)
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages D’où :
= ×0, 9×× ×
Avec : Br la section réduite On trouve alors :
= 35,35,86
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages d) Ferraillage vertical de compression :
On vérifie le feraillage vertical minimul (DTU 23.1) :
3 × ≥ 0,0,002 ;0,0015015 × 400× × −1
Il s’agit d’un voile de rive, donc
= 1,4.
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
4) Effet de second ordre P-Delta L’effet P-Delta est un effet non linéaire (de second ordre) qui se produit dans chaque
structure ou les éléments sont soumis à des charges axiales. Cet effet est étroitement lié à valeur de la force axiale appliquée ( P) et le déplacement ( Delta). La valeur de l'effet P-delta dépend de :
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages
XV. Conclusion
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Conception et étude d’une tour Hôtel de 40 4 0 étages