“An intriguing and potentially lifealtering examination of the human psyche that is sure to benefit both introverts and extroverts alike.” Kirkus Reviews
take Quiet to a quiet corner and absorb its brilliant, thought-provoking message.” Confidence “An informative, book
SuperCorp
well-researched
3/929
Emotional Freedom written
engaging and beautifully
Susan’s own voice remains a compelling presence—thoughtful, generous, calm, and eloquent Quiet deserves a very large readership.” Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness
4/929
a beautifully wrought journey from the lab bench to the motivational speaker’s hall
This book is brilliant, profound, full of feeling and brimming with insights.” War Hospital “Brilliant, ing! Quiet
illuminating,
empower-
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Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt into Fuel for Brilliance “Once in a blue moon, a book comes along that gives us startling new insights Quiet Quiet This charming, gracefully written, thoroughly researched book is simply masterful.”
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Her diligence, research, and passion for this important topic has richly paid off.” Publishers Weekly Quiet I think that many introverts will discover that, even though they didn’t know it, they have been waiting for this book all their lives.” Introverts in the Church
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Quiet
Society needs introverts, so everyone can benefit from the insights in this important book.” Shyness: Perspectives on Research and Treatment “A brilliant, important, and personally affecting book Cain herself is the perfect person to make this case—with winning grace and clarity she shows us what it
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looks like to think outside the group.” The First Word
Not only is there really nothing wrong with being quiet, reflective, shy, and introverted, but there are distinct advantages to being this way
“Author Susan Cain exemplifies her own quiet power in this exquisitely
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written and highly readable pageturner The Introverted Leader Quiet exceptionally well written, and ‘reader friendly.’
analysis.”
penetrating
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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To my childhood family
A species in which everyone was General Patton would not succeed, any more than would a race in which everyone was Vincent van Gogh. I prefer to think that the planet needs athletes, philosophers, sex symbols, painters, scientists; it needs the warmhearted, the hardhearted, the coldhearted, and the weakhearted. It needs those who can devote their lives to studying how many droplets of water are secreted by the salivary glands of dogs under which circumstances, and it needs those who can capture the passing impression of cherry blossoms in a fourteen-syllable poem or devote twenty-five pages to the dissection of a small boy’s feelings as he lies in bed in the dark waiting for his mother to kiss him goodnight.… Indeed the presence of outstanding strengths
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presupposes that energy needed in other areas has been channeled away from them
Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph
PART ONE: THE EXTROVERT IDEAL
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PART TWO: YOUR BIOLOGY, YOUR SELF?
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PART THREE: DO ALL CULTURES HAVE AN EXTROVERT IDEAL?
PART FOUR: HOW TO LOVE, HOW TO WORK
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Introvert
Extrovert
Author’s Note
Quiet
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INTRODUCTION The North and South of Temperament
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and and Quiet Strength shouldn’t
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one out of every two or three people you know
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type
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introvert
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In Search of Lost Time Nineteen Eighty-Four Animal Farm
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Schindler’s List, E.T. Close Encounters of the Third Kind
E=mc2
Paradise Lost
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because of Quiet
iCarly
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I’m too quiet for this kind of thing, too unassuming, too cerebral
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his
her
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introvert
chological Types introvert extrovert
Psy-
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Part
One THE EXTROVERT IDEAL
1 THE RISE OF THE “MIGHTY LIKEABLE FELLOW” How Extroversion Became the Cultural Ideal
Strangers’ eyes, keen and critical Can you meet them proudly—confidently—without fear?
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Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business
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personality
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gress
The Pilgrim’s Pro-
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Character: The Grandest Thing in the World
how
what
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Success The Saturday Evening Post Character: The Grandest Thing in the World Personality
Masterful
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YOURSELF
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Nature
Understanding
Human
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Collier’s
Everyone
Collier’s
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Man
The Organization
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me liberty or give me death!
Give
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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock cri de coeur
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV)
ease
dis-
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Friends and Influence People
How to Win
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How to Win Friends and Influence People
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2 THE MYTH OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP The Culture of Personality, a Hundred Years Later
Society is itself an education in the extrovert values, and rarely has there been a society that has preached them so hard. No man is an island, but how John Donne would writhe to hear how often, and for what reasons, the thought is so tiresomely repeated
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Salesmanship as a Virtue: Live with Tony Robbins
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the entire time
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nessWeek
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-da
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power
Within
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Awaken the Giant
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all
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believes
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is
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The Myth of Charismatic Leadership: Harvard Business School and Beyond
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have
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you were the protagonist what would you do?
If
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The Harbus
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all the time
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right
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Iconoclast
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presenters
They
were
the
best
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not
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Good to Great
Wall Street Journal
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Every single one of them was led by an unassuming man like Darwin Smith
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without exercising initiative
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The Ten Command-
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The Tipping Point
Les Misérables
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then
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Wall Street Journal
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Does God Love Introverts? An Evangelical’s Dilemma
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protagonist
case method
The Purpose Driven Life
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introvert
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wasn’t
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how
Introverts in the Church: Finding Our Place in an Extroverted Culture
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must be displayed publicly
it
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3 WHEN COLLABORATION KILLS CREATIVITY The Rise of the New Groupthink and the Power of Working Alone
I am a horse for a single harness, not cut out for tandem or teamwork … for well I know that in order to attain any definite goal, it is imperative that person do the thinking and the commanding
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Popular Electronics
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iWoz
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the Stars
Dancing with
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he was always by himself
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are
And artists
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work best alone
Work alone. You’re going to be best able to design revolutionary products and features if you’re working on your own. Not on a committee. Not on a team
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introverts prefer to work independently, and solitude can be a catalyst to innovation
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we We We
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Organizing Genius
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body
Here Comes Every-
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Company
Fast
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EVERYONE
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aspires
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Leadership Development for the Gifted and Talented
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Collaboration
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The Talent Code
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practicing in solitude
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you
you
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iWoz
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Wrinkle in Time
A
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less
even though they hadn’t worked together
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all
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social loafing production blocking
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apprehension
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iWoz
Part
TWO YOUR BIOLOGY, YOUR SELF?
4 IS TEMPERAMENT DESTINY? Nature, Nurture, and the Orchid Hypothesis
Some people are more certain of everything than I am of anything In an Uncertain World
ALMOST TEN YEARS AGO
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Whatever you do, try not to vomit
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Galen’s Prophecy
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feel
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Society
Dead Poets
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Prophecy
Galen’s
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Science
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poof! Now, Susan, you know exactly who you are
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how
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Atlantic
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The Atlantic
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haven’t
fewer
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better
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less
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5 BEYOND TEMPERAMENT The Role of Free Will (and the Secret of Public Speaking for Introverts)
Enjoyment appears at the boundary between boredom and anxiety, when the challenges are just balanced with the person’s capacity to act
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the footprint of a high- or low-reactive temperament never disappeared in adulthood
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without
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inhibited
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over
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might
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Couldn’t tell at all
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nervous at all
Not
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You seem so outgoing You came across as really confident! You’re lucky because you never run out of things to say
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6 “FRANKLIN WAS A POLITICIAN, BUT ELEANOR SPOKE OUT OF CONSCIENCE” Why Cool Is Overrated
A shy man no doubt dreads the notice of strangers, but can hardly be said to be afraid of them. He may be as bold as a hero in battle, and yet have no self-confidence about trifles in the presence of strangers
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her
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Franklin, you should
Now
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felt
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even when they think they can’t be caught
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she
Dances
The Long Long
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Prep
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Born to Be Good
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The Long Long Dances
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hundred
More than a
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fly!
That’s our kind of fruit
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la dolce vita
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settled
poorer
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An Inconvenient Truth
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designed
An Inconvenient Truth
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7 WHY DID WALL STREET CRASH AND WARREN BUFFETT PROSPER? How Introverts and Extroverts Think (and Process Dopamine) Differently
Tocqueville saw that the life of constant action and decision which was entailed by the democratic and businesslike character of American life put a premium upon rough and ready habits of mind, quick decision, and the prompt seizure of opportunities—and that all this activity was not propitious for deliberation, elaboration, or precision in thought Anti-Intellectualism in America
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hundred thousand dollars
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reward sensitivity
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Watch out
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Fear,
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Conspiracy of
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Post
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—any
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not for the rewards
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The Big Short
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The Snowball
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Vanity Fair
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Part
Three DO ALL CULTURES HAVE AN EXTROVERT IDEAL?
8 SOFT POWER Asian-Americans and the Extrovert Ideal
In a gentle way, you can shake the world
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Wall Street Journal
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San
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search in Personality
Journal of Re-
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dongshi
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The wind howls, but the mountain remains still
Those who know do not speak Those who speak do not know The Way of Lao Zi Even though I make no special attempt to observe the discipline of silence, living alone automatically makes me refrain from the sins of speech
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12th Century Japanese recluse
Be a craftsman in speech that thou mayest be strong, for the strength of one is the tongue, and speech is mightier than all fighting 2400 B.C.E Speech is civilization itself. The word, even the most contradictory word, preserves contact—it is silence which isolates The Magic Mountain The squeaky wheel gets the grease
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jinshi
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Jesus Christ Superstar
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taijin kyo-
fusho others
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expressing
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intro-
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Test
The Big
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mumble
mumble, mumble,
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satyagraha satyagraha
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helped
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satyagraha
Part
Four HOW TO LOVE, HOW TO WORK
9 WHEN SHOULD YOU ACT MORE EXTROVERTED THAN YOU REALLY ARE?
A man has as many social selves as there are distinct groups of persons about whose opinion he cares. He generally shows a different side of himself to each of these different groups
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true
Appearances, Private Realities
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enfant terrible
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I’m doing this to advance work I care about deeply, and when the work is done I’ll settle back into my true self
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The route to success is to be the sort of person I am not
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during
World
In an Uncertain
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half the time we’ll go out, and half the time we’ll stay home
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self
him-
10 THE COMMUNICATION GAP How to Talk to Members of the Opposite Type
The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances; if there is any reaction, both are transformed
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am relate socialize
Maybe I antisocial Maybe there something wrong with me
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Is something wrong with me?
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differently
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help abduct, assault
caring, console harass
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The Audacity of Hope
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appears
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like
team members have to work well together
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Emotion
Anger: The Misunderstood
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it fuels it
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especially
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Gee, when you get a chance I’d appreciate it if you could just tidy up the kitchen a little more I’d be happy to, and I’m sorry that I didn’t do it sooner
Too bad
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before
without having to do anything else at the same time
observe
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You have a new dog? That’s great. A friend of mine has an amazing tank of saltwater fish!
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number format
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11 ON COBBLERS AND GENERALS How to Cultivate Quiet Kids in a World That Can’t Hear Them
With anything young and tender the most important part of the task is the beginning of it; for that is the time at which the character is being formed and the desired impression more readily taken THE REPUBLIC
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Don’t worry about it! Just play with them all!
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ugh
she
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Why would you want to do that?
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simpatico
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always
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He’s recoiling from novelty or overstimulation, not from human contact
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Flies
The Lord of the
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ous Minds
Danger-
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win
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Kristen’s nervous too Renée’s mom says she’s scared the night before a competition
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OK, so what if you do fall and come in last place, will life still go on?
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I hope not! get out of here Revenge of the Nerds
I’ve gotta
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CONCLUSION Wonderland
Our culture made a virtue of living only as extroverts. We discouraged the inner journey, the quest for a center. So we lost our center and have to find it again
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choose
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Alice in Wonderland
A Note on the Dedication
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A Note on the Words Introvert and Extrovert
cultural
Quiet
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introvert
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Penseroso
Il L’Allegro
Il Penseroso
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introvert
extrovert
extravert
extrovert
Acknowledgments
Quiet
Quiet
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Quiet
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Quiet
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Quiet
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Notes
THE NORTH AND SOUTH OF TEMPERAMENT
Montgomery, Alabama. December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks: A Life Quiet
Quiet
781/929
“north and south of temperament”
Monthly
The Atlantic
governs how likely we are to exercise
On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman
ences
Personality and Individual Differ-
782/929
commit adultery Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are
Journal of Personality
European
function well without sleep
Journal of Sleep Research
and Individual Differences
Personality
783/929
Physiology and Behavior learn from our mistakes place big bets in the stock market be a good leader and ask “what if” exhaustively researched subjects
784/929
in the Bible some evolutionary psychologists one third to one half of Americans are introverts The MyersBriggs Type Indicator: A Critical Review and Practical Guide
785/929
vidual Differences
Personality and Indi-
United States is among the most extroverted of nations
786/929
logy
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psycho-
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Talkative people, for example
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Velocity of speech counts
Interpersonal Communication
Handbook of
787/929
the voluble are considered smarter
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology one informal study Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life Is Your Hidden Strength the theory of gravity Isaac Newton the theory of relativity Einstein: His Life and Universe
788/929
W. B. Yeats’s “The Second Coming” The Genesis of Artistic Creativity: Asperger’s Syndrome and the Arts
Social Meaning
Jung’s Psychology and Its
Chopin’s nocturnes Chopin in Paris: The Life and Times of the Romantic Composer Proust’s In Search of Lost Time How Proust Can Change Your Life Peter Pan Hide-and-Seek with Angels: A Life of J. M. Barrie Orwell’s 1984 and Animal Farm The Genesis of Artistic Creativity
789/929
Charlie Brown and Peanuts: A Biography
Schulz
Schindler’s List, E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind Steven Spielberg: A Biography Google Googled: The End of the World as We Know It Harry Potter
“Neither E=mc2 nor Paradise Lost” I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are vast majority of teachers believe
790/929
Proceedings of the First Biennial International Conference on Education of the Center for Applications of Psychological Type
Carl Jung had published a bombshell Psychological Types
Psychologische Typen the majority of universities and Fortune 100 companies
introverts and extroverts differ in the level of outside stimulation … Many have a horror of small talk
791/929
introvert is not a synonym for hermit
the distinctly introverted E. M. Forster A Companion to E. M. Forster
792/929
“human love at its height” Howards End Shyness is the fear of social disapproval
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin they sometimes overlap
ality
Journal of Research in Person-
“Such a man would be in the lunatic asylum” C. G. Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters Finland is a famously introverted nation Willingness
793/929
to Communicate, Communication Apprehension, Introversion, and Self-Reported Communication Competence: Finnish and American Comparisons Many introverts are also “highly sensitive”
The date: 1902 … held him back as a young man Dale Carnegie: The Man Who Influenced Millions
“In the days when pianos and bathrooms were luxuries” The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking
794/929
Influencing
Men
in
Public Speaking and Business
a Culture of Character to a Culture of Personality Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century
logy
History of Psycho-
The word personality didn’t exist Culture as History
795/929
Education Quarterly
History of
In 1790, only 3 percent … a third of the country were urbanites The City: Urban Communities and Their Problems
Population Trends in the United States
“We cannot all live in cities” The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture “The reasons why one man gained a promotion” Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940
796/929
The Pilgrim’s Progress Pilgrim’s Progress
Surgery
The
Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic
a modest man who did not … “offend by superiority” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History A popular 1899 manual Character: The Grandest Thing in the World But by 1920, popular self-help guides … “That is the beginning of a reputation for personality” ture as History
Cul-
Success magazine and The Saturday Evening Post Better Than Well:
797/929
American Dream
Medicine
a mysterious “fascination”
Meets
the
American
quality
called
“People who pass us on the street” Women’s
Home
Companion
Americans became obsessed with movie stars
798/929
Saturday Evening Post
Collier’s
The
The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan
799/929
“EATON’S HIGHLAND LINEN” Advertising the American Dream “ALL AROUND YOU PEOPLE ARE JUDGING Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies’ Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture YOU SILENTLY”
“CRITICAL EYES ARE SIZING YOU UP RIGHT NOW” Advertising the American Dream “EVER TRIED SELLING YOURSELF TO YOU “LET YOUR FACE REFLECT CONFIDENCE, Advertising the American Dream NOT WORRY!”
“longed to be successful, gay, triumphant” Cosmopolitan “How can I make myself more popular?” The Great Depression
800/929
and the Culture of Abundance: Kenneth Fearing, Nathanael West, and Mass Culture in the 1930s Advertising the American Dream both genders displayed some reserve … sometimes called “frigid” Shrinking Violets and Caspar Milquetoasts: Shyness, Power, and Intimacy in the United States, 1950–1995
In the 1920s an influential psychologist … “Our current civilization … seems to place a premium upon the aggressive person”
Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology
801/929
Types
Psychological
Jung himself … “all the current prejudices against this type” Psychological Types
The IC, as it became known … “the backbone along with it” Venus Envy Despite the hopeful tone of this piece … “A healthy personality for every child” Shrinking Violets
802/929
Well-meaning parents … agreed
Some discouraged their dren … learning to socialize The Lonely Crowd
chil-
Time Introverted children … “suburban abnormalities” The Organization Man
Harvard’s provost Paul Buck The Chosen: The Hidden History of
803/929
Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton “ ‘We see little use for the “brilliant” introvert’ ” The Organization Man This college dean … “it helps if they make a good impression” The Organization Man “We’re selling, just selling, IBM”
York
New
The rest of the organization men … read the Equanil ad The New Yorker
804/929
The 1960s tranquilizer Serentil Better Than Well Extroversion is in our DNA
Individual Differences Research
tion
and
Human
Behavior
Evolu-
the Romans, for whom the worst possible punishment Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience Even the Christianity of early American religious revivals
805/929
806/929
The Man Nobody Knows
807/929
Nobody Knows
The Man
Introverts in the Church: Finding Our Place in an Extroverted Culture Life: The Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality early Americans revered action Anti-Intellectualism in American Life The 1828 presidential campaign Life: The Movie
808/929
John Quincy Adams, incidentally
Assessment “Respect for individual human personality” America and the Young Intellectual “It is remarkable how much attention”
wandered lonely as a cloud
repaired in solitude to Walden Pond Walden Americans who considered themselves shy Psychology Today
809/929
“Social anxiety disorder” … one in five of us
Journal of Psychiatry
American
The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSMIV
810/929
“It’s not enough … to be able to sit at your computer” Working with Emotional Intelligence
811/929
a staple of airport bookshelves and business best-seller lists
“all talking is selling and all selling involves talking” Um: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean more than 12,500 chapters in 113 countries
The promotional video
812/929
President Clinton … 50 million other people
some $11 billion a year Forbes
chairman of seven privately held companies “hyperthymic” temperament Medscape
813/929
superhuman physical size
Sham
Founded in 1908 … “educating leaders who make a difference in the world”
President George W. Bush … were HBS grads Ahead of the Curve: Two Years at Harvard Business School
will graduate into a business culture
814/929
Human Performance “ ‘Here everyone knows that it’s important to be an extrovert’ ”
BOSS TO TED AND ALICE
“DEPART FROM YOUR INHIBITIONS”
815/929
a series of ads for the psychotropic drug Paxil How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness We perceive talkers as smarter
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology two strangers met over the phone
816/929
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology We also see talkers as leaders
Personnel Psychology
The more a person talks, the more other group members The Wisdom of Crowds It also helps to speak fast
Interpersonal Communication
Handbook of
817/929
college students were asked to solve math problems
A well-known study out of UC Berkeley Expert Political Judgment
“the Bus to Abilene”
Yale Alumni Magazine Schwab … Tohmatsu Today
USA
“some locked themselves into their office” The Leader of the Future 2: New Visions, Strategies, and
818/929
Practices for the Next Era
those considered charismatic by their top executives
agement Journal
Academy of Man-
Searching for a Corporate Savior: The Irrational Quest for Charismatic CEOs
the influential management theorist Jim Collins Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap—and Others
819/929
Don’t
Good to Great Academy of Management Perspectives
spectives
Academy of Management Per-
correlation between extroversion and leadership
Psychology
Journal of Applied
New York Times National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14195
820/929
In the first study … fold more shirts
agement Journal
Academy of Man-
“Often the leaders end up doing a lot of the talking” Harvard Business School Working Knowledge: A First Look at Faculty Research For years before the day in December 1955
821/929
Rosa Parks: A Life
Moses, for example, was not
a “classic Connector” named Robert Horchow The Tipping Point
822/929
As of May 28, 2011
Los Angeles Times New York “Guy Kawasaki an introvert?”
“Wouldn’t it be a great irony”
823/929
introverts are more likely than extroverts The Social Net: Understanding Human Behavior in Cyberspace
CyberPsycho-
logy and Behavior
sonal Relationships
Journal of Social and Per-
Computers in Human Behavior
CyberPsychology and Behavior
824/929
Media Psychology
Journal of
an average weekly attendance of 22,000
Contemporary evangelicalism says
Righteous: Dispatches from the Evangelical Youth Movement
825/929
“cry from the heart wondering how to fit in”
“not serve on a parish committee”
“that fruitful miracle” Marcel Proust on Reading Ruskin
“I am a horse for a single harness”
826/929
Living Philosophies
“March 5, 1975” iWoz
a series of studies on the nature of creativity
827/929
One of the most interesting findings
Psychology Review
Personality and Social
Encyclopedia of Creativity Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention are
828/929
European
Journal of Personality Hans Eysenck The Natural History of Creativity
Genius:
“Innovation—the heart of the knowledge economy” The
New
Yorker
“None of us is as smart as all of us” Organizing Genius: The Secrets of
829/929
Creative Collaboration “Michelangelo had assistants” Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations organize workforces into teams
Psychological Science in the Public Interest By 2000 an estimated half
Group Research today virtually all of them do
Journal of Management
Small
830/929
91 percent of high-level managers The consultant Stephen Harvill told me over 70 percent of today’s employees
Human Relations
Post-Gazette Weekly
Real Estate
831/929
International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
832/929
Across the Board The amount of space per employee shrank Los Angeles Times “There has been a shift from ‘I’ to ‘we’ work” Fast Company Rival office Miller, Inc.
manufacturer
Herman
In 2006, the Ross School of Business
Michigan Daily
833/929
According to a 2002 nationwide survey
tional Psychology
Contemporary Educa-
834/929
“Cooperative learning” Cooperative Learning: A Standard for High Achievement Janet Farrall and Leonie Kronborg
Fusing Talent—Giftedness in Australian Schools
“Employees are putting their whole lives up” Marketplace
A significant majority of the earliest computer enthusiasts
835/929
Australian Psycho-
logical Type Review
havior
CyberPsychology and Be-
“It’s a truism in tech” “Why could that boy, whom I had beaten so easily” The Talent Code three groups of expert violinists
Psychological Review “Serious study alone”
836/929
Applied Cognitive Psycho-
logy
College students who tend to study alone The Chronicle of Higher Education Even elite athletes in team sports
Human Kinetics In many fields, Ericsson told me ten thousand Practice
hours
of
Deliberate
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“intense curiosity or focused interest seems odd to their peers” Creativity “because practicing music or studying math” Madeleine L’Engle “My dear Mr. Babbage” The Correspondence of Charles Volume 2: 1837–1843
Darwin
the Coding War Games
Teams
Peopleware: Productive Projects and
A mountain of recent data on open-plan offices
Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management
838/929
Environment and
Behavior
Human Rela-
tions
Ergonomics
Indoor
Air
Environmental
Psychology
839/929
people learn better after a quiet stroll
chological
Psy-
Science
Psychological Science
Perspectives on
Another study, of 38,000 knowledge workers Even multitasking … a myth Brain Rules Backbone Entertainment Reebok International
840/929
Boston Globe For ten years, beginning in 2000
Kafka, for example Solitude: A Return to the Self considerably more cheerful Theodor Geisel Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel: A Biography legendary advertising man Alex Osborn Your Creative Power group brainstorming doesn’t actually work
Journal of Applied Psychology
841/929
some forty years of research
Group Facilitation
ment Science
Manage-
“business people must be insane” ness Strategy Review
Busi-
Groups brainstorming electronically
The same is true of academic research
842/929
search Journal
Creativity Re-
usually believe that their group performed much better Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration the fear of public humiliation
Journal of Psychology two NCAA basketball teams
Journal of Sport Behavior behavioral economist Dan Ariely New York Times Gregory Berns
843/929
Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently
New York Times
ological Psychiatry
Bi-
heightened activation in the amygdala
face-to-face interactions create trust
844/929
Time population density is correlated with innovation Boston Globe creating “flexible” open plans
At Pixar Animation Studios
Effectif Similarly, at Microsoft Bloomberg
Businessweek
845/929
A general note on this chapter
For one of those studies, launched in 1989 The Long Shadow of Temperament “Carl Jung’s descriptions of the introvert and extrovert” reserved Tom and extroverted Ralph Galen’s Prophecy
846/929
Some say that temperament is the foundation potent organ Long Shadow of Temperament
The
When the Frisbee looks like it’s headed straight for your nose
Science
&
the
City
“alert attention” Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person They literally use more eye movements
847/929
Child Development
Child Development
High-reactive kids also tend to think and feel deeply The Highly Sensitive Child: Helping Our Children Thrive When the World Overwhelms Them
848/929
If a high-reactive toddler breaks another child’s toy how a group of kids should share a coveted toy The Atlantic Monthly blue eyes, allergies, and hay fever … thin body and narrow face Galen’s Prophecy Take Disney movies extroversion and introversion are physiologically Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives 40 to 50 percent heritable
Neurobiology
Journal
of
849/929
Nazi eugenics and white supremacism
Listening to Prozac “I have been dragged, kicking and screaming” The publication of his early findings Listening to Prozac Kagan ushers me inside
describes himself as having been an anxious An Argument for Mind public speaking is the number-one fear
850/929
logy and Psychotherapy
Clinical Psycho-
Public speaking phobia has many causes Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently introverts are significantly more likely
chology
Monographs
Journal of Psy-
Communication
Communication Research Reports
851/929
in a group of people, on average half of the variability Personality temperature
or
humidity
ABC Radio International
“climb a few fences … danger and excitement” “The university is filled with introverts” if raised by attentive families in safe environments … “twigs on the same genetic branch” I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are
852/929
Long Shadow of Temperament
The
kids acquire their sense of right and wrong
Parenting and Children’s Internalization of Values
Child
Development
Journal of Personality
Journal of Personality
853/929
and Social Psychology tragedy of a bold and exuberant temperament I.D. dubbed “the orchid hypothesis” lantic
The At-
Molecular Psychiatry
The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
mental Psychology
Bulletin
Develop-
Psychological
854/929
Psychological Science
Current Directions in
with depression, anxiety, and shyness Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood
Medicine
Research
Psychosomatic
Journal of Psychosomatic
855/929
Indeed, about a quarter of Kagan’s highreactive kids good parenting, child care, and a stable home environment
kind, conscientious itive Child
The Highly Sens-
They don’t necessarily turn into class presidents world of rhesus monkeys
Medical Bulletin
British
856/929
Atlantic
Monthly
857/929
thought to be associated with high reactivity and introversion Psychi-
atric Genetics
Molecular
Psychiatry
has speculated that these high-reactive monkeys adolescent girls with the short allele of the SERT gene … less anxiety on calm days
858/929
this difference remains at age five Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person even more resistant than other kids
and Psychopathology
Development
The short allele of the SERT gene
chiatry
Biological Psy-
“sailors are so busy—and wisely—looking under the water line”
859/929
“The time and effort they invest”
“Enjoyment appears at the boundary” Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience windowless Schwartz
room
with
Dr.
Carl
the footprint of a high- or low-reactive temperament
Science If you were a high-reactive baby
The Emotional Brain: The
860/929
Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life
Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently self-talk to reassess upsetting situations
Neuroscience
Journal of Cognitive
scientists conditioned a rat Emotional Brain Hans Eysenck sonality Puzzle
The The Per-
high arousal levels in the brain
many different kinds of arousal
861/929
excited fans at a soccer game
a host of evidence that introverts are more sensitive
On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman
Personality Traits
Personality Psychology:
862/929
Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature lemon juice
The Personality Puzzle
noise level preferred by the extroverts
Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of
They can hunt for homes House Thinking: A Room-by-Room Look at How We Live introverts function better than extroverts when sleep deprived
Journal of Sleep Research
863/929
Drowsy extroverts behind the wheel Personality Traits Overarousal interferes with attention
International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence
a cycle of dread, fear, and shame Iconoclast
“A shy man no doubt dreads the notice” The Expressions of the
864/929
Emotions in Man and Animals Easter Sunday, 1939. The Lincoln Memorial And it wouldn’t have, Roosevelt … to sing at morial Shadow: Eleanor Roosevelt Postwar Liberalism
without Eleanor the Lincoln MeCasting Her Own and the Shaping of
“This was something unique” The American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt
They met when he was twenty Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume One: 1884–1933
865/929
American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt
The
her first scientific publication in 1997
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology When she was a girl … She decided to find out
The Highly Sensitive Person: How to Thrive When the World Overwhelms You The Highly Sensitive Person in Love: Understanding and Managing Relationships When the World Overwhelms You First Aron interviewed thirty-nine people … lightbulb burning a touch too
866/929
brightly
Journal of Analytical Psychology The Highly Sensitive Person They feel exceptionally strong emotions
High Sensitivity, a Personality/Temperament Trait: Lifting the Shadow of Psychopathology
867/929
High
Sensitivity
scientists at Stony Brook University
and
Affective
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
echoes Jerome Kagan’s findings
Development
ment
Child
Child Develop-
“If you’re thinking in more complicated ways”
868/929
highly
empathic
Sensitive Person
The Highly
869/929
tentatively associated with sensitivity
Psychiatric Genetics
Molecular Psychiatry show them pictures of scared faces The Personality Puzzle
Science faces of people experiencing strong feelings
870/929
In 1921, FDR contracted polio … how suffering Americans felt Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume One The American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt A kind woman hands a toy to a toddler … “prosocial relationships with parents, teachers, and friends”
Development
Child
Journal of Personality
871/929
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology a 2010 University of Michigan study
and Social Psychology Review
Personality
related to the prevalence of social media New York Times when her peers were teased The Highly Sensitive Child the novelist Eric Malpass The Long Long Dances
872/929
High-reactive introverts sweat more On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman
Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature sociopaths lie at the extreme end
Psychophysiology
Journal of Abnormal Psychology sociopaths have damaged amygdalae
873/929
eral Psychiatry
Archives of Gen-
Lie detectors … are partially skin conductance tests supercool pulse rate during liftoff I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are Corine Dijk
Emotion “A blush comes online in two or three seconds” New York Times “Because it is impossible to control”
874/929
Keltner has tracked the roots of human embarrassment … than to mind too little Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life “The type that is ‘sensitive’ or ‘reactive.’ … ‘opportunity only knocks once’ ” twenty-seven
attributes
associated
other 30 percent are extroverts Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person More than a hundred species … what’s going on around them Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
875/929
Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person animals had parties Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin’s Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives trade-off theory of evolution
American Psychologist When Wilson dropped metal traps Evolution for Everyone Trinidadian guppies
Evolution
876/929
Behavioral Ecology nomads who inherited
BMC Evolutionary Biology
extroverts have more sex ners … commit more crimes
part-
Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are
877/929
As Jung speculated almost a century ago Psychological Types The Collected Works of C. G. Jung
whose traits promote group survival
Times
New York
“Suppose a herd of antelope”
line
Comfort Zone On-
“hawk” and “dove” members
878/929
Great tit birds
Evolution for Everyone “If you send an introvert into a reception” The New Yorker “Most people in politics draw energy” New York “It’s about the survival of the planet” Entertainment Weekly “warrior kings” and “priestly advisers”
879/929
Just after 7:30 a.m.
Financial history is full of examples
ninety
Overconfidence and
880/929
War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions The AOL–Time Warner merger Fools Rush In: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Unmaking of AOL Time-Warner They protect themselves better from the downside
our limbic system
881/929
“No, no, no! Don’t do that”
NeuroReport what makes an extrovert an extrovert
ality and Social Psychology
Journal of Person-
Emotion greater economic, political, and hedonistic ambitions Handbook of
882/929
Individual Differences in Social Behavior
The key seems to be positive emotion
Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are The basis of buzz
havioral and Brain Sciences
Be-
Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are Dopamine is the “reward chemical”
Personality: What
883/929
Makes You the Way You Are
nell Chronicle
Cor-
early findings have been intriguing
In one experiment, Richard Depue
extroverts who win gambling games
nitive Brain Research
Cog-
other research has shown that the medial orbitofrontal cortex
884/929
Psychological Science introverts “have a smaller response” … “break a leg to get there” Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are “This is great!”
graphs
Communication
Mono-
“Everyone assumes that it’s good to accentuate positive emotions”
885/929
lation
Handbook of Emotion Regu-
Another disadvantage of buzz Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are
extroverts are more likely than introverts to be killed while driving … remarry Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are
Personality and Individual Differences
886/929
extroverts are more prone than introverts to overconfidence Journal of Research in Personality better off with more women New York Magazine a strong predictor of financial risk-taking PLoS
Behavior
ONE
Evolution and Human
When faced with a low probability of winning
887/929
Psychopharmacology Another study, of sixty-four traders Traders: Risks, Decisions, and Management in Financial Markets delaying gratification, a crucial life skill The New Yorker
Emotion Animal
The Social
scientists gave participants the choice
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Science A similar study suggests Yet it was just this kind of risk-reward miscalculation
Too much power was concentrated in the hands of aggressive risk-takers “For twenty years, the DNA” sweek Vincent Kaminski
New-
The Washington Post
889/929
The New York Times of Fools: A True Story
Conspiracy
Imagine that you’ve been invited to Newman’s lab
Psychological Review
890/929
Neuropsychopharmacology introverts are “geared to inspect”
Journal of Research in Personality more likely you are to learn
How We Decide
If you force extroverts to pause … how to behave around warning signals in the future
891/929
892/929
relative performance of introverts and extroverts
vidual Differences
Personality and Indi-
Extroverts get better grades
and Individual Differences
Learning
MBTI Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs
893/929
Type Indicator
Psychological Type
Journal of
141 college students’ knowledge
Journal of Educational Psychology disproportionate numbers of graduate degrees Atlas of Type Tables
outperform extroverts on the WatsonGlaser
894/929
Journal of Personality
European
Introverts are not smarter than extroverts
and Individual Differences
Personality
those performed under time or social pressure International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence
895/929
Personality Traits also direct their attention ently … are asking “what if”
chiatry
differ-
The American Journal of Psy-
Imagination,
Cognition and Personality
a difficult jigsaw puzzle to solve
Perceptual and Motor Skills a complicated series of printed mazes
Personality
and
Individual
896/929
Differences
Differences
Personality and Individual
Raven Standard Progressive Matrices
British Journal of Psychology personality traits of effective call-center employees if you were staffing an investment bank men who are shown erotic pictures
NeuroReport
897/929
all introverts are constantly … vigilant about threats
threat-vigilance is more characteristic of a trait
Personality and Individual Differences “If you want to determine”
The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding
898/929
Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom “become independent of the social environment” Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience “Psychological theories usually assume” The Evolving Self: A Psychology for the Third Millennium you probably find that your energy is boundless
899/929
Personality and Individual Differences “Release Your Inner Extrovert” nessWeek
Busi-
Chuck Prince
Bloomberg BusinessWeek Seth Klarman
nessWeek
Bloomberg
Busi-
New York Times
900/929
Michael Lewis The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine Warren Buffett The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life “inner scorecard”
Mike Wei
901/929
article called “The New White Flight” Wall Street Journal 53 were National Merit Scholarship … 27 percent higher than the nationwide average Talking is simply not a focus Foreign Affairs the San Jose Mercury News ran an article San Jose Mercury News “colleges can learn to listen to their sound of silence”
of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal
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The Journal of Research in Personality
search in Personality
Journal of Re-
Americans are some of the most extroverted Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives One study comparing eight- to ten-yearold children
Child Development Shyness: Change
Development,
Consolidation
and
Chinese high school students tell researchers Beyond the Chinese Face: Insights from Psychology
903/929
Another study asked Asian-Americans Asian attitudes to the spoken word
Engaging Cultural Differences in Liberal Democracies
proverbs from the East
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psychologist
Priscilla
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Windows on Japanese Education
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psychologists
cial Psychology
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experience less stress while doing so
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sit them down in front of a computer screen
ity
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ences
Differences
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ation
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and Social Psychology
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experiment by the developmental psychologist Avril Thorne
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for the Gifted Newsletter
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INTROVERT EXTROVERT
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Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives
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Aristotle Aristoteles, Problematica Physica The Complete Works of Aristotle, the Revised Oxford Translation II John Milton Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives Schopenhauer dom of Life and Other Essays
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Per-
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