Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of Navigational Aids_G. S. N. Raju

Scilab Textbook Companion for Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of Navigational Aids by G. S. N. Raju1 Created by Garnapudi Vamsikrishna B.Tech Computer Engineering SASTRA UNIVERSITY College Teacher N. Raju Cross-Checked by Lavitha Pereira May 26, 2014

1 Funded

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project” section at the website http://scilab.in

Book Description Title: Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of Navigational Aids Author: G. S. N. Raju Publisher: I. k. International, New Delhi Edition: 1 Year: 2010 ISBN: 978-81-906942-1-6

1

Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2

Contents List of Scilab Codes

4

1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR RADAR PARAMETERS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS

9

2 BASIC RADARS

13

3 ADVANCED RADARS

20

4 TRACKING RADAR

29

5 FACTORS AFFECTING RADAR OPERATION AND RADAR LOSSES 32 6 RADAR TRANSMITTERS

34

7 RADAR RECEIVERS

42

9 RADAR ANTENNAS

47

11 SOLVED PROBLEMS

70

3

List of Scilab Codes Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2

Exa 2.3 Exa 2.4 Exa 2.5 Exa 2.6 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10

PEAK POWER DUTY CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 FINDING PRT PW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND PRT . . . . . . . . . 11 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . 12 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . . 13 FINDING DUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 FINDING PRF PRT RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER . . . 15 FINDING PRF AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE AND RADAR RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION AND UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . . 17 FINDING MAX RADAR RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . 18 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . . 20 FINDING SPEED OF AUTOMOBILE . . . . . . . . 21 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS . . . . 21 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS . . . . 22 FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . . 24 FINDING RATIO OF OPERATING FREQ . . . . . . 24 FINDING RATIO OF PRFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FINDING BLIND SPEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FINDING PEAK TX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4

Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

4.1 4.2 5.1 5.4 6.1 6.2

Exa 6.3 Exa 6.4 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

Exa Exa Exa Exa

7.1 7.2 7.5 7.8

Exa Exa Exa Exa

7.9 9.1 9.2 9.3

Exa 9.4 Exa 9.5 Exa 9.6 Exa 9.7 Exa 9.8

FINDING PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHOS 29 FINDING SPACING BETWEEN ANTENNAS . . . . 30 FINDING RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 FINDING RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 FINDING MAX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 FINDING GAIN PARAMETER OUTPUT POWER GAIN AND Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 FINDING CYCLOTRON ANGULAR FREQ AND CUTOFF VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FINDING ELECTRON VELOCITY TRANSIT ANGLE AND BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT . . . . . . 36 FINDING EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE . . . . . . . . 38 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE . . . . . . . . 38 FINDING AVALANCHE ZONE VELOCTY . . . . . 39 FINDING FREQ OG GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR . 40 FINDING MIN OPERATING GUNN DIODE VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 FINDING PROBABILTY OF FALSE ALARM . . . . 42 FINDING RADAR INTEGRATION TIME . . . . . . 43 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . 43 RANGE RESOLUTION BEFORE AND AFTER COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . . 45 FINDING BEAMWIDTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 FINDING GAIN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR . . 48 FINDING NNBW HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF PARABOLOID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 FINDING BEAMWIDTH DIRECTIVITY AND CAPTURE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FINDING MIN DISTANCE REQUIRED BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND BEAM WIDTH OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5

Exa 9.9 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16

Exa 9.17 Exa Exa Exa Exa

9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21

Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10

Exa 11.11 Exa 11.12 Exa 11.13 Exa 11.14

FINDING CAPTURE AREA AND BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWER GAIN . . . 55 FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND CAPTURE AREA 56 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND POWER GAIN 57 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWERGAIN . . . . 58 FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 FINDING BEAMWIDTH POWERGAIN AND DIRECTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 FINDING POWER GAIN OF HORN ANTENNA . . 62 FINDING POWER GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY . . . 62 FINDING COMPLEMENTARY SLOT IMPEDANCE 63 FINDING RADIATION RESISTANCE OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 DIRECTIVITY OF HALFWAVE DIPOLE . . . . . . 66 FINDING RADIATED POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE 67 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE 68 FINDING RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER . . . . . . . 70 FINDING TARGET DISTANCE FROM RADAR . . 71 FINDING MAX AND MIN RANGES OF RADAR . . 71 FINDING DUTY CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 FINDING AVERAGE TX POWER . . . . . . . . . . 73 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . 73 FINDING TARGET RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . . 75 FINDING DOPPLERSHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQ OF RELECTED ECHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY OF REFLECTED SIGNAL . . . . . . . . . 77 FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER AND MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6

Exa Exa Exa Exa

11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18

Exa 11.19 Exa 11.20 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27

Exa 11.28 Exa 11.29 Exa 11.30 Exa 11.31 Exa 11.32 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 11.41 11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 11.46

FINDING RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 FINDING FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 FINDING BEAMWIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 FINDING MIN TIME REQUIRED TO RESOLVE AIRCRAFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 FINDING DUTY CYCLE CORRECTION FACTOR . 83 FINDING AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE AND PULSE ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 FINDING NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY . 85 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . . 86 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . . 86 FINDING TARGET BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . . 87 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES . . . . . . 88 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES . . . . . . 88 FINDING COMPRESSION RATIO AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 FINDING COMPRESSION PULSEWIDTH AND RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 FINDING COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH AND BANDWIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . 91 FINDING CLOSEST FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . . 92 FINDING SPECTRUM CENTRE BANDWIDTH AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 FINDING MINIMUM RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . 93 FINDING MAXIMUM RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . 94 FINDING PEAK TX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 96 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEEDS . . . . . . . . . 97 FINDING RANGE OF BEACON . . . . . . . . . . . 98 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 FINDING RX SIGNAL POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . 101 FINDING MIN AND MAX TARGET RANGE . . . . 102 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . . 103 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . 103 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND AVERAGE POWER 104 FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7

Exa 11.47 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Exa 11.48 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE AND RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Exa 11.49 CALCULATING RADAR PARAMETERS . . . . . . 107 Exa 11.50 FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Exa 11.51 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . . 110 Exa 11.52 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 110 Exa 11.53 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 111 Exa 11.54 FINDING BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . 112 Exa 11.55 FINDING OPERATING FREQ PEAK POWER AND RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Exa 11.56 FINDING RADIAL VELOCITY OF TARGET . . . . 114 Exa 11.57 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . . 115 Exa 11.58 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCIES . . . . 115 Exa 11.59 FINDING BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Exa 11.61 FINDING PULSE WIDTH AND PULSE ENERGY . 117 Exa 11.62 FINDING PRT PRF RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Exa 11.63 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . 119 Exa 11.64 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 120 Exa 11.65 FINDING APERTURE SIZE AND PEAK POWER OF TXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

8

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR RADAR PARAMETERS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS

Scilab code Exa 1.1 PEAK POWER DUTY CYCLE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

// Chapter −1 , Example 1 . 1 , Page 34 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz PW = 2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h 2 u s Pav =100; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s // C a l c u l a t i o n s Ppeak = ( Pav ) /( PW * PRF ) ; // Peak power i n w a t t s 9

14 D = Pav / Ppeak ; // Duty c y c l e 15 16 // Output 17 mprintf ( ’ Peak power i s %g KW\n Duty c y c l e

i s %e ’ ,

Ppeak /1000 , D ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2 FINDING PRT PW 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

// Chapter −1 , Example 1 . 2 , Page 35 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA PRF = 1.2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz PI = 0.6*10^ -3; // p u l s e i n t e r v a l i n s e c // C a l c u l a t i o n s PRT = 1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz PW = PRT - PI ; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c ; // Output mprintf ( ’ P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e i s %3 . 3 f ms\n P u l s e w i d t h i s %3 . 3 f ms ’ , PRT *1000 , PW *1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 FINDING AVERAGE POWER 1

// Chapter −1 , Example 1 . 3 , Page 35

10

2

//

================================================================== 3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 6 //INPUT DATA 7 D = 0.001; // Duty C y c l e 8 Ppeak =500*10^3; // Peak Power i n Watts 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 12 Pav = D * Ppeak ; // D=a v e r a g e p o w e r / Peakpower ; 13 14 // Output 15 mprintf ( ’ A v e r a g e power i s %g Watts ’ , Pav ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND PRT 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −1 , Example 1 . 4 , Page 35 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Ppeak =10*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s Pav =100*10^3; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s // C a l c u l a t i o n s D PRT

= Pav / Ppeak ; // Duty c y c l e = 1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e ; 11

15 16 17

// Output mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e i s %g\n p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e i s %g ms ’ ,D , PRT *1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −1 , Example 1 . 5 , Page 36 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA F = 6*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ; Vr = 200; // R a d i a l v e l o c i t y i n kmph // C a l c u l a t i o n s

lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h = v e l / f r e q ; Fd = (2* Vr / lamda ) *(5/18) ; // d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz ; 15 // 5 / 1 8 i s m u l t i p l i e d t o c o n v e r t kmph t o m/ s 16 17 18

// Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f KHz ’ , Fd /1000) ;

12

Chapter 2 BASIC RADARS

Scilab code Exa 2.1 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET 1 2

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 1 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 Tdelay =200*10^ -6; // t i m e d e l a y i n s e c 6 Vo =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s 7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 8 R =( Vo * Tdelay ) /2; // Range o f t h e t a r g e t i n kms 9 10 11 // Output 12 mprintf ( ’ Range o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 1 f Kms ’ ,R /1000) ; 13 //

==================================================================

13

Scilab code Exa 2.2 FINDING DUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE ENERGY 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 2 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; Pt =5000; // Peak t x power i n w a t t s Pav =1000; // A v e r a g e Power PRF1 = 10; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n khz PRF2 = 20; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n khz // C a l c u l a t i o n s D = Pav / Pt ; // Duty c y c l e PRI1 =1/ PRF1 ; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e i n t e r v a l i n msec PRI2 =1/ PRF2 ; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e i n t e r v a l i n msec PW1 = D * PRI1 ; // P u l s e Width i n msec PW2 = D * PRI2 ; // P u l s e Width i n msec PE1 = Pt * PW1 ; // P u l s e Energy i n j o u l e s PE2 = Pt * PW2 ; // P u l s e Energy i n j o u l e s // Output mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e i s %3 . 2 f \n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l 1 i s %3 . 2 f msec \n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l 2 i s %3 . 2 f msec \n P u l s e Width1 i s %3 . 2 f u s e c \n P u l s e Width2 i s %3 . 2 f u s e c \n P u l s e Energy1 i s %3 . 2 f J \n P u l s e Energy2 i s %3 . 2 f J ’ ,D , PRI1 , PRI2 , PW1 *1000 , PW2 *1000 , PE1 /1000 , PE2 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 FINDING PRF PRT RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE WIDTH 1 2

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 3 // ================================================================== 14

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

clc ; clear ; UR =200; // unambiguous r a n g e i n kms BW =1*10^6; // bandwidth i n hz V0 =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s PRF = V0 /(2* UR *10^3) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n hz PRI =1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i n s e c RR = V0 /(2* BW ) ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n mts PW =(2* RR ) /( V0 ) ; // p u l s e w i d t h // C a l c u l a t i o n s mprintf ( ’ p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f Hz\n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i s %3 . 2 f msec \n Range R e s o l u t i o n i s %3 . 2 f m\n p u l s e w i d t h i s %3 . 1 f u s e c ’ ,PRF , PRI *1000 , RR , PW *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 4 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; Pt =50000; // p e a l power i n w a t t s PRF =1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n hz PW =0.8; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s e c // C a l c u l a t i o n s D = PW * PRF *10^ -6; // duty c y c l e Pav = Pt * D ; // a v e r a g e power // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e i s %g\n A v e r a g e power i s %g Watts ’ ,D , Pav ) ; 15

Scilab code Exa 2.5 FINDING PRF AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE AND RADAR RANGE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 5 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; Vo =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s Pt =1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s PW =1.2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c PRI =1*10^ -3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i n s e c // C a l c u l a t i o n s PRF =1/ PRI ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n hz Pav = Pt * PW * PRF ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s D = Pav / Pt ; // Duty c y c l e ; Rmax = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; //maximum r a n g e o f t h e r a d a r i n m mprintf ( ’ p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s %g KHz\n a v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n Duty c y c l e = %e\n maximum r a n g e o f t h e r a d a r i s %g Km ’ , PRF /1000 , Pav /1000 , D , Rmax /1000 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION AND UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE 1 2

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 6 // ==================================================================

3 clc ;

16

4 clear ; 5 PW = 2*10^ -6; 6 PRF =800;

// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n

KHz 7 V0 =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 Ru = V0 /(2* PRF ) ; // u n a m b i g i o u s r a n g e i n mts 10 RR =( V0 * PW ) /2; // Range r e s o l u t i o n i n m 11 // o u t p u t 12 mprintf ( ’ u n a m b i g i o u s r a n g e i s %g Km\n Range

r e s o l u t i o n i s %g m ’ , Ru /1000 , RR ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.7 FINDING PRF 1 2

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 7 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 Rmax =500; //maximum r a n g e i n kms 6 V0 =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ; 7 // c a l c u l a t i o n s 8 PRF =( V0 /(2* Rmax *10^3) ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

frequency i n Hz 9 // o u t p u t 10 mprintf ( ’ p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i s %g Hz ’ , PRF ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL 1

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 8

17

2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = BW = To = K =

// N o i s e f i g u r e i n dB // Bandwidth // T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n // Boltzman c o n s t a n t

9; 3*10^6; 290; 1.38*10^ -23;

// C a l c u l a t i o n s F1 Pmin power

= 10^( F /10) // a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n = ( K * To * BW ) *( F1 -1) ; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e

15 16 17

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Pmin = %3 . 4 f pW ’ , Pmin *10^12) ; 18 mprintf ( ’ \n C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r a t Pmin i n t e x t b o o k ’ ) ;

19 20 21

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 2.9 FINDING MAX RADAR RANGE 1 2

// Chapter −2 e x a m p l e 2 . 9 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ;

18

5 Pt =500000; // p e a l power i n w a t t s 6 F =10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 7 MRP =0.1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power i n p i c o

watts 8 Ac =5; // c a p t u r e a r e a o f a n t e n n a i n mˆ 2 ; 9 RCS =20; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ 2 ; 10 Vo =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s 11 // c a l c u l a t i o n s 12 lamda = Vo / F 13 Rmax =(( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * MRP ) ) ^0.25 14 15 // o u t p u t 16 mprintf ( ’ Maximum Radar Range i s %3 . 1 f kms ’ , Rmax

/1000) ;

19

Chapter 3 ADVANCED RADARS

Scilab code Exa 3.1 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEED 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

// Chapter −3 , Problem 3 . 1 , Page104 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA PRF = 1500; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m; // C a l c u l a t i o n s // n =1 g i v e s l o w e s t b l i n d s p e e d n =1; Vb = n *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s

// Output mprintf ( ’ Lowest B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s ’ , Vb ) ;

20

Scilab code Exa 3.2 FINDING SPEED OF AUTOMOBILE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

// Chapter −3 , Problem 3 . 2 , Page105 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Fd = 1000; // d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz ; F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz ; Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; Va = ( Fd * lamda ) /2; // s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n m/ s Va1 = Va *18/5; // s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n kmph // Output mprintf ( ’ Speed o f a u t o m o b i l e i s %g m/ s o r %g kmph\n ’ ,Va , Va1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS 1 2

// Chapter −3 , Problem 3 . 3 , Page105 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ;

21

5 6 //INPUT DATA 7 PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz 8 F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz ; 9 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 lamda = Vo / F ; 13 // B l i n d F r e q u e n c y i s g i v e n by Fn = n∗PRF ; 14 n1 = 1; 15 n2 = 2; 16 n3 = 3; 17 F1 = n1 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=1 i n Hz ; 18 F2 = n2 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=2 i n Hz ; 19 F3 = n3 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=3 i n Hz ; 20 21 // Output 22 mprintf ( ’ Lowest t h r e e B l i n d F r e q u e n c i e s a r e %g KHz ,

%g KHz and %g KHz\n ’ , F1 /1000 , F2 /1000 , F3 /1000 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.4 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

// Chapter −3 , Problem 3 . 4 , Page105 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA F = 10*10^9; PRF = 800; Vo = 3*10^8; n1 = 1; n2 = 2;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;

22

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

n3 = 3; // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // Wavelength i n m // b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ∗ ( lamda / 2 ) ∗PRF i n m/ s Vb1 = n1 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ; Vb2 = n2 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ; Vb3 = n3 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;

// Output mprintf ( ’ F i r s t B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s \n S e c o n d B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s \n T h i r d B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s \n ’ , Vb1 , Vb2 , Vb3 ) ; 25 mprintf ( ’NOTE: IN TEXT BOOK THIRD BLIND SPEED I S WRONGLY PRINTED AS 48 m/ s ’ ) ;


3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

// Chapter −3 , Problem 3 . 5 , Page106 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ; Vb1 = 20; // l o w e s t ( f i r s t ) b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s n =1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // Wavelength i n m 23

14 15 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ∗ ( lamda / 2 ) ∗PRF i n m/ s 16 17 PRF = (2* Vb1 ) /( n * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz 18 19 20

// Output mprintf ( ’ P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e F r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f KHz ’ , PRF /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.6 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE 1 2


3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 6 //INPUT DATA 7 lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m 8 PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz 9 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 Ruamb = ( Vo ) /(2* PRF ) ; //max unambiguous r a n g e i n m 14 // Output 15 mprintf ( ’ Maximum unambiguous r a n g e i s %g Kms ’ , Ruamb

/1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.7 FINDING RATIO OF OPERATING FREQ 24

1 2


3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 6 //INPUT DATA 7 8 n1 = 1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d 9 n3 = 3 ; // s i n c e t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 14 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb1 = n1 ∗ ( l a m d a 1 / 2 ) ∗PRF1 i n m/ s 15 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb3 = n3 ∗ ( lamda −2/2) ∗PRF2 i n m/ s 16 // h e r e PRF1 = PRF2 = PRF 17 // i f Vb1=Vb3 t h e n 18 // 1 ∗ ( l a m d a 1 / 2 ) ∗PRF = 3 ∗ ( l a m d a 2 / 2 ) ∗PRF = 3/1; 19 // l a m d a 1 / l a m d a 2 20 // lamda = C/F ; 21 // t h e r e f o r e F1/F2 = 1/3 ; 22 23 24 // Output 25 mprintf ( ’ R a t i o o f O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c i e s o f two

Radars a r e ( F1/F2 ) = 1/3 ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.8 FINDING RATIO OF PRFs 1 2


25

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

clc ; clear ; //INPUT DATA Vb1 = 20; // f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s Vb2 = 30; // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s n1 =1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d n1 =2 ; // s i n c e s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m; // C a l c u l a t i o n s PRF1 = (2* Vb2 ) /( n1 * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz o f F i r s t Radar ; PRF2 = (2* Vb2 ) /( n1 * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz o f S e c o n d Radar ;

// Output mprintf ( ’ R a t i o o f p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e Radars i s PRF1/PRF2 = %g ’ , PRF1 / PRF2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.9 FINDING BLIND SPEEDS 1 2


3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 6 //INPUT DATA 7 F = 6*10^9; 8 PRF = 1000;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz 26

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ; n2 = 2; // n v a l u e f o r s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d n3 = 3; // n v a l u e f o r t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F // Wavelength i n m // b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ∗ ( lamda / 2 ) ∗PRF i n m/ s

Vb2 = n2 *( lamda /2) * PRF // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ; Vb21 = Vb2 *18/5 ; // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n kmph ; 20 Vb3 = n3 *( lamda /2) * PRF // t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ; 21 Vb31 = Vb3 *18/5; // t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n kmph ; 22 23 24

// Output mprintf ( ’ S e c o n d B l i n d Speed i s %g kmph\n T h i r d B l i n d Speed i s %g kmph\n ’ , Vb21 , Vb31 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.10 FINDING PEAK TX POWER 1 2

// Chapter −3 e x a m p l e 10 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 r

// Antenna R a d i u s i n

= 0.5;

m 7 f

= frequency in 8 Vo = m/ s 9 RCS =

8*10^9 Hz 3*10^8;

// o p e r a t i n g

5;

// Radar c r o s s

// v e l . o f EM wave i n

27

10 11

s e c t i o n i n mˆ2 D = 1; in m F = 4.77; i n dB Rmax = 12*10^3 BW = 500*10^3;

// a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r // n o i s e f i g u r e // Radar r a n g e // bandwidth

12 13 14 15 // C a l c u l a t i o n 16 F1 = 10^( F /10)

// a n t i l o g

calculation 17 lamda = Vo / f 18 19

// w a v e l e n g t h

//Rmax = 4 8 ∗ ( ( Pt ∗Dˆ4∗RCS) / (BW∗ lamda ∗ lamda ( F −1) ) ) ˆ 0 . 2 5

20 21 Pt

= (( Rmax /48) ^4) *(( BW * lamda * lamda *( F1 -1) ) /( D ^4* RCS ) )

22 23 24 25

// Output mprintf ( ’ Peak T r a n s m i t t e d Power i s %e ’ , Pt ) ; mprintf ( ’ \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a t Pt 1 0 ˆ 1 2 m i s s i n g ’ ) 26 // ==================================================================

28

Chapter 4 TRACKING RADAR

Scilab code Exa 4.1 FINDING PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHOS 1 2

// Chapter −4 e x a m p l e 4 . 1 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 // d = lamda /2 7 theta_d = 5 // a n g l e blw l o s and p e r p e n d i c u l a r

b i s e c t o r o f l i n e j o i n i n g two a n t e n n a s 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// c a l c u l a t i o n s

//PD = ( 2 ∗ %pi / lamda ) ∗ ( d∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ; //PD = ( 2 ∗ %pi / lamda ) ∗ ( lamda /2∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ; theta_r = theta_d *( %pi /180) PD_r = (2* %pi ) *(( sin ( theta_r ) ) /2) ; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e in radians 15 PD_d = PD_r *(180/ %pi ) ; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i n radians 16 // o u t p u t 29

17 18 19

mprintf ( ’ Phase d i f f e r e n c e b /w two e c h o s i g n a l s i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s ; %3 . 3 f r a d i a n s ’ , PD_d , PD_r ) ; //===============end o f t h e program ============================================

Scilab code Exa 4.2 FINDING SPACING BETWEEN ANTENNAS 1 2

// Chapter −4 e x a m p l e 4 . 2 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 F = 1*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f m o n o p u l s e r a d a r i n Hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 8 theta_d = 10 // a n g l e blw l o s and p e r p e n d i c u l a r b i s e c t o r o f l i n e j o i n i n g two antennas 9 PD_d = 20; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i n degrees 10 11 12 13 14

// c a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F // w a v e l e n g t h i n m //PD = ( 2 ∗ %pi / lamda ) ∗ ( d∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ; theta_r = theta_d *( %pi /180) // d e g r e e t o r a d i a n conversion 15 PD_r = PD_d *( %pi /180) // d e g r e e t o r a d i a n conversion 16 d = ( PD_r * lamda ) /(2* %pi * sin ( theta_r ) ) ; 17 18 19

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e a n t e n n a s i s %3 . 2 f cms ’ , 30

d *100) ; 20 21

//===============end o f t h e program ============================================

31

Chapter 5 FACTORS AFFECTING RADAR OPERATION AND RADAR LOSSES

Scilab code Exa 5.1 FINDING RCS 1 2

// Chapter −5 e x a m p l e 1 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 mprintf ( ’ m a t h e m a t i c a l l y 7 8

9 10

e l l i p s o i d i s r e p r e s e n t e d by \n ( ( x / a ) ˆ 2 ) +(( y / b ) ˆ 2 ) +(( z / c ) ˆ 2 ) = 1\ n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ \ nThe a p p r o x i m a t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r e l l i p s o i d b a c k s c a t t e r e d RCS i s g i v e n by \n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ \ n =( ∗ a ˆ2 b ˆ2 c ˆ 2 ) / [ a ˆ2 ( s i n ) ˆ2 ( c o s ) ˆ2+ b ˆ2 ( s i n ) ˆ2 ( s i n ) ˆ2+ c ˆ2 ( c o s ) ˆ2 ] ˆ 2 \ n ’ ); mprintf ( ’ \ n i f a = b , t h e e l l i p s o i d becomes R o l l s y m m e t r i c , a b o v e eqn becomes \n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ \ n = ( ∗ b ˆ4 c ˆ 2 ) / [ a ˆ2 ( s i n ) ˆ2 + c ˆ2 32

( cos 11 12

) ˆ2 ] ˆ 2 \ n ’ ) ;

//===============end o f t h e program ============================================

Scilab code Exa 5.4 FINDING RCS 1 2

// Chapter −5 e x a m p l e 4 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a lamda = 0.03; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m Pt = 250*10^3; // t r a n s m i t t e r power G = 2000; // a n t e n n a g a i n R = 50*10^3; //maximum r a n g e Pr = 10*10^ -12; // minimum d e t e c t a b l e power // C a l c u l a t i o n s Ae = ( lamda * lamda * G ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e aperture area 13 RCS = ( Pr *(4* %pi * R * R ) ^2) /( Pt * G * Ae ) ; // Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n of the t a r g e t 14 15 16 17 18

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f mˆ2 ’ , RCS ) ; //================end o f t h e program ===========================================

33

Chapter 6 RADAR TRANSMITTERS

Scilab code Exa 6.1 FINDING MAX POWER 1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 1 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 F = 9*10^9; // R e f l e x K l y s t r o n o p e r a t i n g 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Va I n

frequency

i n hz = 300; // beam v o l t a g e i n v o l t s = 20; //Beam c u r r e n t i n mA = 1; // f o r 7/4 mode

// C a l c u l a t i o n s // t r a n s i t t i m e f o r r e f l e c t o r s p a c e = n+3/4 I1 = I *10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t i n mA Prfmax = (0.3986* I1 * Va ) /( n +3/4) ; //maximum RF power 15 // Output 16 mprintf ( ’ Maximum R−F power i s %3 . 3 f Watts ’ , Prfmax ) ; 17

34

18

//=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.2 FINDING GAIN PARAMETER OUTPUT POWER GAIN AND Be 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 2 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t Vdc = Idc = Zo = F = N =

data 2.5*10^3; //Beam v o l t a g e 25*10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t i n A ; 10; // c h a r e c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e 9.5*10^9; //TWT o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 40; // c i r c u i t l e n g t h

// C a l c u l a t i o n s C = (( Idc * Zo ) /(4* Vdc ) ) ^(1/3) ; // g a i n p a r a m e t e r Ap = -9.54+(47.3* N * C ) ; // Output power g a i n o f twt w = 2* %pi * F ; vdc = 0.593*10^6* sqrt ( Vdc ) ; Be = w / vdc ; // Output mprintf ( ’ Gain p a r a m e t e r i s %3 . 3 f \n Output Power g a i n i s %3 . 3 f dB\n p h a s e c o n s t a n t o f e l e c t r o n beam i s %e r a d /m ’ ,C , Ap , Be ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

35

Scilab code Exa 6.3 FINDING CYCLOTRON ANGULAR FREQ AND CUTOFF VOLTAGE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 3 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a e = 1.609*10^ -19; // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n me = 9.109*10^ -31; // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg B = 0.40; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y b = 10*10^ -2; // R a d i u s o f vane e d g e from t h e c e n t r e a = 4*10^ -2; // r a d i u s o f c a t h o d e // C a l c u l a t i o n s Wc = ( e / me ) * B ; // c y c l o t r o n a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n radians Vc = ( e /(8* me ) ) *( B ^2) *( b ^2) *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ^2; // cut − o f f voltage // Output mprintf ( ’ C y c l o t r o n A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i s %g r a d \n Cut − o f f v o l t a g e i s %g V\n ’ ,Wc , Vc ) ; mprintf ( ’ Note : Cut− o f f v o l t a g e o b t a i n e d i n t e x t b o o k i s w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d . I n s t e a d o f ( a / b ) ˆ2 , ( a / b ) i s c a l c u l a t e d ’ ); //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.4 FINDING ELECTRON VELOCITY TRANSIT ANGLE AND BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT 1

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 4 36

2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Va = 900 ; // A c c e l a r a t i n g v o l t a g e i n v o l t s F = 3.2*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y d = 10^ -3; // C a l c u l a t i o n s Ve = (0.593*10^6) * sqrt ( Va ) ; // e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y w = 2* %pi * F ; theta = w *( d / Ve ) ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d i a n s Be = sin ( theta /2) /( theta /2) ; //Beam C o u p l i n g Co− efficient 14 // o u t p u t 15 mprintf ( ’ E l e c t r o n V e l o c i t y i s %g m/ s \n T r a n s i t A n g l e i s %g r a d \n Beam C o u p l i n g Co− e f f i c i e n t i s %3 . 3 f ’ ,Ve , theta , Be ) ; 16 //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.5 FINDING EFFICIENCY 1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 5 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 I2 = 28*10^ -3 ; // i n d u c e d c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 7 V2 = 850; // f u n d a m e n t a l component o f c a t c h e r −gap 8 Vb

voltage = 900;

// beam v o l t a g e 37

= 26*10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t = 0.946; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f c a t c h e r gap // C a l c u l a t i o n s n = (( Bc * I2 * V2 ) /(2* Ib * Vb ) ) *100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f klystron // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e k l y s t r o n i s %g \n ’ ,n ) ; mprintf ( ’ Note : I n t e x t b o o k Bc v a l u e i s t a k e n a s 0.946 in calculation ’) //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

9 Ib 10 Bc 11 12 13 14 15 16

Scilab code Exa 6.6 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE 1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 6 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Vd = 2.2*10^5; // C a r r i e r D r i f t V e l o c i t y i n m/ s l = 5*10^ -6; // d r i f t r e g i o n l e n g t h // C a l c u l a t i o n s F = Vd /(2* l ) ; // f r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ F r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode i s %g Ghz ’ ,F /10^9) ; 12 //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.7 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE 38

1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 7 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Vd = 3*10^5; // C a r r i e r D r i f t V e l o c i t y i n m/ s l = 7*10^ -6; // d r i f t r e g i o n l e n g t h // C a l c u l a t i o n s F = Vd /(2* l ) ; // f r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ F r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode i s %3 . 2 f Ghz ’ ,F /10^9) ; 12 //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.8 FINDING AVALANCHE ZONE VELOCTY 1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 8 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Na = 1.8*10^15; // Doping C o n c e n t r a t i o n J = 25*10^3; // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/cmˆ2 q = 1.6*10^ -19; // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n // C a l c u l a t i o n s Vaz = J /( q * Na ) ; // A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y o f TRAPATT i s %g\n ’ , Vaz ) ; 13 mprintf ( ’ Note : wrong c a l c u l a t i o n done i n Textbook ’ ) 39

; 14 //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.9 FINDING FREQ OG GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 9 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a l = 12*10^ -3; // gunn d i o d e o s c i l l a t o r l e n g t h i n m Vd = 2*10^8; // D r i f t v e l o c i t y i n gunn d i o d e // C a l c u l a t i o n s F = Vd / l ; // F r e q u e n c y o f Gunn Diode O s c i l l a t o r // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ F r e q u e n c y o f Gunn Diode O s c i l l a t o r i s %3 . 2 f Ghz ’ ,F /10^9 ’) ; //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.10 FINDING MIN OPERATING GUNN DIODE VOLTAGE 1 2

// Chapter −6 e x a m p l e 10 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ;

40

5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 l = 2.5*10^ -6; // D r i f t l e n g t h o f gunn d i o d e i n m 7 Vd = 2*10^8; // D r i f t v e l o c i t y i n gun d i o d e 8 Vgmin = 3.3*10^3; // minimum v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t r e q u i r e d

to s t a r t the diode 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 Vmin = Vgmin * l ; 11 12 13

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Minimum V o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e gunn d i o d e i s %g mV ’ , Vmin *10^3) ; 14 //=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

41

Chapter 7 RADAR RECEIVERS

Scilab code Exa 7.1 FINDING PROBABILTY OF FALSE ALARM 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

// Chapter −7 e x a m p l e 1 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a BW = 0.5*10^9; // bandwidth o f p u l s e d r a d a r i n hz Tfa = 10; // f a l s e a l a r m t i m e i n m i n u t e s // C a l c u l a t i o n s Tfa1 = Tfa *60; // f a l s e a l a r m t i m e i n s e c o n d s Pfa = 1/( BW * Tfa1 ) // Output mprintf ( ’ p r o b a b i l i t y o f f a l s e a l a r m i s %g ’ , Pfa ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

42

Scilab code Exa 7.2 FINDING RADAR INTEGRATION TIME 1 2

// Chapter −7 e x a m p l e 2 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 BW = 1*10^9; // bandwidth o f p u l s e d r a d a r i n hz 7 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 Tint = 1/ BW ; // r a d a r i n t e g r a t i o n t i m e i n s e c 10 // Output 11 mprintf ( ’ Radar i n t e g r a t i o n t i m e i s %g n s e c ’ , Tint

*10^9) ; 12 13


Scilab code Exa 7.5 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

// Chapter −7 e x a m p l e 5 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a BW = 0.5*10^9; PW = 5*10^ -3; Vo = 3*10^8;

// Bandwidth o f waveform i n Hz // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s

43

12 RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m b e f o r e compression

13 14 //RR 15 tn1 16 RRc

= Vo∗ t n 1 /2 ; = 1/ BW ; = ( Vo * tn1 ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m a f t e r compression

17 18 19 20

// o u t p u t

mprintf ( ’ Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %e m\ n Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %3 . 2 f m\n ’ ,RR , RRc ) ; 21 mprintf ( ’ Note : Wrong C a l c u l a t i o n i n Textbook ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.8 RANGE RESOLUTION BEFORE AND AFTER COMPRESSION 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −7 e x a m p l e 8 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a BW = 0.3*10^9; PW = 3*10^ -3; Vo = 3*10^8;

// Bandwidth o f waveform i n Hz // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m b e f o r e compression

//RR

= Vo∗ t n 1 /2 ; 44

15 tn1 16 RRc 17 18 19 20

= 1/ BW ; = ( Vo * tn1 ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m a f t e r compression

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %e m\ n Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %3 . 2 f m\n ’ ,RR , RRc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.9 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

// Chapter −7 e x a m p l e 9 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a BW = 2*10^6; Fn = 9; k = 1.38*10^ -23; To = 290;

// Radar Bandwidth i n Hz // N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t // T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n

// A n t i l o g C a l c u l a t i o n // 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( Fn ) = 9 // Fn = antilog (9/10) ; Fn = 10^(9/10) MRS

= k * To * BW *( Fn -1) ; // Minimum R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l (MRS) , MRS *10^12) ; 45

= %3 . 4 f PW’

21

mprintf ( ’ \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n Textbook ’ ) ;

46

Chapter 9 RADAR ANTENNAS

Scilab code Exa 9.1 FINDING BEAMWIDTHS 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 1 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t Da = F = Vo =

data 2.5; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m 5*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h NNBW = 140*( lamda / Da ) ; HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg // Output mprintf ( ’NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s ’ , NNBW , HPBW ) ;

17

47

18


Scilab code Exa 9.2 FINDING GAIN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12



// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c reflector 13 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 14 // Output 15 mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB ’ ,G ) ; 16 17


Scilab code Exa 9.3 FINDING NNBW HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF ANTENNA 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t Da = F = Vo =


// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c reflector 13 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 14 NNBW = 140*( lamda / Da ) ; 15 HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power bandwidth i n deg 16 17 18

19 20 21 22

// Output mprintf ( ’NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n ’ , NNBW , HPBW ) ; mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r );

i s %3 . 2 f dB ’ ,G


Scilab code Exa 9.4 FINDING POWER GAIN 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 4 // ==================================================================

49

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t Da = F = Vo =

data 2; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m 2*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c reflector 13 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 14 // Output 15 mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB ’ ,G ) ; 16 17


Scilab code Exa 9.5 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF PARABOLOID 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 5 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 F = 6*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 8 NNBW = 5; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h

50

12 13 Da = 140*( lamda / NNBW ) ; 14 HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg 15 Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c

reflector = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

16 G 17 18 // Output 19 mprintf ( ’ Mouth D i a m e t e r o f

of parabolic r e f l e c t o r

p a r a b o l o i d i s %g m\n HPBW i s %g d e g r e e s \n ’ ,Da , HPBW )

; 20 21 22 23

mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g dB\n Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g ’ ,G , Gp ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.6 FINDING BEAMWIDTH DIRECTIVITY AND CAPTURE AREA 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 6 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t F = Vo = NNBW = Da =

data 9*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 5; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth 5; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m

// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h 51

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25

A Ac

= ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // a c t u r a l a r e a o f a n t e n n a = 0.65* A ; // C a p t u r e Area

D D1 HPBW NNBW

= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2; // d i r e c t i v i t y o f a n t e n n a = 10* log10 ( D ) // g a i n i n dB = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg = 2* HPBW ; // n u l l t o n u l l beamwidth

// Output mprintf ( ’HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n D i r e c t i v i t y i s %g dB\n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %g mˆ2 ’ , HPBW , NNBW , D1 , Ac ) ;


Scilab code Exa 9.7 FINDING MIN DISTANCE REQUIRED BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


data 5; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m 5*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h R = (2* Da * Da ) / lamda ; // min d i s t a n c e b /w a n t e n n a s 52

13 14 15 16

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum d i s t a n c e R e q u i r e d i s %g m ’ ,R ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.8 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND BEAM WIDTH OF ANTENNA 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 8 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s Gp = 500; // power g a i n o f a n t e n n a // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Da = lamda *( Gp /6.4) ^0.5 // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c antenna in m NNBW HPBW

= 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beamwidth b /w n u l l t o n u l l = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg

// Output mprintf ( ’NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n ’ , NNBW , HPBW ) ; mprintf ( ’ Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r %3 . 2 f m ’ , Da ) ; 53

is

21 22


Scilab code Exa 9.9 FINDING CAPTURE AREA AND BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 9 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 9*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s Gp = 100; // power g a i n o f a n t e n n a i n dB // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h // a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n // 100 = 10 l o g 1 0 (Gp) ; // 10 = l o g (Gp) ; G = 10^10; // g a i n o f a n t e n n a Da = lamda * sqrt ( G /6.4) // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c antenna in m A = ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // Area o f a n t e n n a Ac = 0.65* A ; // c a p t u r e a r e a NNBW = 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beamwidth b /w n u l l t o n u l l HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg // Output mprintf ( ’NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n ’ , NNBW , HPBW ) ; 54

24 25 26 27

mprintf ( ’ \n Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r %3 . 3 f m\n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %3 . 2 f mˆ2 ’ ,Da , Ac ) ;

is


Scilab code Exa 9.10 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWER GAIN 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 10 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t F = Vo = Da =

data 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 5; // a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r i n m

// C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c reflector 13 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

BWFN HPBW

= 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beam w i d t h b /n n u l l s = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg

// Output mprintf ( ’BWFN o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n ’ , BWFN , HPBW ) ;

21

55

22 23 24

mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

i s %g dB ’ ,G ) ;



3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 11 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s IE =0.6; // i l l u m i n a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y Da =12; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Gp = IE *( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB // Output mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r );

i s %3 . 2 f dB ’ ,G


Scilab code Exa 9.12 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND CAPTURE AREA 56

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 12 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s NNBW = 8; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth i n d e g r e e s // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Da = (140* lamda ) / NNBW ; A = ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // Area o f a n t e n n a Ac = 0.65* A ; // c a p t u r e a r e a // Output mprintf ( ’ \n Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r %3 . 3 f m \n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %3 . 2 f mˆ2 ’ ,Da , Ac ) ;

is


Scilab code Exa 9.13 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND POWER GAIN 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 13 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 F = 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

57

8 NNBW = 2; // N u l l t o N u l l Beamwidth i n d e g r e e s 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h 12 Da = (140* lamda ) /2; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m 13 Gp = 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c

reflector 14 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 15 16 17 // Output 18 mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

i s %g dB\n mouth d i a m e t e r o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %g m ’ ,G , Da ) ;

19 20


Scilab code Exa 9.14 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWERGAIN 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 14 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 7 HPBW = 6; // H a l f power Beamwidth i n d e g r e e s 8 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 NNBW = 2* HPBW ; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth i n d e g r e e s 11 //HPBW = 7 0 ∗ ( lamda /Da ) ; 12 // ( 7 0 /HPBW)= ( Da/ lamda ) ; 13 Gp = 6.4*(70/ HPBW ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r 14 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

58

15 16 17 18 19 20

// Output mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB\n NNBW o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %g d e g r e e s ’ ,G , NNBW ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================


// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 15 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 //Da = 6∗ lamda ; 7 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 10 //Gp = 6 . 4 ∗ ( Da/ lamda ) ˆ 2 ; // power g a i n 11 12 //Gp = 6 . 4 ∗ ( 6 ∗ lamda / lamda ) ˆ2 // power g a i n o f

parabolic reflector 13 Gp =6.4*(6) ^2; 14 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 15 16 17 // Output 18 mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

G); 19 20

//=============end o f t h e program 59

i s %3 . 2 f dB\n ’ ,

==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.16 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY OF ANTENNA 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 16 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 //Da = 7∗ lamda ; d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a 7 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 //HPBW = 7 0 ∗ ( lamda /Da ) 10 //HPBW = 7 0 ∗ ( lamda / ( 7 ∗ lamda ) ) ; 11 HPBW = 70/7; // h a l f power beamwidth 12 NNBW = 2* HPBW ; // n u l l t o n u l l beamwidth 13 //Gp = 6 . 4 ∗ ( Da/ lamda ) ˆ 2 ; // power g a i n 14 15 //Gp = 6 . 4 ∗ ( ( 7 ∗ lamda ) / lamda ) ˆ2 ; power g a i n o f

parabolic reflector 16 Gp =6.4*(7) ^2; 17 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB 18 19 20 21

22 23

// Output mprintf ( ’ Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 1 f \n HPBW o f Antenna i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e s \n NNBW o f Antenna i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e s ’ ,Gp , HPBW , NNBW ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

60

Scilab code Exa 9.17 FINDING BEAMWIDTH POWERGAIN AND DIRECTIVITY 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 17 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 8*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^10; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n cm/ s D = 9; // pyramida h o r n d i a m e t e r i n cm W = 4; // pyramida h o r n w i d t h i n cm // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F // w a v e l e n g t h i n cm HPBW_E = 56*( lamda / D ) // h a l f p o w e r beamwidth i n E− plane ; HPBW_H = 67*( lamda / W ) // h a l f p o w e r beamwidth i n H− plane ; Gp = (4.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // power g a i n G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB Di =(7.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // d i r e c t i v i t y

// Output mprintf ( ’ H a l f p o w e r beamwidth i b E−p l a n e i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n H a l f p o w e r beamwidth iN H−p l a n e i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e s \n P o w e r g a i n i s %3 . 2 f dB\n D i r e c t i v i t y i s %3 . 2 f ’ , HPBW_E , HPBW_H ,G , Di ) ;

//=============end o f t h e program ============================================== 61

Scilab code Exa 9.18 FINDING POWER GAIN OF HORN ANTENNA 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 18 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 // A p e r t u r e s i z e = 10∗ lamda 7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 8 //Gp = ( 4 . 5 ∗W∗D) / ( lamda ∗ lamda ) ; 9 //Gp = ( 4 . 5 ∗ ( 1 0 ∗ lamda ) ∗ ( 1 0 ∗ lamda ) ) / ( lamda ∗ lamda ) ; 10 Gp = (4.5*10*10) ; // power g a i n o f s q u a r e h o r n

antenna 11 G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB 12 13 // Output 14 mprintf ( ’ Power Gain o f S q u a r e Horn Antenna i s %3 . 2 f 15

dB ’ ,G ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.19 FINDING POWER GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 19 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a

62

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

F = 8*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^10; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n cm/ s D = 10; // pyramida h o r n d i a m e t e r i n cm W = 5; // pyramida h o r n w i d t h i n cm // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F // w a v e l e n g t h i n cm Gp = (4.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // power g a i n G = 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB Di =(7.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // d i r e c t i v i t y DI =10* log10 ( Di ) ; // D i r e c t i v i t y i n dB

// Output mprintf ( ’ P o w e r g a i n i s %3 . 2 f dB\n D i r e c t i v i t y i s %3 . 2 f dB ’ ,G , DI ) ;


Scilab code Exa 9.20 FINDING COMPLEMENTARY SLOT IMPEDANCE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 20 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t no = Zd1 = Zd2 = Zd3 = Zd4 = Zd5 =

data 377; // F r e e s p a c e i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e i n ohms 73+50* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; 70; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; 800; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; 400 // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; 50+10* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; 63

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Zd6 Zd7

= 50 -30* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ; = 350; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;

// C a l c u l a t i o n s K = ( no ^2) /4; // Zs = ( no ∗ no ) / ( 4 ∗ Zd ) ; s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs1 = K / Zd1 // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs2 = K / Zd2 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs3 = K / Zd3 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs4 = K / Zd4 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs5 = K / Zd5 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs6 = K / Zd6 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e Zs7 = K / Zd7 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 73+ i 5 0 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs1 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 70 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs2 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 800 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs3 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 400 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs4 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 50+ i 1 0 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs5 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 50− i 3 0 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs6 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;; mprintf ( ’ s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 350 ohm i s ’ ) , mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs7 ) ) , mprintf ( ’ ohm \n ’ ) ;;


64

Scilab code Exa 9.21 FINDING RADIATION RESISTANCE OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 21 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 7 // d l 1 = lamda / 2 0 ; 8 // d l 2 = lamda / 3 0 ; 9 // d l 3 = lamda / 4 0 ; 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 // Rr = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( d l / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

i n ohms // Rr1 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( d l 1 / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // Rr1 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( ( lamda / 2 0 ) / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Rr1 =80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/20) ^2 ; // Rr2 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( d l 2 / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // Rr2 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( ( lamda / 3 0 ) / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Rr2 =80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/30) ^2 ; // Rr3 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( d l 3 / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // Rr3 = 8 0 ∗ ( p i ∗ p i ) ∗ ( ( lamda / 4 0 ) / lamda ) ˆ2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Rr3 =80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/40) ^2 ;

65

23 24 25

26 27

// Output mprintf ( ’ I f H e r t z i a n d i p o l e l e n g t h i s lamda /20 t h e n R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e = %3 . 3 f ohm\n I f H e r t z i a n d i p o l e l e n g t h i s lamda /30 t h e n R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e = %3 . 3 f ohm\n I f H e r t z i a n d i p o l e l e n g t h i s lamda /40 t h e n R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e = %3 . 3 f ohm\n ’ ,Rr1 , Rr2 , Rr3 ) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.22 DIRECTIVITY OF HALFWAVE DIPOLE 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 22 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 disp ( ’ For h a l f wave d i p o l e Emax = 60 I / r ’ ) 6 disp ( ’ But Pr = 73 I ˆ2 Watts ’ ) ; 7 disp ( ’ For Pr = 1 W’ ) ; 8 disp ( ’ I = 1/ s q r t ( 7 3 ) ’ ) ; 9 disp ( ’ Emax = ( 6 0 / r ) ∗ I ’ ) ; 10 disp ( ’ Gdmax = ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ p h i ) / Pr ’ ) , disp ( ’ a s Pr =1 and p h i 11 12 13 14 15 16

= ( r ˆ 2 ) ∗ (Eˆ 2 ) / no ’ ) disp ( ’ Gdmax = 4∗ p i ∗ ( r ˆ 2 ) ∗ (Eˆ 2 ) / no ’ ) ; disp ( ’ = ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ ( r ˆ 2 ) ∗ 6 0 ∗ 6 0 ) / ( no ∗ r ∗ r ∗ 7 3 ) ’ ) ; disp ( ’ = (4∗ p i ∗60∗60) /(120∗ p i ∗73) ’ ); Gdmax = 120/73;

mprintf ( ’ D i r e c t i v i t y o f h a l f wave d i p o l e i s %3 . 2 f ’ , Gdmax ) ; 17 //=============end o f program 66

===================================================

Scilab code Exa 9.23 FINDING RADIATED POWER 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 23 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 12*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Ghz I = 2; // c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s Rr = 300; // r a d i a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // C a l c u l a t i o n s Pr = I * I * Rr ; // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ R a d i a t e d Power i s %3 . 1 f Watts ’ , Pr ) ; //================end o f t h e program ============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.24 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 24 // ==================================================================

3 clc ;

67

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 600*10^6; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s D = 1.644; // D i r e c t i v i t y o f t h e h a l f wave d i p o l e // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Ae = ( lamda ^2* D ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e a r e a o f antenna 12 // Output 13 mprintf ( ’ E f f e c t i v e Area o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %3 . 4 f mˆ2 ’ , Ae ) ; 14 15


Scilab code Exa 9.25 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE 1 2

// Chapter −9 e x a m p l e 25 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 200*10^6; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s D = 1.5; // D i r e c t i v i t y o f t h e H e r t z i a n d i p o l e // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h Ae = ( lamda ^2* D ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e a r e a o f antenna 12 // Output 13 mprintf ( ’ E f f e c t i v e Area o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %3 . 4 f mˆ2 ’ , Ae ) ; 68

14 15


69

Chapter 11 SOLVED PROBLEMS

Scilab code Exa 11.1 FINDING RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 1 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clc ; clear ; // Given d a t a F = 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l i n m/ s ; G = 20; // a n t e n n a g a i n i n dBi ; R = 20*10^3; // d i s t a n c e o f r a d a r r e f l e c t e d s i g n a l from t a r g e t Pt = 10*10^3 //Tx power i n w a t t s CS = 10; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 // C a l c u l a t i o n s Gain = 10^( G /10) //G = 10 l o g ( Gain ) ==>g a i n − antilog (20/10) ; Gr = Gain ; // g a i n o f t x a n t e n n a and Rx a n t e n n a Gt = Gain lamda = Vo / F Pr = ( lamda * lamda * Pt * Gt * Gr * CS ) /((4*4*4* %pi * %pi * %pi ) *(

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

70

R ^4) ) // r e c e i v e d power i n w a t t s 18 19 20 21

// Output mprintf ( ’ R e c e i v e d s i g n a l Power i s %g ’ , Pr ) ; mprintf ( ’ \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n Textbook ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.2 FINDING TARGET DISTANCE FROM RADAR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 2 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s t = 20*10^ -6; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c // c a l c u l a t i o n s R = ( Vo * t ) /2; // d i s t a n c e b /n t a r g e t and Radar i n m // Output mprintf ( ’ D i s t a n c e o f T a r g e t from t h e Radar i s %g Km ’ ,R /1000 ) ; //==========end o f program =====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.3 FINDING MAX AND MIN RANGES OF RADAR 1


71

2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clc ; clear ; Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s F = 0.8*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y Tp = 1.2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // C a l c u l a t i o n s Rmax = Vo /(2* F ) ; //maximum Range o f Radar i n m Rmin = ( Vo * Tp ) /2; // minimum Range o f r a d a r i n m // Output mprintf ( ’ Maximum Range o f Radar i s %g Km\n Minimum Range o f t h e Radar i s %g m ’ , Rmax /1000 , Rmin ) ; //==========end o f program =====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 4 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; PW = 1.5*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c PRF = 2000 // p e r s e c o n d // C a l c u l a t i o n s Dc = PW * PRF ; // duty c y c l e // Output 72

12 13

mprintf ( ’ Duty C y c l e i s %e ’ , Dc ) ; //==========end o f program =====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.5 FINDING AVERAGE TX POWER 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 5 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; PW = 2*10^ -6 // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c PRF = 1000 // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y Pp = 1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s // C a l c u l a t i o n s Dc = PW * PRF ; // duty c y c l e AvgTp = Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e t r a n s m i t t e d power i n w a t t s // Output mprintf ( ’ A v e r a g e T r a n s m i t t e d power i s %g KW’ , AvgTp /1000) ; //==========end o f program =====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.6 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clc ; clear ; PW = 2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m

// Output mprintf ( ’ Range R e s o l u t i o n i s %g m ’ , RR ) ; //=============end o f program ==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.7 FINDING TARGET RANGE 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 7 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; t = 50*10^ -6; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s R

= ( Vo * t ) /2; // Range i n m

// Output 74

13 14 15

mprintf ( ’ T a r g e t Range i s %g Kms ’ ,R /1000) ; //=============end o f program ==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.8 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 8 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t Tvel = F = Vo =

data 1000; // t a r g e t s p e e d i n kmph 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s Vr = 1000*(5/18) ; // t a r g e t s p e e d i n m/ s Fd = (2* Vr * F ) / Vo ; // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz // Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t Caused by a i r c r a f t i s %3 . 2 f KHz ’ , Fd /1000) ; //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.9 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 6*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar Vr = 250; // v e l o c i t y o f a u t o m o b i l e i n Kmph Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s Va Fd

= Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a u t o m o b i l e i n m/ s = (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz

// Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t /1000)

i s %3 . 3 f KHz ’ , Fd


Scilab code Exa 11.10 FINDING DOPPLERSHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQ OF RELECTED ECHO 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 10 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 9*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar Vr = 800; // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n Kmph Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 76

9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 12 Va = Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s 13 Fd = (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz 14 Fr = F + Fd ; // f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i n Hz 15 // Output 16 mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i s %g Hz\n

f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i s %e Khz\n ’ ,Fd , Fr /1000) 17 mprintf ( ’ Note : d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y s h i f t w r o n g l y p r i n t e d i n Text Book a s 1 3 3 3 . 3 Hz ’ ) ; 18 //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.11 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY OF REFLECTED SIGNAL 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 11 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 2*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar Vr = 350; // v e l o c i t y o f s p o r t s Car i n Kmph Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s Va Fd // Car Fr

= Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s = (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz moving away from Radar = F - Fd ; // f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d s i g n a l i n Hz 77

16 17 18

// Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i s %g Hz\n f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i s %g Ghz − %g Hz\n ’ , Fd , F /10^9 , Fd ) 19 mprintf ( ’ Note : d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y s h i f t w r o n g l y p r i n t e d i n Text Book a s 1 2 9 . 6 Hz\n Vr i s p r i n t e d a s 9 . 7 2 m/ s i n s t e a d o f 9 7 . 2 m/ s ’ ) ; 20 //=============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.12 FINDING AVERAGE POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 12 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 PRF = 2000; // p u l s e

r e p e t i t i o n frequency per second 7 PW = 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c 8 Pp = 500*10^3; // Peak power i n w a t t s 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 Dc = PW * PRF ; // Duty C y c l e 12 Pav = Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s 13 pavdB = 10* log10 ( Pav ) ; 14 15 // Output 16 17 mprintf ( ’ A v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n A v e r a g e Power i s

%g dB ’ , Pav /1000 , pavdB ) ; 18

78

19


Scilab code Exa 11.13 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER AND MAX RANGE OF RADAR 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 13 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 PRF = 1000; // p u l s e

r e p e t i t i o n frequency per

second 7 PW = 0.8*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c 8 Pp = 10*10^6; // Peak power i n w a t t s 9 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s ; 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 Dc = PW * PRF ; // Duty C y c l e 13 Pav = Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s 14 Rmax = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; 15 16 17 // Output 18 19 mprintf ( ’ A v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n Maximum Radar

Range i s %g Km ’ , Pav /1000 , Rmax /1000) ; 20 21


79


// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 14 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 Rmax = 500*10^3; //maximum Range o f Radar i n ms 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 10 PRF = Vo /(2* Rmax ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n

Hz 11 12 13 14 15

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ P u l s e r e p e t i v e f r e q u e n c y r e q u i r e d f o r t h e r a n g e o f 500km i s %g Hz ’ , PRF ) ; //========end o f program =======================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.15 FINDING RANGE 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 15 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 Te = 0.2*10^ -3; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c 7 PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e F r e q u e n c y i n Hz

80

8 Vo = 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 R = ( Vo * Te ) /2; // Range o f t h e t a r g e t i n m 11 Runamb = ( Vo /(2* PRF ) ) ; //Maximum unambiguous Range

in m 12 13 14 15 16

// Output mprintf ( ’ T a r g e t r a n g e i s %g Km\n Maximum Unambiguous Range i s %g Km ’ ,R /1000 , Runamb /1000) ; //=================end o f program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.16 FINDING FREQUENCIES 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 16 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz Vo = 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s Vr = 100; // v e l o c i t y o f c a r i n kmph // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m Vc = Vr *(5/18) ; // v e l o c i t y o f c a r i n m/ s Fd = (2* Vc ) / lamda ; // d o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz // Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r S h i f t i s %g KHz\n F r e q u e n c y o f t h e R e c e i v e d e c h o when c a r i s a p p r o a c h i n g r a d a r i s %g Ghz + %g Khz\n F r e q u e n c y o f t h e R e c e i v e d e c h o when c a r i s moving away from r a d a r i s %g Ghz − %g Khz ’ , Fd /1000 , F /10^9 , Fd /1000 , F /10^9 , Fd /1000) ; 81

15 16

//=================end o f program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.17 FINDING BEAMWIDTH 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 17 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 D = 200; // a z i m u t h d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two r a d a r s 7 R = 10*10^3; // Range o f r a d a r 8 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 BWdB = ( D / R ) *(180/ %pi ) ; // 3dB beam w i d t h i n d e g r e e s 11 12 // Output 13 mprintf ( ’ Maximum 3 db beamwidth o f r a d a r r e s o l v i n g

t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 3 f d e g r e e s ’ , BWdB ) ; 14 15

//=============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.18 FINDING MIN TIME REQUIRED TO RESOLVE AIRCRAFTS 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 18 // ==================================================================

82

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz Vo = 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s Vr1 = 100; // v e l o c i t y o f one a i r c r a f t i n m/ s theta = 45; // a n g l e b /n v e l o c i t y v e c t o r and r a d a r axis f o r second a i r c r a f t Vr = 200; // v e l i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m Fd1 = (2* Vr1 ) / lamda // d o p p l e r s h i f t due t o 1 s t aircraft Vr2 = Vr * cos (45* %pi /180) // r a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e second a i r c r a f t Fd2 = (2* Vr2 ) / lamda // d o p p l e r s h i f t due t o 2 nd aircraft Fd = Fd2 - Fd1 // d i f f e r e n c e i n d o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz T = 1/ Fd ; // t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e s o l v e t h e a i r c r a f t in sec

18 19 20

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e s o l v e t h e a i r c r a f t s i s %g u s e c \n ’ ,T *10^6) ; 21 mprintf ( ’ Note : i n t e x t b o o k t h e r e i s a m i s t a k e i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f d o p p l e r s h i f t Fd1 ’ ) ; 22 //============end o f t h e program ================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.19 FINDING DUTY CYCLE CORRECTION FACTOR 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 19 // ================================================================== 83

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pp = 100*10^3; // peak power i n w a t t s Pav = 100; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s // C a l c u l a t i o n s PdB = 10* log10 ( Pp ) ; // peak power i n dB PavdB = 10* log10 ( Pav ) ; // a v e r a g e power i n dB ; DCC = PdB - PavdB ; // Duty C y c l e C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r

// Output mprintf ( ’ Duty C y c l e C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r i s %g dB\n ’ , DCC ) ; 16 mprintf ( ’ Note : I n q u e s t i o n g i v e n peak power i s 100 KW but w h i l e s o l v i n g 1KW i s t a k e n i n s t e a d o f 100 KW’ ) 17 18

//============end o f t h e program ==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.20 FINDING AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE AND PULSE ENERGY 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 20 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pp = 1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s PW = 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c NPd = 20; // p u l s e s i n one d w e l l p e r i o d 84

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

PRF

= 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

// c a l c u l a t i o n s PE = Pp * PW ; // p u l s e e n e r g y i n j o u l e PED = NPd * PE ; // p u l s e e n e r g y i n one d w e l l p e r i o d D = PW * PRF ; // Duty c y c l e Pav = Pp * D ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ A v e r a g e Power i s %g w a t t s \n Duty C y c l e i s %e\n P u l s e Energy i s %g J o u l e s \n P u l s e Energy i n one D w e l l P e r i o d i s %g J o u l e s \n ’ ,Pav ,D , PE , PED ) ; 19 mprintf ( ’ Note : I n t e x t b o o k V a l u e s o f PRF and p u l s e s i n one d w e l l p e r i o d a r e v a r i e d from g i v e n v a l u e s i n q u e s t i o n w h i l e s o l v i n g ’ ); 20 ; 21 //================end o f t h e program ============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.21 FINDING NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 21 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Noise_power = -50; // n o i s e power i n dBm Fl = 1*10^6; // l o w e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Fh = 21*10^6; // u p p e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz // c a l c u l a t i o n BW = Fh - Fl ; // bandwidth NP =10^ -8 // n o i s e power i n w a t t s ; −50dBm = 10 l o g 1 0 (NP 85

) =>10ˆ−5 mwatts 13 NPSD = NP / BW ; // n o i s e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i n W/Hz 14 15 16 17 18

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ N o i s e Power S p e c t r a l D e n s i t y i s %3 . 0 e W/Hz ’ , NPSD ) ; //==============end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.22 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 22 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 Ra = 1000; // Range o f t a r g e t A i n Kms 7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 8 Rb = Ra * cos (45* %pi /180) ; // r a n g e o f t a r g e t B i n kms 9 10 // o u t p u t 11 mprintf ( ’ Range o f t a r g e t B i s %g Kms\n ’ , Rb ) ; 12 mprintf ( ’ Note : v a l u e o f c o s ( 4 5 ) i s i n c o r r e c t l y t a k e n

a s 1/2 i n t e x t b o o k ’ ) ; 13 14

//====================end o f t h e program =======================================

Scilab code Exa 11.23 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET 86

1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 23 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 Az = 60; // a z i m u t h a n g l e o f t h e t a r g e t i n d e g r e e s 7 Height = 10; // h e i g h t o f t a r g e t i n kms 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 9 R = 10/ sin ( Az * %pi /180) ; 10 11 // o u t p u t 12 mprintf ( ’ Range o f t h e T a r g e t i s %g Kms ’ ,R ) ; 13 14 //==========end o f t h e program

=================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.24 FINDING TARGET BLIND SPEED 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 24 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 10*10^9; //MTI r a d a r o p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s ; PRF = 2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n hz n =1; // f o r l o w e s t b l i n d s p e e d // C a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m BS =( n * lamda /2) * PRF ; // b l i n d s p e e d

87

14 15 16 17

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Lowest B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s ’ , BS ) ; //==========end o f t h e program =================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.25 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 25 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 PRF = 2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s 8 mprintf ( ’ f 1 = f i r s t o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MTI Radar 9 10

11 12 13 14

\n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ f 2 = s e c o n d o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MTI Radar \n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ 2 nd b l i n d s p e e d o f 1 s t r a d a r = ( 2 Vo/2 f 1 ) ∗ PRF\n 5 t h b l i n d s p e e d o f 2 nd r a d a r = ( 5 Vo/2 f 2 ) ∗ PRF\n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ PRF( V0/ f 1 ) = ( 5 / 2 ) ∗ ( Vo/ f 2 ) ∗PRF\n ’ ) ; mprintf ( ’ ( f 2 / f 1 ) = 5/2 \ n ’ ) ; //==============end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.26 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 mprintf ( ’ ( PRF1 ) = 2 ( PRF2 ) \n ’ ) ; 7 mprintf ( ’ Vb3 = 4Vb5\n ’ ) ; 8 mprintf ( ’ ( 3 Vo/2 F1 ) ( PRF1 ) ) = 4 ( 5 Vo/2 F2 ) ( 2 PRF2 ) \n ’ ) ; 9 mprintf ( ’ 3/2 F1 = 20/ F2\n ’ ) ; 10 mprintf ( ’ R a t i o o f o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s i s F2/F1 =

40/3\ n ’ ); 11 12

//=================end o f t h e program ===========================================

Scilab code Exa 11.27 FINDING COMPRESSION RATIO AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 27 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a PW = 5; //FM p u l s e w i d t h b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n i n u s Fl = 40; // l o w e r c u t o f f F r e q u e n c y i n Mhz Fh = 60; // u p p e r c u t o f f F r e q u e n c y i n Mhz // C a l c u l a t i o n s BW = Fh - Fl ; // bandwidth o f s i g n a l i n Mhz CPW = 1/ BW ; // C o m p r e s s i o n p u l s e w i d t h i n u s CR = PW / CPW ; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o

89

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %g\n C o m p r e s s i o n P u l s e Width i s %g u s \n ’ ,CR , CPW ) ; 17 //==============end o f t h e program ============================================== 15 16

Scilab code Exa 11.28 FINDING COMPRESSION PULSEWIDTH AND RATIO 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 28 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a BW = 100 // band w i d t h i n Mhz PW = 4; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s // C a l c u l a t i o n s CPW = 1/ BW ; // c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i n u s CR = PW / CPW ; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i s %g u s \n c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %g\n ’ ,CPW , CR ) ; 14 mprintf ( ’ Note : I n t e x t b o o k c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s w r o n g l y p r i n t e d a s 40 ’ ) ;

15 16


Scilab code Exa 11.29 FINDING COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH AND BANDWIDTH 90

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 29 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a CR = 50; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o PW = 2; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s // C a l c u l a t i o n s CPW = PW / CR // c o m p r e s s i o n p u l s e w i d t h i n u s BW = 1/ CPW // c o m p r e s s i o n band w i d t h i n Mhz // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i s %g u s \n c o m p r e s s i o n Bandwidth i s %g MHz\n ’ ,CPW , BW ) ;


Scilab code Exa 11.30 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 30 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a PW = 1*10^ -6; // t r a n s m i t t e d p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s // C a l c u l a t i o n s RR = ( Vo * PW ) /2; 91

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Range R e s o l u t i o n i s %g m\n ’ , RR ) ; mprintf ( ’ As t h e t a r g e t s a r e s e p a r a t e d by 100m i t i s p o s s i b l e to r e s o l v e ’ ); 14 //===============end o f program ================================================ 11 12 13

Scilab code Exa 11.31 FINDING CLOSEST FREQUENCIES 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 31 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Fm = PRF ; // m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // C a l c u l a t i o n s Fc1 = F + Fm ; // c l o s e s t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz Fc2 = F - Fm ; // c l o s e s t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ C l o s e s t F r e q u e n c i e s a r e %3 . 3 f Mhz and %3 . 3 f Mhz ’ , Fc1 /10^6 , Fc2 /10^6 ) ; //================end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.32 FINDING SPECTRUM CENTRE BANDWIDTH AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F1 = 490; // f r e q s h i f t l o w e r l i m i t i n Mhz F2 = 510; // f r e q s h i f t u p p e r l i m i t i n Mhz // c a l c u l a t i o n s SC = ( F1 + F2 ) /2; // Spectrum C e n t r e i n Mhz BW = F2 - F1 ; // bandwidth i n Mhz CPW = 1/ BW ; // c o m p r e s s e d bandwidth i n u s // Output mprintf ( ’ Spectrum c e n t r e i s %g MHz\n BandWidth i s %g MHz\n Compressed p u l s e Width i s %g u s ’ ,SC , BW , CPW ); //============end o f t h e program ===============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.33 FINDING MINIMUM RECEIVABLE SIGNAL 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 33 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a F = 9; BW = 2*10^6; To = 300;

// N o i s e f i g u r e i n dB // Bandwidth // T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n 93

9 K = 1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 F1 = 10^( F /10) // a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n 14 Pmin = ( K * To * BW ) *( F1 -1) ; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e

power 15 16 17 18 19

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Pmin = %e W’ , Pmin ) ; //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.34 FINDING MAXIMUM RANGE OF RADAR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 34 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pt = 500*10^3; // p e a l p u l s e power i n w a t t s Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Ac = 5; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n mˆ s RCS = 16; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 F = 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; // c a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h

94

16

Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) ) ^0.25;

17 18 19

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s %g Kms\n ’ , Rmax /1000) ; 20 mprintf ( ’ Note : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b o o k i n s t e a d o f RCS , RCSˆ2 i s c a l c u l a t e d ’ ) ; 21 //===============end o f t h e program ============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.35 FINDING PEAK TX POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 35 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 lamda 7 RCS

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m // Radar c r o s s

8

// a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r

9

= 0.03; = 5; s e c t i o n i n mˆ2 D = 1; in m F = 5; dB Rmax = 10*10^3 BW = 500*10^3;

// n o i s e f i g u r e i n // Radar r a n g e // bandwidth

10 11 12 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 F1 = 10^( F /10)

// a n t i l o g

calculation 15 16

//Rmax

= 4 8 ∗ ( ( Pt ∗Dˆ4∗RCS) / (BW∗ lamda ∗ lamda ( F 95

−1) ) ) ˆ 0 . 2 5 17 18 Pt

= (( Rmax /48) ^4) *(( BW * lamda * lamda *( F1 -1) ) /( D ^4* RCS ) )

19 20 21 22

// Output mprintf ( ’ Peak T r a n s m i t t e d Power i s %e ’ , Pt ) ; mprintf ( ’ \n Note : A n t i l o g C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n textbook at F ’ ) 23 // ==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.36 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 36 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pt = 20*10^6; // peak p u l s e power i n w a t t s RCS = 1; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 f = 3*(10^9) ; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y Vo = 3*(10^8) ; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; D = 50; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m F = 2; // r e c e i v e r n o i s e f i g u r e BW = 5000; // r e c e i v e r bandwidth // c a l c u l a t i o n s lamda = Vo / f // w a v e l e n g t h i n m Rmax = 48*(( Pt *( D ^4) * RCS ) /( BW * lamda * lamda *( F -1) ) ) ^0.25; 96

18 19 20

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s %g Kms\n ’ , Rmax /1000) ; 21 mprintf ( ’ Note : I n t e x t b o o k A l l v a l u e s a r e c o r r e c t l y s u b s t i t u t e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g Rmax . \ n but i n c o r r e c t f i n a l a n s w e r i s p r i n t e d i n t h e book ’ ) ; 22 23

//==============end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.37 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEEDS 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 37 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 lamda = 6*10^ -2; 7 PRF = 800;

// Wavelength i n m // P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz 8 n1

= 1 ;

// n v a l u e f o r

f i r s t blind

= 2 ;


f i r s t blind

= 3 ;


f i r s t blind

speed 9 n2

speed 10 n3

speed 11 12 13 14

// C a l c u l a t i o n s //Vb Radar

= ( n∗ lamda / 2 ) ∗PRF ;

15

97

Blind speed of the

16 // For n = 1 17 18 Vb1 = ( n1 * lamda /2) * PRF ;

Radar i n = Radar i n 20 Vb3 = Radar i n 19 Vb2

21 22 23 24 25

26 27

m/ s ( n2 * lamda /2) * PRF ; m/ s ( n3 * lamda /2) * PRF ; m/ s

// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e // B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e // B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e

// m u l t i p l y by 1 8 / 5 t o c o n v e r t from m/ s t o kmph // Output mprintf ( ’ The l o w e s t B l i n d s p e e d s a r e %3 . 1 f , %3 . 2 f and %3 . 2 f Km/ h r ’ , Vb1 *(18/5) , Vb2 *(18/5) , Vb3 *(18/5) ); //=============end o f program ==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.38 FINDING RANGE OF BEACON 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 37 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 Pt = 500*10^3; 8 pt = 50; 9 f

beacon in watts = 2500*10^6; i n Hz

// Peak p u l s e power i n Watts // peak power t r a n s m i t t e d by // Radar O p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y

98

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

lamda D BW Ab k F Fb To

= = = = = = = =

0.12; // 64; // 5000; // 0.51; 1.38*10^ -23; 20 1.1 290;

wavelength in m antenna diameter in m Radar Bandwidth // // // //

Boltzmann c o n s t a n t Noise f i g u r e Noise f i g u r e o f beacon Temperature i n k e l v i n

// C a l c u l a t i o n s Ar = (0.65* %pi * D * D ) /4 Rmax = sqrt (( Ar * Pt * Ab ) /( lamda * lamda * k * To * BW *( F -1) ) ) ; // Max t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f r a d a r Rmax1 = sqrt (( Ar * pt * Ab ) /( lamda * lamda * k * To * BW *( Fb -1) ) ) ; // Max t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f r a d a r i f Fb = 1.1

25 26 27

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Maximum T r a c k i n g Range o f Radar i s %3 . 3 e Km \n Range o f b e a c o n i f n o i s e f i g u r e i s 1 . 1 = %3 . 3 e Km\n ’ , Rmax /1000 , Rmax1 /1000) ; 28 mprintf ( ’ Note : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b o o k i n c a l c u l a t i n g Range o f b e a c o n \n i n s t e a d o f 1 . 3 6 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 9 km r a n g e i s w r o n g l y p r i n t e d a s 1 3 6 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 6 km ’ ) 29 30

//======================end o f program ==========================================

Scilab code Exa 11.39 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 39 // 99

================================================================== 3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 lamda = 0.06; 7 Vr = 100 ;

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m // R a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t

i n kmph 8 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 Vr1 = Vr *(5/18) ; // R a d i a l v e l . i n m/ s 11 fd = (2* Vr1 ) / lamda ; // d o p p l e r s h i f t 12 13 // o u t p u t 14 15 mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r S h i f t i s %3 . 3 f Khz ’ , fd /1000) ; 16 17 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.40 FINDING RX SIGNAL POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 40 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 F = 9.5*10^9;

Hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; 8 G = 20; 9 R = 50*10^3;

// r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n // v e l i n m/ s ; // a n t e n n a g a i n i n dBi ; // d i s t a n c e o f r a d a r r e f l e c t e d 100

s i g n a l from t a r g e t 10 Pt = 10*10^3 //Tx power i n w a t t s 11 CS = 10; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

// C a l c u l a t i o n s Gain = 10^( G /10) //G = 10 l o g ( Gain ) ==>g a i n − antilog (20/10) ; Gr = Gain ; // g a i n o f t x a n t e n n a and Rx antenna Gt = Gain lamda = Vo / F Pr = ( lamda * lamda * Pt * Gt * Gr * CS ) /((4*4*4* %pi * %pi * %pi ) *( R ^4) ) // r e c e i v e d power i n w a t t s

// Output mprintf ( ’ R e c e i v e d s i g n a l Power i s %g Watts ’ , Pr ) ; // ==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.41 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 41 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 Vo = 3*10^8; 8 t = 10*10^ -6; 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ; // t i m e t a k e n t o r x e c h o

101

12 R = ( Vo * t ) /2; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t 13 14 // o u t p u t 15 16 mprintf ( ’ D i s t a n c e o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f Km ’ ,R /1000)

; 17 18

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.42 FINDING MIN AND MAX TARGET RANGE 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 42 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 PW = 10^ -6; 8 PRF = 1000;

// P u l s e Width i n s e c // P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e Freq i n

Hz 9 Vo = 3*10^8; 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 Rmax = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; 14 Rmin = ( Vo * PW ) /2 ; 15 16 // o u t p u t 17 mprintf ( ’ Maximum Range

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;

// max r a n g e o f r a d a r // min r a n g e o f r a d a r

o f r a d a r i s %e m\n Minimum Range o f r a d a r i s %d m ’ , Rmax , Rmin ) ;

18

102

19

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.43 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 43 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // Given d a t a Vr = 100; f = 10*10^9; Vo = 3*10^8;

// s p e e d o f c a r i n kmph // Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // v e l . o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s Vr1 fd

= Vr *(5/18) ; // kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n = (2* Vr1 * f ) / Vo ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz

// Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r s h i f t = %3 . 2 f Khz ’ , fd /1000) ; //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.44 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clc ; clear ; // Given d a t a Vo t

= 3*10^8; = 200*10^ -6;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ; // t i m e t a k e n t o r x e c h o

// C a l c u l a t i o n s R

= ( Vo * t ) /2;

// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ D i s t a n c e o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f Km ’ ,R /1000) ; //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.45 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND AVERAGE POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 45 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 Pt = 100*10^3; 7 PRF = 1000;

// Peak t x . power // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q

. i n Hz 104

8 PW = 1.2*10^ -6; 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 DC = PRF * PW 12 Pav = Pt * DC 13 14 // Output 15 mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e i s %3 . 4

// P u l s e Width i n s e c

// Duty c y c l e // Avg . power

f \n A v e r a g e power i s %3 . 0

f Watts ’ ,DC , Pav ) ; 16 17

//

==================================================================


// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 46 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 Runamb = 300*10^3;

// unambiguous r a n g e i n

m 7 Vo

// V e l . o f EM wave i n m/

= 3*10^8; s

8 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 10 11 PRF = Vo /(2* Runamb ) ; // P u l s e

repetitive

freq . 12 13 14

// Output mprintf ( ’ P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y = %g Hz ’ , PRF ) ; 105

15

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.47 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 47 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 Vo = 3*10^8; 8 PRF = 1000;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q . i n

Hz 9 PW = 10^ -6; // P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 DC = PRF * PW // Duty c y c l e 14 15 Runamb = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t 16 17 // o u t p u t 18 19 mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e = %g\n Maximum unambiguous r a n g e

= %g Km ’ ,DC , Runamb /1000 ) ; 20 21

//

==================================================================

106

Scilab code Exa 11.48 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE AND RANGE RESOLUTION 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 48 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 Vo = 3*10^8; 8 PRF = 1000;


Hz 9 PW = 4*10^ -6; // P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 Runamb = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t 14 RR = ( Vo * PW ) /2; // Range R e s o l u t i o n 15 // o u t p u t 16 17 mprintf ( ’ Maximum unambiguous r a n g e = %g Km\n Range

R e s o l u t i o n = %g m ’ , Runamb /1000 , RR ) ; 18 19

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.49 CALCULATING RADAR PARAMETERS 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 f = 6*10^9;

// Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q . i n

Hz 7 Vo 8 PRF

= 3*10^8; = 1000;


Hz 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PW = 1.2*10^ -6; DC = 10^ -3; Smin = 5*10^ -12; R = 60*10^3; G = 4000; Ae = 1 RCS = 2 // C a l c u l a t i o n s

lamda = PRT = PRF = Pt = power 22 Pav =

// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // Duty C y c l e // min . d e t e c t a b l e s i g n a l // Max . Range i n m // power g a i n o f a n t e n n a // e f f e c t i v e a r e a i n mˆ2 // Radar c r o s s s e c . i n mˆ2

Vo / f ; // Wavelength i n m PW / DC ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e 1/ PRT ; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q . (( Smin *(4* %pi * R * R ) ^2) ) /( Ae * G * RCS ) ; // Peak Pt * DC ;

// a v e r a g e power

23 24 Runamb = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t 25 RR = ( Vo * PW ) /2; // Range R e s o l u t i o n 26 // o u t p u t 27 28 mprintf ( ’ O p e r a t i n g Wavelength = %g m\n PRT = %3 . 2 f

ms\n PRF = %3 . 1 f Hz\n Peak power = %3 . 3 f KW\n A v e r a g e power = %3 . 3 f Watts \n unambiguous r a n g e = %g Km\n Range R e s o l u t i o n = %g m ’ , lamda , PRT *1000 , PRF , Pt /1000 , Pav , Runamb /1000 , RR ) ; 29 mprintf ( ’ \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k f o r Pt and Pav ’ ) ; 108

30 31

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.50 FINDING AVERAGE POWER 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 50 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 7 Vo = 3*10^8; 8 PRT = 1.4*10^ -3;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e . i n

sec 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PW Pt

= 5 *10^ -6; = 1000*10^3;

// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // Peak power i n w a t t s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s DC Pav

= PW / PRT = Pt * DC

// Duty c y c l e // avg . power i n W

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Duty c y c l e = %e\n A v e r a g e power = %g W’ ,DC , Pav ) ; //

==================================================================

109

Scilab code Exa 11.51 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 51 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // Given F BW T K

data = 5; = 1.2*10^6; = 290; = 1.38*10^ -23;

// // // //

N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB Bandwidth i n Hz Ambient temp i n k e l v i n boltzmann c o n s t a n t

// C a l c u l a t i o n s F1 = 10^(5/10) ; // a n t i l o g c a l c o f n o i s e figure 13 Prmin = K *( F1 -1) * T * BW ; // min . r x . s i g n a l 14 15 16

// Output mprintf ( ’ Minimum Prmin ) ; 17 mprintf ( ’ Note : I n substituted in f i n a l answer 18 19

R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l = %3 . 4 e W\n ’ , textbook All values are c o r r e c t l y c a l c u l a t i n g Prmin . \ n but i n c o r r e c t i s p r i n t e d i n t h e book ’ )

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.52 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR

110

1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 52 // ==================================================================

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pt = 1*10^6; Pmin = 1*10^ -12; Ae = 16; RCS = 4; i n mˆ2 10 F = 9*10^9; 11 Vo = 3*10^8; 12 G = 5000; 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

// peak p u l s e power i n w a t t s // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power // e f f e c t i v e a r e a i n mˆ s // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; // Power g a i n o f a n t e n n a

// c a l c u l a t i o n s Rmax = (( Pt * G * Ae * RCS ) /(16* %pi * %pi * Pmin ) ) ^0.25; // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar ’ , Rmax /1000) ;

i s %g Kms

//==============end o f t h e program =============================================


// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 53 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ;

111

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

// i n p u t d a t a Pt = 500*10^3; // p e a l p u l s e power i n w a t t s Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Ac = 5; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n mˆ s RCS = 20; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 F = 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n cms // c a l c u l a t i o n s Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) ) ^0.25; // o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s %g Kms ’ , Rmax /1000) ; //==============end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.54 FINDING BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 54 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 f = 10*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r

i n Hz 7 Vo 8 D 9

= 3*10^8; = 5;

// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; // D i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m

112

10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s 11 lamda = Vo / f ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m 12 BW = 70*( lamda / D ) // BeamWidth i n d e g r e e s 13 14 // o u t p u t 15 mprintf ( ’ Beamwidth = %3 . 3 f d e g r e e s ’ , BW ) ; 16 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.55 FINDING OPERATING FREQ PEAK POWER AND RANGE OF RADAR 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 55 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // i n p u t d a t a Pav = 200; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz PW = 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Ac = 10; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n mˆ s RCS = 2; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n mˆ2 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; lamda = 0.1; // w a v e l e n g t h i n cms // c a l c u l a t i o n s F = Vo / lamda ; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz Pt = Pav /( PRF * PW ) ; Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) ) ^0.25; 113

20 21 22

23 24

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’ O p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s %g Ghz\n Radar peak power i s %g KW\n Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s %g Km\n ’ ,F /10^9 , Pt /1000 , Rmax /1000) ; //==============end o f t h e program =============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.56 FINDING RADIAL VELOCITY OF TARGET 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 56 // ==================================================================



i n Hz 7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; 8 fd = 1000; // d o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q . i n Hz 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 lamda = Vo / f ; // Wavelength i n m 12 Vr = lamda * fd /2; // r a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t 13 14 // o u t p u t 15 mprintf ( ’ R a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t Vr = %3 . 2 f m/ s ’ ,

Vr ) ; 16 17

//

==================================================================

114

Scilab code Exa 11.57 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 57 // ==================================================================


i n Hz 7 Vr = 800; a i r c r a f t i n kmph 8 Vo = 3*10^8;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r // r a d i a l ve . o f o f // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

9 10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s 11 12 lamda = Vo / f ; // Wavelength i n m 13 Vr1 = Vr *5/18 // kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n 14 fd = 2* Vr1 / lamda ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q , i n Hz 15 16 // Output 17 mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q u e n c y f d = %3 . 2 e Hz ’ , fd ) ; 18 19 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.58 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCIES 1


115

2

//

================================================================== 3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // i n p u t d a t a 6 f = 6*10^9;


i n Hz 7 Vr

= 600; a i r c r a f t i n kmph 8 Vo = 3*10^8;

// r a d i a l ve . o f o f // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

9 10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s 11 12 lamda = Vo / f ; // Wavelength i n m 13 Vr1 = Vr *5/18 // kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n 14 fd = 2* Vr1 / lamda ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q , i n Hz 15 16 V = Vr1 * cos ((45* %pi /180) ) // v e l i n d i r e c t i o n

of radar i f

t a r g e t d i r e c t i o n c h a n g e s by 45 deg // d o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q . i n Hz

17 fd1 = 2* V / lamda ; 18 19 20 // Output 21 mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r s h i f t

f r e q u e n c y f d = %3 . 2 f KHz\n Doppler s h i f t frequency i f the t a r g e t changes i t s d i r e c t i o n by 45 deg = %3 . 2 f KHz ’ , fd /1000 , fd1 /1000) ;

22 23

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.59 FINDING BLIND SPEED

116

1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 59 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 lamda = 3*10^ -2; 7 PRF = 1000;

// Wavelength i n m // P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz 8 n

= 1’

// n v a l u e f o r l o w e s t b l i n d

speed 9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 Vb = ( n * lamda /2) * PRF ;

// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e

Radar i n m/ s 12 13 14 15

// Output mprintf ( ’ Lowet b l i n d s p e e d = %d m/ s ’ , Vb ) ; // ==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.61 FINDING PULSE WIDTH AND PULSE ENERGY 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 60 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 PRF1 = 10*10^3; 7

freq .1 PRF2

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

= 20*10^3; 117

freq .2 // a v e r a g e t x . power // peak power

8 Pav = 1000; 9 Pt = 10*10^3; 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 PRT1 = 1/ PRF1 ; 13 14 15 16 17 18

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

i n t e r v a l in sec PRT2 = 1/ PRF2 ; i n t e r v a l in sec DC = Pav / Pt ; PW1 = DC * PRT1 freq1 PW2 = DC * PRT2 freq2 E1 = Pt * PW1 ; pulse E2 = Pt * PW2 ; pulse

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e // duty c y c l e // p u l s e w i d t h f o r // p u l s e w i d t h f o r // e n e r g y o f f i r s t // e n e r g y o f s e c o n d

19 20 21

// o u t p u t mprintf ( ’PW1 = %3 . 2 f ms\n PW2 = %3 . 3 f ms\n P u l s e Energy f o r PRF = 10KHz i s %3 . 1 f J o u l e s \n P u l s e Energy f o r PRF = 20KHz i s %3 . 2 f J o u l e s \n ’ , PW1 *1000 , PW2 *1000 , E1 , E2 ) ; 22 // ==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.62 FINDING PRT PRF RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE WIDTH 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 62 // ==================================================================

118

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a 6 Runamb = 150*10^3;

// u n a m b i g i u o u s r a n g e i n

m 7 BW 8 Vo

// bandwidth i n Hz // v e l o f Em wave i n m

= 10^6; = 3*10^8; /s ;

9 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 11 PRF = Vo /(2* Runamb ) ;

f r e q . i n Hz = 1/ PRF ; interval 13 RR = Vo /(2* BW ) ; 14 PW = (2* RR ) / Vo ;

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n

12 PRT

15 16 17

18 19

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

// Range R e s o l u t i o n // P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c

// Output mprintf ( ’PRF = %3 . 2 f Hz\n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l = %3 . 1 f ms\n Range R e s o l u t i o n = %d m\n P u l s e W i d t h = %3 . 2 f u s ’ ,PRF , PRT *1000 , RR , PW *10^6 ) ; //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.63 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY 1 2

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 63 // ==================================================================

3 clc ; 4 clear ; 5 // Given d a t a

119

6 Vr 7 Vair

= 300; = 200;

// V e l o c i t y o f r a d a r i n m/ s // v e l o c t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/

s 8 f = 10*10^9; 9 Vo = 3*10^8; 10 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s 12 13 lamda = Vo / f ; 14 Vrel = Vr + Vair ;

// Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m // r e l a t i v e r a d i a l v e l . b /w r a d a r and a i r c r a f t when a p p r o a c h i n g e a c h o t h e r 15 fd = (2* Vrel ) / lamda // D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y

16 17 18 19

// Output mprintf ( ’ D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y = %3 . 2 f KHz ’ , fd /1000) ; // ==================================================================


3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

// Chapter −11 e x a m p l e 63 // ================================================================== clc ; clear ; // Given Pt G f Te SNRmin PW F

data = 2*10^6; = 45; = 6*10^9; = 290; = 20; = 0.2*10^ -3 = 3;

// Peak power i n Watts // a n t e n n a g a i n i n dB // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // e f f e c t i v e temp i n k e l v i n // min SNR i n dB // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c // N o i s e F i g u r e 120

13 B 14 RCS

= 10*10^3; = 0.1;

// bandwidth i n KHz // Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n i n m

ˆ2 15 K = 1.38*10^ -23; // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t 16 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; 17 18 // a n t i l o g a c a l c u l a t i o n s 19 G1 = 10^(45/10) ; // a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f

gain 20 SNR

= 10^(20/10) ; SNRmin 21 F1 = 10^(3/10) ; Noise Figure 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

// a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f // a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f

lamda = Vo / f ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m Rmax = (( Pt * G1 * G1 * lamda * lamda * RCS ) /((64* %pi * %pi * %pi ) *( K * Te * B * F1 * SNR ) ) ) ^0.25; // p t 1 = 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( Pt ) // lamda1 = 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( lamda ˆ 2 ) //G2 = 2∗G //KTB = 10∗ l o g 1 0 (K∗Te∗B) //RCS1 = 10∗ l o g 1 0 (RCS) // p = 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( ( 4 ∗ %pi ) ˆ 3 ) //R4max = [ p t 1+G1+lamda1+RCS1−p−KTB−F−SNRmin ] ;

// Output mprintf ( ’ Maximum Range o f t h e Radar i s %3 . 2 f Km ’ , Rmax /100) ; 35 mprintf ( ’ \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i Textbook i n m u l t i p l y i n g K∗Te∗B ’ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.65 FINDING APERTURE SIZE AND PEAK POWER OF TXR 1


2

//

================================================================== 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

clc ; clear ; // Given G f Te SNR L F RCS K Vo DC R Pav SV Ts

data = 50; = 6*10^9; = 1000; = 20; = 10; = 3; = -10; = 1.38*10^ -23; = 3*10^8; = 0.3; = 300*10^3; = 1000; = 20; = 3;

// a n t e n n a g a i n i n dB // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y // N o i s e temp i n k e l v i n // min SNR i n dB // L o s s e s i n dB // N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB // Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n i n dB // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ; // Duty c y c l e // Range i n kms // A v e r a g e power i n w a t t s // s e a r c h volume // Scan t i m e

// c a l c u l a t i o n s Pav1 = 10* log10 ( Pav ) // c o n v e r s i o n t o dB KT = 10* log10 ( Te * K ) // c o n v e r s i o n t o dB R4 = 10* log10 ( R ^4) // c o n v e r s i o n t o dB Ts1 = 10* log10 ( Ts ) // c o n v e r s i o n t o dB //SNR = ( Pav ∗A∗RCS∗ Ts ) / ( 1 6 ∗Rˆ4∗K∗Te∗L∗F∗SV ) A = ( SNR - Pav1 - Ts - RCS +16+ R4 + KT + L + F + SV ) ; // aperture Pt = Pav / DC ; // peak ower i n watts //A1 =10ˆ(A/ 1 0 ) ; // a n t i l o g calculation // o u t p u t 122

mprintf ( ’A = %3 . 2 f dB\n Peak power Pt = %3 . 2 f KW\n ’ , A , Pt /1000) ; 34 // m p r i n t f ( ’A = %3 . 2 f mˆ2\ n ’ , A1 ) 35 mprintf ( ’ Note : c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a t KT ’ ) 36 // ==================================================================

33

123

Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of Navigational Aids_G. S. N. Raju

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