AP Psych Unit 7B Pract ice Quiz
1. The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to A) save time in arriving arriving at solutions to problems. B) yield more accurate solutions to problems. C) minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.
D) E)
involve greater reliance reliance on language skills. avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
2. Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) developmental psychology psychology D) cognitive psychology psychology B) biological psychology E) personality psychology C) clinical psychology 3. Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal A) prototype. B) hierarchy. C) heuristic. D) algorithm. E) confirmation bias. bias. 4. When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word “arms” referred “arms” referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of A) semantics. B) the representativeness representativeness heuristic. C) syntax. D) morphemes. E) prototypes. 5. How many phonemes are in the w ord ord “bats”? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 6. Three-year Three-year old Lucy said, “Mommy goed to the store.” Lucy's mistake best demonstrates that A) telegraphic speech may not necessarily necessarily be grammatically grammatically correct. B) children learn language through behavioral principles. C) learning theory theory does does not adequately explain language acquisition. acquisition. D) linguistic determinism impacts how language is acquired. acquired. E) young children think primarily in images. 7. Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language? A) Language determines determines the way we think. think. B) Thought and language are unrelated. C) All thinking must be language-based. D) Cognition and and language are processed processed in the occipital lobe. E) Thinking affects affects language, which then then affects affects our thoughts. 8. Morphemes are A) the smallest speech speech units that carry meaning. B) the best best examples examples of particular categories of objects. objects. C) the smallest smallest distinctive distinctive sound units units of a language. language. D) rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. E) genetic road maps that lead to insight. 9. A chess-playing computer computer program that routinely calculates calculates all possible outcomes outcomes of all possible game moves best best illustrates problem problem solving by means of A) the availability heuristic. heuristic. D) the representativeness representativeness heuristic. B) belief perseverance. E) functional fixedness. C) an algorithm. 10. Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the ________ stage. A) babbling B) syntactic C) two-word D) three-word E) phonetic 11. After learning that that her two best friends had lost their their jobs, Mariah began to grossly grossly overestimate the national unemployment unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of A) confirmation bias. D) the belief perseverance perseverance phenomenon. B) the availability heuristic. E) the framing effect. C) the representativeness representativeness heuristic. 12. When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n) A) concept. B) heuristic. C) algorithm. D) prototype. E) mental set. 13. When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a A) fixation. B) algorithm. C) heuristic. D) prototype. E) mental set. 14. Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs A) prior to the babbling babbling stage. B) during the babbling stage. C) during the one-word stage.
D) E)
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during the two-word two-word stage. after the two-word stage.
15. Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is A) “Try to justify your positions.” D) “Be as objective as possible.” B) “Consider the opposite.” E) “Never show your emotions.” C) “Don't draw hasty conclusions.” 16. The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates A) the representativeness heuristic. D) the framing effect. B) belief perseverance. E) insight. C) the availability heuristic. 17. In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on A) prototypes. B) heuristics. C) phonemes. D) algorithms. E) framing. 18. Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language. A) heuristics B) telegraphic speech C) a critical period D) reinforcement E) syntax 19. Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n) A) algorithm. B) heuristic. C) universal grammar. D) biological predisposition.
E) example of operant conditioning.
20. In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of A) algorithms. B) phonemes. C) prototypes. D) mental sets. E) heuristics. 21. Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________. A) concept; prototype B) phoneme; grammar C) morpheme; phoneme
D) E)
semantics; syntax nomenclature; semantics
22. The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called A) functional fixedness. D) the representativeness heuristic. B) the availability heuristic. E) overconfidence. C) confirmation bias. 23. Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe. A) right temporal B) left parietal C) right occipital D) right parietal E) right frontal 24. Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates A) functional fixedness. D) the availability heuristic. B) the representativeness heuristic. E) the framing effect. C) belief perseverance. 25. Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis? A) The generic pronoun “he” is just as likely to trigger images of women as of men. B) People with no words for colors can still perceive color differences. C) The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs. D) Children born deaf learn to use signs and gestures to communicate within the Deaf community. E) Adjectives typically follow a noun but come before a verb in most languages. 26. It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children A) acquire language even in the absence of social interaction. B) resent being corrected for grammatical mistakes. C) generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before. D) employ telegraphic speech patterns before their second birthday. E) respond so positively to rewards for language use. 27. Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal E) central 28. As he attempted to spell the word “receive,” Tim reminded himself “ i before e except after c .” Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of A) trial and error. B) insight. C) an algorithm. D) a heuristic. E) prototypes. 29. Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by chil dren is facilitated by A) an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules. B) their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents. C) the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. D) the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly. E) operant and classical conditioning techniques.
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30. Because Ken is 6 6 , people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his high school basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of A) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic. B) the belief perseverance phenomenon. E) framing. C) the representativeness heuristic. 31. The components of creativity include A) impulsivity and empathy. B) expertise and a venturesome personality. C) competitiveness and dogmatism.
D) E)
imagination and extrinsic motivation. competitiveness and empathy.
32. Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates A) the availability heuristic. B) confirmation bias. C) belief perseverance. D) functional fixedness. E) overconfidence. 33. Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with appendicitis that she erroneously concluded that she needed to have her appendix removed. Jacquelyn's conclusion best illustrates the influence of A) confirmation bias. D) functional fixedness. B) the availability heuristic. E) the framing effect. C) the representativeness heuristic. 34. Introductory psychology students were more likely to achieve a good midterm exam grade if prior to the exam they repeatedly p racticed visual imagery that involved A) receptive language. D) a process simulation. B) an outcome simulation. E) effective syntax. C) productive language. 35. Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates A) factor analysis. B) convergent thinking. C) reliability. D) standardization.
E) the availability heuristic.
36. Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an older person must be indicative of Alzheimer's disease best illustrates the impact of A) functional fixedness. B) belief perseverance. C) intuition. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) framing. 37. When Fred pronounced the words “this” and “that,” he noticed that they share a common A) prototype. B) phenotype. C) morpheme. D) algorithm. E) phoneme. 38. Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his le ft. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates A) confirmation bias. B) functional fixedness. C) trial and error. D) belief perseverance. E) the availability heuristic. 39. In elementary school and high school, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of A) functional fixedness. B) a mental set. C) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic. E) the framing effect. 40. A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the A) confirmation bias. D) framing effect. B) representativeness heuristic. E) availability heuristic. C) belief perseverance phenomenon. 41. Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________. A) category; prototype B) availability heuristic; representativeness heuristic C) algorithm; heuristic
D) E)
prototype; category intuition; belief perseverance
42. Contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis for A) overestimating the impact of thinking on language. B) overestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language. C) underestimating the impact of language on thinking. D) underestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language. E) underestimating how much language use changes over our lifetime. 43. Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seatbelts because carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of A) belief perseverance. D) the availability heuristic. B) the representativeness heuristic. E) functional fixedness. C) confirmation bias. 44. Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates A) the availability heuristic. D) the representativeness heuristic. B) confirmation bias. E) the framing effect. C) functional fixedness.
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45. Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of tha t language are activated in the child's A) representativeness heuristic. D) algorithm. B) language acquisition device. E) linguistic prototype. C) category hierarchy. 46. Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the i mpact of A) framing. D) the representativeness heuristic. B) functional fixedness. E) overconfidence. C) the availability heuristic. 47. If our capacity to form concepts depends on our verbal memory, this would best illustrate A) the framing effect. D) linguistic determinism. B) universal grammar. E) functional fixedness. C) telegraphic speech. 48. Framing refers to A) a methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems. B) the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded. C) the grouping of similar objects, events, or people into a category. D) a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently. E) judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a prototype. 49. The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called A) an algorithm. B) telegraphic speech. C) grammar. D) a heuristic. E) morphemes. 50. A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language. A) phonemes B) syntax C) semantics D) phenotypes E) nomenclature 51. Injury to the left ________ lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal E) limbic 52. Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in A) framing. B) divergent thinking. C) confirmation bias. D) convergent thinking. E) belief perseverance. 53. It is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. This best illustrates the importance of A) functional fixedness. D) the representativeness heuristic. B) belief perseverance. E) overconfidence. C) the framing effect. 54. Language refers to the A) smallest distinctive sound units. B) rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. C) spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning. D) rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes. E) ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues. 55. If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may —without consciously recalling the earlier experience—react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by A) critical periods. B) algorithms. C) intuition. D) functional fixedness. E) framing. 56. In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to be aware of A) the representativeness heuristic. D) the framing effect. B) telegraphic speech. E) the availability heuristic. C) functional fixedness. 57. Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid A) heuristics. B) prototypes. C) semantics. D) fixations. E) framing.
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Answer Key 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. E 8. A 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. E 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. C 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. D 37. E 38. C 39. B 40. E 41. D 42. D 43. D 44. B 45. B 46. E 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. B 51. B 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. C 56. D 57. D
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