PTE_Materials_By_PTE_Helper_WM.pdf

PTE Materials Collected by PTE Helper

SPEAKING Read Aloud

2 2

Short Answer Question

16

Retell Lecture

24

Repeat Sentence

66

LISTENING

71

Summarize Spoken Text

71

Write from Dictation

92

READING Fill in Blanks Reorder

97 97 142

Multiple Choice Questions

164

Single Answer Questions

164

Multiple Answers Questions

167

WRITTING

171

Summary Written Text

171

Writing topics

205

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SPEAKING Read Aloud 1. A young man from a small provincial town – a man without independent wealth, without powerful family connections, and without a university education – moves to London in the 1580s and, in a remarkably short time, becomes the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How is an achievement of this magnitude to be explained? ex plained? How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare? 2. The brain is divided into its 'hemispheres' by a prominent groove. At the base of o f this lies nerve fibers which enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually controls movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side of the body. 3. In the past wars have led to inflation and higher commodity prices. Fighting disrupts trade and prevents raw materials from being shipped from one country to another. In second-world-war Britain, a banana was the height of luxury. 4. For the executive students on that march, the worth-life balance issue would have already seemed very real. While it is tough enough balancing professional life with family and friendships, having to study at the same time puts executive MBA students under even more pressure than their full-time counterparts. 5. Pick up any work of non-fiction. Without opening a book’s cover, you already know a lot what’s inside. You can reasonably expect to find a title page, table of contents, numbered pages, a body of text divided in chapters, and an index. 6. Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first of clippers of the Grand Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder – in some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its towering rims. 7. For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing, this i s the only planning handbook that guides students through step-by-step creation of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the process. 8. This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who also work as consultants with organizations undergoing change. It offers a unique combination of 2

rigorous theoretical exploration together with practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for managing change. 9. Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of these changes are social, cultural and political rather than purely economic, and one of the main drivers in addition to the global marketplace is the communications revolution. 10. The most obvious change is that 46% of the college’s undergraduates are now women. When I went there, it was only the third year that women had been admitted, and about 70% of students were male. 11. Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose a t five thirty, went to his study, wrote for a couple hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a living. 12. A scientist's evidence is thought to be reliable because it will have been tested and verified at every stage. This is not, of course, infallible as scientists scie ntists are subject to human error as much as the rest of us.

13. The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or political events, but for a whole new age of globalization – a flattening' of the world. The explosion of advanced technologies now means that suddenly knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the planet, levelling the playing field as never before. 14. As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster. Think of the millions different media images you are bombarded with everyday it’s as important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be able to read ordinary text. 15. In classes your teachers will talk about topics to pics that you are studying. The information that they provide will be important for you to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your teachers teac hers say. 16. The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electric systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will be soon encounter both scientific and technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies. 17. The main difference on this occasion oc casion was that the colonists were not just fighting fi ghting against a king who was determined to use his own prerogative, they were also fighting against

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the parliament which believed that it and it should be alone should raise taxes and control revenues, rights which had been won in the previous century.

18. Along with all that they have in common, infants also show unique individual traits. Some are more active than others, some are more sociable, and some are more interested in the world around them, infants early on show consistent differences in friendliness and anxiety level, which form part of their early character. 19. The terms “voice” and “text” are multifaceted. Both have a wide range of possible meanings in everyday speech and academic usage. You may encounter the two words used in a variety of ways, in connection with different subjects, and they won’t always mean exactly the same thing. 20. Research indicates that more than 60% of customers are now willing to complain most of the time, a 10% increase in five years. 61% say they expect a telephone complaint to be resolved on the same day, compared to 51% in 2001. 21. Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today's MBA students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in October 2005. 22. Pollution’s devastating effects on the environment have become more obvious in rec ent years and have resulted in efforts to promote energy efficiency, less reliance on fossil fuels, and a reduction in air and water pollution. Most scientists agree that such changes are necessary to protect our environment from f rom further harm. 23. While yellow is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow room, babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. 24. There are two basic theories of motivation, content theories and process theories. Content theories focus on what actually motivate people, they study the needs that must be satisfied in order for the employee to be motivated. The need is either satisfied by a n extrinsic reward (for example, pay) or an intrinsic reward (for example, recognition and praise). 25. The University of Liverpool is one of the UK's leading universities. We are renowned for our teaching and research excellence. As one of Merseyside's largest employers, the 4

University is a major source for innovation and plays a key role in the economic development of the region in terms of employment, skills, research and technology. 26. No known life of any kind exists on the Moon and it does not have any atmosphere, wind and water (although ice may be present at the bottom of a few shaded craters). Its sky is black all the time and stars are continuously visible. 27. The advantage of the great European and American orchestras is t hat they were able to establish their iconic status in an age when their identity could become entrenched, there was less competition and it was easier to create a brand. Not only did they have the best halls, they attracted the best musicians, who tended to stay put. 28. Pluto lost its official status as a planet, when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from 9 to 8 planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the general assembly meeting about the definition of a planet - and whether Pluto met the specifications - the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause. 29. Extrovert tend to move quickly and try to influence situations directly while introvert give themselves time to develop their insights before exposing them to the world. Extroverts are happy making decisions in the thick of events while introvert wants to reflect before taking actions. 30. How quickly is the world population growing? In the United State and other developed countries, the current growth rate is very low. In the most developing countries, the human population is growing at the rate nearly 3 people per second. Because of this bursting growth rate, the human population is well on i ts way to reaching 9 billions within your lifetime.

31. Despite many similarities that literacy political debate in other nation, there are also ways in which the cultural and political situations in Scotland had left these studies of college’s literatures in significantly different literacy conditions from that study in many other parts of the world. 32. Competence in mathematics was another trouble spot. More than half said that their real task school's graduates are deficient in mathematics, more than 10% of respondents said college’s graduates are deficient in the subject, while 70% said they are adequate. 33. Although it come from a remote region in the Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839, it quickly escaped from colonized river banks and damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New

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Zealand and Canada. In the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests and it grows and reproduces unhindered 34. Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board, according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover , December sales numbers were also revised higher. 35. Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection, in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and -- yes -- their flesh. 36. In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions. 37. Orientalists, like many other early-nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead artificial entities predominate. They herd beneath very wide labels every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the process to collective abstractions. 38. It seems that language appeared from nowhere, since no other species has anything resembling human language. However, other animals do possess basic systems for perceiving and producing sounds that enable them to communicate. These systems may have been in place before the appearance of language. 39. It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business school, but 9 times out of 10, the students who get these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience under their belt before even starting their MBA program. 40. Written by three eminent professors, it has been updated to reflect the shifts of sociological thought in the last five years, making it the most comprehensive, authoritative and contemporary dictionary available. It is essential reading for all students and teachers of sociology and other related courses - and also for the general reader. 41. Tesla’s theoretical work formed the basic of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today’s money to undertake motor and generator improvement. However, when Tesla unethic serbs asked

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about the money, Edison reported reply “Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor,” The pair become arched rivals. 42. A study found that the research funded by the soft drinks industry have different results from research funded by other sources and went on to suggest that there may have been biased by the research itself. The whole point of the scientific methods is to ensure the research results are not influenced by the source of funding.

43. Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are you talking about?” she said. Our parents were very lenient. 44. Student helps and counsellor services including male and female staffs fro m a variety of background such as clinical, sociology, educational psychology, social work. All the counsellors are trained at a master of doctoral level are registered with their professional organizations. 45. Exhilarating, exhausting and intense, there are just some of the words used to describe doing an MBA, everyone’s experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying that it's hard and demanding work whichever course you do, MBA is one of fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must be sustainable benefit against form in one pain. 46. How do you imagine of the unimaginable, if we ask you to think of an object says the yellow tulip, a picture immediately form in our mind’s eye. But what if we try to imagine the concept such as a square root of a negative number. 47. In Japanese tea ceremony, is a ritual-like formalism in which green tea you prepare and serve to multiple guests in a tea full setting. The ceremony can take as long as 4 hours and there are many tradition gestures that the server and the guests must perform. 48. Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one that signals impatience, hostility or contempt. 49. The problem begins with the alphabet itself. Building a spelling system for English using letters that come from Latin – despite the two languages not sharing exactly the same set of sounds – is like building a playroom using an IKEA office set.

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50. Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate. 51. Three professors from Hamburg University's medical faculty travelled last month to Ingeborg's sitting room in East Berlin to test her on the work she carried out in pre-war Germany. 52. This finding is understandable in certain cases in spite of its high significance; that is because energy efficiency of building operation just represents a single aspect of sustainability. 53. The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average 2015 US university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition enters the workforce with $35,000 in student debt. 54. The insults and criticism were not unexpected. What was surprising was people's enthusiasm about the competition. Thousands have participated in the discussion. 55. Who do you think is the most glamorous person? A biotechnologist who led his c ompany in international research, an ordinary welder who gained international fame through his work, or a photographer complimented widely for a series of photos? 56. In the photo, the wild cat's huge paws are clamped onto the side of the white safari Jeep in which Chappell was a passenger. Almost as tall as the Jeep on her hind legs, she appears to be forcing her muzzle into the back window. 57. The Office of Personnel Management was the target of the attack, but data from nearly every government agency was stolen. U.S. investigators say they believe Chinese hackers were behind the breach. 58. While the Republican field is packed with male candidates, so far, some of the sharpest Clinton critiques have come from women. 59. Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This trend began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of scientists and governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

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60. As far as politics go, the responses are just as varied. Mitigation is common and calls for a reduction of emissions and less reliance on fossil fuels. Coal burning power plants are now replaced with hydraulic power plants and electrical cars are replacing some gasoline efficient cars. Many people, however, feel that this is not enough. 61. The border itself between Mexico and United States is fraught with a mix of urban and desert terrain and spans over 1,900 miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and urban areas are where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities like El Paso, Texas and San Diego, California. 62. Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not interfere with trade. No tariffs are applied to imports or exports, and people are allowed to trade goods and services as they please. Supply and demand dictates the prices for which goods and services sell and are the only factors that determine how resources are allocated in society. 63. Unlike the United Kingdom, which has taken a relatively restrictive approach to the possession of arms, the United States has taken a more lenient approach. In the United States, three models have evolved regarding the interpretation of the meaning of the right to bear and keep arms as delineated in the Second Amendment. 64. Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of the machinery that had become commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so employers had nearly all of the bargaining power. Employers mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised that would help in the improvement of working conditions. 65. Unions take the power out of the employer's hands on many issues. There are examples of cases where workers were engaging in sexual or racial harassment, but were protected by their unions and allowed to keep their jobs. Poor workers and excellent workers often receive the same pay and raises, giving no reason for a person to work harder than necessary at their job. 66. Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill any dangerous microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win widespread medical acceptance.

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67. A smoking ban is a public policy that includes criminal laws and health regulations that prohibit smoking in certain public places and workspaces. There are varying definitions of smoking employed in this legislation. The strictest definitions define smoking as being the inhalation of any tobacco substance while the loosest define smoking as possessing any lit tobacco product. 68. Welfare has a special political meaning to the United States because it refers to how the poor receives financial aid. In comparison, welfare services are regarded as a universal right in other regions like Europe, where it is believed that all citizens should be able to obtain a minimal level of social support and well-being. 69. Honeybee colony collapse disorder has been reported by beekeepers around the world. There are several theories as to why worker bees suddenly leave the hive and their queen. But American military research facility near Washington may have identified at least part of the answer. 70. The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Yet during that time, there have been marked changes in the nation's economy and society and in public policies that have affected families' economy well-being, which are not reflected in the measure. 71. Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institution established to collect, study, exchange and display plants for research and for the education and the enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in each capital city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, study and display of native and/or exotic fauna in captivity. 72. Market research is a vital part of the planning of any business. However, experienced you and your staff may be in a particular field, if you are thinking of introducing a service to a new area. It is important to find out what the local population thinks about it first. 73. The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the Strandlopers, an ancient people who live on the coastline, because of their connection to the sea. Their way of life intrigued him. As a child he had spent a lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting things - so he began to study them, and discovered some interesting information about their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on. 74. Researchers gathered 160 uncaffeinated adults, people who consumed less than 500 milligrams of caffeine a week. These decaf subjects looked at pictures of various objects, then took either a placebo or a pill containing 200 milligrams of caffeine. That’s roughly the amount you’d get from two cups of coffee.

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75. There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and useful, and don’t bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves with design and how the furniture will look in a room - in other words, function combined with aesthetics; and yet others see furniture as a form of art. 76. Not a lot is known about how the transportation of goods by water first began. Large cargo boats were being used in some parts of the world up to five thousand years ago. However, sea trade became more widespread when large sailing boats travelled between ports, carrying spices, perfumes and objects made by hand. 77. As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like a novelist and get into the skins of characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine what it’s like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past. 78. Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people have been producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems. Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power stations and cars. 79. A recent trend in the entertainment world is to adapt classic works of literature for either TV or movies. One argument is that this is to everyone’s benefit, as it introduces people to works they might otherwise never have, but is rarely done successfully. 80. History rubs shoulders and often overlaps with many other areas o f research, from myths and epics to the social sciences, including economics, politics, biograph, demography, and much else besides. Some histories are almost pure narratives, while others go in for detailed, tightly-focused analyses of, for example, the parish records of a Cornish village in the 16th century. 81. In the Middle Ages, the design and use of flags were considered a means of identifying social status. Flags were, therefore, the symbols not of nations, but of the nobility. The design of each flag resembled the "devices" on the noble's Coat of Arms, and the size of the flag was an indication of how high the owner stood in the nobility. 82. Many papers you write in college will require include quotes from one or more sources. Even if you don't have to do it, i ntegrating a few quotes into your writing can add life and persuasiveness to your arguments. The key is to use quotes to support a point you're trying to make rather than just include them to fill space.

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83. A university is a lot more than just classes and exams, university is a concept that offers you a host of possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out about the different projects, clubs and societies that are in your university. You will definitely find something you are interested in. 84. Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to Positive moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more stimulus- driven and bottom-up processing, which judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. 85. Integration is increasingly needed in the business environment. This need emerges from the efficiency and synergy requirements necessary in a complex and turbulent environment. In other words, integration- is needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of competitive advantage. 86. Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis-a study of studies-on whether people can really perceive better-than-CD quality sound, He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400 participants and nearly 13,000 listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than-CD-quality track 52.3 percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not ail that impressive. 87. There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest lasting interpretation was that the Revolution was the almost inevitable outcome of an age-old struggle between parliament and crown. The second sees it as a class struggle, and a lead-up to the French and other revolutions. Finally, the third interpretation sees the other two as too fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and that the outcome could have gone either way. 88. The tsunamis could provide crucial information about the habitability of ancient Mars. The first one occurred when the planet must have been relatively warm and amenable for life, because it carved out backwash channels as it returned to the sea. By contrast, the planet had become much cooler by the time the second tsunami hit-the waters apparently flash-froze after flowing the surface. 89. "Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful amusement ride," writes Judith A. Adams in the American Amusement Park Industry. “His coasters combined an appearance of danger with actual safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating speed, and allowed the public to intimately experience the Industrial Revolution’s new technologies of gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights."

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90. Usually, age is determined by physical characteristics, such as teeth or bones. Great- if you have a body. Researchers have tried successfully to use blood. But in this study, the scientists used immune cells called T-cells recognize invaders through receptors that match molecules on bacteria, viruses even tumors. The cellular activity that produces these receptors also produces a type of circular DNA molecule as a byproduct. 91. For the purposes of argument, culture is divided into material and nonmaterial, and the speaker's aim is to show how they both affect each other. Material developments in tools and technology can affect nonmaterial culture, our customs and beliefs, and the other way around. Genetics is used as an example as it has changed the way we think about life, but also our beliefs have affected its rate of development. 92. Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk about ourselves when asked. Consider successful networking as little more than the process of guiding a person to tell you about his life, what he’s doing, the company that employs him, and his current industry. 93. The second group that is particularly vulnerable are night shift workers ... and the third group that is particularly vulnerable are people with sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. One out of three men and one out of six women have sleep apnea. And yet, 85 percent are undiagnosed and untreated. And it more than doubles the risks of crashes. 94. It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them. 95. Dolphins, whales and porpoises are social animals, but some species are more sociable than others. This depends on the environment because a species adopts the lifestyle most suitable for this. Among dolphins, forming makes it easier for them to find food, reproduce and gain knowledge. They are safer too, because dolphins can communicate danger when there are threats around. 96. The elaborate and refined Japanese tea ceremony is meant to demonstrate respect through grace and good etiquette as demonstrated here by Genshitsu Sen, 15th Grand Master of the Urasenke Tea School. 97. Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal pads. It also speeds metabolism.

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98. Introverts (or those of us with introverted tendencies) tend to recharge by spending time alone. They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much time alone. They recharge by being social. 99. For centuries, Atlantis has been one of the Western world’s favorite legends, a tantalizing blend of fantasy and mystery. Stories tell of a rich and glorious empire that was lost to the sea-where some hope its ruins still lie, waiting to be discovered. 100. Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger creates a fascinating mosaic of the people behind New York’s magnificent Metropolitan Museum of Art from the aristocratic, acerbic director of the museum, Philippe de Motebello, to the curators who have a deep knowledge and passionate appreciation of their collections from the security guards to the philanthropists who keep the museum’s financial lifeblood flowing. 101. The student’s reading in his own subject slows down, and his comprehension becomes less secure. He expresses himself slowly and often fails to convey his ideas exactly. He is disappointed to find that under pressure he makes a lot of unnecessary mistakes in areas where he knows the correct language forms. His social relations are difficult as he cannot find the right phrase quickly enough to keep a conversation going, so his language often betrays him into dullness, coldness, or worst of all, rudeness. Instead of the students being in control of the language, the language seems now to be in control of the students. 102. In the past, Naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook selected and graded items of language which were put into content and then practiced intensively. New items were carefully controlled so that the student could cope quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction, however, all this has changed. Unknown items of grammar and vocabulary appear in texts which attempt to explain new and often difficult information. Difficulties with the language interact with difficulties as regards the subject matter. 103. IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to the world mobile commerce, where your handheld device, it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or any other wireless application will soon be used for commercial transactions. Skeptical? Consider these facts In Japan, mobile phones are used for location based services, where the mobile service provider tie up with a host of other players such as restaurants, car rental companies etc. When the mobile use enters that zone messages from all these players are flashed on the mobile device. Location base services are proved in several other countries as well.

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104. Analysts were impressed by the improvement in margins reported across all regions, apart from the United Kingdom, and said that this reflected a clear effort to improve profitability across the business. Although the turnaround is still in its early stages and the valuation looks full, given the challenge of turning around such a large and complex business, this is certainly an impressive start. 105. In a genuine republic the will of the government is dependent on the will of the society, and the will of the society is dependent on the reason of the society. I n Federalist 51, for example, James Madison claimed that the extent and structure of the government of the United States make it dependent on the will of the society. 106. In 2005, donor countries agreed on an accord to harmonize their practices. Since then, aid officials have complained that too little has changed ort the ground. Conferences of donors in developing countries still tend to be dominated by a small group of north European governments, with the US often absent. 107. The climate for doing business improved in Egypt more than in any other country last year, according to a global study that revealed a wave of company-oriented reforms across the Middle East, The World Bank rankings, which look at business regulations, also showed that the pace of business reforms in Eastern Europe was overtaking East Asia. 108. One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A (NGC 5128), an elliptical galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636, another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in the c onstellation Virgo. 109. Since Plato, philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we “blink” and go with our gut. But as scientists break open the mind’s black box with the latest tools of neuroscience, they’re discovering that this not how the mind works. Our best decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling and reason - and the precise mix depends on the situation. 110. The development of easy-to-use statistics is being taught and learned. Students can make transformations of variables, create graphs of distributions of variables, and select among statistical analyses all at the click of a button. However, even with these advancements, students sometimes find statistics to be an arduous task. 111. First discovered in 2007, “fast radio burst” continue to defy explanation. These cosmic chirps last a thousandth of a second. The characteristics of the radio pulses suggested that they came from galaxies billions of light-years away. However, new works points to a much closer origin-flaring star within our own galaxy.

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112. Certain types of methodology are more suitable for some research projects than others. For example, the use of questionnaires and surveys is more suitable for quantitative research whereas interviews and focus groups are more often used for qualitative research purposes. 113. The coastal wetlands have environmental and economic importance. Wetlands provide natural wealth. They have important filtering capabilities. As the runoff water passes, they retain excess nutrients and some pollutants. They maintain water flow during dry periods. Thousands of people depend on groundwater for drinking. They act as natural sponges of flood waters and contain soil erosion. They control floods and save the buildings from collapsing during heavy rains. The hardwood-riparian wetlands along the Mississippi River can store sixty days of floodwater. 114. Although introvert and extrovert personality types differ from one another on various grounds, the major difference between the two is their source of rejuvenation. While for extroverts, this may mean interaction or excursions with friends and family, the same may mean reading a book or listening to music for introverts.

115. Avalanche, rapidly descending large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, or mixtures of these materials, sliding or falling in response to the force of gravity. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion and often seasonal, are usually classified by their content such as a debris or snow avalanche. 116. Studies funded by the soft drink industry are more likely to mask links to obesity and type two diabetes, according to a new report. He added that biases in industry-funded studies were not usually due to poor methodology, but due to inherent problems in their design, including poor choice of comparators and problems with the way data is analysed and reported.

Short Answer Question Questions

Answers

1.

What do we call a period of 10 years?

Decade

2.

What do we call a period of 100 years?

Century

3.

What do we call a period of 1000 years?

Millennium

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4.

A specialist who repairs leaking water pipes is called as?

Plumber

5.

What is a painting of person head usually called?

Portrait

6.

Where would you find an urban area: in a city or in a

 A city

countryside? 7.

What do we call it when the Moon completely blocks out the

 A Solar Eclipse

light from the Sun? 8.

What point of compass is directly opposite to East?

9.

Where do you pay for your purchases at a supermarket?

West

Till or checkout

10. What do you call an apartment that is below ground level: a Basement apartment basement apartment or a penthouse? 11. What feature do pianos and computers have in common? 12. If you are feeling fed up, is it a positive or negative feeling? 13. What emergency service is usually called when someone is in

Keyboard

Negative feeling

Coastguard

trouble at sea: ambulance or coastguard? 14. Name a month that falls between April and June? 15.

What word describes moving a program or other material

May

Downloading

from a website to your computer? 16. What do we call a picture that a doctor takes to see inside

 X-ray

your body? 17. A famous canal links the Mediterranean sea with the Indian

Suez Canal

Ocean. Is it the Corinth or the Suez Canal?

17

18.

What crime has someone stealing items from a shop

Shoplifting

committed: shop fitting or shoplifting? 19. If someone is feeling a little ill, they may say they are feeling

Weather

“under the _____” what? 20. Who is the person in charge of a football match? 21. What do we call the last game in a sporting competition, which

Referee

Finals

decide the champion? 22. What is the general term of paintings of the countryside or

Landscape

natural views? 23. Which of these would probably found in an office: a printer, a

 A printer

blanket or a nail brush? 24.

Where would you store meat you wish to keep frozen at

Freezer

home? 25.

What is the most important document you would have to

Drivers Licence

show if you wanted to hire a car? 26. Where would you go to work out on a treadmill? 27. What piece of equipment would you use to go diving in the

Gym

 Aqualung

sea, an aqualung or an aqualane? 28. What piece of equipment would you use for floating on the

 Aqualane

sea? 29. Where would you most likely go to buy some flour; a bakery,

 A supermarket

a florist or a supermarket? 30.

Which hospital department would you go to for an x-ray:

Radiology

radiology or cardiology?

18

31. Where would you go to see an exhibition of sculpture?

 Art gallery or Museum

32. Would you measure the volume of bottled water in litres or

Litres

kilos? 33. What’s the joint called where your hand is connected to your

Wrist

arm? 34. What do you call a system of government in which people vote

Democracy

for the people who will represent them? 35.

What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have

Receipt

bought the item? 36. What do you call the document that gives details about your

Curriculum Vitae or

qualifications and work experience? 37.

Resume

How would you describe an economy based largely on  Agricultural or Rural

farming?

38. What is the study of stars and planets called? Astronomy 39. In business and advertising what does PR stand for?

Public Relations

40. Which section of a Newspapers gives the editor's opinion? Editorial 41. What instrument would you use to examine very small objects or life forms?  

Microscope

42. What is a destructive program that spreads from computer to computer?

Virus

43. What term is used for animals such as humans that usually give birth to live young: a mammals or reptiles?

Mammals

44. What is the quickest way of traveling from Hongkong to Paris?

By plane 19

45. What is the name for the huge natural body that orbits the sun?

A planet

46. What can be added to the drink to cool it down on hot day? Ice 47. What special document do most people travelling from one country to another carry?  

Passport

48. What kind of equipment is used to protect motorbike rider's brain from injury?

A

Helmet 49. What is the last thing to do when baking a cake?

Cook in the oven

50. Would you go to get a prescription filled after visiting a doctor, pharmacy or surgery? A Pharmacy 51. There are two main way to pay in shop, one by cash and other by? 52. How many days are in a leap year?

Credit card

366

53. To improve their health and fitness, most people either try to improve their diet or? Do more physical exercise 54. Would it be better to use kilometres or kilograms to measure the distance between two cities? Kilometres 55. The large island just off the coast of mainland Europe is home to which country? The United Kingdom 56. Would it be better to go jogging at noon, or in early morning, if you wanted to avoid hottest part of the day? Early morning 57. In which century did the automobile manufacture in large scale?

20 th Century

58. Name the country located in North America? The United States 59. Some calendar begin the week on Sunday. What is the other day which commonly start as week? Monday 60. Where would you see the exhibits of dinosaurs? A museum 61. Which country is in the southern hemisphere, Canada or Australia? Australia 62. In which season people will be least likely to go skiing? In summer 63. Which of these was last to be explored, Himalayas, the moon or Australia? The moon 20

64. Would letter or email would be the fastest way to get a message to your professor?  

Email

65. Jane and Peter have 3 children. They are 4, 13 & 15 years old. They only have one son, who is their youngest child. How old is their middle child? 13 years old 66. Which would be better to report the population of a major global city - hundred, millions or billions?

Millions

67. This work is due for submission, one month from 15th June, on what date it be submitted? 15th July 68. Who would you consult to treat a fear of crowded places, a philosopher or psychologist? A psychologist 69. How would most people travel to work each day, in big cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New York? By public transportation 70. Would a supermarket, a cafe or book store probably have the widest range of products available? A supermarket 71. In which room of their home would someone usually wash their clothes?

In the

bathroom 72. Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes, would more men or women play professional football?

More men

73. Which major brand of science deals with classification of human beings? Anthropology 113 A business does not want to make a loss what does it want to make?

Profit

114 What is the economic sector that deals with the farming? Agriculture Sector 115 What do you call a very long essay, that student have to write for doctor degree? Thesis of dissertation 116 What the word for period of 100 years?

Century

117 At what ceremony, the students receive their degree or diploma at end of their study? Graduation 118 What do we call the date, the piece of work must be finish by? day

Deadline or Due

21

119 If the telescope is used to far distant object, what instrument is employed for miniscule object? Microscope 120 A list of events placed In time order, is usually describe as what? A chronology/a timeline 121 A manufacturing process releases noxious gases, what is the most important safety measures for workers at this plant- ensuring good ventilation or appropriate footwear? Ensuring good ventilation 122 what kind of punishment is le ss severe, an imprisonment or community service? Community service 123 in a figure of hexagonal, how many sides does it have?

Six

124 What key minerals makes sea water different from fresh water?

Salt

125 Which is a longest, a decade, a millennium or a century?

Millennium

126 How many sides are there in the bilateral agreement?

two

127 What organs do cardiologist specialist in? Heart 128 In the animal kingdom, the purpose of camouflage o attract a mate, to find food or to hide? To hide 129 How do we weight butterfly? I think it is grams 130 What Dermatology specialized in? Skin-Badness & Hair 132 What is Hematology relates to? Blood test 133 What is Orthopaedic relates to? Join, knee, bones 134 What is term Neuro-Psych? Brain injury or mental health 135 What is term Immunology? Immune related, HIV/ AIDS 136 What is term Otolaryngology? ENT (Ear Nose &Throat) 138 What is recession Downfall in economy, nation wealth, etc. Downfall in economy 139 Increase in iron good or bad for health? Good 140 What is Ophthalmologist specialist in? Perform eye operation 141

Geography

142 What is the study of geometrics, algebra, calculus and trigonometry? Mathematics 143 What the punctuation you want to end a sentence? Full stop / period 144 which subject is using periodic table?

Chemistry

145

Mammals 22

146 you get a pay rise is your income increase or decrease? 147 What is the line connecting moon and earth? 148 What is the title of newspaper called? 149 Peninsula

Increasing

Earth-Moon line Headline

3

150 What is the ceremony called for marriage? Wedding 151 What line between sea and land? 152 hemisphere?

Horizon

2

5163 156 …

Tuesday or Thursday

157 Use diameter to measure? Sphere 158 Why people wear gloves when they do experiment?

Protection

159 What kind of editorial is published daily? Newspaper 160. What is the name of the instrument to measure the variations in temperature? Thermometer 161, which one is more fuel efficient? car or truck?

Car

162 What is the money that people pay to the government?

Tax

163 Which planet is that person standing on? The moon 164 Which in the fastest way to go to level 15 escalator or elevator? 165 Which group does safety goggles belong to?

Elevator

Glass

166 What is the name of the field of that dudes the human mind and behavior? Psychology 167 How many people are there in a quartet?

4

168 Would fresh milk last longer in a fridge or in a cool cupboard?

Fridge

169 What organ do optometrist specialize in? Eye 170 What organ do dentist study?

Teeth

171 One is the subject of study at a culinary institute

Cooking

172 Historian use evidence to draw conclusions about the past, would contemporary artist’s painting of an ancient battle be an original source or secondary source? An secondary source 173 From where can you have a full view of a building, the outside, inside, or top? Top of the building 23

174…3 or 4years 175… inform the school 176. Pharmacist chemist 177. Drawer? 178. What does … stands for 179. (Some Chinese words) 180. (Some Chinese words) 181. Who shall we call the person who decides if a person is guilty in the court? 182. (Some Chinese words)183. What is the chemical name of Gold? Au, Mg or O2? 184. What is the opposite/antonym of vertical? 185. A lack of what kind of weather causes drought, dry weather? 186. Which is usually considered against the law? Use of illicit drugs or use of proscribed medication? 187. Where is the natural habitat of animals classified as aquatic, in the land, in the sea or in the sky? 188. Which of the 5 senses are you using, if you detect the ordour of gas in a laboratory or in your kitchen? 189. To which of our senses do all of the following words relate, opaque, vivid, brilliant, shiny? 190. (with pic) What are they holding? 191.Birds fly to warmer places in winter, mitigation or migration? 192. (Some Chinese words) 193. Which airport is the busiest? 194. What is the time for the latest bus? 195. (Some Chinese words) 196. What is the structure over river to transport stuff

Medicine Closet Copyright Evaporation The Pacific Ocean Judge Fell down Au Horizontal Rainy weather Use of illicit drugs In the sea Smell Vision Certificate Migration Wednesday 6:30 pm Telephone Bridge

Retell Lecture 1. Infinite Monkey Theorem

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters at infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as Shakespeare's Halet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule but not zero.

24

But technologies can help monkey to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word "money", they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they use computer programming, they can finish the task within a day. Answer: 





This lecture talks about infinite monkey theorem and technology the speaker mentions that on a keyboard, a monkey will almost surely type a given text such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. It is a metaphor for an abstract dev ice that produces a random sequence. She further suggests that without the devices, only given a pen and some papers they may only scratch on the paper. In general, this lecture talks about infinite monkey theorem and the benefits of technology.

2. Sound receptor

You've got sound receptors in your ears and they are beautiful. We're not going to talk about them at any length, but there's little flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ears and they can translate vibrational energy coming from your ears, hurting your eardrums, being translated into a vibration into the fluid in your ears into a physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion, into an electrical signal that goes into your ears. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff. We're not going to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think find receptors really quite remarkable kinds of devices.  



This lecture is about sound receptor, which we have in our ears. According to the lecture, the speaker mentioned that sound receptor can translate vibrational energy through the fluid into a physical motion, after that these physical motion will be converted into electrical signal, electrical signal, which goes into your ears. Finally, the speaker mentioned that he is not going to talk all details of it, but invite some students who are interested.

3. Galaxy 



The lecture is about the darkness between the galaxies The speaker firstly mentioned a picture of galaxy that comes from NASA, the photo is copyright free and can be used by websites, newspaper, and magazines.

25





Then the speaker mentioned that the gaps between galaxies are not dark, the reason why we cannot see anything is because our eyes cannot detect infrared light Finally, the speaker mentioned that the darkness between galaxies still remained mysterious to us.

4. Dimension

One dimension: use longitude to locate somewhere near equator Two dimension: use longitude and latitude to locate somewhere on the surface Three dimension: use longitude, latitude and altitude to locate somewhere over the surface Four dimension: use longitude, latitude, altitude and time to locate somewhere in the space need more dimensions to specify the outer space 









The lecture is about how to use dimension to specify position. According to the lecture, longitude can be used to describe the position near equator. Two dimensions contain two variables including longitude, latitude, and altitude, which are used to describe locations over the surface Three dimension contain 3 variables including longitude, latitude, and altitude, which are used to describe location over the surface Four dimension is used to located the space

5. Welsh speaker

Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people, and in the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in English, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of Welsh spoke Welsh as an everyday language. Towards the end of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%. According to the 2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659,301 people can either speak; read or write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh language TV channel, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales in around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can 'understand' Welsh. In addition, there are an estimated 133,000 Welsh-speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.

26

Answer:  



Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 700k people. There arc also Welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, Australia and Ncnv Zealand. At the beginning of 20,h century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh; however, at the end of the century, the percentage of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%.

6. Haussmann's renovation of Paris

(reference reading) Napoleon III instructed Haussamnn to bring air and light to the center of the city, to unify the different neighborhoods with boulevards, and to make the city more beautiful. It included the demolition of medieval neighborhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris; and the construction dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussamnn's renovation. Answer:

Napoleon III reconstruction renovation of Paris: ● This lecture mainly talks about the renovation of Paris in 1890s. The renovation was a vast public program commissioned by Napoleon the third and directed by Haussmann. ● Napoleon the third constructed Haussmann to bring air and lig ht to the center of Paris and to drain the sewages. ● And he also asked Haussmann to plant more trees, build roads and to make the city safer. ● The reason for doing this was that the old Paris had many serious problems such as overcrowding, diseases and crimes. 7. Bomb calorimeter thermos mechanics

27

Reference Reading

A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction in being measured. Electrical energy is used to ignite the fuel; as the fuel is burning, it will heat up the surrounding air, which expands and escapes through a tube that leads t he air out of the calorimeter. When the air is escaping through the copper tube it will also heat up the water outside the tube. The change in temperature of the water al lows for calculation calorie content of the fuel. Answers 







The lecture is about bomb calorimeter, which is a tool to measure the amount of heat released by the food during combustion. It consists of two vessels: outer vessel and inner vessel, including insulation, ignition, thermometer, air space, and chamber. Food is burned under controlled conditions, break chemical bonds and rel ease free energy. Scientists use the thermometer to measure the temperature of the water to calculate the calorie of the food.

8. Western countries child birth rate

- The lecture talks about the child birth rates in Europe. - In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the rate decreases to historical low in about 1.1 - 1.2% in recent years.

28

- The reason is that women in Europe are unwilling to give birth especially those young women under 30 years old. - However, the social status of men remains the same without any changes. - Finally, the speaker concludes that the low childbirth rate is relate to women’s boyfriends, especially unemployed boyfriends.

9. Western countries expenditure on education institutions

Answers  The lecture compares the expenses of education institution among different countries in Europe,  UK spent 1.04% of its GDP on education institutions, which was insufficient in comparison to other European countries including Italy, Denmark and Spain. The expenditure of Italy and France is close to that of UK.   By contrast, Denmark and Finland spent much more than the rest of the European countries.

10. Light speed

It was identified last century, many scientists tried to c alculate and measure the speed of light but until someone (name) designed a method (name) to f igure it out, then we have light speed. Later, experiments found this is still not ac curate.

29

11. The contribution of Churchill

(Reference reading) The Right Hornorable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer- Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS, PC (November 30, 1874 - January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best known as prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. At various times a solder,  journalist, author, and politician, Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history. Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting independence to Britain's colonies and at times regarded as a self-promoter who changed political parties to further his career, it was his wartime leadership that earned him iconic status. Some of his peacetime decisions, such as restoring the Gold Standard in 1942, were disastrous as was his World War 1 decision to land troops on the Dardanlles. However, during 1940, when Britain alone opposed Hitler's Nazi Germany in the free world, his stirring speeches inspired, motivated, and uplifted a whole people during their darkest hour. Churchill saw himself as a c hampion of democracy against tyranny, and was profoundly aware of his own role and destiny. Indeed, he believed that God had placed him on earth to carry out heroic deeds for the protection of Christian civilization and human progress. A providential understanding of history would concur with Churchill’s self-understanding. Considered old-fashioned, even reactionary by some people today, he was actually a visionary whose dream was of a united world, beginning with a union of the Englishspeaking peoples, then embracing all cultures. In his youth, he cut a dashing figure as a cavalry officer as seen in the 1972 film Young Winston (directed by Richard Attenborough), but the images of him that are the most widely remembered are as a rather overweight, determined, even pugnacious looking senior statement as he is depicted to the right.

Answer:

Winston Churchill was a British Statesman, known as the prime minister of the UK during the Second World War. -

He granted independence to Britain’s colonies.

-

Some of his peacetime decisions were disastrous, such as restoring Gold Standard.

During the Second World War, he helped British to fight against Nazi Germany and his speech inspired and motivated a lot of people during the darkest time.

12. Minority Language extinction Answer: This lecture talks about the extinction of small/minority languages at an

accelerating speed. The speaker firstly mentioned that the increasing language disappearing speed is caused by globalization and urbanization. Then he talked about people move to urban areas, where it is hard for small languages to survive and people feel pressured to

30

speak their minor languages. Finally, the speaker said people are more likely to preserve their minority languages in regional areas, such as isolated islands. -

Reason: globalization & urbanization

-

Compare the pace of extinction in regional areas and urban areas

The main reason for this trend is urbanization, where people are moving to cities and are more likely to speak mainstream language -

Regional areas: more likely to preserve minority languages

13. Coffee Reference Reading

Coffee was introduced to Vietnam in 1857 by the French and slowly grew as producer of coffee in Asia. The height of coffee production occurred in the early 20 th century as smallscale production shifted towards plantations. The first instant coff eeplant, Coronel Coffee Plant, was established in Bien Hoa, Dong Nai Province in 1969, with a production capacity of 80 tons per year. The Vietnam War disrupted production of coffee in the Buon Ma Thuot region, the plateau on which the industry was centered. Although seldom involved in conflict, the area was a crossroads between North and South and was largely depopulated. After the North Vietnamese victory, the industry, like most agriculture, was colle ctivized, limiting private enterprise and resulting in low production. Following Đổi Mới reforms in 1986, privately owned enterprise was once again permitted, resulting in a surge of growth in the industry. Cooperation between growers, producers and government resulted in branding finished coffees and exporting products for retail. It was during this time that many new companies involved in coffee production were established, including Dak Lak-based Trung Nguyen in 1996 and Highland Coffee in 1998. Both of these continued on to establish major brands distributed through a widespread network of coffee shops. By the late 1990s, VietNam has become the world’s #2 coffee producer after Brazil, but production was largely focused on Robusta bean-considered inferior to Arabica due to their bitterness – for export as a commodity. Recent government initiatives have sought to improve the quality of coffee exports, including move widespread planting of Arabica beans, the development of mixed-bean coffees, and specialty coffee such as kopi luwak (Vietnamese: cà phê chồn, “ weasel coffee”). By 2000, coffee production had grown to 900,000 tons per year. Price decrease, however, led annual production to drop to around 600,000 tons/year in 2003. In 2009, Reuters reported Vietnamese coffee exports at “an estimated 1.13 million tons” for the previous 31

year, saying that coffee was second only to rice in value of agro-products exported from Vietnam. The country’s 2013/2014 coffee crop is expected to be a bumper harvest of around 17 million to 29.5 million 60 kg bags. Such a large production will add a global oversupply of beans and will pressure coffee prices which have lost about 10 percent since October 2012. The country’s coffee industry has taken a hit, of the 127 local coffee export firms that operated in 2012, 56 have ceased trading or shifted to other businesses after having taken out loans they can’t repay. A few firms, such as Vietnam’s top coffee exporter the Intimex Group, will benefit from the 2013 harvest. Intimex accounts for a quarter of the country’s coffee exports and made $1.2 billion in revenue in 2012. The amount of non-performing loans or debts in the coffee sector likely to go unpaid stands at 8 trillion dong ($379 million), which is around 60 percent of all loan fo r the coffee industry in Vietnam. Answer: ● The lecture is about the changes that have been taken place in coffee production ● As compared with…., coffee production has increased to… ● The huge demand of German and America has made Vietnam the second biggest coffee producer, its output has doubled during the last 10 years. ● This has greatly impacted Columbia, where is experiencing a huge decrease in their coffee output. ● People’s drinking habit changing and the population growth also have great impact on coffee industry. 14. Citizenship Curriculum

● The lecture illustrates the importance of citizenship curriculum; however, only 1/5 of schools have the course ● This subject provides confidence to students when they face the changing world, it also helps students to build up their leadership skills. ● Criticism of citizenship education in schools argues that merely teaching students about the theory is ineffective, unless schools involve students in the process of decision making.

15. International law

This lecture talks about international environment law and climate change. British government launched the environment law in order to control the impact of human activities and industrial revolution. The environment law was aimed to improve environment locall y and globally. Many companies applied the Adam Smith theory, which increases the spending on environment and improves the overall health of employees. Managers were unsatisfied with environment law because the cost is increasing, which makes the company less competitive in the market. 

 



32

16. Drug Advertisement

The lecture talks about the drug advertisements. The speaker firstly mentioned that nowadays drug companies have doubled the amount of money spent on drug ads in primetime. Although the information of drug ads is accurate but the tone tends to mislead consumers to buy these drugs rather than seeing a doctor for prescription. Then the speaker mentioned that the change in lifestyle has contributed to this trend. Finally, he concluded that buying drug is different from buying a soap. Drug advertisement are shown frequently on TV, the money they spent on advertisements is doubled than several years ago. There are more people buy drugs via advertisements, rather than going to see a doctor and ask for a prescription. Although those advertisements are technically accurate, it stil l can mislead consumers. 





17. Einstein

For thousands of years, philosophers and scholars believed the universe was fixed and unchangeable; however, according to Einstein, the space is changing all the time. Stars, planets and heaven bodies are moving around. However, the honor of this discovery is not belonging to Einstein. It is discovered by Hubble’s telescope in 1920s. For thousands of years, people believed that the stars and universe were absolutely fixed and unchanged. This has been changed by Einstein in the 20th century. He suggested that all stars and planets were continuously changing. Actually, this theory was proposed by Einstein, but the discovery and observation were published in 1920s by an astronomer called Hubble. 



18. Boys and girls  





The lecture is about boys’ and girls’ performance in English and Mathematics. Girls usually outperform boys in English than boys over the first 6 years while there is no significant difference in maths. There are 3 reasons to explain this, biological, social factors and the pre-school factors. Girls’ pattern recognizing abilities are better than boys.

19. Thermodynamic theory

This lecture talks about thermodynamics theory and kinetic theory which are major development of physics. To begin with, the speaker points out that thermodynamics are about heat and temperature transmission and their relation to energy and work. After that he mentions that the laws of thermodynamic that describe how quantities behave under various circumstances are constant and statistical. More importantly, the laws of thermodynamic that describe how quantities behave under various circumstances are 33

constant and statistical. More importantly, that laws of thermodynamic are obeyed under most situations. However, there are exceptions. At the end, he emphasizes that exceptions happen when it comes to kinetic energy of molecules, which is about random motion of atom. Temperature: Temperature is the average kinetic energy within a given object. Thermal Energy: Thermal energy is defined as the total kinetic energy within a given system. Heat: It is important to remember that heat is caused by flow of thermal energy due to differences in temperature (heat flows from object at higher temperature to object at lower temperature), transferred through conduction/ convection/ radiation. Additionally, thermal energy always flow from warmer areas to cooler areas. Answer:

·

This lecture talks about how materials affected by heat, temperature.

·

At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker said that hat was cause by physics atom

motion and activities. · ·

Temperature is the average kinetic energy within a given object. In thermodynamics mechanism, thermal energy is defined as the total of all kinetic

energies within a given system. ·

It is important to remember that heat is caused by flow of thermal energy due to

differences in temperature. ·

Additionally, thermal energy always flow from warmer areas to cooler areas.

20. Three stages of brain development

The lecture is about 3 stages of brain development, starting from primitive brain, Limbic brain to Neocortex brain. - Primitive brain: manage reflex, monitor body function, and process information coming from sensing - Limbic brain: establish liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks - Neocortex: process information from the primitive brain and limbic brain These 3 stage of brain development are interrelated but each stage has its own function. Reference Reading:

3 Stages of Brain Development - Brain development during childhood, there are three stages, starting from the primitive brain (the action brain), limbic brain (feeling brain), and finally to the neocortex (thought brain).

34

Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive brain functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control, monitoring body functions, and process information coming from sensing. Limbic brain functioning a s a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks, and the primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. However, he needed more time to process information from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks the merger is also a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and actions. Nerve myelination of the brain take place in sequence, starting from the primitive brain, the limbic brain, and brain thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used to make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin, the faster the nerve impulses or signals travel along nerves. Therefore, a growing child are encouraged to receive input from the environment in accordance with its development.

35

21. Wind power

In the lecture, the speaker talks about wind power plant. At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentions it is a device that can covert wind into mechanism energy, which can be used for water power pump or electricity generator. Also, the speaker mentions the turbine created depend on the wind speed, the number of sails, the area and the angles that sails make to the wind. According to the speaker, as bending the angle of blades, the wind hits them and could turn the blades, and then you can use it for watering things. Lastly, the speaker indicates that we could make simple windmills to drive electronic devices. ✓

There are a number of factors can decide how much energy a turbine can generate the area of the sails, the number of sails, the angles that the sails make to the wind and the wind speed. 36

✓ ✓

As wind hits the blades, it will keep them rotating. We could make simple windmills to drive electronical devices.

22. Mega city ✓

✓

✓

✓

The lecture is about population growth and resource consumption over the period from1990 to 2000. Over the period given, the population increased from about 1.5 billion to 6 billion. The increase of energy consumption was much more significant, which increased by 16 folds. Due to the urbanization, cities only account for 2% of the land but people living in the city consume 70% of the resource. People do not only use every resources on the planet but also produce tons of wastes, which has become a huge concern.

23. Amory Lovins ✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

This lecture is about Amory Lovins, who has an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge, but he is not an academic. He has a consulting company and lives in a mountainside town above Snowmass. He spends around 30 years thinking about how to save energy with existing technology. Some people think he is crazy while others believe he is genius. A female writer wrote a book about him called Mr Green.

Reference Reading

Amory Bloch Lovins (born November 13, 1947) is an American physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Roc ky Mountain Institute. He has worked in the field of energy policy and related areas for four decades. He was named by Time magazine one of the World's 100 most influential people in 2009.

Lovins worked professionally as an environmentalist in the 1970s and since then as an a nalyst of a "soft energy path" for the United States and other nations. He has promoted energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, and the generation of energy at or near the site where the energy is actually used. Lovins has also advocated a "negawatt revolution" arguing that utility customers don’t want kilowatt-hours of electricity; they want energy services. In the 1990s, his work with Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of an ultraefficient automobile, the Hypercar. Lovins does not see his energy ideas as green or left-wing, and he is an advocate of private enterprise and free market economics, He notes that Rupert Murdoch has made News Corporation carbon-neutral, with savings of millions of dollars. But, says L ovins, large institutions are becoming more “gridlocked and moribund”, and he supports the rise of “citizen organizations” around the world. Lovins has received then honorary doctorates and won many a wards. He has provided expert testimony in eight countries, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 31 books. 37

These books include Reinventing Fire, Winning the Oil Endgame, Small is Profitable, Brittle Power, and Natural Capitalism. 24. Climate Shift

- The lecture is about the earth’s last climate shift. - Climate is a consistent pattern of weather over a significant period of time, climate change indicates that energy balance of the earth is disturbed. - Finally, the speaker uses the example of volcano to demonstrate: the system is complex and usually involves several mechanisms operating at the same time.

25. Reform Latin American

The economic development of Latin has slowed down after the globalization & economy reformation; people start to question whether the reformation is positive or not. - This lecture mainly talks about the economic development in Latin America. - According to the lecture and graph provided, we can find that in the past 20 years, economic situation in Latin America increased 80%. - However, after the globalization and reform, the growth slowed down from 80% to 10% and economic after reform become unsustainable. And some people start to question ifi the reform is positive or negative. 26. Marshmallow Test Reference Reading:

They call it the “marshmallow test”. A four-to-six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate- it’s also highly influenced by environment. Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the project – but then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers note that experience factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one? 38

Answer:

· The child in the test was told: “if you don’t eat this treat for 15 mins you can have both of it and the second one.” · It turned out kids on average wait for 5 or 6 min before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general c ompetency later in life. ·

The study shows that the ability to resist treat is highly influenced by environment.

27. Brain development Transcript

Stages of Brain development- brain development during c hildhood, there are three stages, starting from the primitive brain (the action brain), limbic brain (feeling brain), and finally to the neocortex (thought brain). Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive brain functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control, monitoring body functions, and process information coming from sensing. L imbic brain functioning as a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks, and the primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. However, he needed more time to process information from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks the merger is also a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and actions. Nerve myelination of the brain takes place in sequence, starting from the primitive brain, the limbic brains, and brain thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used to make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin, the faster the nerve impulse or signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to receive input from the environment in accordance with its development. Answer:

● The lecture talks about the brain development ● Firstly, people will have language ability and cognitive ability as brain develops ● Different periods of brain development have different influence on people. For example, in short term, such as 3 months, the brain can only develop low-level ability. For several years, the brain can develop cognitive skills. ● Childhood development has great impact on adult brain in terms of sensory pathway, language and higher cognitive function. ● To conclude, further studies on human brain are necessary. 28. Survey with 100 CEO

This lecture talks about a survey of 100 CEOs’ opinions about what company’s operation and which area should be contributed with most efforts. 58% of them mentioned the

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Information Technology plays an important role because it i s time consuming and extremely complex. Finally, the speaker mentioned other two aspects are marketing management and financial management, which are also important. ● In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the survey is about which area of activity should contribute most effort. ● He further discussed that the result from the survey is IT, because IT make a huge influence on our society. And it is time consuming and complex. ● Other two aspects are financial management and marketing, and they are equally important.

29. DNA and RNA Reference reading: http: / sciencingh.com/compare-contrast-dna-rna-15525.html

DNA and RNA – are closely related molecules that participate in transmitting and expressing genetic information. Both consist of molecular chains containing alternating units of sugar and phosphate. Nitrogen-containing molecules, called nucleotide bases, hang off each sugar unit. The different sugar units in DNA and RNA are responsible for the diffe rent between the two biochemical. The cell makes protein by transcribing DNA to RNA and then translating the RNA in proteins. During transcription, a portion of the DNA molecule, called a gene, Is exposed to enzymes that assemble RNA strands according to the nucleotide-base blinding rules. The one difference is that DNA A bases bind to RNA U bases. The enzyme RNA polymerase reads each DNA base to the growing RNA strand. In this way, DNA’s genetic information is transmitted to RNA. 30. Civil society organizations Transcript:

But in the face of this sense of disempowerment, there surprisingly is no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities, protect one another’s rights and work towards the common good.

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According to the United Nations, civil society groups have grown 40-fold since the turn of last century. Internationally, the non-profit sector is which one trillion dollars, and there are 700,00 such organization in Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe, and gave 3,500 accreditations to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the rea lm of governments and officialdom reflects a profound growth in NGO’s, “the third sector”, as some call it. As Robert Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best predictor of governmental success was the strength and density of a region’s civic associations. Answer:

·

NGO can share wealth and opportunities, also it can protect people’s working and

living rights. ·

Internationally, the non-profit sectors worth 1 trillion dollars and UN recognizes 37K

civil society organizations all over the world. ·

The best predictor of government success in the strength and density of a region’s

civic organizations. 31. Australian Exports

·

The changes in values of Australian exports made to Japan, China, the Unites States

and the UK in the recent decades. ·

Australia used to isolate from the North America and UK.

·

Japan is the Australian largest export market, but China may overtake Japan and

become the Australian largest export destination by the end of this decade. ·

China’s rise changed the situation and has significant impact on Australia.

·

Australia should take advantage of China’s rise.

32. Human Creativity

Creativity has significant meaning to human life 41

It has three elements including process, people and product among these process is the key element. The speaker focused on assessing the creativity of a finished product, it is taken as a proxy for the creativity of the person who produced such a product. Therefore, a creative product should be surprising, original, beautiful and useful. It is necessary for people to have ability, grit and right mind-set in order to develop creative products.

33. Underwater Antares Detectors

Underwater Antares detectors is a camera installed under the water for fish monitoring. It is a remote technology system; some researchers can monitor fishes in their computers in universities. The camera can detect surrounding environments and fish. This helps to find out what they eat and do not eat. They can stop feeding them if necessary in some situation to save time and labour. The lecture is about installing underwater camera; it helps people to observe what is going on under the water. The camera can be used to observe the temperature change and environment change It can also be used in the remote monitoring system. For example, what behaviour of fish is caused by environment, in addition, when you feed the fish but fund they do not respond, it means the fish might be full, so you should stop feeding. 34. Stars

The lecture talks about the possibility of existence of other cosmic civilisations. There are on average 7 new stars in the galaxy every year. Some stars' temperatures are very high so they self burned. Other stars are too cold and these stars are unsuitable for living.

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Only 20% of all planets meet all the necessary criteria that have chance to have life However, the change of appearance of life is very small, which is near zero to conclude, it is very hard to find other cosmic civilisations.

35. Forg Version 1

The graph shows tree types of frogs in different region, indicating their life habits and their influence on human. The variation of forg has been existing for many years that some have more limbs while some have fewer limbs. The lecture also explains the reasons for the gene mutation. Many people are worried that river those frogs live well be polluted by them and affect our health.

Frog population have declined significantly since the 1950s and about 1/3 of species are considered to be threatened with extinction The number malformations among frogs is on the rise and disease has spread all over the world.

Version 2 Reference reading

Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura ( Ancient Greek an-, without + oura, tail). The oldest fossil " proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic region, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is found in tropical rainforests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also

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one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the world's ecosytems. The skin is semi-permeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in their breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex behaviours to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion. Frog populations have declined significantly since 1950s. More than one third of species are considered to be threatened with extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the world. Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. Answer:

The researcher use frog as an example and put it into water and boil the water. The result of the experiment indicates that the frog can adjust their body temperature according to the change of water temperature in order to survive. 36. Space truck

Reference reading: The shuttle was designed to be a space truck; it's a multi-purpose vehicle. We've done a tremendous number of different things with it. It's the most versatile space vehicle that has ever been built. We've used it to launch satellites. We've used it to repair satellites in orbit and put them back into orbit. We've used it to capture satellites and bring them back to Earth for repair. We've outfitted it with the space lab built by our European partners and used it before the era of the space station to do scie ntific research. We used it as part of our partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing, f irst as part of the Mir space station, where we actually prolonged the useful life of Mir by several years through logistical supply

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visits with the shuttle. And now, of course, we're using it to build the new international space station, which is a ... a huge international partnership. It is a multi-purpose vehicle we have ever built, according to the speaker, they have used it to launch satellites, repair satellite in orbit and put them back into orbit. It is used to build the new international space station, which represents a high international partnership with Russia. 37. Lister

“Nothing exceeds halitosis as a social offense. Nothing equals Listerine as a remedy." Such was the claim of 1928 advertisement for Listerine mouthwash. Listerine Antiseptic mouthwash, wasn't born in the bathroom, however, but in the operating r oom. Back in 1865, Dr. joseph Lister, the son of a well-known physicist, first demonstrated the use of an antiseptic in surgery. Later, Dr. Joseph Lawrence refined his product and named it Listerine after Dr. Lister. History is uncertain whether Lister appreciated the favor. One hundred and thirty years ago, almost 50% of the patients undergoing major surgery died from infection. As the famous saying went. " The operation was a success, but the patient died". In the 1870's Lister was the first to treat wounds with dressings soaked in carbolic acid. Lister, in agreement with Dr. Louis Pasteur, suggested surgeons wash their hands and sterilize their instruments before operating. After significant resistance, British and American hospitals gradually adopted the sterile procedures promoted by Lister. Lister and Pasteur were personal friends who supported each other when viciously attacked by the medical establishment. When Pasteur was publicly honored at age 70 by his medical peers, he turned and bowed his head towards Lister, saying: " the future belongs to him who has done the most for suffering humanity". Answer:

·

Lister is a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery

·

He is really famous all over the world

· He successfully introduced new practice to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, in order to prevent infection · The lecture also mentioned Listerine, which is a brand of antiseptic mouthwash product, and it is named after Lister

38. Open Border Reference Reading:

I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe should at least open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come to work here. Over time, hopefully, we can move to a position where borders are completely open. 45

Persuading sceptics will not be easy. That’s why 1 think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels: a principled case - it increases free dom and reduces injustice; a humanitarian case - it helps people in developing countries; an economic case - it makes us richer: and a pragmatic case - it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make the best of it. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. So too, once, did abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for people’s right to move freely is a noble cause for our time. Answer:

Developed countries should open gate so that people from the developing countries can go to developed countries. - Developed countries should open borders for other countries. - There are two important factors in economy and humanity for opening borders - Economically, people from developing countries c an go to developed countries and work there , they can help to develop countries get richer. - Also, for humanity reason, it will allow more freedom for poor people in developing countries. 39. Community health workers (a ppt slide is shown)

This lecture gives information about the community health workers in India. - According to the lecture, the speaker mentioned that community health workers need advices and trainings, especially for HIV and other diseases. - Training given by professional organizations and professors can effectively help workers to understand the scope of services and prevent the spread of disease. - In addition, India has quarterly meetings to follow up related matters. - However, the speaker believes that large workshops and seminars are not necessary, and large-scale consultations are not suitable in some cities. 40. High LG & Low LG

Reference: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/ Some mother rats spend a lot of time licking, grooming, and nursing their pups. Others seem to ignore their pups. Highly nurtured rat pups tend to grow up to be calm adults, while rat pups who receive little nurturing tend to grow up to be anxious. It turns out that the difference between a calm and an anxious rat is not genetic, —it's epigenetic. The nurturing behavior of a mother rat during the first week of life shapes her 46

pups' epigenomes. And the epigenetic pattern that mom establishes tends to stay put, even after the pups become adults. Answer: Variation in maternal care have been widely comsidered as a critical influence in

the development of live beings. For the rates, variations in maternal behaviour, particularly in licking grooming regulate the development of endocrine, emotional and cognitive respose to stress. 41. The economic structures change of Europe

The lecture is mainly about changes in economic structure in Europe. In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that after industrial revolutions, around the beginning of 19th century, the economic structure in Europe changed dramatically. Lots of machinery had been used in manufacturing such as steam engine. Because of this, the circulation of goods and services had become faster, which accumulated more wealth. This consequently leads to an expansion of middle class population and contributes to more accumulation of social wealth.

Answer:

●

The lecture is mainly about structures change of economy in Europe.

● Aer industrial revoluon around 19th century the machinery was widely used in the manufacturing so the production in factories increased. ● As a result, circulaon of goods became faster and this led to a more accumulation of social wealth. Because of this, the population of middle class expanded and this resulted in additional accumulation of wealth.

42. Black Hole

This video is about the black hole in the universe from the video, it can be seen that the middle area of the video is totally dark, that is the black hole, and all the planets are spinning around the black hole. On the right side of the video, it can be observed that some planets can’t escape from the black hole and are being drawn to it. We can also observe a bright ring around the black hole because that is the edge of black hole so that the light can escape from it.

Answer:

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● The lecture provides a virtual video of black hole, it can be seen that middle area of the video is totally dark, which is a black hole. ● We can clearly see stars, planets and other heavy bodies are spinning around the boundaries of the black hole. ● On the right side of the video, it can be observed that some planets cannot escape from the black hole and are being drawn in. ● We can also observe a bright ring around the black hole because that is the edge of the black hole so that the light can escape from it. Lastly the lecture mentioned that different theories can be experimented on the black hole and further research should be conducted in order to better understand the facts of black hole. 43. Human behaviours

Determinant, human behaviour is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of lecture, the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human behaviour. Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are internal and the environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include people's belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about them. In conclusion, one's determinant are affected by both himself and the environment.    



The lecture talks about human behaviours There are so many psychologists are interested in explaining the human behaviour the internal and external factors can affect human behaviour the personal factors include people's belief and their individual thinking. The environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and so on. In conclusion, human behaviours are determined by himself and enviro nment.

44. Climate change

Some adverse effects of climate change to agricultural productions. Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate due to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on Erath is dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10%-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continue in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.

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Answer   

 

This lecture talks about the influence of climate change According to the speaker, climate change will make less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change use to their financial status and other issues There are many people living in hunger, especially in Africa The climate change will also have negative effec ts on the world economy.

45. Media

Some media exaggerate the truth while reporting, although some news happens globally they should be reported locally. People from diff erent countries have various understanding about news. Which depends on whether they have relevant knowledge or not.

46. Pavlov’s experiment

Classical conditioning In the classic Pavlovian , the dog becomes conditioned to associate the ringing of the bell with food.

o o o

The lecture is about a professor introducing how to further explore dog’s brain. He quoted the famous experiment done by Pavlov a century ago. Then he wants the students to think how will the dogs brain function and the relevant motivational and cognitive dynamic.

Answer

This lecture talks about the Pavlov experiment. There are 3 steps in the experiment. Firstly, the unconditioned response means the dog salivates in response to seeing food.

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Secondly, the conditioning means every time the dog sees the food , just ring the bell. Finally, the conditioned response means although there is no food, you just ring the bell and the dog will salivate. 47. Australian Migration

Australia’s location is important for the world’s export, and its international trade is also important since Australia has a broad territory, all towns are scattered around. There is a huge expense for transportation for trains and ferries. The government also pay large amount for its telecommunication to build up the connection among regions. Australian people are mainly living in five cities, and they are Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and so on. The most special one is Perth, which is one of the most isolated city in the world. However, this does not affect its state to be the largest city in Australia. The largest companies, like the two leading company, Telstra and Qantas, they are based in Perth. Answer:

·

Australia’s location is important for the world’s export; its international trade is also

important as Australia has a broad territory. ·

Australia is the most urbanized country in the world, 58% of people are living in

Australian major cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. ·

Perth is the largest isolated city in the world and there are two leading companies such

as Telstra and Qantas which are based in Perth.

48. Narratives

The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is XX, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me…when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I c an to write my book. 49. Children Overweight

The speaker mentioned that 20% of children today have overweight problems, which leads to the heart diseases are becoming more and more common among children, the smallest in 5 years old. This consequently makes the heart attack and other health problems happened

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earlier and earlier. This issue needs to be solved for the reason that the overweight problems will result in more serious situations such as diabetes type 2 and blindness.

Answer  





The lecture talks about the overweight problem There are 20% of children today have the overweight problems, which bring the heart diseases are more and more common in children, the smallest is 5 years old This situation makes the heart attack and other health problems become earlier and earlier this issue needs to be solved because the overweight problems will result in more serious situations such as diabetes type 2 and blindness

50. Mental and heat

This lecture talks bout metal's response to the heat. At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that people used to think that metal is supposed to blend under the heat, but sometimes it doesn't behave so because atoms in the metal have random processes. The heat can accelerate the processes but won't change the essence of random, so it could violate what we used to think.

51. Dissociation of Personality

The powerful influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering " the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case". Prince's Dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beauchamp, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Price, "is a person in whom several personalities have become developed" 52. Loggerhead Turtles Reference reading

Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate the open ocean during their epic 8,000 mile journey between leaving their natal beaches in Florida, and returning 5-10 years later to breed. Researchers have just worked out how they do it. Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a soft cloth harness, or “bathing suit”, “to an electronic tracking system that monitors its steering in response to different magnetic fields. 53. Tanks  

This lecture talks about two kinds of tanks. According to the speaker, there are two kinds of tanks, one named panzer tiger, the other one named T-34. 51

 

The panzer tiger is better than T-34 in fire power, amount and mobility. But in the end, the T-34 defeated the panzer tiger because the number of T-34 is larger than that of the panzer tiger.

54. Unconscious incompetence conscious competence

The Four levels of learning describe how a person learns a new skill.    

Unconscious Incompetence: you don’t know that you don’t know something. Conscious incompetence: you are now aware that you can’t do the skill. Conscious competence: you develop a skill in that area but have to think about it. Unconscious competence: you are good at it and it now comes naturally.

55. The use of web 2.0

(with graph on the screen demonstrating the whole speech) The lecture mainly talks about the use of web 2.0 on helping government functions better and serve the public better. There are three steps:   

The web collects information from users. Two governments use the info to understand the public. Make better connection with citizens and response to their needs.

56. How human use materials around us

(with a picture of different medical machines, wounded hand stitched by medical thread) The lecture mainly talks about how humans use materials around us to make our life better. 



Firstly, we use materials to make simple machines and improve out health and life expectancy The when life expectancy increases, we have more time to study and invent more complicated machine and further increase quality of life. Machine to scan and monitor brain activities.

57. The increasing productivity

(with a line graph shown on the screen: the dropping cost of computer parts). The lecture mainly talks about the increasing productivity which means for every input there are more output. To illustrate the theory, the speaker talks about computer. It is a relatively new thing, so the cost of units decreases even more. 58. The comparison between wages, consumption and household

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  

according to speaker, the wage increase 5% which is very weak the fluctuation of consumption is about 15% whic h seems decent the house debt is about 40% which is unusual. But can be understandable after the wage and consumption increase

59. English language change

2nd was Challenges to change English language why can't we changed it because it has some standardized spelling and universal education format. So it's very hard to change entire language. Secondly, there is variety in English language from number of villages and regions so it's wise to have a universal one. 60. Poverty in rural and urban areas 

 

Environmental problems including water pollution and the sanitation of drinking water, indoor smoke and gas emission Poor people are especially affected especially in terms of their health The rising demand for energy consumption in likely to sustain until 2030, which will have an effect on a range of environmental problems.

61. Robot  

 



The lecture talks about robot application In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker says that there are many industries such as car manufactory nowadays using robots Robot can replace human doing many heavy and hard works. Robots for general purpose such as vacuum cleaner robots have been purchased by many bachelors The number of robot will increase rapidly in next few years.

62. Make errors 



Thinking on doing the right thing or wrong thing. For example, if a task is well designed, people are likely to do the right things, otherwise they are prone to make mistakes. Distractions: people will forget they are in the middle of doing something. For example, we usually forget to take the original copy after using the copy machine if something disrupts the thinking process.

63. Genes 

 

Development of genes: a small number of human genes is different with 500 years ago. In this lecture, the speaker talked about the gene and DNA At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that genes decide the protein in the cells 53

 

He further mentioned that there are more than 2M proteins in a cell At the lecture, the speaker concluded that there is still not result for the functions of different cells.

64. Urbanization

The lecture talks about the relationship between country and urbanization. Firstly, the speaker introduced the relationship between countryside and ci ty which is mutual trade. And then he mentioned that farmer should increase their efficiency because only in this way, the other family members can go to city to find a job. And a number of people now prefer to migrate to city to look fir job, rather stay in countryside to make money. 65. Hallucination and personality Hallucination

Reference Reading: A mild from hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind his/her back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject’s back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experie nced by the subject together. 



 

A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occ ur in most of the senses above. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. The malicious type is frequently heard. Visual counterpart as the feeling of being looked or stared at, with malicious purpose. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienc ed together.

66. Citizenship curriculum 

There are 1/5 schools have this course that improve students’ value and attitude toward learning.



Criticism of citizenship education in school argues that merely teaching children about the theory of citizenship education is ineffective, unless schools themselves reflect democratic practices by giving children the opportunity to have a say over decision making.

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

It suggests that schools are fundamentally undemocratic institutions, and that such a setting cannot instill the commitment and belief in democratic values in children that is necessary for citizenship education to have a pr oper impact.

67. Eukaryote and Prokaryote

In this lesson, we discuss the similarities and differences between the eukaryotic cells of your body and prokaryote cells such as bacteria. Eukaryotes organize different functions within specialized membrane-bound compartments called organelles. These structures do not exist in prokaryotes. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Your body has composed of trillions of cells – lot of different type of cells that make up different organs and other parts of your body. Your body also where 10 times that number of bacteria call “home sweet home”. But don’t be afraid – these bacteria do more good than harm to you. And besides, just in case you wanted to strike up a conversation with your tenants, you and your bacteria do have few thing in common. All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. The transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across a cell membrane and require chemical energy for some cellular processes. The number one biggest difference between the bacteria in your body and the cells making up your body are these tiny cellular components called organelles. You've actually learned a lot about organelles in other lessons without knowing it.

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Organelles are simply membrane-bound compartments within a cell, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum.

You are a eukaryote. Your cells are eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membranebound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicelled, such as you, me , plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an e xample of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two group: bacteria and another group called archaea. Having organelles is a big deal for a cell. A bacteria cell gets along just fine without organelles, but bacteria are tiny. That's why we're able to have so many of them in our body without really noticing them. Our cells, though - they're still small to the naked eye. but they're huge in comparison to bacteria. Our eukaryotic cells are bigger in size, with much more DNA. More DNA means more transcription, and more transcription means more translation, and more translation means more proteins. Bigger ce lls create the need for organelles. You can think of it this way. If you only had two pairs of shoes and a few simple outfits, you could just hang up your outfits and put your shoes on the floor inside a small closet. Simple. However, let's say you have a shopping addiction, and you have seven different pairs of black pants, ten pairs of shoes in completely different shades of brown (and other colors, of course), and you hardly ever wear the same hat twice. You can imagine that you would need a walkin closet, complete with shelving systems to organizing everything, right? Well, organelles are an efficient way to organize everything that's going on in the cell - to compartmentalize cellular functions. That's exactly what a eukaryotic cell is doing - separating cellular processes and organizing its space. But, don't be fooled by the "simplicity" of prokaryotes. Their smaller size and simplicity is an advantage to their lifestyle. Answer 

People cells are eukaryotic, and bacteria are an example of prokaryotes.

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Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled.

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Cells are huge in comparison to bacteria.

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Organelles are an efficient way to organize everything that is going on in the cell.

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Having a nucleus or not is the biggest difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 56

68. Night sky Darkness

Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space? That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it as even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly trouble astronomers and became known as "Olbers' Paradox". A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to explain the paradox, some 19 th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn’t shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe-that is, a universe of limited size – even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn’t have enough stars to light up all of space. Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth’s sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker. 69. Dissociation of Personality

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The powerful influence of Stevenson’s text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering ‘the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case’.

Prince’s Dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine

Beauchamp, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Prince, “is a person in whom several personalities have become developed”.

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70. Stari Most

Stari Most (literally, “Old Bridge”) is a 16 th- century Ottoman bridge in the city of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects the t wo parts of the city. The Old Bridge stood for 427 years, until it was destroyed on 9 November 1993 by 59

Croat military forces during the Croat-Bosniak war. Subsequently, a project was set in motion to reconstruct it, and the rebuilt bridge opened on 23 July 2004. One of the country’s most recognizable landmarks, it is considered an exemplary piece of Balkan Islamic architecture. It was designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student and apprentice of the famous architect Mimar Sinan. 72. Animal survive

This course is about general condition that how animal can survive and reproduce. At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker illustrates factors include temperature tolerance, body side, behavior and altitude they live. Moreover, the speaker demonstrates an example that if you put animals into freezer they will die soon. Climate and seasons are quite important for animal survival. Lastly, the speaker indicates that some animals will change their habitats according to the climate change. 73. Economic structure in Europe

The lecture is mainly about change in economic structure in Europe. In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that after industrial revolutions, around the beginning of the 19th century, the economic structure in Europe changed dramatically. Lots of machinery had been used in manufacturing such as steam engine. Because of this, the circulation of goods and services had become faster and so accumulated more wealth. And this consequently leads to an expansion of middle class population. This again contributed to more accumulation of social wealth. 74. Armor Transcript

Hello, I'm David Brown, curator of Italian and Spanish paintings at the National Gallery of Art. The treasures in our exhibition, The Art of Power, Royal Armor and Portraits from Imperial Spain, come from the royal armory in Madrid. They range from the 15th to the 17th century and include some of the finest examples of Renaissance armor in the world. Fabricated by master craftsmen and artists, those were made for the flower of Spanish royalty. This is parade armor, made for show not combat. In form it looks back to a world tournaments, jousts and noble gesture. And among the images worke d into the steel is something quite different, a subtle advertising campaign for the Imperial ambitions of the Spanish monarchy and the Hapsburg dynasty. Those who wore it took the words Holy, Roman and Empire very seriously.

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Answer 

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The curator of the National Gallery of Art provides a brief introduction about the armor in their exhibition. The exhibition includes some finest examples of Renaissance armor, which were fabricated by master craftsmen and artists over 15th-17th century. Parade armor were made for show not combat. Those armor represents the imperial ambition of the Spanish monarchy.

75. English Language change

2nd was Challenges to change English language why can't we changed it because it has some standardized spelling and universal education format. Therefo re, it is very hard to change entire language. Secondly, there is variety in English language from number of villages and regions so it’s wise to have a universal one. 76. Dark energy  

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The lecture is about dark energy Dark energy is an unknown form of energy, which is hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy constitutes most of total energy in observable universe though its density is low. Two proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields. A field that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called big bang

77. Edmund Wilson 

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Edmund Wilson (May 8, 1995 - June 12, 1972) was an American writer and critic who notably explored Freudian and Marxist themes. He influenced many American authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose unfinished work he edited for publication. His scheme for a Library of America series of national classic works came to fruition through the efforts of Jason Epstein after Wilson's death.

78. Barks and Growls

The lecture introduces an experiment showing that dogs use different barks and growls to communicate different things. Researchers recorded an “alone bark”, a “stranger growl” where a dog was growling at the approach of a stranger, and a “food growl” where a dog was growling to protect its food. The researchers played these different growls to a dog who was approaching a plate of juicy food. The dogs were more hesitant to approach if they heard the food growl rather than the stranger growl or the alone barks. The experiment shows that dogs could clearly distinguish between different types of growls, and react to them accordingly. 61

79. City of Literature Melbourne  

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In 2008, Melbourne joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Melbourne’s designation as a UNESCO City of Literature is acknowledgement of the breadth, depth and vibrancy of the city’s literacy culture. Melbourne supports a diverse range of writers, a prosperous publishing industry, a successful culture of independent bookselling, a wide variety of literacy organizations and a health culture of reading and engagement in events and festivals.

80. Randomness of flipping coin Transcript:

Flipping a coin may not be the fairest way to settle disputes. About a decade ago, statistician Persi Diaconis started to wonder if the outcome of a coin flip really is just a matter of chance. He had Harvard University engineers build him a mechanical coin flipper. Diaconis, now at Stanford University, found that if a coin is launched exactly the same way, it lands exactly the same way. The randomness in a coin toss, it appears, is introduced by sloppy humans. Each humangenerated flip has a different height and speed, and is caught at a different angle, giving different outcomes. But using high speed cameras and equations, Diaconis and colleagues have now found that even though humans are largely unpredictable coin flippers, there’s still a bias built in. If a coin starts out heads, it ends up heads, it ends up heads when caught more often than it does tails. NPR’s David Kestenbaum reports. Answer: 

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About a decade ago, scientists wanted to find out if the outcome of a coin flip is a matter of chance. The result of research which is conducted on a mechanical coin flipper shows a coin lands the exactly the same way as it launched. The randomness in coin toss is introduced by human, this is because, human – generated flip has a different height and speed, and is caught at different angle.

81. Biological Engineering  

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The first group of people that realize we can learn from ourselves is Engineers They invented machines to study human body, in order to cure disease and study physiology By using those complex machines, they are able to study how human brains function and process The result of their studies can be utilized to benefit human can solve problems, such as disease**, etc.

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82. Community Service Transcript

Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Your education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching, that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors. He'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experie nce at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 

According to the speaker, community service is an important component of education at the university.

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It is one on one tutor program to help children who have fallen behind, volunteers can choose to help a child with math, English or both.

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The experience of volunteer will increase your employability as it shows you care about your community.

84. Journal 

There are two kinds of journal: peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed.

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All articles sent to publications should be testified to ensure all articles are original and high quality. For anything that is below the standard, they will be sent back to authors to amend.

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Both two journals can be searched and accessed from the library.

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Only "peer reviewed" can be used in this assignment; moreover, it has some features, include footnotes of bibliography, no advertisements and other features.

85. Trade-offs between conservation, development and poverty. 

Poor people should not pay the price for biodiversity protection.

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As for the impact, it is about whether it can achieve win-win solution, which means we can achieve economic growth which brings wealth in order to cut poverty without damaging biodiversity.

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The argument is that if you want to protect biodiversity, you have to focus on that as a goal, by doing so, you run the risk of hurting the poor and inconveniencing or reducing economic growth.

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The lecturer used developed countries or industrialized countries to see this argument. For example, a government wishing to start drilling for o il in place which is full of wildlife and wildlife c onservation society is urging them not on the grounds that it is wilderness refuge.

Biodiversity

Economic growth

Poverty

86. Straight Sales Incentives for Salesperson

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1) Straight Salary Straight salary sales compensation plan aren’t very common, but they do have a place in some organizations. With this type of structure, you’d pay your sales people a straight – albeit competitive – salary like all of your other employees, and nothing else. No bonuses, no commissions, and few, if any, sales incentives. This type of compensation plan is most often used when the industry you operate within prohibits direct sales, when sales people work as part of small groups or teams and all contributions are equal, when your sales team is relatively small, or when your sales people are expected to spend much of their time on other responsibilities other than selling. However, these plans don't tend to offer motivation to sales people, as there are no incentives for them to work harder. 2) Salary plus Commission Salary plus commission sales compensation plans are possibly the most common plans used today. They're structured in a way that sales people receive a lower base salary along with commission pay that makes up the majority of t he total compensation. Organizations use salary plus commission sales compensation plans where there are opportunities to support all sales people on this structure and when there are proper metrics in place for tracking sales to ensure that the splits are fair and accurate. This type of plan is often the better choice as opposed to straight salary because it offers motivation to increase productivity and to achieve goals. It also offers more stability - sales people will still get some type of pay even if they're in training, when sales are low during certain months, or if market conditions get volatile. However, it can be more complex to administer. 65

3) Commission Only Commission only sales compensation plans are exactly what they sound like - you pay your sales people for the sales they bring in and nothing else. There is no guarantee of income. These types of plans are easier to administer than salary plus commission and provide better value for your money paid as they are based solely on sales achieved. They also tend to attract fewer candidates, but do attract the most top-performing and hardest working sales professionals who know they can make a good income because they know how to sell. On the other hand, though, they can create aggression within your sales team and low income security, which can lead to a high turnover rate, and sales rep burnout from stress.

Answer: 

Salary Plans are not very common, sales are usually paid fixed salary so the package doesn't tend to offer motivation to sales people, as there are no incentives for them to work harder.

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Combination plan is the most common plan used today, the package offers motivation to increase productivity and to achieve goals; moreover, it also offers more stability.

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Under Commission plan, sales people are paid in direct proportion to sales. There is no guarantee of income so the package tend to attract fewer candidates.

87. ATM

Some people forget to take their cards after taking money from ATM, because more often than not, they just focus on the money only. The United Kingdom has restructured the new ATM, and cards will be released by machines before cash are dispensed. Although you would forget to take your cash, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access to your bank account. Repeat Sentence 1.

Our class is divided into two groups, you come with me, and the others stay here.

2.

Students’ identification cards will be issued today or tomorrow.

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3.

The concepts in this thesis were not new.

4.

Our group is meeting tomorrow in the library conference room.

5.

Our class will be divided into three groups.

6.

Professor Smith will be late for today’s lecture.

7.

The circulation desk is located on the ground floor.

8.

Tutorials are held for 2 hours every Thursday during semester.

9.

International students can get help with locating housing near the university.

10. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam techniques. 11. The main concept of these events were not yet fully understood. 12. The campus tour will help help you get familiar with the teaching facilities. 13. We will discuss these these two pictures in the next lecture. 14. England is parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. 15. We don’t accept assignments assignments submitted after due day. 16. The part of the story story is the story of my father. 17. The visiting professor is going to give give a lecture for geology. 18. Maybe it is time for me to make some changes. 19. Students need to finish their assignments during next four weeks. weeks. 20. The seminar will be on the last week week of the quarter. 21. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. 22. America is related to the chocolate industry. 23. The maximum maximum production of chocolate is ni the US. 24. We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on Friday. 25. The English word Typhoon Typhoon comes from the Chinese word big wind.

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26. Please hand in assignments assignments at the main office. 27. The development is mainly included in Chapter 9. 28. The professor will talk about about the summary in the lecture. 29. Parents should provide guidance and examples to children’s values. 30. We welcome international students from all over the world. 31. Novelists have a major role to play in reflecting their time to their readers. 32. Overcrowding, poor sanitary sanitary affected the daily lives of the majority majority of the population. population. 33. Many of the the urban poor lived in extremely extremely cramped conditions. conditions. 34. We are also going to be more prescriptive about what you focus on in your your presentation. 35. We’ve decided to ask you to write four short pieces of written coursework this this year. 36. A lot of agricultural workers workers came to the the East End to look for alternative alternative work. 37. A periodical is a publication that that is issued regularly. 38. All essays and seminar papers submitted submitted must be be emailed to your tutor. 39. All students are encouraged to vote in the forthcoming election. 40. Does the college refectory offer vegetarian dishes on a daily basis? basis? 41. During the next few centuries, London became one of the the most powerful powerful and prosperous cities in Europe. 42. Essays should should be typed typed with double double space on write paper. paper. 43. Fees are heavily discounted discounted and bursaries are available for delegates. 44. He was not not the only only one to call for legal reform in the the 16th century. 45. Higher number of patients were were infected than during previous outbreaks of the illness. 46. However, this this method is problematic in terms of accuracy. 47. I will now demonstrate demonstrate how the the reaction can be rested by adding dilute acid. 68

48. If you want want to quit quit the student student union, tell the register. 49. I’ll start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half half of the 20th century. 50. In the last few weeks, we’ve been looking looking at various aspects of the social history history of London. 51. In the past, past, students were required to complete two long written assignments. 52. International students students can get help with locating housing near the university. university. 53. It is quite clear that the rising prosperity prosperity does not make people feel more content. content. 54. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. 55. Make sure sure you correctly cite all your your sources. sources. 56. Many of the the urban poor lived in an an extremely cramped condition. 57. Most students are not eligible to claim housing housing benefits. 58. Much of his his research objectives objectives are driven by his natural curiosity and instincts. 59. New timetables will will be posted posted on the the student notice notice board. 60. New York City is famous for its ethnic diversity. 61. Next time, we we will discuss discuss the influence of the media media on public policy. 62. Overcrowding and poor sanitation affected the daily lives of the majority of the the population. 63. Please come to the the next seminar properly prepared. prepared. 64. Please have copies of your seminar papers papers in the library a week in advance. advance. 65. Students are held accountable for adhering to established community community standards. standards. 66. That brief outline takes us us to the the beginning of the the 20th century. 67. The arts Magazine is looking looking for a new assistant assistant editor. 68. A study shows that people’s mood mood can be affected by news and weather weather report.

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69. Allergy problem do run in the family but we don’t don’t understand understand why? 70. The country suffered suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark. 71. The date of the the invention of the first clock is disputed disputed among historians. historians. 72. The drama society is now now auditioning for parts in the student play. play. 73. The final year will consist of four taught courses and one project. 74. The fire left the area almost completely devoid of vegetation. 75. The lecture on child psychology has been postponed until Friday. 76. The lecture will will deal with the influence of technology on music. 77. The medical centre centre is located near the supermarket on North Street. 78. The meeting will take place in the main main auditorium. 79. The mismatch between the intended and and reported uses of of the instrument has has become clear. 80. The Romans left in 410 in the beginning of of the fifth century. 81. The smoke from these contributed contributed a great deal to the air pollution. pollution. 82. The technology they they introduced meant that metal metal and leather goods were were produced there for the first time. 83. There are hundreds hundreds of clubs and societies to choose from. 84. There is a position available available for a junior lecture in media studies. 85. There is plenty of cheap accommodation off-campus. 86. There will be be a significant rise in tuition fees starting starting next year. 87. There will be no extensions given for this project. 88. This article covers whom, where where and when when of the conflict. 89. This course will will examine some some of the profound ethical dilemmas.

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90. This year we are applying to use a different type of assessment on this module. 91. We are warming the clients that the rates are increasing. 92. We like people to write a case study, describing an organization they know. 93. You must establish a day and a time with your tutor. 94. You will be informed of the results by e-mail. 95. You will find the economics section on the second floor of the library. 96. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. 97. Would you pass the book on the left hand side? 98. There are no scheduled classes during the final exam weeks. 99. Doctor Green’s office has been moved to the second floor of the building. 100. The economic class will take place in the main lecture room. 101. Students can get access to computers on a daily basis. 102. Students can download the materials on the website. 103. Elephant is the largest mammal on the land. 104. They were struggling to pay their fees last year.

LISTENING Summarize Spoken Text 1. Cocoa Transcript

During the time of the Aztecs, Cocoa was mainly used as a beverage. Wines and drinks were made from white pulp and the seeds of the cocoa pod. The beans themselves were used to make hot or cold chocolate drinks. Both the Maya and the Aztec secular drinks used roasted 71

cocoa beans, a foaming agent sugar, toasted corn and water. Vanilla and/ or chili was also used as an ingredient in the drinks. Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a tribute tax from people rules by Aztecs. The oily layer floating in the chocolate drinks coc oa butter was used to protect the skin against the sun. For the Aztecs cocoa had a religious significance. Cocoa was believed to be divine origin: the cocoa tree was a bridge between earth and heaven. Human sacrifices to propitiate God or sun was first sanctified by giving him chocolate. Cocoa beans were given to priest's assistants at children's coming of age ceremonies. During marriage ceremonies, the couple drank a symbolic cup of chocolate and exchanged cocoa beans. Aztecs believed that drinking chocolate gave mortals some of Quetzalcoatl wisdom- Good of learning and of the wind. Answer:

The lecture talks about cocoa during the time of Aztecs. It was mainly used as a beverage as people can use them to make chocolate drinks. Furthermore, cocoa beans were also used as a currency and cocoa butter can be used to protect skin against the sun. Cocoa also has the religious significance because they believed that drinking chocolate can give people wisdom. ·

Beverage

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Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a tribute tax

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Skincare

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Religion

2. Sea Creatures Transcript:

Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the Oyster, sits on the sea floor, and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to generators on the shore. Since the November 2009, it’s been powering 9000 homes in the Orkney Islands. Another device looks like a snake. The anaconda is made from a rubber tube filled with water that floats just below the surface. When the swell hits the front of it, the tube squeezed above ripples done its links and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are currently being tested, but the full-scale version will be 2000 meters long. This system also looks like a snake. But this one is made of steel. It floats near the surface, where waves make its joints move, this drive hydraulic system that power electrical

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generators, like the anaconda. It’s still being tested; results will prove that these devices are up to the job of supplying variable sources of green energy. Answer:

The lecture introduces 3 devices: · The first one looks like oyster, which sits on the ocean floor, it can close and open as waves passes. · The second one is a snake-shape rubber tube, it floats below the surface of the ocean, where waves hit the tube and then powers the turbine. · The third one is also like a snake but it is made of steel, which can power a generator to produce electricity. 3. Artificial intelligence

This lecture talks about computer and artificial intelligence.  

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Human brain is a symbol processor. Human tell computers what and how to do. Computers can operate, given the meaning of certain words. Computers have system and symbols. Computers reply on analysing messages into bytes, which is similar to human brain.

In conclusion, both human brain and computer are symbol processor, so computer have the potential to develop artificial intelligence. 4. Talent War Reference Reading:

The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting and retaining talented employees. In the book, Michaels, et a!., describe not a set of superior Human Resources processes, but a mindset that emphasizes the importance o f talent to the success of organizations. The war for talent is intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in the United States and Europe). This is characterized by increasing demand along with decreasing supply (demographically). There are simply fewer post-baby-boom workers to replace the babyboom retirement in the US and Europe (though this is not the case in most of East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, South America, or the Middle East; Eastern Europe also tends to have similar demographics, namely an aging and/or shrinking labor force). While talent is vague or ill-defined, the underlying assumption is that for knowledgeintensive industries, the knowledge worker (a term coined by Peter Drucker) is the key competitive resource (see tie Resource-based view of the firm). Knowledge-based theories of organizations consistently place knowledge workers as a primary, competitive resource.

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Talent is never explicitly defined in the book, though the Preface notes, "A certain part of talent elude description: You simply know it when you see it" After several further caveats, the authors go on: "We can say,, however, that managerial talent is some combination of a sharp strategic mind, leadership ability, emotional maturity, communications skills, the ability to attract and inspire other talented people, entrepreneurial instincts, functional skills, and the ability to deliver results.1' The authors offer no outside support for this assertion. A 2006 article in The Economist, which mentions the book, notes that, "co mpanies do not even know how to define “talent5’, let alone how to manage it. Some use it to mean people like Aldous Huxley's alphas in “Brave New World”—those at the top of the bell curve. Others employ it as a synonym for the entire workforce, a definition so broad as to be meaningless. The 'War for talent is seen by various sources as becoming irrelevant during economic downturns. However, there have been highly visible tale nt poaching by solvent firms of others who have economic hardship (e.g., IP Morgan was raided by a European firm in March, 2009). Answer

This lecture talks about war for talent. Because of talent shortage, lots of companies and countries recruit young talented people. Some young people immigrate after they graduate from universities and compete with local students. Countries and organisations should put talents at the primary position. There are three reasons behind the phenomenon. Firstly, the change of the economy structure raises the talent demand. Secondly, the retirement of baby-boomers and shrinkage in population decrease the number of labour force and cause a shortage of skilled workers. Finally, it is the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. 5. Laugh

The lecture talks about the benefits of laughing, especially in the adversity. People realized the importance of laughing a long time ago and there are different understandings about humor in different regions. Laugh can be used as a great therapy, there were war jokes about the Berlin Wall prevailing in Europe during the Second World War, which can ease the harm of the war. Moreover, laughing can help people get through break and boring time. Laughing can effectively protect people's self-respect and identity.

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6. DNA & RNA Transcripts:

All living organisms are constructed from cells, a colony of bacteria, a butterfly, a rose, and a dolphin are all made of cells that have a fundamentally similar chemistry and operate according to the same basic principles. All organisms inherit the genetic information specifying their structure and function from their parents. Likewise, all cells arise from pre-existing cells, so the genetic material must be replicated and passed from parent to progeny cell at each cell division. How genetic information is replicated and transmitted from cell to cell and organism to organism thus represents a question that is central to all of biology. Consequently, elucidation of mechanisms of genetic transmission and identification of genetic material as DNA were discoveries that formed the foundation of our current understanding of biology at the molecular level. Answer

This lecture talks about biology. 

Butterflies, dolphins, flowers and other creatures are interconnected.

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All animals on the earth are based on similar DNA and RNA to store and transfer genetic information.

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DNA and RNA are the foundation of building organs; therefore, all organs have similar metabolism systems which convert energy from on form to another.

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All living beings share the same chemical components, molecules and chemical reaction to generate energy.

7. Indian peasants’ debt 

In this lecture, the speaker talked about the Indian peasants. In the beginning of the lecture he mentioned that Indian peasants have very economical pressure.

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Indian peasants have no money and capital, so they depend on borrowed money to buy seeds and pesticides.

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The pesticides have to be continuously once it is introduced, unfortunately, the price of pesticides has increased by 4000% in the past 5 years. 75

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At the end of the lecture, he concluded that Debt on pe asant is increasing due to high use of pesticide.

8. Government Use Tricks 

In this lecture, the speaker talked about government and democracy.

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In a liberal and democracy society, citizens have rights to ke pt well-informed, but the governments nowadays use various tricks to cover the truth and deliberately provide misleading or even deceptive information.

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In some western countries, for example, governments may reduce responsibilities and blame third parties for their wrongdoings.

9. Marry Mallon – Typhoid Reference reading

The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, an Irish immigrant also known as Typhoid Mary. In 19 07, she became the first America carrier to be identified and traced. Some believe she was the source of inflection for several hundred people, and is closely associated with fifty cases and five deaths. While working as a cook in the New York City area between 1900 and 1907, Mary Mallon is said to have inflected 22 people with the disease, of whom one died. Many was a cook in a house in Mamaroneck, New York, for less than two weeks in the year 1900 when the resident come down with typhoid. She moved to Manhattan in 1901, and members of that family developed fevers and diarrhea, and the laundress died. She then went to work for a lawyer, until seven of the eight household members developed typhoid. Many spent months helping to care for the people she apparently made sick, but her care further spread the disease through the household. In 1904, she took a position on Long Island. Within two weeks, four of ten family members were hospitalized with typhoid. She changed employment again, and three more households were infected. Often, the disease was transmitted by a signature dessert she prepared: Peaches and ice cream. Public health authorities told Mary to give up working as a cook or have her gall bladder removed. Mary quit her job, but returned later under a false name in 1915, infecting 25 people while working as a cook at New York’s Sloan Hospital; two of those infected died. She was then detained and quarantined. She died of a 76

stroke after 26 years in quarantine. An autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Today, a Typhoid Mary is a generic term for a carrier of a dangerous disease who is a danger to the public because he or she refuses to take appropriate precautions.

Answer 

Many Mallon was born in Ireland and migrated to America later in her life. She was an excellent cook and satisfied with her life.



She had a chronic infection of Typhoid fever that kept her active as a carrier of the disease, which can be transmitted through water and food.



Even before she died, she always denied she was sick. Actually, there were 51 infected by her and 3 of them died.

10. Loan

Link: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=691549. Transcript:

I’m 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here, another from there, I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family’s financial situation. My monthly student loan payment is more than triple my car payment. Ok, so without my college degree. I would not have been able to get my current job. For that I’m grateful; but at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have burgeoned to-well, I’m an English major, you do the math. I don’t think they’ll ever get paid off. We’re in debt way past our eyeballs, and there’s no hope in sight. I’m being kept in class- a financial class of graduates whose only hope for attending college meant borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt

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and monthly payments that far exceed our family’s income, my kids will also join the class of citizens who can’t rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I’d chosen another educational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school- I’ve thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my advice and choose a college you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don’t carry a price- like the spouse and children you might want to have some day. I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in comparison to the lucrative writing career I’d enjoy after graduation. Now I’m paying for that decision- in more ways than I’d ever imagined. Answer 

This lecture talks about a 43 years old woman with massive student loan debt.



After 15 years later, she still experiences horrible financial situation. Her monthly loan payment is more than triple her car payment.



She is not able to find the current job without college degree, but it c osts too much.



Her kids also need to join the class of citizens without obtaining support from parents.



She advises people to take a serious consideration about their anticipated income before choosing an education route.

11. Amory Lovins 

This lecture talks about Amory Lovins, who has an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge, but he is not an academic.



He has a consulting company and lives in a mountainside town above Snowmass.



He spends around 30 years thinking about how to save energy with existing technology.



Some people think he is crazy while others believe he is genius.

Reference Reading:

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Amory Bloch Lovins (born November 13, 1947) is an American physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has worked in the field of energy policy and related areas for four decades. He was named by Time magazine one of the World’s 100 most influential people in 2009. Lovins worked professionally as an environmentalist in the 1970s and since then as an analyst of a “soft energy path” for the United States and other nations. He has promoted energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, and the generation of energy at or near the site where the energy is actually used. Lovins has also advocated a “negawatt revolution” arguing the utility customers don’t want kilowatt-hours of electrici ty, they want energy services. In the 1990s, his work with Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of an ultra-efficient automobile, the Hypercar. Lovins does not see his energy ideas as green or left-wing, and he is an advocate of private enterprise and free market economics. He notes that Rupert Murdoch has made News Corporation carbon-neutral, with savings of millions of dollars. But, says L ovins, large institutions are becoming more “gridlocked and moribund”, and he supports the rise of “citizen organizations” around the world. Lovins has received ten honorary doctorates and won many awards. He has provided expert testimony in eight countries, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 31 books. These books include Reinventing Fire, Winning the Oil Endgame, Small is Profitable, Brittle Power, and Natural Capitalism. 12. Globalization Reference Reading

What is Globalization? Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or set of processes), which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations, and the transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. It is characterized by four types of change: 

First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across political frontiers, regions and continents.

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

Second,

it

suggests

the

intensification,

or

the

growing

magnitude,

of

interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture, etc. 

Third, the growing extensity and intensity of global interconnectedness can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes, as the evolution of worldwide systems of transport and communication increases the velocity of the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, capital, and people.



Fourth, the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions can be associated with their deepening impact such that the eff ects of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local developments may come to have enormous global consequences. In this sense, the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs can become increasingly blurred. Globalization has three definitions. There are more trade transactions, communications, services and multinational companies across the border. There are more travels and cooperation between different countries. A global and integrated economic system has been formed in the world. One country does not depend on itself only, but countries interact more with each other in terms of production or consumption.

Answer

There are 3 definitions of globalization 

First, globalization means the increase in international trade transactions and multinational companies across the border.



Secondly, globalization represents an integrated economic system than ever before. Some countries produce goods whereas countries c onsume goods, which means one country's economy may rely on another country.



In the past, some countries such as the European Union are economically independent while they are now parts of global economy.

13. Stanford University Speech – Management

- A lecture held by Stanford University Business School stressed the importance of management and leadership in business schools. - It is clear that educational purpose is to learn management and leadership.

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- Students should be responsible for the management performance and identify how it can happen appropriately. - The responsibility means that the accomplishment achieved by others does not indicate what you’re capable of. 14. Novelist Transcript:

I have been written non – fictions for years actually and but secretly I wanted to be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of thirty was with the intention of writing a fiction. But I took a long detour for ten or twelve years and wrote life fiction which I absolutely had no regret about it at all. I think it exactly the right thing for me to do this. But that was that dream took away and side of me to do this. Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you know, the greatest novelist who has a big influence on me actually, and she said “No art ever came out of not risking your neck”. And I think she is absolutely right about that. It doubts that way to me at that time and it actually feels that way to me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. I felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first things that I wrote was that I thought was going to be, the first chapter of the novel called “The Secret L ife of Bees”. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually an essentially true the first chapter of the novel, as it is now.

Answer:

-

A female writer started writing from 30 years old and her intention was to become a

novelist. -

Although she took some detour but she never regretted because she believed it was

the right thing to do. -

She was inspired by one pioneer who encouraged people to venture, and she started

writing novel in 1990, and in 1992 the first chapter named “ The Secret Life of Bees” was finished.

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15. Government Power

·

The lecture firstly states the need to modify government power from Federal to State

level, which is a philosophical question ·

The Democratic and Republican parties hold different opinions about government power.

While the Democratic Party claims that government should hold big power and entitlements, the Republican Party believes that government should share its power with its state and people 16. Genes

·

The lecture is about the development of human genes in the past 500 years

·

The way modern people piss has no difference with our ancestors in half a million years

ago because the genes did not change that much. ·

However, there are some genetic differences in cognitive ability between present human

beings and our ancestors 17. Vitamin D

Reference Reading Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and zine and multiple other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements. Only a few foods contain vitamin D. The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin from cholesterol through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation. The Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D, made by the Institute of Medicine, assumes all of a person’s vitamin D is from oral intake, as recommendations about the amount of sun exposure required for optimal vitamin D levels are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk. As vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sufficient sunlight, it is not an essential dietary factor, and so not technically a vitamin. Instead it could be considered as a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the 82

active form, calcitriol, which is then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple different locations. Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets. Answer:

Vitamin D is not a real vitamin but one type of hormone, it is produced by skin when skin is exposed to sunlight, then it can travel via the blood stream to have effects on other parts of the body. The formation of Vitamin D   can be affected by climate. For example, people need more Vitamin D supplements   during winter when they wear more clothes due to the lack of

sunshine. Some regions where people are less exposed to sunlight don't have enough Vd compared to those who live near the equator. 18. International environmental laws Reference Reading:

Before we consider international environmental law and climate c hange we need to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of 'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self-regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. 3 However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of leg al duties and standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect.

The next stage was prompted by the industrial Revolution with the urbanisation of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model 83

to maximise their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the need for increasingly comprehensive statutory control on the discharge of pollutants into various receiving media. Answer:

This lecture talks about international environment law and climate change. 

British government launched the environmental law in order to control the i mpact of human activities and industrial revolution.



The environment law was aimed to improve environment locall y and globally.



Many companies applied the Adam Smith theory to improve the overall health of employees.



Managers were unsatisfied with environment law because the cost is increasing, which makes the company less competitive in the market.

19. Einstein Reference Reading: 

Four thousands of years, people believed that the stars and universe were absolutely fixed and unchanged.



This has been changed by Einstein in the 20th century. Earlier in 1917s, Einstein's newly developed the General Theory of Relativity indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting, and he forecasted a dynamic expansion.



Actually, Einstein is not the first person who proposed the theory. Edwin Hubble discovered the Hubble's law, which shows that the universe i s expanding in 1931.

20. Citizenship Curriculum Transcript:

Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the succ ess of some schools in implementing the

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citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one fifth of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources. Indeed, those reasons are given added weight by national and global events of the past few months. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world 

The lecture illustrates the importance of citizenship curriculum; however, it is neglected by many schools.



There are only 1/5 of schools introduce the course to campus and allocated less time than other subjects.



Moreover, the professor pointed out if given enough time in citizenship curriculum, students are more likely to feel confident when they face the changing world, it also helps students to build up their relationship skills.



Criticism about citizenship education in schools argues that merely teaching students about the theory is ineffective, unless schools involve students in the process of decision making.

21. University Competition 

The lecture talks about university competition.



Universities are facing fierce competitions towards students, academic staffs, research funding, research resources….



The competition between students from different universities becomes more intense and thrilling, especially in English-speaking countries.

85



The fierce competition is also between staffs, they compare the performance in academy and job markets.



The competition has compelled universities to raise more funding from both private and public sectors.

22. Human Creativity 

Creativity has significant meaning to human life.



It has three elements including process, people and product, among these process is the key element.



The speaker focused on assessing the creativity of a finished product, it is taken as a proxy for the creativity of the person who produced such a product.



Therefore, a creative product should be surprising, original, beautiful and useful.



It is necessary for people to have ability, grit and right mind-set in order to develop creative products.

23. Animal Survive 

In this lecture, the speaker talks about the factors of animal survive and reproduction.



The main factors include environment conditions, temperature, tolerance range, body size, diets, seasonal and daily activity, and behaviors. For example, if animals are put into a fridge, they will die.



This shows the importance of seasons and climates to animal survival. That’s why some animals migrate to other habitat when the climate changes.

24. Flower Temperature 

The colors of flowers correlate the quality of their nectar, which influence insects’ choices, and also nexus to their temperature.



Partial insects prefer to inhabit in hotter flowers, such as bees, as they seek for energy infusion while pollenating.



Facing the same quality and quantity of nectar, bumblebees will choose warm over cooler ones, so flowers evolve to warmer color to attract bees.

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25. Tree Rings 

Dendron-chronology indicates the years of trees through rings, but the year of tree cut could be ambiguous.



The width of wings illustrates the climate situation of rain and drought that affects tree-growth.



The sequence message of narrow and wide represents hidden information like Morse code.



The information is even richer and more diagnosable for it provides more various possibilities than dash and dot.

26. Robot 

Robot production has witnessed a steady growth lately; moreover, nowadays robots are more and more widespread, especially in the factory, this is because, robots have the capacity to function as human.



Some robots will be used by more families such as vacuum-clean robots.

27. Business Entity 

The nature of business entity is exchange, exchange something you have to something you need.



The purpose of marketing is to deliver products from suppliers to customers to satisfy the consumers’ need.



Capital gain is important, this is because, capital reflow can further improve investment and production.

28. Urbanization

This lecture talks about the development of urbanization and agriculture. Cities and rural areas have a mutual trading relationship. The farmers should improve the efficiency so their family members can go to cities to find jobs. Many people cannot live in countryside anymore, so they are compelled to move to cities to making a living there. 

This lecture talks about the relationship between the agriculture and urbanization.

87



One farmer grows food can benefit many families in the city. And the food trade in city also can benefit people in countryside.



However, more and more people don’t want to live in countryside anymore, a lot of people move to urban area as there are more opportunities in the city .



If all people move to city, then they will start to lose jobs, which leads to an increasing unemployment rate.

29. Welsh Speaker

Reference Reading: Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people, and in the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language. Towards the end of century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%. According to the 2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659,301 people can either speak, read or write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of the language. According to survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh language TV channel, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales is around 750,000 and about 1.5 million people can “understand” Welsh. In addition, there are an estimated 133,000 Welsh speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.

Answer: 

Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 700k people.



There are also Welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.



At the beginning of 20 th century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh: however, at the end of the century, the percentage of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20% 88

30. Globalization Transcript:

What is Globalization? Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process ( or set of process), which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations, and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. It is characterized by four types of change: First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across political frontiers, regions, and continents. Second, it suggests the intensification, or the growing magnitude, of interconnectedness and flows of trade, i nvestment, finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, the growing extensity and intensity of global interconnectedness can be linked to speeding up of global interactions and processes, as the evolution of worldwide systems of transport and communication increase the velocity of the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, capital and people. Fourth, the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interaction can be associated with their deepening impact such that the effects of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local developments may come to have enormous global consequences. In this sense, the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs can become increasingly blurred. Globalization has three definitions. There are more trade transactions, communications, services and multinational companies across the border. There are more travels and cooperation between different countries. A global and integrated economic system has been formed in the world. One country does not depend on itself only, but countries interact more with each other in terms of production and consumption.

Answer: 

Globalization indicates the increasing interactions and communications among countries.



There are more transactions across countries, including the growth in international travel and more multinational companies. 89



The economic system and integration happen among countries. Countries play different roles, some countries produce goods while others consume goods; moreover, some nations rely on other countries for economic growth.



However, some countries such as the Europe Union are ec onomically independent in the past while they are now parts of global economy.

28. Marshmallow Transcript:

They call it the “marshmallow test”. A four-to-six –year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one”. Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with the higher general competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t innate-it also highly influenced by environment. Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the project-but than never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers note that experience factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one? Answer: 

The lecture discusses ability of resisting temptation. The marshmallow experiment shows that the longer time a child resists the treat, the higher competitive he or she will be later in life.



A study shows that the ability isn’t strictly innate but highly influenced by environment. 90



From controlled experiments, the group had been denied for prizes as promised resisted the treat on the following marshmallow experiment for less time than the group prized.



If previous promise was denied, the ability of resisting temptation got hampered later

29. Ocean Floor Transcript:

This is the first ocean deployment of two new, high-precision instruments designed to monitor the earth’s signals from the seafloor. This housing contains the tilt meter and Nano bottom pressure reorder and the associated electronics and cabling used for power and communications. The instruments were deployed on the seafloor by a remotely operated vehicle as part of the MARS seafloor observatory testbed, located at a depth of 3000 feet in Monterey Bay. In this first test deployment in the ocean, they have already detected the ground motions from several large earthquakes, as far from the MARS site as Chile and the Mariana Trench. In the future, the instrument will be part of a global network of cable seafloor observatories. Because of their precision, these two new instruments are already detecting signals which could never be measured before. Answer: 

The lecture is about two instructions which can detect earth’s signals from the sea floor.



The instruments were deployed on the seafloor by a remotely operated vehicle.



These two new instruments can help to detect signals which could never be measured before.

30. ATM 

Some people forget to take their cards after taking the money from ATM, because more often than not, they just focus on the money only.



The United Kingdom has restructured the new ATM, and card will be released by machines before cash are dispensed. 91



Although you would forget to take your cash, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access to your bank account.

Write from Dictation 1. Our group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room. 2. All staff must leave from the fire hydrant exit 3. All writers consciously or unconsciously represent their own cultures 4. Avoid confusing causes of these changes 5. Avoid confusing causes of those changes 6. Career opportunities in this field are quite limited 7. Catch the camera to see the fish 8. Competition for the places in course is fierce 9. Conferences are all scheduled two weeks in advance. 10. Conferences ought to be schedules two weeks advance 11. Conferences will always be schedules two weeks advance 12. Despite protest the chemistry department was closed down 13. Expert believe that industry development will help economy 14. Final year business students have to write a five thousand word essay on market trends 15. Free campus tour runs daily during summer for prospective students 16. Heavy rain will fully cross the city next week 17. Interim grades will be posted on the board outside the student lounge. 18. Interim results will be posted on the board outside the student lounge. 19. Interim scores will be posted on the board outside the student lounge. 20. It is important to allocate your time wisely when revising. 21. Most of the theories were similar, but a few critics disagreed. 22. Most theories were quite similar, but a few critics disagree. 23. Our group is going to meet tomorrow in the library conference room 24. Please remember to bring a highlighter to class on next Monday. 25. Please remember to bring a highlighter to class on next Wednesday. 26. Please remember to bring a highlighter to the class next Wednesday. 27. Politics is not usually a safe topic of conversation 28. Reference of material is held in the hall of library reference desk 29. Reference of material is held on the library reference desk 30. Some of the feature are part of previous research 31. Student concession cards need to be obtained by completing an application form. 32. Student concession cards should be obtained by completing an application fo rm. 33. Student identification card will be issued by today and tomorrow 34. Teaching assistants will receive monthly fees for housing 35. The campus tour run daily during summer for perspective students 36. The cause and effect of problem. 92

37. The coffee house has special student discount through the week. 38. The curriculum is described in the course syllabus. 39. The dining hall will be under renovation during the fall break. 40. The first assignment is due on fourteenth September. 41. The history of movements was recorded by several writers. 42. The issue both the exploration of the problem. 43. The leading companies changed their policies (procedures) after reports were released. 44. The main concepts in this thesis were not new. 45. The main concepts of these events were not yet fully understood. 46. The most important process of farming is weeding. 47. The problem of research for postgraduate students is funding. 48. The qualification will be assessed with the criterion to approach. 49. The relative humidity is the amount of moisture that the air can hold. 50. The same issue reached the same explanation of the problem. 51. The schedule allows plenty of time for independent study. 52. The schedule allows plenty of time for individual study. 53. The solar energy department is highly regarded worldwide. 54. The time of the maths lecture has been changed to ten thirty. 55. The undergraduates need some specific sources to analyze a specific program. 56. The university library has most of the necessary books. 57. The … with support of many faculty members. 58. There was no correlation between drug use and cure rates. 59. There were not enough evidences to support these recommendations. 60. They seem reached the same explanation of the problem. 61. This graph shows there is a minimal growth. 62. This paper challenged the previously accepted theories. 63. Those events are not yet fully understood. 64. Today’s lecture material will be included in the next assessment. 65. Today’s lecture material will be included in the next assessment. 66. Tribes work with each other to build monolithic statues. 67. University departments should carefully monitor articles and publications by faculty. 68. University departments should monitor articles and other publications by faculty. 69. We support on the research related to tropical cyclone dynamics and forecasting. 70. We support the research on problems of tropical diagnosis and forecasting. 71. We support to do the research in the field of archaeology such as forecasting and estimation. 72. You are required to complete the research paper by next Monday. 73. You are required to finish the report by Monday. 74. You must submit your assignments by nest Friday at the latest. 75. You should allocate your time wisely when revising. 76. Your task is to create the demand for the products. 77. Your thesis should have a fairly limited scope. 78. Your thesis should have fairly large scopes. 93

79. The cafeterias feature supplying sausages, salad, sandwich, chicken and fi sh. 80. The economics books are at the back on the left. 81. You can’t consider… price at this stage. 82. The application process is longer than expected. 83. Law is beneficial to investors by protecting their rights and avoiding any improper actions in the market. 84. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide. 85. They were struggling last year to make their services pay. 86. Animal raised in captivity behave differently with their wild counterparts. 87. The essay will be published once the research is finished. 88. Sales figures last year are better than expected. 89. Evaluation paper will be reviewed by the university personnel. 90. Artists, other than politicians, played their own role of cultural critics. 91. The result of experiment reported in the table below. 92. Nurses specialize in clinical work and management. 93. The morning’s lecture on economic policy has been cancelled. 94. The time of math lecture has been changed to ten thirty. 95. The university officer will help you locate housing and transportation. 96. The toughest part of public transport is funding. 97. Climate change is becoming acceptable among a group of scientists. 98. This/the schedule allows a plenty of time for independent study. 99. Heavy rain will fall across the city next week. 100. Observers waited nervously and hold the/took a breath for a concert. 101. Observers waited nervously and debated aggressively for the conference. 102. You can contact (with) all your tutors by email. 103. Scientists now study a wide variety of atmospheric processes. 104. Experts believe that industrial/ industry development will help ec onomy. 105. Undergraduate students may participate in specific stages within the program. 106. An artist supports politicians and receives a lot of critics. 107. The cart carries a single object. 108. The final year will consist of four taught courses and one project. 109. He started his tutorial presentation right on time. 110. Sydney is Australia’s largest city, chief port and cultural center. 111. Newspapers are supported primarily by the sale of advertising space. 112. Scientists here are doing/studying a wide variety of mysterious processes. 113. The relative humidity is the amount of moisture that the air can hold. 114. Evaluation paper will be reviewed by the university personnel. 115. The new product failed due to a lack of demand. 116. This morning’s lecture on economic policy has be en cancelled. 117. If you are not sure, phone student services for help. 118. The key findings seemed to contradict our initial hypothesis. 119. It is hard to anticipate all the characters that were in react. 120. Everyone in this room needs to/must exist during the fire drill. 121. It is required to submit assignment by Friday. 94

122. Our professor is hosting the economic development conference next week. 123. Remember students have strict ability criteria. 124. Technologies on bio-technology is of crucial importance in the … developing. 125. When the workers ask for higher wages, companies raise the price. 126. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor should approve your application. 127. The new technician dropped the microscope in the biology lab. 128. The students have options to live in residence or apartments. 129. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources. 130. There will be a conference here next summer on the web for academic research. 131. The nearest automatic teller is in front of the anatomy labs. 132. The decision was made with the support by several faculty members. 133. The company needs to polish its image. 134. There is a need for constructive dialogue between leaders. 135. The guy is qualified to lead the group into the mountain. 136. Your summary should be as clear and concise as possible. 137. The same reached the explanation of the problem. 138. We can’t consider… price at this stage. 139. A person’s education level is closely related to their economic background. 140. It is hard to character and react. 141. The first assignment is due on fourteenth of September. 142. The spot of lecture on economic policy has been cancelled. 143. The island located near to the southern part of the bay. 144. It is hard to anticipate all their actions. 145. Climate change is being acknowledged by many scientists. 146. If it helps to take notes in order to concentrate, please do so. 147. To achieve full marks, an appropriate bibliography is r equired. 148. Neurons are principally involved in chemical process. 149. Why has the project been delayed for so long? 150. I thought we would meet in a small meeting room. 151. Higher number of patients were infec ted than during previous outbreaks of illness. 152. Inflation affects the demand, pricing and consumption of most products. 153. There are strict eligibility criteria to undertake background speaker studies. 154. She received a scholarship from the state university. 155. Try to work with each other to build up a sense of cooperation and team spirit. 156. The thief visited the homes of several people every day. 157. Preparation is important to avoid mishap in the lab. 158. Your agent will collect commission for each house they sell. 159. Students were instructed to stand in a straight line outside of the classroom. 160. Please note that the college laboratory will be closed for clearning next week. 161. Upgrading manufacturing systems can increase efficiency. 162. Public perception about biotechnology is crucial as developing scientific consensus. 163. Identity theft happens to thousands of people every year. 164. The findings of research are focused on the cause of the diseases and treatment. 165. The software companies design and create new products. 95

166. Let me know if anybody struggled in labs. 167. Please make sure you have collected all the necessary materials. 168. We need to hand in the essay by next week. 169. Control system in manufacturing can increase the accuracy. 170. If you are not sure, phone student services for help. 171. Americans have progressively found the progress/growth/development in quantitative terms. 172. The report contains the most important information. 173. Water tap on the campus will discourage the frequent use of plastic bottles. 174. A number of students have some volunteer jobs. 175. Our professor is holding a business development c onference. 176. Rising in inflation may indicate the demand, price and the consuming of products. 177. The author’s previous works are more philosophical and less expe rimental. 178. The software company designs and creates new products. 179. If it helps you take notes to concentrate, please do it. 180. You must/should include these two picture/lecture in your assignment. 181. We can’t consider the increasing of price at this stage. 182. The medical researchers are focused on the cause/causes of the disease and treatment. 183. The commissioner will collect fines for sovereignty. 184. Students were instructed to submit their assignments by Friday. 185. The early work is more philosophical rather than experimental. 186. The theory has a great control of controversy. 187. The spot of lecture on economy policy has been cancelled. 188. The students have options to live in residences or apartments. 189. The module of the work is more of a compositional stype. 190. He was not the only one to call for a legal reform in the sixteenth century. 191. Successful applicants will work with a large team of researchers. 192. Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy. 193. Public perception about biotechnology is crucial as developing scientific consensus. 194. The commissioner will collect fines for sovereignty. 195. The findings of research are focused on the cause of the diseases and treatment. 196. Let me know if anyone struggles in the lab. 197. Please make sure you correctly cite all the necessary materials. 198. It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources. 199. When met with high potential risks, companies will raise their prices. 200. Americans have progressively/ technically found the growth in quantitative terms. 201. The island is located at the north end of the bay. 202. The early works of this research are more experimental. 203. A recent article shows a number of interesting experiments. 204. You should include these two pictures from the lecture in your assignment. 205. Eight groups need to submit the outlines of their projects to their tutors. 206. The massive accumulation of data is converted into a communicable argument. 207. The theory has a great degree of controversy. 96

208. Her celebrating theory has a great level of controversy. 209. The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure, compositional style. 210. Organizational failure is considered in various perspec tives in academic literature. 211. The advertisement for children is to open too much debate. 212. The effect of advertising is to open too much debate. 213. Article numbers are collected through interesting experiments. 214. Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposing. 215. To gain full marks, an appropriate bibliography is r equired. 216. Climate change is becoming acceptable phenomenon amongst a group of reputable scientists. 217. You can find a lot more information on the university website. 218. Companies want to protect their brand from negative comments. 219. Books for children often contain many bits of illustration. 220. Before completing the exercise, you need to read the remaining chapters. 221. Attracting skilled workers to the city with expensive housing is hard. 222. An ancient text may hold secrets which were lost centuries ago. 223. Agenda items should be submitted by the end of the day. 224. Affordable housing is an important issue for all members of society. 225. Rising sales figures means a rise in demand. 226. Some people regarded it as care, while others regarded it as recklessness. 227. Remember, the prestigious selection has strict eligibility criteria. 228. Remember, the gifts purchased by children should have a striped character. 229. It is hard to anticipate all the different characters that they react. 230. Behind the garage, there is a flat car drawn by mules. 231. Behind the garage is a secret storage room. 232. The module of the work is more of a compositional style. 233. The commission of fund supported among authorities has raised an argument. 234. And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important contribution. 235. Climate change is a fierce phenomenon concentrated by scientists. 236. When workers ask for an increase in wages, the company raises the prices. 237. When workers ask for higher wages, the company raises its prices. 238. When workers ask for raise in wages, company often higher their wages. 239. Why has the project been held up for so long? 240. A party is thrown in the small meeting room.

READING Fill in Blanks 1. DNA Barcoding

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DBA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr Hebert proposed part of a gene called cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name the world’s millions of specie s. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely academic – most promisingly in the realm of public health.

One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world’s mosquitoes within the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes – of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart. 2. Beijing Language Institution

There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language I nstitute in the class of 1983, I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had come from big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention from the skilful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class I realized that my classmates were already all talking in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

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3. William Shakespeare

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man. 4. Top US Business Schools

Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced candidates in an effort to boost applications and head off competition for the best students from other graduate programmes such as law and public policy. In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite o f four years' work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and socalled "early career" professionals with only a couple years of work under their belt. 5. How a country defined?

What is a country, and how a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we’ve explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straight forward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to rec ognize or not recognize other countries. For example, Taiwan claims to be a country, but China states that Taiwan is just another part of China. The consequence is that the USA, that doesn't want to upset China, doesn't recognize Taiwan as a country. Conversely, from the end of the Second World War, *the Soviet Union annexed the countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania but the USA continued to 99

regard them as 'independent countries that were ‘occupied' because it didn't really get on with the USSR. So, how do governments define what makes a country?

6. Stay In Outer Space

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment — such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) — results in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays in the ISS are capped at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to the Earth. 7. Medical Education

It has been a year since I started writing my Graduate Journal column for Nature jobs, the past 12 months have been marked with fundamental changes and fundamental constants, both of which I’m glad to have experienced. When I enrolled in my master’s course at Oxford last year. I had conic straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back. 1 realize that 1 did not put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When 1 meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons. 1 se nse how much our views on medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I by to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were panty a waste of time now that I am pursuing research career.

Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide to my current occupation 7. Foreign Students

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Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has been no evidence that foreign students are graduating from Australian universities with poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students once they have achieved international standards of language proficiency. “ This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities,” she said. “ International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can’t get into university without reaching that international standard. “ University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. “ There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties, “ he said. “There are, of course, also many Australian students who don’t speak such fantastically good English either. So we’re trying to push the standard even higher than present but it’s a very useful one already.” Ms Bishop says Australia’s university system has high standards. “I’ve seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they’re f ailing English yet they’re being passed by the universities”, she said. “I’ve not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it’s our fourth largest export and it’s in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their re putation is at stake”. 8. Coral formation

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral formation off the north-eastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun’s energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 oC, presumably was 101

being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life – giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels – that thrived around the hot spring. 8. Bands

Plants and Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band’s decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering. Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It’s a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward. The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own hermetic seal but somehow still melding cohesively as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and unorthodox instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly engaged with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It’s truly DIY, but with a fee; of big production value that makes the album soar. Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory wandering. The words are delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating refrain on the three-part mini opus “Je Voulais Te Dire” is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut through the instrumentation. Guitarst/vocalist Warren Spicer sings “It’s only love, but you want it bad,” encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but ultimately search and long for it anyway. 9. Black diamonds

An exotic type of diamonds may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or “black” diamonds, the mysterious stone are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that look

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like melted glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But do they have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that have dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the odd stones were we bought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The finding were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen- carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen – rich environment –such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny nanodiamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. “They’re not identical,” Haggerty said, “but they’re similar”. Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nanodiamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamond- rich asteroids billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined. So even though the two diamonds fields are now thousands of miles apart, they’re remnants of a single, original deposit. Haggerty estimated that the asteroid must have been about half a mile (one kilometer) in diameter. 10. Advertising

Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants- most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s, and Wendy’s, the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald’s No.1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never bride, Burger King remains No.2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to in consistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must 103

communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous tagline. “Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable. 11. Vegetarian Foods

Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Foods and Drug Administration’s 1999 decision to allow manufactures to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy’s effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% has experience with soymilk (Soyfoods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimated 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million. 12. Drinking vessels

By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the ‘political’ type of feast – came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600-450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages - such as mead and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneberg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5 th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessels) found at VIX in Burgundy supply archeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is known

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what goods were traded in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves. 13. Just in time

“Just-in-time” is a management philosophy and not a technique. It o riginally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser or the product or another process further along the product line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum waste. “Waste” is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well as materials. 14. The ecosystem in the park

From the wolves’ perspective, this is a clearly good news. But it also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert Beschta from Oregan State University. In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers showed the reintroducing the wolves was correlated with increase growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn’t easily escape, the scientist claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded. Of course, not every wolf story is positive. National Public Radio in the US reported last July that a nine-year-old programme to reintroduce the endangered Mexican grey wolf in the southwestern US was struggling because some wolves weren’t learning to hunt in the wild and because others were simply being shot. Perhaps the shotgun response of locals in the mountain of Arizona and New Mexico was unsurprising, for the wolves had been preying on livestock. The reintroduction area is apparently grazing l and. 15. Reality

Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extend or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus’ text, I’ve learned that modern science tells a very difference story. 16. Pink Onion

With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the o nion plays an explosive role in Indian politics. This week, reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite,

The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic el ement with 11 all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families

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of all classes. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the i nfluential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. But the increase follows a trend of rising consumer prices across the board —--- from diesel fuel to cement, from milk to lentils. 17. The role of a doctor

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don’t just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions. “The focus in medical school is to train good doctors, but part of being a good doctor is bei ng a good manager,” says Fawaz Siddiqi, a neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Centre in Canada. “It’s having a core understanding of how to work within the context of an organization.” The desire to be a “good manager” is precisely the reason Dr Siddiqi, who aspires one day to run a hospital, decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in the health-sector MBA programme at the Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario. 18. Chinese Communist Party

The book advances five fundamental and, in my view, fundamentally correct propositions. First, for all its manifest achievements, the Chinese attempt to marry a communist party-state with the market is unsustainable. Hutton does not deny the economic achievements of the past three decades. But he stresses that the result has been “not free-market capitalism but Leninist corporatism”. This is not a viable new model, but an ultimately dysfunctional hybrid. The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistent with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions developed elsewhere.

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19. Arabic MBA – study at a distance

Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a re ception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: “The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region.” The first intake of students is expected later this year, Professor Keith Lumsden director of Edinburgh Business School, said: “Arabic i s a major global language and the Arab world is a centre for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region.” 20. Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist; spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who 'were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talky Piaget began to that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it?'

Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science: .developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology, Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages" and “cannibals” by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.

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21. Mud Volcano

Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has triggered .a "mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years.

In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,900 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape.

The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 'kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began.

The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt 'to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day.

Although the eruption isn't as violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured.

The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Todav, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,4000 people permanently displaced.

22, Stress

Stress is what you feel when: you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response.

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Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important job on time.

But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. I t can weaken your immune system, making it harder to fight off disease. If you already have a health problem, stress may make it worse. It can make you moody, tense or depressed. Your relationships may suffer; and you may not do well at work or school.

23. Nature

Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason.

24. America's sky

By 2025, government experts say, America's skies will swarm with three times as -many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer at airliner altitude competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair collision and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.

25. Edison

Matthew Josephson does an excellent job of covering the life and works of Thomas Alva Edison. The author of the book c overed every aspect of Thomas Edison’s life from the time grandparents lived in the original thirteen colonies to the point where he was born in Milan, Ohio and late up to the point where he died in 1931. Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. When he was born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur, When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the 109

time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity.

Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park”. The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb, which was quite a time consuming process and, quite interesting how Thomas Edison went about finding the right fiber for his incandescent bulb. He went so far as to send people around the world after various fibers to be tested as possible fibers for his light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrip. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day or more, depending upon the situation.

He has been know to spend several days working on I project without sleep until it worked. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”. In tribute to this important American, electric lights in 'the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931 a few days after his death.

26. Richard Morris

Richard Morns, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 percent or students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s.

“Sometimes in the lectures we’ve only got about one third of students enrolled attending.” he said.

“It definitely is a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out the whole richness of the experience you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with other students or with your-teachers”.

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It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dean, a Pro Vice Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was the way transforming the way students access and use information.

“It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffec tiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our universities.”

27. The genetic test for PD

While Florey researchers have also created a genetic test for PD (10% of PD eases are caused by genetic factors), this new has a broader application by screening for many different types of PD and monitoring treatment, as well as measuring the effectiveness of drugs being developed to treat the disease.

Dr Qiao-Xin Li and colleagues from The University of Melbourne and The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, along with Prof Malcolm Horne from the Howard Florey Institute, found 'people with PD had low levels of the brain-secreted protein ‘alpha-syncline’ in their blood, while people without PD had high levels of the protein.

Prof Horne said the test they developed measured alpha-synuclein levels in blood. "Currently there is no specific PD diagnostic test so doctors rely on their observations to make a diagnosis, which means some patients may not be prescribed the most suitable medication and around 15% of those diagnosed may actually be suffering from something else, " Prof Horne said. " Further studies are required to establish whether this test can distinguish between people who are responsive to treatment and those who are not," he said. The researchers are now conducting a large-scale study to determine the eff ectiveness of the test, to discover whether it is applicable for all types of PD, and to find out if it can measure the rate of progression and severity of the disease. 28. Insects

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More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, " kungu cakes" made from midges - are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating - or entomosphagous - hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including while agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in A ngola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.

29. Welfare

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. 30. Kashmiri houseboat-owners

Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the houseboats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed, Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young European were kidnapped and murdered. 31. Violin

In the 250 years of its active evolution Funerary Violin moved from the formal to the personal. It is clear from the earliest consciousness of the form that its role during the sixteenth and seventeenth

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centuries was largely heraldic; to exemplify the continuity of the social structure. The few works that have survived from this period are often surprisingly unemotional and at times overtly grandiose.

32. Father’s bookcase

None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes-a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall, that seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support. 33. Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and coordinate all the other resources in order to carry them out. An entrepreneur visualizes needs and takes the necessary actions to initiate the process by which they will be met. This often means innovating/classifying and taking risks. 34. Job hunting

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a productyourself-to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little investigating of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes

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you look as though you fit in with the organisation. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don’t care enough about the job. 35. Genetically modified foods

Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably better or cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that genetic engineering will play a crucial role in feeing the world's burgeoning population.

Opponents disagree. Food First/Institute for Food & Development Policy asserts that the world already grows more food per person than ever before - more, even, than we can consume. 36. Farming binge

In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the government seemed to be encouraging an exploitive farming binge. He went directly after his old employer, the Department of Agriculture, for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he thundered in speeches across the country. 37. Sovereignty

The principal and most consistently articulated recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that 'Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized'. National development strategies and policies are therefore critically important. This was reflected most recently at the 200 5 Summit when Member States agreed on a target date of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start to implement comprehensive national development strategies to achieve the i nternationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the MDGs. The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under t he leadership of 114

the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognise the need for developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy priorities and their international commitments. 38. George Lambert

Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the  judge, Arthur Streeton. It was the first of many associations with art world recruits. The next year saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the illustrious company of Elioth Gruner, Sydney Long and George Lambert, for whom she often posed and remained her great friend until his death in 1930. Lambert's paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasise the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in fashion was just one aspect of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru on a quest to rid Australian art of “its lack of imagination and inventive design”. Skilled in watercolours and drawings, Proctor did not limit herself to paper, canvases or to her popular magazine illustrations; she designed theatre sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of subjects from flower arranging to the colours of cars. It made for a busy and varied life but, as she said, she was not the sort of person “who could sit at home and knit socks”. 39. Parents and education

The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded to child by the child centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6 year old nursery school children on the purchasing decision of family who belong to a high socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop a child centricity scale and the third object is to examine the attitude and behavior different between low child-centric and high child-centric mothers. Analysing the date gathered from 257 mothers respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low rist used by whole family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the high child centric and the low child centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are highly risk and used by they whole family. 40. Movement in Painting

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Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real re al life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The other leading Impressionist included Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860 s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air – one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never mad up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with ef fects of light and movement created with distinct brushstrokes and fragments of colour dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement’s central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-Impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Many of the painters affected were in the circle of Water Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist. 41. Visual Art

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to elaborate, and details, and created more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e., fine mother control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a re sult, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory se nsory detail and more intricate that the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach. 116

42. Kimbell

The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation in equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story formal. S uch a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, and proving” ideas. Colloquial judgements are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quality of ideas with the term, “sparkiness” (p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as “technical” and "aesthetic" pertaining to users, are top narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished 'light 'bulb packages, in the Appendix. 43. Icing and anti-inflammatories

Icing and anti-inflammatories will help with the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage of the knot in the muscle will help it to relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work on strengthening and stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. For stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip & lower-back stretch, and the hamstring & back stretch. For strengthening, try side leg lifts. 44. Classic Music

Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on weekend morning, you*ll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab high-rises and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's I t's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung

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areas. Commanding Y 100-200 ($12.50 - $25) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income. 45. Banking

The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of money Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to would-be thieves. 46. Advertisement

Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspaper to cinema to the internet, are filled with adverts. This all – pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessment when looking for products to buy and service to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological well-beingmedicine to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, c lothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better – would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller place. 47. Seatbelt

I, for example, am a cyclist and motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets he lmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons s urgeons call those without helmets, “donor in wheels”. But a book on “Risk” by my colleague John Adams has made me reexamine my convictions. Adams has completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seatbelts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspected. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year. Between 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat 118

belts is compulsory had on average about five percent more road accident deaths than before the introduction of the law. In the United Kingdom road deaths decreased steadily from about seven thousand a year in 1972nto just over four thousand in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983; there’s actually evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed increased by about ten perce nt. That twice as many children were killed in road accidents in 1922 as now must be taken as evidence that there is less risk when children c hildren play in the street road today. It almost certainly reflects the care taken by parents in keeping children off streets. How are these figures, which are both puzzling and shocking to be explained? The answer seems to lie in our perception of risk and how we modify our behaviour. An important concept that has been developed to account for people's handling of risk is the “Thermostat Model”. An individual’s propensity to take risks is influenced by their own experience and that of others and this model assumes that the degree to which we take risks varies from f rom one individual to another. The key feature in risk taking is the balancing of perceptions of the risk and the possible rewards, and this balance may be a reflection of an individual’s particular type of personality. IN general, the more risks an individual takes the greater will be both the positive and negative rewards. 48. Mosquito Barcoding

One health-related project is 'the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run 'by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world’s mosquitoes within the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne mo squito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart. 49. Thea Proctor

Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the judge, Arthur Streeton. It I t was the first of many associations with art world recruits. The next year saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the ill ustrious company of Elioth Gruner, Sydney Long and George Lambert, for whom she often posed and remained her great friend until his death in 1930. 119

Lambert's paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasize the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in fashion was just one aspect of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru on a quest to rid Australian art of "its lack of imagination and inventive design". Skilled in watercolors and drawings, Proctor did not limit herself to paper, canvases or to her popular magazine illustrations; she designed theatre sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of subjects from flower arranging to the colors of cars. It made for a busy and varied life but, as she said, she was not the sort of person "who could sit at home and knit socks".

50. The horned desert viper

The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologist. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. “Sometimes, you even see the snake fly up and whirl round in the air to strike a mouse passing behind it," says Bruce Young, a biologist at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake's auditory system to explain how the snake "hears*' its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external eardrums," says van Hemmen, "So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping,' the snake won't hear it.” Nor are the vipers picking up vibrations through the sand, as they lack sensors on their skin to do so. 51. Smallpox

According to the literature, the history of vaccination can be traced back to as early as the 7th century when the monks in India tried to immunize themselves by drinking snake venom. The first vaccination was inoculation with human smallpox, a practice widely carried out in ancient India, Arabia, and China. This method of vaccination consisted of collecting pus from a patient suffering from mild of smallpox virus infection and inoculating the sample to a healthy human, which later led to a minor infection. 120

This method was first introduced in England by a Greek named E. Timoni. However, this method had a risk of spreading smallpox in the community and even worsening the health condition of the person who received the inoculation. While the use of human smallpox vaccine was controversial, E.Jenner came up with bovine smallpox vaccine in 1796; this new method also faced controversy, but continued be universalized. Smallpox became a preventable disease by injecting pus extracted from a human infected with cowpox virus. Jenner named the substance "vaccine" after the Latin word "vacca'* which means "cow," and thus the process of giving vaccine became “vaccination”. 52. Sound Depressing

Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecast are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five percent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with important things. And yet, while are declaring a crisis in our ability make friends, others are saving exactly the opposite. For example, MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 20 03. 53. Transitions

School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training (BaileV1995). The transition process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers (Rauner, 1999). The status _passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labor market. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for 121

careers (DuBois-Reymond, 1998), Longer transition lead to greater vulnerability and to risky behaviors (Furlong & Cartmel, 1997). 54. Australian Higher Education Funding

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s, Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education. (SEE ENDNOTE 1).

Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards: greater private contributions, particularly student fees: In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme help students finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HESC for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loon Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from -various sources. This article examines the three main sources Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, a nd HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students’ university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, a nd the level of accumulated HECS debt. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward. A story which tell us that the world is cooking and that we’ll have to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-minded people should unite do defend their freedoms.

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He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively that flinging abuse at scientists. We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtue of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action. Projects like the transition tow ns network and proposals for a green new deal tell a story which people are more willing to hear. 56. Plainness

Now that doesn’t mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But must students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to developed a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear actions or identities. It’s faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention of your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether ( see the upcoming section on rhetoric). 57. Movement in painting

Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in Europe and North American painting in the late 19 th century. The impressionists wanted to depict real life, so paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to describe Claude Monet’s painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre- Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionists ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sidley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air-one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. they never made up a formal group. But they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct brushstrokes and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement’s central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post Impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19 th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters affected were in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was in influential figure who inspired many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilso Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist. 58. Professor Phoenix

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Phoenix is adamant that the new c ourse will teach “solid chemistry”, but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a teaching approach that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and module, such as how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, will be exposed to exactly the same core chemistry unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more engaging and more likely to lead to more fundamental learning. 59. Social Isolation

Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be singly occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things. And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends – a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003.

60. Darkness in the Northern Hemisphere

The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year” indicates to the plant that fall is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural antifreezes.” But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

61. Blood flow

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as “trigger points”. “Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting,” says Kippen. “The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break. “The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe’s elbow, is to apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm.” 62. University Science

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University science is now in real crisis particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of i t such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor : chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem. 63. Teenager’s brain

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle.

How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two physicians at Children’s H ospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. “It’s a paradoxical time of development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to do with them.” 64. Neurons

In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord galled the central pattern generator (CPC). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different modes, such as going from a standstill to walking. 65. Essays

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecturer has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depth aspects of the course theories, issues, texts, etc., and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style. 125

66. Ikebana

Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. Lt is more than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art from which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement. 67. Heart Disease

If you have a chronic disease -- such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma; or back or joint pain  – exercise can have important health benefits. However, it's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precaution you might need to take while exercising. 68. Sportswomen

Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the rec ords aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too. 69. Poverty

Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least de veloped countries, primarily African; the S2-per-day level 1$ used for middle income economies such as those of East Asia and Latin America.

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70. Impressionist

Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of artists Who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860sÆharacteristicS of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualifies (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunnse (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis L eroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radical in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lifes and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air (in plain air). 71. Folklove

Folklore, a modem term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the written world. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells; and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes, Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition. 72. Energy

(Improve) their health, supplement, your protein (intake), (provide) sustainable (energy), when your body is (fed with) adequate amounts of quality protein Reference Reading

From Protein to Amino Acids When the proteins you eat are digested, they’re broken down into individual amino acids so that cells in your body have access to whichever ones they need for the job at hand. About 127

75 percent of amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins. These proteins help build and repair tissues, including muscles, bones and skin. They're also used to produce enzymes that digest food and activate your metabolism. Amino acids that aren't reassembled into proteins help make neurotransmitters and hormones. Amino Acids Turned into Energy Amino acids are chemically similar to glucose except that they contain nitrogen. This means that even after protein is digested into amino acids, they must go through more steps to have the nitrogen removed. Once the nitrogen is gone, the amino acids are converted into glucose or fatty acids. Hither way, they give you energy. Due to the extra steps, protein provides a slower but longer-lasting source of energy than carbohydrates, according to the Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Your Body's Energy Preferences W hen it's turned into energy, protein provides 4 calories of energy for every gram of protein you consume. This is the same amount you'll get from carbohydrates, but fats deliver 9 calories per gram. Any extra calories you consume are stored as fat because it's such a concentrated source of energy. When it needs energy, your body first uses glucose from carbohydrates, then fatty acids. As long as you consume enough calories from other sources, protein is not turned into energy.

74. Medical Examination

The most common reasons for carrying out a detailed medical examination of a dead person- a post- mortem or autopsy- is when it is necessary to establish the cause of death. In some circumstances, a doctor may be allowed to perform a post-mortem in pursuit of medical knowledge. The examination is usually performed by a pathologist, and involves dissection of the body, and tests done o n blood, tissues and internal organs, but sometimes it is performed by a doctor. 75. Australia

Twelve hundred miles east of Australia lie the islands of New Zealand. Long before they were discovered by Europeans, a Polynesian race of warriors, the Maoris, had sailed across the Pacific from the northeast and established a civilization notable for the brilliance of its art and the strength of its military system. When Captain Cook visited these islands towards the end of the 18 th century, he estimated that the population numbered about a hundred thousand. 128

76. Stress

Stress- that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many bills to pay and not enough time or money- is a common emotion that knows few borders. About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Britain reported experiencing stress on a daily basis, according to APIpsos polling. Anxious feelings were more intense during the holidays. Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People in the United States cited financial pressures as the top worry. About half the people polled in Britain said the frequently or sometimes felt that life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed. 77. Monkey and Shakespeare

This illustration often used is the one that the monkey and the typewriters. OK. We have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you will get life. Don’t worry about it, yes, it’s strange, yes it’s wonderful, but leaves enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter, the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn’t manage to do it in 600 million years. So what I decided to do is to run the numbers, I instead of saying typing the complete work of Shakespeare. I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key striker a second. To type “to be or not to be that is the question” right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second. I don’t know how you think it would be. May be you could have a guess. Would it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn’t supposed to have emerge within and when I run the numbers “to be or not to be is the question” takes 12.6 trillion trillion trillion years to type just that phrase and a DNA string that something of that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it’s mathematically possible but it’s so incredible unlikely that i t would have that it tilts me in favour of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.

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78. Job hunting

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product-yourself- to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of  job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route , but you should also try and do a little investigating of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don’t care enough about the job. 79. Advertisements

Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being – medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better – would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And without advertisement and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller place. 80. Banking Overseas

The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold, in the form of easy – to – carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to would-be thieves. 81. Skyscraper Fact

In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company to build the world’s tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the coveted title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire State Building). Chrysler also decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and hood ornaments. 130

82. Copyright

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as150 year. But that ignore the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of is a scandal, recently copyright to 70 years after death.

Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership up of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her whodunits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A Milne’s Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that bien pensants politicians have attempted toappear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.

83. Edible insects

FANCY A locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different story. Edible insects -- termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs -- are on 'the menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the world's population.

More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world, For example, "kungu cakes" -- made from midges -- are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous —hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms, These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around S250 a kilogram.

Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein, insects can be a good source 131

of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.

What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Administration even issues guidel ines for the number of insect part allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

84. Hans Christian Anderson

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19th ce ntury. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen's works: "The Ugly Duckling," "The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Nightingale," "The Little Mermaid," "The Match Girl," and many others. Though, as with most f olk and fairy tales, they strike adult rereaders much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don't fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don't tease people because they're different; don't fret about your being differe nt because some day you'll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many  of Andersen's tales (including "The Ugly Duckling," which is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often c ruel and unfeeling, love is torturous--in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it's not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world. 132

source: http://www.solarlottery.com/eng218/lect3a.html

85. Pinker

In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptions, well suited to the lives of ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, out tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical engineers - all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might diffe r in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality

86. Video-conferencing Technology

Never has carbon footprint of multi-national corporations under such inte nse scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to c onduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment, The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new vi deo-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continent without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel.

Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm’s VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world – with unrivalled transmission quality.

87. Alaska's Aleutian Islands

Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near 'the western end of the 1,100-mile (1800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, i nadvertently naming what is now Rat 133

Island when the ship's infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least -190 shipwrecks in the islands. 88. Impact and management of purple loosestrife

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to i ntegrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple 100sesGife, has 'been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicana, and management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetland alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control, Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachment of .L. salicaria. We conclude that 'negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota,

89. Dog

A DOG may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is ofte n a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of this distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. 134

Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.

90. The contemporary ministerial staffing system

The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan – far larger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Minister’ demands for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalized political environment have been key drivers of the staffing system’s development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial staff is fragmented and ad hoc.

91. The Romans glorified

The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possible understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendency was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved heroslaves.

92. Scientists

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Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiment. After these have been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists, The scientists around the world have a picture of world.

93. TV advertising

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done .to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or (practice) their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1987;Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980; Macklin 1983 and 1987; Robertson and Rossiter 1974; Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish and commercial and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.

94. Japanese language

An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand abandon. A "kariya" woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana„ or unique Japanese versions of We stern words, and the younger generation’s more casual use of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a wider audience. As a results, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese.

Foreign words became katakana Japanese because no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling, When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and gets upset. On the other hand, someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, “cool”. Similarly, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment.

95. Complementary therapies

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Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China 'have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into their efficacy. 96. Space work for an astronaut

The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the S pace Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.

97. Michael T.Madigan

In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology, and he is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology. Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 15 years he has studied Antarctic microbiology. In addition to research papers, he has edited a major treatise on photographic bacteria and served for 10 years as chief editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of the journals Environmental Microbiology and Antionie van Leeuwenhoek. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, four shelter dogs (Gaino, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and three horses (Eddie, Gwen, and Festus).

98. Musician Bach

Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi’s scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for other instruments. 137

99. Politician’s Face

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.

100. Exercise and Daily routines

One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exe rcise in their ordinary routines. All of the advances of modern technology – from electric can openers to power steering – have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment. 101. Hans Christian Andersen

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was nearpathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theatre and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult rereaders much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many  of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous –in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There 138

is often a happy ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to tr anscend the rigors of the mortal world.

102. Buy a house

Buying a house can a daunting process,…Firstly your need to work out how much…budget planner if you don’t already have one…rate increases and for other unforeseen events… different ownership ratio to the normal 50/50…the ordinary course of events, settlement takes… group certificates for the past two year.

103. Where does wind come from?

The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other t imes it moves rapidly creating gales and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others. The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure.

104. The allure of the book

The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around 139

them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers’ dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.

105. First Year Students

For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. In my point of view this is the best thing that you can do. I know you have to fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself without your parents but the truth is - some time in your life you are going to have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But they are only  just a phone call away and it is really good to have some QUALITY TIME without them. The first few weeks can be a lonely period. There may be concerns about forming friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that everyone else is self-confident and socially successful! The reality is that everyone is having the same concerns.

Increased personal freedom can fell both wonderful and frightening. Students can come and go as they choose with no one to "hassle" them. The strange environment with the new kinds of procedures and new people can create the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to be expected. You meet so many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. The main points about living away from home are: NO PARENTS! You don't have to tell them where you're going, who you're going with, what time you'll be coming, why you're going etc. etc.

You learn various social skills; you have to get along with your roommates. Living with them can present special, sometimes intense, problems. Negotiating respect of personal property, personal space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can be a complex task. The complexity increases when roommates are of different backgrounds with very different values. It is unrealistic to expect that roommates will be best friends. Meaningful, new relationships should not be expected to develop overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy in high school friendships; the same will be true of intimacy in university friendships. You have a phone! So if you ever get homesick or miss you Mummy then she's always at the end of a phone-line for you - and so are your friends. 140

106. Egg-eating snacks

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat. Once the egg is punctured, muscles in the snake's body work in waves to squeeze out the contents, which then move down into the stomach.

107. Essays

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a ‘regurgitation’ of everything your lecturer has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depth aspects of the course – theories, issues, texts, etc. – and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using a formal academic style.

108. Has university really changed?

University science is now in real crisis – particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degree, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on “market forces”, and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemist degrees are expensive to provide – compared with English, for example – and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.

109. Corporate Culture

The article subjects the assumptions and prescription of the ‘C orporate Culture’ literature to critical scrutiny the body of the article is devoted to teasing out the distinctive basis of its 141

appeal compared with earlier management theory. It is seen to build upon earlier efforts (e.g ‘theory Y’) to constitute a self-disciplining form of employees subjectivity by asserting that ‘practical autonomy’ is conditional upon the development of a strong corporate culture the paper illuminates the dark side of this project by drawing attention to the subjugating and totalitarian implications of its excellent/ quality prescriptions to this end, parallels are drawn with the philosophy of control favored by the Party in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the ‘doublethink’ contention that autonomy can be realized in monocultural conditions that systematically constrain opportunities to wrestle with competing values standpoints and their associated life projects.

Reorder *All below reorder are in the correct s equences. 1- Teenager car accident

1/ Accounting to the research, more car accident in the morning. 2/ Most of those accidents happen between 1am and 5am, for example in port Macquarie… 3/ Especially this happens very often among teenage drivers.

Key word: these case

4/ This should draw the public attention, and people should put more concern on teenagers. 5/ New method, it is advised to have more qualifications for teenager to get license (Also there is a system) Key word: also PS: both (4) and (5) are the methods for the problem.

Reference reading:

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 16- to 20-year olds,, according to most recent data (2014) from the National Center for H ealth Statistics. Immaturity and lack of driving experience are the two main factors leading to the high crash rate among teens. Teens’ lack of experience affects their recognition of and response to hazardous situations and results in dangerous practices such as speeding a nd tailgating. Other major contributing factors to the higher crash risk o f young drivers are night driving and teen passengers. Teenagers are involved in more motor vehicle crashes late in the day and at 142

night than at other time of the day. Teens also have a greater chance of getting involved in an accident if other teens are present in the vehicle, according to research from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and State Farm. Graduated drivers license (GDL) laws, which include a three-phase program that allows teens drivers to develop more mature driving attitudes and gain experience behind the wheel, have been successful in reducing teen motor accidents. In 1996 Florida became the first state to enact a GDL law. Every state now has GDL law, North Dakota’s law, the last to be enacted, went into effect January 1, 2012.

2. International Date Line

1/ International date line, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180 O meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates. 2/ The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result. 3/ For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them. 4/ The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite direc tions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180 0 of longitude distant. 5/ The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.

3. Volkswagen Share Trade

1/ Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to peers due to bad reputation among investors. 2/ A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the reason for a share buyback have in recent years left inventors bewildered. 3/ The main problem with Volkswagen is the past. 4/ Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away. 5/ Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated earnings, compared to BMW’s 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.

4. Chimpanzee are incapable of Language

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1) A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech. 2) A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code. 3) Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords a re located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords. 4) It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language, that is a human-like grammar. 5) Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other than with a voice. 5. SEPAHUA Loggable Area

1) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon Jungle, Nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba. 2) That pocket donates a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town. "Boundaries are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,” the capital, 3) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed. 4/ It abolished the previous system of Annual contracts. 5/ Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction. 6. System

1/The first sentence is a question: for accouting firms, is there an efficient way to manage clients? 2/ The answer is positive. 3/ It is a system that is still in trial. 4/ This system enables…tools 7. Consumers spent money

1/ Wal-Mart’s core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.

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2/ “We’re seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event in New York. “There’s no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.” 3/ Wal-Mart shopper, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the month when their paychecks come in. 4/ Lately, they’re “running out of money” at a faster clip, he said. 8. Sydney Fireworks

1/ Fireworks and special effects, including a red “waterfall: from the bridge base, will turn the structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time in 2015. 2/ ”It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbour and its surrounds, how special it is to all of us and how it moves us,” said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rdoda Roberts. 3/ From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country ceremony. 4/ Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the 9pm fireworks display.

9. Pilot deliver mails

1/ After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St.Louis, Missouri. 2/ He flew the email in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago. 3/ During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances. 4/ After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck. 10. A German Writer

1/ It has book list for ***, a German writer. 2/ The lists also have other publications 3/ It is sorted by dates and category 4/ But it doesn’t provide search function 11. American Civil Right Movement

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1/ It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place. 2/She was arrested for her civil disobedience. 3/ Parks’ arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott. 4) Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks’ good standing with the community, her employment and her marital status. 5) Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had been arrested for the same crime; however, King and his civil rights compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for their civil rights campaign. 12. A problematic boy

1) There is one 11-year0old boy who had been adopted by five families. 2) Moreover, he had been studying in four different schools. 3) The consequence is that he has problem fitting in the society. 4) Moreover his academic performance was not good. 5) He was sent to his relatives’ family in order for him to be well taken care of.

13. Sea Level Raise

1) Many people are living under the threat of flood. 2) There would be more people are living in risk once the sea level rises. 3) Scientists predict that every 0.5 cm sea level rises will lead *** lives in risk. 4) And every 1 cm sea level rise will lead *** lives in risk.

14. A project about father

1) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s fir st father-led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy. 2) Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools. 3) “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms Bocking said, who devised the project as the final component of her community education degree at the University.

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4) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on – with the help of more male role models. 5. Teachers depend on parent helpers in the earlier school years, though research shows that nationally only five percent of there helpers are male,” she said. “A male that values reading sets a powerful role models, particularly for young boys, who are statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.

15. Language

1/ It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways. 2/ For one thing, the use of language is universal – all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one. 3/ By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune. 4/ Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple. 5/ But just the opposite is true – language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.

16. Jet stream

1/ Jet stream, narrow, swift currents ot tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3 – 12.9 km) above the surface of the earth. 2/ They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses. 3/ Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself. 4/ Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.

17. The shortage of scholars

1/ Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says. 147

2/ “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the next 10 years,” he says. 3/ “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into the research side, too. 4/ With the pressure of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the research councils has probably doubled.”

18. Immigration effect

1/ In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state has become a staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians. 2/ It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to populism of the Daily Mail. 3/ Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas. 4/ But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been acknowledged. 19. Technology

1. Technology has both advantages and disadvantages 2. For example, phone … 3. Some people make phone calls while driving, which cause incidents. 4. But we cannot deny the advantages of technology. 5. I think ….. 20. Market and social equality

1. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation and following trends, but they were no good at ensuring social equality. 2. These markets had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were able to act in their own interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers. 3. They had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses – such as various Factory Act to prevent the exploitation of child workers. 4. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against powerful interests. 148

5. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of responding to social needs and social interests, unlike markets

21. Scottish Bank

1. In most countries it is only the government, through their central banks, who are permitted to issue currency. 2. But in Scotland three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes. 3. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland. 4. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in short supply and of uncertain value, compared with English, Dutch, Flemish or Frenc h coin. 5. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an adequate currency.

22. Barners’ books

1. Unlike Barnes’ previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters. 2. The usually irritates me, but I didn’t mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative, although occasionally in moving them a bout the author’s manipulations are a bit blatant. (Especially when one character’s ex-girlfriend, who has just undergone a sudden and not entirely credible change in personality, in swept up by a Plot De vice in Shining Armor and transported directly across most of Mexico and a good bit of the States to where she happens to bump into another viewpoint character.) 3. They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction 23. A meeting about biological diversity

1.

Firstly, there is a meeting for studying…

2.

Then it introduces who are going to join the meeting.

3.

The last sentence is: the result…

24. UN

149

1.

…. Called UN

2.

UN…

3.

It … to focus on world problem.

4.

For example, it invites president etc. to attend the conference and discuss problems

such as… 5.

Those problems will otherwise not be able to…

25. Characters

1.

Overtime, people benefit from characters.

2.

This is because, with characters people can record

3.

However, because… Are hard to be recorded.

4.

With the advent of … invention

5.

Now music can be recorded

26. Australian immigration policy

1) Australian immigration policy was relatively loose before. 2) We accept more refugees than we were expected. 3) Because of the election, refugee applications are extended. 4) At the same time, new refugee policies have been changed secretly. 5) The consequence is that the refugee acceptance is slowing down. 27. Marquez

1) Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with the ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking. 2) He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native America attack such as the one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier. 3) The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before. 4) In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida. 29. Earth-like planets

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1) A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a Sunlike star. 2) Using observations gathered by NASA’s Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62. 3) Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar system. 4) These new super-Earth have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.9 times that of Earth. 5) In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth. 30. Karl Marx

1) Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth century. 2) During his 11 years writing for the New York Tribune (their collaboration began in 1852), Marx tackled an abundance of topics, from issues of class and the state to world affairs. 3) Particularly moving pieces highlight social inequality and starvation in Britain, while others explore his ground-breaking views on the slave and opium trades – Marx believed Western powers relied on these and would stop nothing to protect their interests. 4) Above all, Marx’s fresh perspective on nineteenth-century events encouraged his readers to think, and his writing is surprisingly relevant today. 31. NSW

1) There is one thing that has been banned in NSW, companies and individuals cannot get it from the wholesale. 2) Wholesalers have responsibilities to check if the customers have license to get this thing. 3) Anyone who has been caught use this thing will lose their jobs. 4) Unless license been get or approved by specific apartment. 32. Sea life

1) To find out if sea lives is as diverse as land lives, some biologists started to do a research. 2) They had spent 3 years counting all living beings that they can count. 3) The range is extremely wide, from those ones in the history to the ones in restaurants.

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4) This complicated analysis was published in a journal.

33. Fruit and vegetable intake

1) Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it’s important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fr uit and vegetable consumptions. 2) Larson and collagens from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruit and vegetables. 3) The study, part of a larger initiative on factors influencing eating habits of adolescents, gathered information about fruit and vegetables intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004. 4) Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999, Larson and colleagues found. 5) This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven’t been doing in the past.

34. Railway

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1) Railway is a good invention, but there is only wood railway on the beginning 2) Railway cam save time and money 3) Later on, someone invented a new wagon 4) With the individual development, steel railway was invented in the year ***, which then replaced wood railway.

35. IT Innovation

1) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India. 2) India businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a more cost effective way. This is not something that necessary requires expensive technical research. 3) He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsources research to foreign universities if the capability is not available is not available locally. 4) “ This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to provide them myself” says Mr Maria. 36. London Metro

1.

One is about the London Metro, as far as I remember …

2.

Surprisingly cannot catch the punctuality…

3.

It is fascinating but did not work anymore…

4.

… don’t charge

37. Advertisement

1.

Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought

processes behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV media. 2.

Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on a daily basis

 – thanks essentially to improvement in technology – I somehow can’t help but feel that the quality of communication of the message has become diluted. 3.

There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seem as cool and funky.

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4.

Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means as

exponential increase in the number of ads that are being made. 5.

Proportionally, the number of ads that lack in quality, have gone up exponentially as

well. 38. Memory Loss

1.

In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out

his memory. 2.

Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t

have the foggiest idea. 3.

Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to

get something to eat. 4.

Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits

are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason. 5.

It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century

ago – that humans “are mere walking bundles of habits” 39. Map

1.

For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus

tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world. 2. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground’s historic difficulty in grasping the concept of punctuality. 3.

But the map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very

primitive. 4.

This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard to the reality

of either political divisions or the changing seasons. 40. Electronic transactions

1.

Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information

that can be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history. 2.

Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.

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3.

The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money

have to be. 4.

Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic

commerce is one of the most important aspects if Internet to emerge. 5.

To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication

channels and data integrity. 41. Mother of Storm

1.

But beginning in the 1990s, foreign and had begun to slowly improve.

2.

Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad

practices. 3.

Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by

watchdog groups. 4.

Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was

when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power. 42. Mario de Andrade

1.

Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a

four-member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission. 2.

His intention was to record as much as music as possible as quickly as possible, before

encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture. 3. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play. 4.

Regrettably, Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.

43. The second World War

1. During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh’s solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the following year.

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2. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. 3. By the beginning of the World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualities pilots available. 4. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

44. Competence and Perfortnanee

1) Illustrating the difference between competence and performance, competence usually indicates how much you know. 2) But how much does a person know is reflected by his/her performance. 3) For example: driving 4) You need to study code firstly, which indicates the competence of you. 5) Then you need to try to drive, which reflects your performance: although you know the code. sometimes you still will breach the code. 45. Piano Construction

1. In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pint. 2. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood. Spruce is typically used in highquality pianos. 3. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers use plastics almost exclusively. 4. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.

46. Teenager Diet

1. Researchers do loads of researches about teenagers. 2. They found that many teenagers do not like vegetables and fruit in their beginning and end of puberty, which is the result of researches in 1999.

156

3. Moreover, they also found the vegetable intake of teenagers was even less. 4. Therefore, both parents and families should take measures to above phenomenon. 47. Railway

1) Railway is a good invention: it is wood railway in the beginning 2) Railways help save time and labor. 3) Then people invented a new wagon. 4) With industrial development, steel railway was invented and replaced wood railway later. 48. Carbon Detox

1) In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. 2) Our views are formed by the view of the people with whom we mix. 3) Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward. 4) He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, e nvironmentalists should show where the rewards might lie. 5) We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.

49. Time Management for employees

1) Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting themselves into limit. 2) They go to work very early, from 7:00 am to 8:00 am 3) And they went hoe very late, some even overwork 4) Many managers find the employee’s performance column is decreasing 5) They (managers) should avoid this phenomenon, because this is not good for the company.

50. Charles Lindbergh

1) After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.

157

2) He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago. 3) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances. 4) After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck

51. Cardiovascular health

1. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University weighed in on green tea's health benefits with a review article that examined more than 100 studies on the subject. 2. They pointed to the "Asian paradox," lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of smoking. 3. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea consumed by many Asians each day, provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants. 4. reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.

52. Stored food

1.

A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since

storage would be pointless if one didn’t remain nearby to guard the storedfood. 2.

So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they

can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it. 3.

But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for

supporting whole towns of them. 4.

Hen nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who

instead first appear in sedentary societies. 53. Weather in Delhi

1. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility and the land see ms refreshed and newly-washed. 2. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three weeks. 3. As a result, dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder. 158

4. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration that we began to unpack. 54. Hypothesis

1.

Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the

hypothesis. 2.

Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or

incorrect. 3.

Sometimes, however, a scientist many have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true

(or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a s pecific result. 4.

In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find “something wrong”, such as

systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist’s expectations, while data which do agree those expectations may not be checked as carefully. 5.

The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.

55. False memories

1. False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of suggestions received from others. 2. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information. 3. This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source become dissociated. 4. Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some individuals in no way implies that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false. 5. Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of fasle memories may raise doubt about the validity of long –buried memories, such as repeated trauma, it in no way disproves them. 56. Piano

1.

Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.

2.

Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.

159

3.

Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white were covered with

strips of ivory, but since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used. 4.

Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.

57. 3-D Print

1. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire building. 2. Structures built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively than traditional construction methods allow. 3. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be incorporated as the process goes along. 4. Unlimately, the researchers say, this approach could enable the design and construction of new kinds of buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods. 58. Battle with enemy

1.

With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be

prepared to do battle with its enemy. 2. 3.

How do you do battle with your enemy? The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the

economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case. 4.

So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you

want to do is burn his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them. 5.

But in the industrial era destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing

the factories which are located in the cities. 6.

Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means

destroying the information infrastructure. 59. A history of God

1.

My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals.

Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.

160

2.

Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognisably human:

they created religions at the same time as they created works of art. 3.

This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.

4.

These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been

an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet terrifying world. 60. Opinion compromise

1.

In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve

an issue on which two people initially have different views. 2.

The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of view

different from their own and to accept change or compromise. 3.

It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person

immidiately to accept the logic of the expoistion. 4.

They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about

the outcome that is eventually agreed. 5.

People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt

to rush them into an agreement. 61. Meeting

1. People always think it’s easy to organize a meeting; however, there are many potentials can hinder the start time. 2. This is especially true when employees work with a large number of partners. 3. Employees may encounter troubles such as contact and organize a date and time, arrange accommodation, etc. 4. In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the meeting participants. 62. Sherbet powder

1. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy. 2. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and citric acid.

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3. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler. 4. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water. 5. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice pact. 63. Immigration policy

1. In 2005, immigration policy received far more genuine attention on Capitol Hill, and Members of Congress from both sides of the aisle are now considering what to do about immigration policy. 2. Their various efforts have focused on a wide variety of changes in current policy, including improving border security, strengthening employer verification of employment, establishing a new temporary guest worker program, and offering some level of amnesty to illegal immigrants currently living in the United States. 3. At present, these proposals are working their way through the legislative process. 4. However, to achieve results, immigration reform must be comprehensive. 5. A lopsided, ideological approach that focuses exclusively on border security while ignoring migrant workers (or vice versa) is bound to fail. 64. Comet

1) Understanding the origin and evolution of main-belt comets - asteroids or biting between Mars and Jupiter that show comet-like activity - is a crucial element in our understanding of the formation and evolution of the whole Solar system. 2) Among the question main-belt comets can help to answer is how water came to Earth. 3) Since only a few objects of this type are known, 288P present itself as an extremely important system for future studies. 4) The various features of 288P - wide separation of the two components, new-equal component size, high eccentricity and comet-like activity - also make it unique among the few known wide asteroid binaries in the Solar system. 65. Aviation

1) During the 1920s and 1930S great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic flight of the Alock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh’s solo transatlantic flight. 162

2) In 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the following year. 3) One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. 4) By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. 5) The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the f irst jet aircraft and the first liquid-fuelled rockets. 67. Top executives

1) The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the conventional view when they stop to think of the equity owner’s welfare. 2) They assume that they are using their shareholders’ s hareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s performance-especially ROE and earning per share- is good and if the shareholders don’t rebel. 3) They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any cor poration that invests its resources poorly 4) So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and share holders alike, and ensure competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps, in the replacement of management. 5) In short, stock market performance and the c ompany’s financial performance are inexorably linked. 68. Educational Scholars

1) Educational scholars generally agree that mayors can help fa iling districts, but they are starting to utter warnings. 2) Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can reduce parent’s influence on schools. 3) And they pointed Mr Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do. 4) All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control is up for renewal - or scrapping. 69. The habits of ants

1) The communities of ants are sometime very large, numbering even up to 500,000 individuals; 2) And it is a lesson to us, that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging to the same community. c ommunity. 3) On the other hand, it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities. 4) I have over and over again introduced ants from one of my nests into another nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out. 163

5) It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very remarkable.

Multiple Choice Questions Single Answer Questions 1. Essay:

Why student repeat the same content within their essay, the reason is to meet the ten pages’ requirement. Answer: Choose “increase the length of the assignment” 2. Female leadership

Companies with 30 percent female executives rake in as much as six percentages points more in profits, according to a study on Monday, feeding into the global debate over the scarcity of women in decision-making business roles. The re sults indicate the presence of women in corporate leadership positions can boost a firm’s performance, suggesting a reward for policies that facilitate women rising through corporate ranks. But the study found while having women in executive ranks resulted in better profitability, female CEOs or board members did not have a statistically significant impact on the bottom line. Question: What’s the results of the research? Answer: Choose more female executives in leadership tend to generate more profits. 3. Research about Banks

The artists were not a rich r ich man’s frivolous additional to his entourage but an essential part of scientific team in the age before photography. Their principal task was to draw the specimens that the scientists collected. collec ted. Although the naturalists, such as Banks, intended to preserve some of their specimens and take them home to England, it would not be practical to do so with all of them. Banks also expected to dissect certain animals, and the artists would preserve a record of this work. In additional to their scientific drawings, Banks wanted the artists to sketch the people and places they visited. vi sited. infe rred from the text? Question: Which of the following can be inferred a. Dissecting specimens was not as useful as talking them to England. b. Naturalists themselves were often talented artists.

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c. Photography eventually made scientific expeditions more productive. d. Artists performed a variety of tasks in early scientific explorations. Answer: d 4. Gas emission of Australia

Every day millions of lights and computers are left on the deserted offices, apartments and houses. Environmental activists say that simply switching them off could cut Sydney’s greenhouse gas emissions by five percent over the next year. Per capita, Australia is one of the world’s largest producers of carbon dioxide and o ther gases that many scientists believe are helping the warn the Earth’s atmosphere, causing climate upset. A long-standing drought and serious water shortages in A ustralia have focused much attention on climate change. Some experts e xperts warn higher temperatures would leave this nation of 20 million people at the mercy of more severe droughts and devastating tropical cyclones. Question: One present indicator of climate change in Australia is..?

a. b. c. d.

Gas emissions Environmental activists Carbon dioxide Drought Answer: d 5. Language reservation:

Languages are disappearing in Australia, because native began to speak English. A method of reserving language is to record video book. Answer: The choice that is related to record video book 6. Enterprise Options

It is understandable that management avoid risk-taking behavior, but doing nothing is no way better. There are many companies being merged or closed c losed down. Answer: Doing nothing is not always better than talking transitions. 7. Home Education

Mothers believe education will benefit their daughters. a. Their focus should be on home issues i ssues b. They envy their daughters c. They want them to school education. Answer: a 8. Crime and beyond routine

Not all crime is deviant, for example, speeding or avoid tax is beyond routine. 165

Answer: Choose “Speeding is not deviant” 9. Successful people

There is a manager who is doing financial management, his income is high. Question: What kind of person is he? Answer: Choose “Unconventional” 10. Illiteracy rates Question: From the essay, which group needs to understand the policies about solve

illiterate problem? Answer: choose a a. Women from central and south Asia (Correct) b. Man from…(man have ⅓ illiteracy rates, while women have 2/3) 11. Portraits

Question: What portraits will be displayed? a. Unknown subject b. People from Royal families (incorrect, was thought to be Elizabeth…. But they have been disapproved) Answer: choose “Unknown Subject” 12. Photography

Since the invention of photography, it has been used to capture holiday holi day and leisure moments, as well as store memory, moreover, it reflects re flects hidden reality, such as wars and inaccessible inhabitant. Question: What is the unique purpose of photography? Answer: Choose “reveal something people don’t know” 13. Written Materials Question: Why would some people use “written materials” Answer: Choose “so they can add information to other data they have collected” 14. Magnetic Field

There is no magnetic field around Venus; However, aro und few billion years ago, there was a protecting layer surrounding Venus. Answer: Choose “altering the surrounding atmosphere of Ve nus” 15. Artists

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The artists were not a rich man’s frivolous addition to his entourage but an essential part of a scientific team in the age before photography. Their principal task was to draw the specimens that the scientists collected. Although the naturalists, such as Banks, intended to preserve some of their specimens and take them home to England, it would not be practical to do so with all of them. Banks also expected to dissect certain animals, and the artists would preserve a record of this work. In addition to their scientific drawings, Banks wanted the artists to sketch the people and places they visited. Question: Which of the following can be inferred fro m the text? a.

Dissecting specimens was not as useful as taking them to England.

b.

Photography eventually made scientific expeditions more productive.

c.

Artists performed a variety of tasks in early scientific explorations.

d.

Naturalists themselves were often talented artists.

Answer: C 16. Newspaper and Magazines

Question: What are the differences between newspaper and magazines? Answer: Choose “differences in referencing style”

Multiple Answers Questions 1.

Mount Everest:

The actual particulars of the event are unclear, obscured by the accretion of myth. But the year was 1852 and the setting was the office of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in the northern hill station of Debra Dun. According to the most plausible version of what transpired, a clerk rushed into the chambers of Sir Andrew Waugh, India’s surveyor general, and exclaimed that a Bengali computer named Radhanath Sikhdar, working out of the Survey’s Calcutta bureau, had ‘discovered the highest mountain in the world.’ (In Waugh’s day, a computer was a job description rather than a machine.) Designated Peak XV by surveyors in the filed who had first measured the angle of its rise with a twenty-four-inch theodolite three years earlier, the mountain in question jutted from the spine of the Himalaya in the forbidden kingdom of Nepal. 167

Until Sikhdar compiled the survey data and did the math, nobody had suspected there was anything noteworthy about Peak XV. The six survey sites from which the summit had been triangulated were in northern India, more than a hundred miles from the mountain. To the surveyors, who shot it, all but the summit nub of Peak XV several was obscured by various high escarpments in the foreground, of which gave the illusion of being much greater in stature. But according to Sikhdar’s meticulous trigonometric reckoning (which took curvature of the earth, atmospheric rein to account such factors as fraction, and plumb-line deflection) Peak XV stood 29.002 feet above sea level, the planet’s loftiest point.

In 1865, nice years after Sikhdar’s computations had been confirmed, Waugh bestowed the name Mount Everest on Peak Xv, in honour of Sir George Everest, his predecessor as surveyor general. As it happened, Tibetans who lived to North of the great mountain already had a more mellifluous name for it, Jornolurignia, which translates to “goddess, mother of the world.” And Napalis who resided to the south called the peak Sagarmatha, “goddess of the sky.” But Waugh pointedly chose to ignore these native appellations ( as well as official policy encouraging the retention of local or ancient name), and Everest was the name that stuck. Question: What does the author think about Mount Everest? a.

Waugh should not name the mountain after his predecessor

b.

Should not name after Tibetan and Nepal

c.

The mountain should not name Evereast

d.

Should keep Peak XV

2. Schools

The Turks and Caicos Islands are a multi-island archipelago at the southern tip of the Bahamas chain, approximately 550 miles south- east of Florida. The islands are an overseas territory’ of the United Kingdom although they exercise a high degree of local political autonomy. The economy of the islands rests mainly on tourism, with some contribution from offshore banking and fishing. Primary schooling is divided into eight grades, with most pupils entering at the age of four years and leaving at twelve. After two kindergarten years, Grades 1-6 are

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covered by grade curriculum in maths, language and science that increases in difficulty as pupils get older. There is little repetition and pupils are expected to progress through primary school in their age cohorts. At the end of primary schooling, pupils sit an examination that serves to stream them in the secondary setting. Primary and secondary school enrolment is virtually universal. There are a total of ten government primary schools on the Island. Of these, seven are large enough to organize pupil into single grade classrooms. Pupils in these schools are generally grouped by age into mixed-ability’s classes. The remaining three schools, because of their small pupil numbers, operate with multigrade groupings.

They serve communities with small populations whose children cannot travel to a neighbouring large primary school. Pupils in these classes span up to three grade and age groups. As far as classroom organization is concerned, the multigrade and monograde classroom are similar in terms of number of pupils and the general seating arrangements, with pupils in rows facing the blackboard. There is no evidence that the multigrade teachers operate in particularly resource- poor environment in the Turks and Caicos Island. This is in contract to studies conducted in other developing country contexts.

Question: According to the text, which of the following statement can be concluded about primary classes in the Turks and Caicos Islands? a. Multigrade classes are mostly found in smaller schools. b. Most primary pupils are in multigrade classes. c. Parents can choose to send their children to a multigrade school. d. Most primary pupils are in mixe d-ability classes. e. Multigrade classes are for the youngest three grades. Answer: a, d 3. Female's accomplishment and status

The essay describes the status of female has experienced major shift since 19th century, they are less willing to raise as many children as they used to. There are a significant proportion of women getting married later in their lives or never get married at all, some of them obtain successful careers, such as work academics or become novelists. 169

Question: What are changes since the 19th century? Answer: Choose below a. Family size is becoming smaller. b. Choose not get married is acceptable by the society. 4. Pigeons' homing skill

The theory that pigeons famous skill at navigation is down to iron-rich nerve cells in their beaks has been disapproved by a new study published in Nature. The study shows that ironrich cells in the pigeon beak are in fact specialised white blood cells, called macrophages. This finding, which shatters the established dogma, puts the field back on course as the search for magnetic cells continues. "The mystery of how animals detect magnetic fields has  just got more mysterious" said Dr David Keays who led the study. Dr Keays continued: "We had hoped to find magnetic nerve cells, but unexpectedly we found thousands of macrophages, each filled with tiny balls of iron." Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that play a vital role in defending against infection and re-cycling iron from red blood cells. They're unlikely to be involved in magnetic sensing as they are not excitable cells and cannot produce electrical signals which could be registered by neurons and therefore influence the pigeon's behaviour. We employed state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualise and map the location of iron-filled cells in the pigeon beak. 5. Business, culture and conference

The essay describes the utilization of culture in business and companies, many companies have realized the importance of the culture in business already, especially this is quite important for staffs to adapt into different cultures smoothly. When a company operates internationally, it need helps from local businesses. For example, in the UK, companies hold business conference to solve problem, whereas the purpose of having conference in other countries may be for discussion only. Answer: Choose below: 1. It is necessary to build up a business relationship with other countries. 2. Different countries have different understanding of ideas of the meeting. 6. Travel Log

There is a travel log, the questions ask who is going to be interested in the travel log during the middle ages Europe. Answer:

a. People can learn knowledge about far east from the book b. People can study geology 7. Online Courses

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Question: What are the benefits of online courses? Answer:

Choose below: a. It covers abundant information b. MOre flexible, students can study at wherever they want 8. Spain Terrain

Here is a part of Spain’s sun-baked Andalucia that is extraordinary not only because of its unspoiled terrain and authentic Spanish traditions but also because of its caves. These are not dark, damp holes, with dripping water and evil smells. They are residences, ancient Bronze Age dwellings now being refurbished for hundreds of 21st century Spaniards. In Galera, The region’s most important village, it’s estimated that there are at least 1,000 such habitations carved into its hillsides. “We take old caves, renovate them, then sell them on,” say Rob Oakley, office manager of leading developer Galera enterprises. “Our company was set up by someone who discovered the area of Galera when it was just a tourist attraction 15 years ago and saw it potential.” The ancient abodes are transformed from rough caves into relatively luxurious homes, equipped out with amenities like electricity and sewage, phone lines, running hot water, even internet connections. Question: Which of the following words in the passages have the same meaning at

residences? a. Adobes b. Amenities c. Connections d. Dwellings e. Habitations f. Hillsides g. Terrain Answer: b, d, e

WRITTING Summary Written Text 1. Comparative advantage

With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-intensive

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products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human-and-physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of the their re lative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital. Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor. Answer: The global output of both labor intense products and human -and physical capital intensive products will increase if the developed countries such as United States produces human and physical capital -intensive products while developing countries specialize in the production of labor -intensive products; nevertheless, the pro duction will be transferred from developed countries to developing countries once a new technology becomes well understood and its producing processes are re-designed that can make use of less skilled labors. 2. American and India computer programming

Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. India programmers and high-tech engineers earns one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both  jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In the other words, it can produce an unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovation technologies jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade? David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions -as we do today. While India may have absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India 172

or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The re sult is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S programmers have been doing in the past. In contract, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India will specialize in programming. The business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best” activities. Answer: Despite the fact that India has an absolute advantage in both computer

programming and innovative new technologies, it is irrel evant in determining what India and United produce in the future, as each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage; therefore, American firms will continue to concentrate on innovation and Indian will specialize in programming.

3. Diasporas

Diasporas – communities which live outside, but maintain links with, their homelands – are getting larger, thicker and stronger. They are the human face of globalization. Diaspora consciousness is on the rise – diasporas are becoming more interested in their origins, and organizing themselves more effectively; homelands are revising their opinions of their diasporas as the stigma attached to emigration declines, and stepping up their engagement efforts; meanwhile, host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their own national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and suffering outbreaks of ‘diasporaphobia’. This trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globalization: the growth in international migration; the revolution in transport and communications technology, which is quickening the pace of diasporas’ interactions with their homelands; a reaction against global homogenized culture, which is leading people to rethink their identities; the end of the Cold War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new space in which diasporas can operate; and policy changes by national governments on issues such as dual citizenship and multiculturalism, which are enabling people to lead transnational lives. Diasporas such as those attaching to China, India, Russia and Mexico are already big, but they

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will continue to grow; the migration flows which feed them are likely to widen and quicken in the future. Answer: Diasporas, people who live outside but maintain links with their homelands, follow

an increasing trend these years and are positively engaged within both homelands and host countries; moreover, the trend is caused by the growth in international migration, the revolution in transport and communications technology, a reaction against global homogenized culture, the end of the cold war and government policy changes, all of which are associated with globalization. 4. Nobel Peace Prize

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nation Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change. The other award winner, former the US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in carefully study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained. Gore told the world in his Academy Award-winning movie (recently labeled “one-sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea-level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half-foot and two feet over the century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years. Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet, but overlook the IPCC’s conclusion that, is sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of this century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today. Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm.

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The politician-turned-movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat-related deaths. There is another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die bec ause of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives. Answer: Despite this year’s Nobel Peace Price rewards the IPCC and former US Vice President

Al Gore, their views on the effects of climate change are different in areas such as how much the sea level will rise, which Gore expects 20-foot sea-level rises over this century while IPCC claims that the global warming will not increase the sea level as much and ac tually save lives.

5. It will never fly

The City of London Who would have thought back in 1698 as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder: members of what would become the world's mighty money capital? Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn't have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon's 'international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds manage (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market, and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity 'locusts' and their hedge-fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there's an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger . Answer: The city of London, the world's mighty money capital, has evolved since 1698 and

gone through South sea bubble and some other deplorable experiences; moreover, despite the prohibitively high living cost, inferior transportation system and the possible threat or 175

terrorists, London now has overtaken their New York rivals in the funds managed, dominates foreign exchange trading and holds 70% of the global secondary bond market.

6. Beauty contest

Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of old-fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for how good they looked. Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether it’s Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. In the past few decades Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps toward treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley. In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picket beauty pageants on the premise that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judge women on their appearance. Today many young Australian women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all kinds of pressures because they are  judged by how they look. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70 % of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians. Answer: Despite a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants since Australians won Miss

Universe and Miss Teen International, opponents argue that beauty pageants, which judge women by their appearance, and deliver misleading messages that thin equals beautiful to young women, are demeaning to women and the symbols of decline in Australia; moreover, more than half of young women are on a diet to align with the current beauty standard.

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7. Technology prediction

As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them online, so, rather than take up space here, live briefly described them in a separate article. Answer: Despite the fact we can try to extrapolate the further development 4 f technologies

from the previous experience. most of people, including the “experts” such as the chairman of IBM, the British Department of Education and Microsoft seems to be peculiarly inept at predicting the possible develop of our technologies, even as far as the next year.

8. Parent control children watching TV

Why and to what extent should parents control their children's TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, 177

he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch tele vision, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during a daytime? Is it part of the background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively? Answer: Research has shown that the amount of lime children spend on watching TV goes up

while time spent on other activities decreases, televisions have tremendous impact on a child in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV, and of what information and knowledge be receive; moreover, its influence to family as a whole should be taken into consideration.

9. Namibia

When Namibia gained independence in 1990, teenager Pascole na Florry was herding goats in the country’s dry, desolate Northern Savannah. Her job, unpaid and dangerous, was to protect her parents' livestock from preying jackals and leopards. She saw wildlife as the enemy, and many of the other indigenous inhabitants of Namibia's rural communal lands shared her view. Wildlife poaching was commonplace. Fifteen years later, 31-year-old Pascolena’s life and outlook are very different. She has built a previously undreamed of career in tourism and is the first black Namibia to be appointed manager of a guest lodge. Her village, and hundreds of others, have directly benefited from government efforts to devolve wildlife management and tourism development on communal lands to conservancies run by indigenous people. "Now we see the wildlife as our way of crea ting jobs and opportunities as the tourism industry grows," she says. “The future is better with wildlife around, not only for  jobs, but also for the environment”. Answer:  Pascolena Florry, whose job was herding goats in Namibia when it gained

independence. used to treat wildlife as enemies because of her job as wen as others in that community, hut she changed her view later in her 30s as the government has developed tourism on that communal lands, by which she builds a career in tourism and whole village has benefited from this transition.

10. SLP

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Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools across the state. Organisers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police relations were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti and drugs a nd alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, Including at Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his  jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the school. We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them knowledge to improve their own safety." The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with principals. Parents’ groups responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of community reactions. “It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits,“ Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. "Different communities will respond to this kind of presence in different ways.

Answer: Armed police have been introduced into high schools across NSW to reduce crime

rates and educate students, and they will build positive relationships with students despite the relations are already under strain in some areas; moreover, constable Purvis pointed out the aim was to have positive interactions with schoolchildren and to give them knowledge of improving safety, which has received positive response from parents and is considered as an innovative idea.

11. Grass and cow

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The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature‘s underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about everything about modem meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to convert grass which single-stomached creatures like us can‘t digest into high-quality protein. They can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature: the. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on grass.

Answer: There is co-evolutionary relationship among cows, grass and bacteria as cows have

rumen where bacteria could digest grass into high-quality protein while they help the grass spread seed by their hooves and also provide manure to it.

12. Songbird

Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune. László Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. I n only eight species could, the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because either their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well-studied areas such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasised the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at." The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds. Garamszegi‘s team discovered that, in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their

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songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates. "It leaves us with an perplexing question,” says Garamszegi. “What evolutionary forces drove some females to give up singing?"

Answer: Despite the conventional belief that male birds sing and females do the listening,

Garamszegi and his colleagues studied 233 European songbird species and found that female’s singing had been overlooked because they are quiet and he also discovered that, singing evolved in females first in at least two bird families, which is to deter other females from the same territory, to communicate with or attract mates.

13. Parent’s born order affect their parenting

Parents’ own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into “raging battles” with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grow-up and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn‘t seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me." she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older sibling. "I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters’ tussles.

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"My husband is a firstborn. He’s always sticking up for the eldest. He feels bad for her that the other came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and then lose it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers as "an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I’ve learned to teach my middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn‘t teach me that. I’m conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself. " Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child‘s personality, ultimately, "we all have free will." Agati notes. It’s important for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated with birth order, "you're not locked into any role."

14. Country

I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot who lived and worked in a city rather than only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a range of flora and fauna including, on one memorable occasion, a dead lamb, the absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages, and a single-track farm road easil y blocked by snow, broken-down machinery or escaped livestock.

But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid-Seventies. Town born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much lower income, persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult. Answer: Despite country life has its advantages; it is hard for the writer, who was reared on

a farm and dreamed of living in a city, to convince his town born and bred wife that country is better than town as country living condition is somehow inconvenient, such as iff y private water supply, inefficient transportation and the absence o f heating system in farm houses. 15. Napping

Could midday napping save your life? If the experience of Greek men is any guide, the answer just may be yes. In a study released yesterday, researchers at Harvard School of public health and in Athens reported that Greeks who took regular 30-minute were 30% less likely to die of heart disease 182

over a six-year period than those who never napped. The scientists tracked more than 23000 adults, finding that the benefits of napping were most pronounced for working men. Researchers have a long recognised that Mediterranean adults die of heart disease at rate lower than Americans and Northern Europeans. Diets rich in olive oil and other heart-healthy food have received some of the credit, but scientists have been intrigued by the potential role of napping. The study, published in the Archives of Internal medicine, concluded that napping was more likely than diet or physical activities to lower the incidence of heart attacks and other lifeending heart ailments. Still, the authors cautioned that further research is needed to confirm their findings.

Answer: The research of Greeks suggested that those who regularly took a midday siesta were

more than 37% less likely to die of heart disease, especially for those who have higher risk of suffering heart diseases such as working men, because napping help release stress and maintain a normal biological rhythm and scientists, who direct other researches, also admitted the benefits.

16. House mice

According to new research, house mice (Mus musculus) are ideal biomarkers of human settlement as they tend to stow away in crates or on ships that end up going where people go. Using mice as a proxy for human movement can add to what is already known through archaeological data and answer important questions in areas where there is a lack of artifacts, Searle said. Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay or on ships. Despite a natural range of just 100 meters (109 yards) and an evolutionary base near Pakistan, the house mouse has managed to colonize every continent, which makes it a useful tool for researchers like Searle. Previous research conducted by Searle at the University of York supported the theory that Australian mice originated in the British Isles and probably come over with convicts shipped there to colonize the continent in the late 18th and 19th centuries.

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In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden took it a step further, using ancient mouse DNA collected from archaeological sites dating from the 10th to 12th centuries, as well as modern mice. He is hoping to do just that in his next project, which involve the tracking the migration of Africa mice and other species, including plants. across the Indian Ocean, from South Asia to East Africa.

Answer: House mice are ideal biomarkers of human settlement as they can stow away in

crates or on ships that end up colonizing every continent where people lives; therefore, it becomes a useful tool for Searle and his fellow researchers, whose previous research supported the theory about the migration of Australian mice, using both ancient and modern mouse DNA collected from archaeological sites to track the migration of Africa mice. 17. Wine industry

In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet another setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also know as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, exportation, delivery or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wine for sale by pharmacists with a doctor’s prescription, and medicinal wine tonics (fortified wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit  juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from California and have it shipped to the east coast. The top of the container was stamped in big bold letters: Caution: Do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout

America who did just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.

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Answer: A setback for the American wine industry was caused by the eighteenth amendment of the United States Constitution, where allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider despite it was ideal for making wine; moreover, some bootleggers throughout America took advantage of the law loophole to produce and sell wines, which was banned by the government later on.

18. South African

In around 2300 BP (Before Present), hunter-gatherers called the San acquired domestic stock in what is now modern day Botswana. Their population grew, and spread throughout the Western half of South Africa. They were the first pastoralists in southern Africa, and called themselves Khoikhoi (or Khoe), which means “men of men” or “the real people”. This name was chosen to show pride in their past and culture. The Khoikhoi brought a new way of life to South Africa and to the San, who were hunter-gatherers as opposed to herders. This led to misunderstandings and subsequent conflict between the two groups. The Khoikhoi were the first native people to come into contact with the Dutch settlers in the mid 17th century. As the Dutch took over land for farms, the Khoikhoi were dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their numbers dwindled. The Khoikhoi were called the ‘Hottentots’ by European settlers because the sound of their language was so different from any European language, and they could not pronounce many of the words and sounds. The Khoikhoi used a word while dancing that sounded like ‘Hottentots’ and therefore settlers referred to the Khoikhoi by this name - however today this term is considered derogatory. The settlers used the term ‘Bushmen’ for the San, a term also considered derogatory today. Many of those whom the colonists called ‘Bushmen‘ were in f act Khoikhoi or former Khoikhoi. For this reason, scholars sometimes find it convenient to refer to hunters and herders together as ‘Khoisan‘. When European settlement began, Khoikhoi group called the Namaqua were settled in modern day Nambia and the north-eastern Cape; others, including the Korana, along the Orange River; and the Gonaqua, interspersed among the Xhosa in the Eastern Cape. But the largest concentration of Khoikhoi, numbering in the tens of thousands inhabited the wellwatered pasture lands of the south-western Cape. These Karoo ‘Cape’ Khoikhoi would be the first African population to bear the brunt of White settlement.

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Answer: Khoikhoi, the first pastoralists and spread throughout the western half of South

Africa, brought a new way of life to the local hunter-gatherers called Sun and would be the first African population to bear the brunt of European settlement; moreover, the population of Khoikhoi dwindled as they were disposed, enslaved, or exterminated by Dutch settlers, who referred to the Khoikhoi by “Hottentots” and to the San by “Bushman”.

19. Animals and tools

All non-human animals are constrained by the tools that nature has bequeathed them through natural selection. They are not capable of striving towards truth; they simply absorb information, and behave in ways useful for their survival. The kinds of knowledge they require of the world have been largely pre-selected by evolution. No animal is capable of asking questions or generating problems that are irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or its evolutionarily designed needs. When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn’t ask itself why it does so, or whether there is a better way of doing it. When a swallow flies south, it doesn‘t wonder why it is hotter in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further south. Humans do ask themselves these and many other kinds of questions, questions that have no relevance, indeed make little sense, in the context of evolved needs and goals. What marks out humans is not capacity to go beyond our naturally defined goals such as the need to find food, shelter or a mate and to establish human created goals. Some contemporary thinkers believe that there are indeed certain questions that humans are incapable of answering because of our evolved nature. Steven Pinker, for instance, argues that "Our minds evolved by natural selection to solve problems that were life-and-death matters to our ancestors, not to commune with correctness or to answer any question we are capable of asking. We cannot hold ten thousand words in our short-term memory. We cannot see ultraviolet light. We cannot mentally rotate an object in the fourth dimension. And perhaps we cannot solve conundrums like free will and sentience."

Answer: Unlike animals that could only absorb information pre-selected by the nature,

humans can ask themselves questions which are irrelevant to naturally-defined needs and goals, but some contemporary thoughts believe that humans are also incapable of answering certain questions due to the evolved nature.

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20. Australian Education

When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often faith to do so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect differences in students’ social backgrounds because the “new” offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this point. The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the demand for highlevel skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low-skilled are diminishing. Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangement, conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools separate individuals and group Answer:

The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted throughout OECD countries as they seek to strengthen human capital to support their economies and develop social cohesion; however, Australian curriculum failed to improve equity as its education system tend to separate individuals and groups by their social backgrounds, which further reduce the capacity of school to build social cohesion.

21. Tourism industry

Jobs generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy: in retail, construction, manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in Travel & Tourism companies. These jobs employ a large proportion of women, minorities and young people; are predominantly in small and medium sized companies; and offer good training and transferability. Tourism can also be one of the most effective drivers for the development of regional economies. These patterns apply to both developed and emerging economies.

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There are numerous good examples of where Travel & Tourism is acting on a catalyst for conservation and improvement of the environment and maintenance of local diversity and culture. Travel & Tourism creates jobs and wealth and has tremendous potential to contribute to economically, environmentally and socially sustainable development in both developed countries and emerging nations. it has a comparative advantage in that its start up and running costs can be low compared to many other forms of industry development. It is also often one of the few realistic options for development in many areas. Therefore. there is a strong likelihood that the Travel & Tourism industry will continue to grow globally over the short to medium term.

Answer: Tourism, which generates enormous jobs that are spread across a wide range of

industries, tends to create job opportunities, benefit small and medium sized c ompanies and become one of the most effective driven force

for the economic and environment

development in both developed and developing countries; therefore, travel and tourism industry is highly likely to continue to grow all over the world in the near future.

22. Aging world

We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledge. Global communication is “shrinking” the world, and global ageing is “maturing” it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the world’s population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution: traditionally considered the most significant social and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and sustained movement toward a “global culture”. The demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least powerful. 188

While the future effects are not know, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources stand to gain from their contribution. This ageing of the population permeates all social, economic and cultural spheres. Revolutionary change calls for new, revolutionary thinking, which can position policy formulation and implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing world, new thinking requires that we view ageing as a lifelong and older person.

Answer: The demographic revolution, wherein the percentages of the young and old will

experience a crossover, is envisaged to be influential as globalization because the enormous contribution made by older individuals to the society; moreover, the revolution raises challenges as social and economic structures need to adapt to the simultaneous phenomenon of aging population, all of which will impact government policy formulation and implementation. 23. The UK- human remains

With the rise of indigenous rights movements and the emergence of post-colonial nations the acquisition and ownership of human remains became a divisive and politically loaded issue. It became increasingly clear that many human remains in museum collections around the world represented the traces of colonial exploitation and discredited pseudo-scientific theories of race. In the light of these debates and changing attitudes, some human remains were returned or repatriated to their communities of origin, a process which continues to this day. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged from a rather unexpected direction: the British government revised its interpretation of nineteenthcentury burial legislation in a way that would drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines those extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise. In April 2008 the British government announced that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied alter a two-year period 189

of scientific analysis. Not only would internationally important pre- historic remains have to be returned to the ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged and developed in the Future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be analysed and re-analysed in Future years. human remains were to be effectively removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scie ntists were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of re burying all human remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.

Answer: As the rise of indigenous rights movements makes the acquisition of human remains

a sensitive issue. British government revised the legislation that all human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after two years; therefore, there will not be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation with new techniques and methods developed in the future, all of which caused major concerns to archaeologists and other scientists.

24. South Euclid (Ohio) School bullying Project:

Spurred by the sense that disorderly behavior among students in South Euclid was i ncreasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the principal's officer. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the  junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.

The SRO work in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher. T hey coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was intended to respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots. Counselors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with infomation about bullying, an explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to 190

address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO also opened a substation next to primary hotspot. The Ohio Department of Education contributed by opening a new training center to provide a nontraditional setting for specialized help.

The results from the various responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent the gym area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teac hers would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was helping at-risk students succeed in school (South Euclid (Ohio) Police Department, 2001).

Answer: As disorderly behavior among students was increasing in South Euclid, where the

 junior high schools had experienced a 30% increase in bullying, the SRO coordinated a response planning team to improve the situation by changing the school environment, conducting teacher training course in bullying prevention, as well as providing parent education and student education. which not only improved the safety of schools but also help marginalized students succeed in school.

25. Tree Ring

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek roots dendron = tree, and chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and thereby to state that the 177th ring from the outermost one towards the center was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. But it’s less straightforward to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam, because at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. However, the widths of tree growth rings vary from year to year, depending on the rain or drought conditions in each year.

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Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code formerly need for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code; because trees actually contain rings spanning many different width, rather than the Morse code c hoice between dot or dash. Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochromologists) proceed by nothing but the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree out down in a known recent year, and also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at staring times in the past. They then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from different beams. In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a geographic area whose extent depends on local weather patterns, because weather and hence tree growth patterns vary with location. For instance, the basic tree ring chronology of the American Southwest applies (with some variation) to the area from Northern Mexico to Wyoming. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflects the amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct the past climate, e.g., a series of wide rings means a very wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought. Tree rings thereby provide southwestern archaeologists with uniquely exact dating and uniquely detailed year to year environmental information.

Answer: Tree ring dating, known as dendrochronology, contains more diagnostic information

than the Morse code and is well used by tree ring specialists, these people note the ring sequences, then match up and alien these sequences with the same pattern of different beams, it enables the reconstruction of the past climate as the width and substructure of tree rings reflect the rainfall volume in a particular year.

26. Electrical cars

Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely modern, they were in fact some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle. 192

At the beginning of the twentieth century electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in. However, as cars fueled by petrol increased in importance, electric cars declined. The situation became such that electric vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes - as fork-lift, trucks, ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example. Although electricity declined in use in road vehicles, it s teadily grew in importance as a means of powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was quick to develop an electrified train system, encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil resources of its own. Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a means of powering road vehicles. Why is this the case? Well, undoubtedly economic reasons are of considerable importance. The cost of oil has risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an alternative. However, there are also environmental motivations. Emissions from cars are blamed in large part for - among other things - the destruction of the ozone layer and resultant rise in temperatures in the polar regions. A desire not to let things get any worse is also encouraging research into designing effective electric transport.

Answer: Despite the fact that electric vehicles had lost its popularity and were only used for

certain specific purposes since the twentieth century, electricity as a means of powering trains grew in importance in some countries such as Switzerland; moreover, people become interested in electric vehicles nowadays due to economic reasons, the increasing cost of oil, and environmental motivations as emission from cars are blamed for the global climate change.

27. Compulsory voting

Below is a reference reading not the real exam question. Compulsory voting is not a new concept. Advocates of c ompulsory voting argue that decisions made by democratically elected governments are more legitimate when higher proportions of the population participate. They are also argue that voting, voluntarily or otherwise, has an educational effect upon the citizens. Political parties can derive financial benefits from compulsory voting, since they do not have to spend resources convincing the electorate that t should in general turn out to vote. Lastly, if democracy is government by the people, 193

presumably this includes all people, then it is every citizen’s responsibility to elect their representatives. The leading argument against compulsory voting is that it is not consistent with the f reedom associated with democracy. Voting is not an intrinsic obligation the enforcement of the law would be an infringement of the citizens’ freedom associated with democratic elections. It may discourage the political education of the electorate because people forced to participate will react against the perceived source of oppression. Is a government really legitimate if the high voter turnout is against the will of the voters? Many countries with limited financial capacity may not be able to justify the expenditures of maintaining and enforcing compulsory voting laws. It has been proved that forcing the population to vote result in an increased number of invalid and blank votes compared to countries that have no compulsory voting laws. Another consequence of mandatory voting is the possible high number of “random votes”. Voters who are voting against their free will may check off a candidate at random, particularly the top candidate on the ballot. The voter does not care whom they vote for as long as the government is satisfied that they fulfilled their civic duty. What effect does this category of random votes have on the legitimacy of the democratically elected government?

28. Working environment

The notion that office space has a role in promoting or inhibiting performance is backed up by solid research. A recent study conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital showed that improvements to the physical surroundings of workers impacted on productivity – not just because the working environment was more attractive, but because the changes made employees feel cared for. A Swedish research paper revealed a strong link between the type of office an employee worked in and their overall job satisfaction and health.

Various findings have emerged as a result of studies such as this. Pot plants and greenery can apparently have a real impact on psychological well-being. Those who work in a private room tend to be in better health than workers based in open-plan offices. Sufficient light ca n reduce sickness among workers and increase productivity; and an attractive office can make workers feel more cared for and therefore more loyal to their company. 194

Most of these points make good rational sense. But some companies aren’t content simply to increase the health, productivity and contentment of their employees. Pioneers such as Google, Walt Disney and Dyson have tried to create offices that will do everything from promoting collaboration between workers to stimulating their creative juices.

“Environment, both physical and cultural, can make or break creativity,” says Kursty Groves, author of I Wish I Worked There! A Look Inside the Most Creative Spaces in Business . “Stimulating spaces expose the mind to a variety of stimuli – planned or random – in order to encourage people to think differently. Reflective spaces promote the filtering of information into the brain, slowing it to make connections. An environment which encourages a team to build trust and to play freely is an essential ingredient for innovation.”

Answer: A study conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital

showed that the improvements of work environment such as sufficient light and getting up private rooms has impacted work productivity because those changes made employees feel they are cared for, also, some internationally renowned companies such as Google and Dyson have tried to create office environments, which will promote collation between workers to stimulate their creativity thinking.

29. Butterfly effect

Many human activities are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases. Generating electricity is the single largest source of CO2 emissions in the United States, followed by transportation. Negative externalities are created by individuals that engage in more than the economically efficient amount of an activity, such as driving. Because the driver enjoys all of the benefits that come along with driving and only suffer part of the cost, they do not put a limit on how far or how often they should drive. The only way to get individuals to participate in reducing greenhouse gases is by having them bear all the costs of their actions. This is difficult because the costs are so little compared to the benefit, so why give up something that benefits more than sets you back. Two different methods are being proposed in order to help humans take into consideration the costs of their actions in order to reduce production of greenhouse gases. The methods proposed are government regulation and taxation. Unless 195

the government sets regulations and taxes, the individual level of involvement will be very few and unless many people participate, the amount of greenhouse gases will not be significantly reduced.

Answer: Many human activities, such as driving, which only few people e njoy all the benefit,

generate most greenhouse gas, and two different methods, government regulation and taxation, are used to make people to bear all the cost of their actions. in reduce the emission of greenhouse gas as individuals will not giving up those benefit If the cost is too little compare to the benefit.

30. Geothermal energy

What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spike and droughts. Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hope to expand its geot hermal energy supply from 13% to 25% of its total usage by 2020. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was first realised internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes. Along the 6000 km of the riff from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sit over some of the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher than the usual 196

temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity.

Answer: Geothermal energy is a solution for nations with increasing energy demands, such

as Kenya, where the government plans to replace hydroelectric sources by geothermal energy and expand its supply to 25% of total usage by 2020, and one area close by the Olkaria volcano lies over the thinnest crust so it is suitable for the drilling of geothermal wells. which allows water to be converted to steam to produce electricity.

31. Georges-Eugene Haussmann

Napoleon III also wanted to build new parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city. Napoleon III’s new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially Hyde Park, where he had strolled and promenaded in a carriage while in exile; but he wanted to build on a much larger scale. Working with Haussmann and Jean-Charles Alphand, the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four majors parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds, trees, and construct chalets and grottoes. Napoleon III created the Bois de Boulogne (1852-1858) to the west of Paris: the Bois de Vincennes (1860-1865) to the east; the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont (18651867) to the north, and Parc Montsouris (1865-1878) to the south.

Answer: Haussmann built a new aqueduct to bring clean water to Paris and reconstructed

buildings as well as enlarged the city boundaries to accommodate the growing population, then he planned to build new parks and gardens that were inspired by Napoleon’s memories of the parks in London but on a large scale; moreover, he laid out a plan for four major parks around the city and finished all construction by 1878.

32. The life of Upper Palaeolithic People.

The ways of life of Upper Palaeolithic people are known through the remains of meals scattered around their hearths, together with many tools and weapons and the debris left over from their making. The people were hunter-gatherers who lived exclusively from what 197

they could find in nature without practicing either agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries, leaves, roots, wild fruits and mushrooms probably played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was indiscriminate, perhaps because so many animals were about that they did not need to square pregnant females or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and bison focuses were found. Apparently, Upper Palaeolithic people hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon runs and migrating herd of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about ‘cave men’, Upper Palaeolithic people did not live deep inside caves. They rather chose the foot of cliffs, especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the valleys, they used tents made from hides of animals they killed. At times, on the great Russian plains, they built huts with huge bones and tusks collected from the skeletons of mammoths. Answer:

Upper Palaeolithic people were indiscriminate hunt-gathers who used spears to prey on a wide range of species of animals, and flint snappers have been created skilfully with cutting edges, which were used for various purposes.

33. Australian Indigenous Food

In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients the foods that are native to this country. “There can be little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian”, notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, Cherikoff states that “A uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country” although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies more upon their association with 'nature' and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to the country—after all, Italy's gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tomato, Thailand's to the non-indigenous chili—the reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native 198

resources, bush foods re not harvested produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalised.

34. Orville and Wilbur Wright

Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers living in Dayton, Ohio. The two had started making bicycles during the 1890s and had a successful small business selling their Wright Specials for $18 each ($475 in today’s green). This experience with building light, strong machines would prove valuable in the coming years after the brothers’ interest turned to flight. Others in the United States were also developing aircraft at the time the Wright brothers started turning their curiosity skyward. Samuel Langley had flown an unmanned steampowered aircraft in 1896. Octave Chanute and others were flying gliders near Chicago late in the decade as well. But it wasn’t until the Wright brothers started working on the matter that the “flying problem” would finally be solved. Beginning in 1899, the brothers designed and built a series of gli ders to test their various ideas on a flying machine. They constructed a wind tunnel that allowed them to test designs without having to build a full-size model. They even built their own gasoline-powered motor for their aircraft.

35. Negotiation

Negotiation is a common process in business to mainly solve business conflicts between both parties. Compromise is a basic negotiation strategy in which both parties give up something that they want in order to get something else they want more. Compromise usually occur in unfair parties when there is a fixed pie to be divided up, and whatever on the side gets, the other side loses. In compromise situations, neither side ge ts all of what they really want, but they each make concessions in order to reach an agreement that is acc eptable to both. Both parties usually can reach win-win concept through compromise. However, negotiation cannot resolve all the conflict if one party is unwilling to resolve the problem.

36. The demand for talent

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Some of this panic is overdone – and linked to the business cycle: there was much ado about “a war for talent” in America in the 1990s, until the dotcom bubble burst. People often talk about shortages when they should really be discussing price. Eventually, supply will rise to meet demand and the market will adjust. But, while you wait, your firm might go burst. For the evidence is that the talent shortage is likely to get worse. Nobody really disputes the idea that the demand for talent-intensive skills is rising. The value of “intangible” assets – everything from skilled workers to patents to know-how – has ballooned from 20% of the value of companies in the S&P 500 to 70% today. The proportion of American workers doing jobs that call for complex skills has grown three times as fast as employment in general. As other economies move in the same direction, the global demand is rising quickly. As for supply, the picture in much of the developed world is haunted by demography. By 2025, the number of people aged 15-64 is projected to fall by 7% in Germany, 9% in Italy and 14% in Japan. Even in still growing America, the imminent retirement of the baby0boomers means that companies will lose large numbers of experienced workers in a short space of time (by one count half the top people at America’s 500 leading companies will go in the next five years). Meanwhile, two things are making it much harder for companies to adjust. The first is the collapse of loyalty. Companies happily chopped out layers of managers during the 1990s: now people are likely to repay them by moving to the highest bidder. The second is the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. In most Western countries schools are churning out too few scientists and engineers – and far too many people who lack the skills to work in a modern economy (that’s why there are talent shortages at the top alongside structural unemployment for the low-skilled).

37. Museology

What is museology? A simple definition might be that it is the study of museums, their history and underlying physiology, the various ways in which they have, in the course of time, been established and developed, their avowed or unspoken aims and policies, their educative or political or social role. More broadly conceived, such as a study might also embrace the bewildering variety of audiences-visitors, scholars, art lovers, children - at whom the efforts of museum staff are supposedly directed, as well as related topics such as the legal duties an d responsibilities placed upon (or incurred by) museums, perhaps even some thought as to their 200

future. Seen in this light, museology might appear as first sight a subject so specialised as to concern only museum professionals, who by virtue of their occupation are more or less obliged to take an interest in it. In reality, since museums are almost, if not quite as old as civilisation itself, and since the plethora of present day - museums embraces virtually every field of human endeavour not just art, or craft, or science, but entertainment, agriculture, rural life, childhood, fisheries, antiquities, automobiles: the list is endless – it is a field of enquiry so broad as to be a matter of concern to almost everybody.

38. The presidential and parliamentary governance forms

A government is the organisation, machinery, or agency, through which a political unit exercises its authority, controls and administers public policy, and directs and controls the actions of its members or subjects. The government makes laws, regulate e conomies, conduct relations with other countries, provide infrastructure and services, and maintain an army and a police force amongst others on behalf of the people of the country. Democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule. The ancient Greeks used the word democracy to mean government by the many in contrast to government by the few. The key of democracy is that the people hold ultimate power. Abraham Lincoln best captured this spirit by describing democracy as a government of the people, by the people, for the people. Democratic government is opposed to an authoritative government, where the participation of its citizenry is limited or prohibited, and a state of anarchy where no form of government exists. Over the years there has been a dramatic growth in the number of political regimes that meet basic standards of procedural democracy. Such procedures include freedom of association and expression, competitive elections that determines who hold political power, and systematic constraints on the exercise of authority. The establishment of democracy in countries with no prior democratic experience, its reestablishment in countries that had experienced periods of authoritarian rule, and the expansion in the number of independent states following the demise of European and Soviet communism led to the adoption of democracy in most countries. As a result of these changes, attention has been focused on constitutional rules that guide completion for and the exercise of political authority under democracy.

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39. Plant growth

Though exerting experiment on humble pee by placing them in distinguished conditions, researchers found that with the ability of avoiding hazards, plants are smarter than people expect, as it chases nutrients when growing, and plants may surpass human and animal in the efficiency of decision-making on taking natural advantages, so it is interesting when people adopt similar approach.

40. American Employees

American employees are paid $300 a year to sleep more than seven hours per night and they can record their sleep manually ỏ through an automatic wrist monitor, as sleeping affects daytime performance by influencing employee’s alertness, which diminish productivity and leads to financial loss accumulated to $6.32 billion a year, and similar policies adopted to encourage people taking exercise.

41. Written language

The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important now. What is text/written language anyway? It is an accident IT for storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennia into today’s written language. But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-incre asing of emerging IT driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly getting replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of education.

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42. Parliamentary and presidential systems

A government is the organization, machinery, or agency, through which a political unit exercises its authority, controls, and administers public policy, and direct and controls the actions of its members or subjects. The government makes laws, regulate (regulates_NT) economies, conduct (conducts_NT) relations with other countries, provide (provides_NT) infrastructure and services, and maintain (maintains_NT) an army and a police force amongst others on behalf of the people of the country. Democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule. The ancient Greeks used the word democracy to mean government by the many in contrast to government by the few. They (The_NT) key of democracy is that the people hold ultimate power. Abraham Lincoln best captured this spirit by describing democracy as a government of the people, by the people, for the people. Democratic government is opposed to an authoritative government, where the participation of its citizenry is limited or prohibited, and a state of anarchy where no form of government exists.

43. Plan Research

Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environment degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy ener gy production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environment concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution. What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate change places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Frommer say technological development is critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say. 203

Answer:

Plants serve to be the major source of energy production, food supply, and the solution to climate change, and in order for plants to help better address thorny issues facing human beings, it is imperative that we adopt sophisticated technologies in the study.

44. Primary Carers

Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were primary carers (475,000 (475 ,000 people). That is, they were the main carer of a person who was limited in carrying out the core everyday activities of mobility, communication or self-care. Both primary carers and the large group of other carers (close to 2 million) contribute to the wellbeing of older people and people with disabilities. However, because they care for people who otherwise would have difficulty carrying out basic everyday activities, there is particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution they make, their wellbeing, labour force experiences, motivations and the support they receive in caring. Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting someone who lived in the same household (81% compared with 76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of being a primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55-64 years, where one in twenty people were primary carers. However, rather than then declining, the likelihood of being a primary carer remained at around this level among the older age ag e groups. Consequently, primary carers had a somewhat older age profile than other carers. The median age of primary carers was 52 years, compared with 47 years for other carers. Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be female (71% compared with 50%) and less likely to be in the labour l abour force (39% compared with 60%). Women not in i n the labour force were by far the largest single si ngle group among primary carers (44%). In contrast, men employed full-time were the largest single group gro up among other carers (25%). Consistent with their labour force participation, primary carers had lower personal incomes than other carers (a median gross income of $237 per week compared with $327 per week) and were more likely to have a government pension or allowance as their main source of income (55% compared with 35%). Answer:

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Primary carers, who mainly consist of unemployed female and aged between 55-64 years old, are responsible to care those people who are limited in everyday activities, in comparison to this, other carers are primarily constituted of full-time employed men that aged around 47 years old, who contribute to the wellbeing of older or disabled people as well.

Writing topics 1. Do you think consumer should avoid over packaged products or it is responsibility of producer to avoid extra packaging of products? Give your views or any relevant example with your own experience. 2. Many people think regions affect successful persons. What is your opinion about native regions and accomplished person influence on the regions they belong to? 3. The environment we are living in is in danger due to various problems. What are the underlying causes? Who do you think should be responsible to solve it? Is it the government, organization or each individual? What measure? 4. The mass media including TV, radio and newspaper influence our society and shape our opinions and characters. What is your opinion? 5. Nowadays TV has become an essential part of life. Medium to spread news & awareness and for some it acts like a companion. What is your opinion o pinion about this? 6. Company top-level Authorities should or should not take employees suggestions or ideas to take any decisions. Discuss. Disc uss. 7. Successful sport stars and glamorous film stars are a role model for youngster. Do y ou support it or not? (Agree/Disagree) 8. In education system, assessment through written examinations is valid or not. 9. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion about this? Discuss with appropriate examples. 10. Talk about the pros/ cons of this era as is full of daily inventions 11. Any new technological development in the recent years is a boon or curse for the society in general 12. Parent should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your opinion? Support it with personal examples…

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13. Marketing strategy for big companies should be placed on offer and discounts, and in what ways this can impact on their reputation. 14. Dangerous activities like extreme skiing, bungee jumping etc. And whether you support them or not 15. Do you think that place where person grew has an a n influence on his accomplishments? Explain with examples. 16. Climate change and about the roles that Government, Corporate and Individuals can play to improve it. 17. Some people believe laws change human behaviour. Do you agree with it? 18. Illiterate of the future would not be one who does not know to read, but people who do not know how to learn. Agree or disagree? 19. Information revolution has changed the way of mass communication and had some negative and positive effects on individual lives as well as on society. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20. Pros and cons of extreme/adventures sports. 21. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion about this? Do you think it is a good or bad change? Discuss with appropriate examples. ex amples. 22. Dangerous activities like extreme skiing, bungee jumping etc. And weather you support them or not 23. It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is not a good choice. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 24. Imitating celebrities in sports and movies is good or bad? 25. Any recent invention that you think proved beneficial or detrimental to society. 26. In the past 100 years, there are many inventions such as antibiotics, airplanes and computers. What do you think is the most important invention for the past 100 years? Why? 27. Do you think that formal written examinations are a good way to assess knowledge at school? 28. Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. Is it more positive for their future aspect or have some adverse effects? Do you agree or disagree? Give examples from your experience.

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29. In underdeveloped countries, tourism has disadvantages and can be said the opposite as well. What is your opinion? 30. Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of this change. 31. The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education – Einstein. What do you mean by this? And do you think Einstein was correct in saying that. 32. Positive and Negative effects of today’s communication. 33. The space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues, such as environmental problems, on our planet that we should focusing. What do you think about the money allocation? 34. Do you think English will remain to be a global language despite globalization? 35. Some people think placing advertisements in school is a great resource for public schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by treating them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you choose that position. Support your point of view with details from your experiences, observations or reading. 36. Television has many useful functions to play in everyone’s life, for some its relaxa tion, for some it is companion. Discuss your viewpoint and support your answer with examples and discussion point. 37. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area will you prefer? Explain why you picked up the particular area for your study? 38. People pursue dangerous activities like skydiving, motorcycle sports, white-water river rafting etc. Do you support? If yes, why and if not, why? 39. What does generosity mean to you? 40. Value added by travel in Education. Is travel a necessary component of education or not? Will scholar sitting at home have more knowledge than one who travels? 41. Travel to study is over rated, we have brilliant scholars who studies locally. Is travel really required for higher studies? 42. In a war of ideas, it is people who get killed. Does a common man suffer from a group’s ideology? Express your opinion and support with reasons and example.

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