Prout, Analysis of Bach's Fugues from WTC

ANALYSIS .

BACH'S

Eight Fugues (Das Wohltemperirte Clavier),

Ebenezer Front, B.A. London, Hon. Mus> D. Trin. Coll. Dublin Edinburgh, and Professor of Music in University of Dublin,

UTED BY

B. Proutj

London

A.R.A.A

:

ASHDOWN,

H 8 mover

Ltd.,

Square

1910 by Edwin Ashdcwn> Ltd

ant

$ In

SOif

O

SELLING

AGtNTS

(CANADA) LTD 209.13 VICTORIA STREET. TORONTO 2 ONT

v^o Canada

ANALYSIS OF

BACH'S

S.

J.

Fugues

Forty- Eight (Das IVohltemperirte

Clavier),

BY

EBENEZER PROUT, B.A. London, Hon. Mus. D. Trin.

Coll., Dublin and Edinburgh, and Professorof Music in the University of Dublin.

EDITED BY

LOUIS

B.

PROUT,

A.R.A.M.

-41LONDON:

EDWIN ASHDOWN,

LTD.,

HANOVER SQUARE Copyright tyio by

Edwin Ashdoum,

Ltd.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

FACULTY OF MUSIC LIBRARY

EDITOR'S

THE

on

handbook,

present

father

PREFACE.

was working

which

enthusiastically

my up

revered

to the very

designed to supply a concise " Bach's immortal of Forty-eight," for the use of analysis students who are desirous of obtaining some insight into

day

his

of

death,

their construction.

is

Much has

already been written on

the subject, and from many standpoints; but I am unacquainted with any book that serves the purpose which has been here kept in view, of pointing out the essentials

of

the

form of the fugues,

systematically

arranged, and unencumbered by technical details of harmony on the one hand, and by flights into the realms of poetic fancy or of psychological perceptions on the other hand.

The analyses which had been finally arranged for the press, by Dr. Prout, have been deemed sacred from any editorial interference. The arrangement of the rest has been on similar lines from his very copious manuscript notes, and my work has only been that of select-

The author, himself, had been conteming and editing. the desirability of some slight curtailment, plating wherever possible, in order to keep the book within I have, therefore, rigorstrictly moderate dimensions. ously

excluded

whatever

be

could

spared

without

detriment, from those analyses for the arrangement of

which

I

am

responsible. that the

undesirable thing

It

was

first

what more extended than the

not, however, an few should be some-

later ones,

as they give

iv

Editor's Preface

the opportunity to enunciate certain generalisations which the careful reader can afterwards apply for himself.

No

study of these wonderful masterpieces can be

There

exhaustive.

much

of constructive beauty and discovery in them, and the student should endeavour not merely to find what he

meaning yet is told to

awaiting

look

for himself.

is

for,

make

but also to

Those who desire

on the evolution of the rhythmic other smaller sections, may find analyzed edition of the fugues,

Fugen

des

wohltemperirten

figures, it

motives and

in Dr. F. Stade's

"J. Klaviers

S.

Bach, Die

parti turmassig

Riemann's " Katechismus der Fugenalso gives an abundance of valuable

dargestellt," etc. "

original explorations

fuller guidance, especially

;

Komposition and suggestive

criticism,

including

much

that

is

more than technical. Van Bruyck's older "Technische und asthetische Analysen des Wohltem-

aesthetic

Claviers" is very largely concerned with the last-named aspect of the subject. Both Riemann

perirten

and Van Bruyck deal with the preludes as well as the fugues.

There remains only the pleasing duty of returning hearty thanks to my friend Mr. R. Orlando Morgan for

warm

he has throughout manifested in the work, and for much valuable help and advice in connection with the arrangement of the matter. the

interest

LOUIS LONDON, January, 1910.

B.

PROUT.

INTRODUCTION. The

and fugues commonly known as Das Wohltemperirte Clavier consists in reality of two complete and separate works, each containing one prelude and fugue in each collection of preludes

"

"

The first, to which of the major and minor keys. to both series, is attached name which now the gave and owed

Bach himself was completed

genesis to the controversy of the period on " the question of equal versus unequal " temperament an acoustical subject into which we need not here enter, beyond stating that in

1

722,

its

:

the old methods of tuning sacrificed the "extreme" keys in the interests of precision of intonation in the simpler ones, whereas the present method distributes equally over the whole of the twelve " semitones (or twelve " perfect fifths) the slight deviations from

absolute exactitude which are inseparable from our musical system,

Bach demonthereby reducing them almost to vanishing point. the veriest in our seems what strates, commonplace, that by the day "

aid of " equal

temperament it is possible to play in any key with The second collection, which was completed equally good effect. in 1744, was originally known, according to Marpurg, as "Twenty" but inasmuch as it illustrates, four New Preludes and Fugues ;

common with

the value of equal temperament, be can no objection urged against the inclusion of both under the in

common

the

first series,

title.

Bach's part-writing, in the fugues, is as absolutely clear and definite as though each part were given to a separate voice or instrument. The student who desires to obtain a thorough insight

them could not possibly devise a better exercise than to write them out in score, *>., with each part on a separate staff. In any case he should number the bars in his edition, in order to facilitate into

Introditction.

vi

In the few fugues which are not written as beginning

reference. at the

commencement of a bar (Nos. n,

reckoned the

34,

36,

37,

48)

we have

In the three-part fugues complete bar as bar i. \ve have described the parts uniformly as treble, alto and bass in first

;

the four-part ones as treble, alto, tenor and bass for five voices (Nos. 4

one as another

The

and

22)

and

;

we have regarded

in the

two

the additional

treble.

text followed has been that of the Bach-Gesellschaft.

DEFINITIONS. A

FUGUE.

contrapuntal composition (that is, with all the voices of separate melodic importance) founded on a concise theme called the " subject/' which is given out singly,

to certain rules,

The form

is

and then according and each voice in turn, by subsequently developed.

an application of the " ternary

" ;

that

is

to say, three

are recognizable,

usually according to the keys employed, but occasionally according to the methods of treatment. The divisions are not always quite sharply defined, but the principal

divisions

general scheme holds good in practically every case.

The theme on which

SUBJECT. 1

If there are

Answer"). a double or triple fugue.

ANSWER.

The

the fugue

two or three

is

founded (but see

subjects, the fugue

is

called

transposition of the subject, usually into the

key of the dominant, given to the second voice which enters, as a " dux " and " comes/ companion to the subject (hence the terms sometimes used instead of subject and answer). The first entries of the remaining voices usually alternate between the subject and answer, but there are occasional exceptions. There are two kinds of answer.

Real Answer

Tonal Answer

is

is

an exact transposition of the subject.

one more or less modified according to the

Introduction.

vii

exigencies of tonality ; Its principle is that a conspicuous dominant in the subject (or a modulation to the dominant key) is better

answered by the tonic (or tonic key) than by the supertonic, wincii is only " secondary" in relation to the key.

Hence

certain

notes are answered a fourth higher (or fifth lower) whereas in a real answer everything is copied a fifth higher (or fourth lower).

and

In the later parts of a fugue, the distinction between subject

answer

is

not always maintained.

COUNTERSUBJECT. A counterpoint which accompanies the Of course, except in a subject with more or less regularity. double fugue, it does not accompany the first entry of the subject, appears with the answer. If the counterpoint which accompanies the answer is not recurrent, it is better not to describe but

first

as a countersubject.

In the

"exposition" (see below) the countersubject usually found in the voice which has just had the subject or answer. it

is

EXPOSITION. The first giving out of the subject and answer the several voices, together with any countersubjects and other by incidental matter. Normally one entry is given to each voice.

Not infrequently there is also a redundant entry, or second entry Much more rarely, the entry of of the voice which led originally. one voice

is

reserved for a later section of the fugue.

COUNTER-EXPOSITION. An optional second exposition, giving a second group of entries in the original keys (tonic and dominant) but quite differently arranged, the voices entering in changed order, or those which had the subject having the answer, and vice versa. Often the counter-exposition is only partial, i.e. not t

participated in

by

all

the voices.

The modulatory portion of the fugue, the as a other than those of the exposition. Entries rule, being keys, MIDDLE SECTION.

Introduction.

viii

the

groups or isolated, alternate with and the subject often undergoes im"episodes" (see below), treatment. Sometimes these new methods of of portant changes of

either

subject,

in

treatment (" stretto," " inverse movement," etc.) give sufficient freshness to obviate the necessity for new keys.

The portion which returns the original key or keys.

FINAL SECTION. one entry or more

in,

to,

and contains

An

EPISODE.

interlude, generally for purposes of modulation, between the entries of the subject. That is, a portion of the in which the and answer are absent. It rarely subject fugue

corresponds to the episode in other musical forms (contrasted " development," being usually founded on material), but rather to matter contained in the exposition. Episodes are found chiefly, but not exclusively, in the middle section of a fugue.

There is no special significance attached to the It is the close of the piece, application of the word Coda to fugue. CODA, CODETTA.

often of similar construction to the episodes, often,

on the other

Codetta is a hand, containing some final elaboration of the subject. short passage appended to an entry, not to the entire composition, and is only distinguished from an episode by its function, or some-

times by

its

length or by

its

degree of individuality.

though subject to some reservations

generalisation separates entries that belong to the

As

a good

a codetta

same group, or merely supplies

a cadence to an entry, while an episode separates those belonging Thus the term to different groups, making the modulations.

codetta

is chiefly

used

in

connection with the exposition, where a but it is some-

group of approximated entries is always expected times needful to use it later in the fugue. STRETTO.

An

;

overlapping of two entries of the subject (or one voice entering before the previous one

subject and answer)

;

Introduction.

ix

has completed its course. Stretto maestrale is a stretto in "canon" voice completing the subject instead of breaking (see below), each it on the entry of a new voice. or from modifying away

The copying of a passage or rhythmic figure, more

IMITATION.

or less strictly, and at a short interval of time,

different voice.

Strict, note- for- note imitation

(though it may be at throughout a passage of some length. Canon (or or imitation) "at the octave," or "in the octave" is used to

CANON.

any

by a

interval)

stretto,

denote the interval separating the entries.

INVERSE MOVEMENT (INVERSION).

A metamorphosis of a subject,

countersubject or other melody, by the substitution of ascending intervals for descending, and vice versa.*

COUNTERPOINT, DOUBLE, TRIPLE OR QUADRUPLE.

Two, three

or four melodies capable of inversion one with another in

any making correct harmony whichever be placed at the Double counterpoint bottom, or as a middle part, or at the top. in the octave (or "at the octave") is that in which the inversion is normal, the lower part being placed an octave higher, or the higher

order, *>.,

an octave lower is

altered a

;

in the tenth is

tenth

(compound (compound

alteration is a twelfth

NOTE. branches of

It

is

when

the pitch of the inverted part in the twelfth when the third) ;

fifth).

assumed that the terms belonging

musical

theory, such

as

"cadence," "pedal point," are already familiar to the student.

to simpler

"sequence,"

* In order to avoid even a possibility of confusion, the editor prefers to use only the " term " inverse movement " in this sense, confining " inversion to its harmonic signification. But the author's M.S. has not always been altered, and it may, therefore, be well to point out that when we speak of the "inversion" of two subjects, or themes, we mean their changed relation one to the other (double counte- point), and it is only when ontthtmt alone is in question that the word inversion hs been allowed to bear its other meaning (= inverse movement).

ANALYSIS OF

FORTY-EIGHT FUGUES. FUGUE

1

C MAJOR (FOUR VOICES). The

Exposition.

subject of this fugue

co)

which

is in

of bar

2.

the alto, extends to the

As

it

first

moves by step from

note in the third crotchet

and does

tonic to dominant,

takes a real answer, given to the treble. As the an unusual amount of stretto, it has no regular contains fugue

not modulate,

it

countersubject but, in order to give unity to the composition, the last four semiquavers of the subject, marked above with , (a) ;

'

are very frequently used throughout the fugue, either

motion, as in bars 4, 5

and

2, 7

and

10,

'

by direct

or by inverse movement, as in bars

6.

At bar 4 must be noted an

irregularity.

According to

the third voice should enter with the subject; here, however,

rule,

Bach

puts the answer in the tenor, and gives the subject to the last entering voice the bass.

Counter-Exposition.

At bar

7,

immediately on the close of This is

the exposition, follows the counter-exposition, in stretto. CofiyrigM, tqio, by

Edwin Ashdown,

Ltd.

Analysis of J. S. Bach's

12 led

by the

it

(which,

treble,

be seen, had the answer

will

in

distance by the the exposition), and answered at one crotchet's At bar the answer is repeated by the alto. tenor. 9

The second (modulating)

Middle Section.

section of the

the bass entry in

it looks as fugue begins at bar 10. At first sight But the immediately this bar belonged to the counter-exposition. above fifth D alto on the of G) proves the (the following entry not and the of bass to be now G, (like the alto subject in the key

if

in bar 9)

the

answer

key of

in the

have begun on C, a note lower.

We

section of the fugue, as is further

of the tenor (bar

and find

1

2),

C

were, the alto would have here reached the middle ;

if it

shown by

On the dominant of

A

the succeeding entry

minor.

At bar 14 we see another stretto, closer than the preceding, It is not very common to in which all the voices take part. middle entries (as here) in the original keys of the tonic and

dominant, though another instance will be seen in the third fugue of first book; but there is generally less modulation in fugues

the

that contain

much

construction.

Note that the entry of the treble in bar 15 the answer is interrupted, to allow the same voice

stretto or close imitation than those of simpler

incomplete ; begin a new stretto.

The

is

to

now

leads (bar 16), with the subject in C, followed at one beat's distance by the alto with the

answer a fourth below

;

treble

at the beginning of bar 17 the tenor Begins

D

the answer on A, while the bass has the minor. Observe subject in that the first note of the subject in the bass is. here It lengthened.

should also be noticed that

we call these entries "subject" or answer " when their keys bear to one another the relation of tonic and dominant; in bar 16, G being the dominant of C, the treble is and the alto answer for a similar reason in the subject 41

;

following

13

Forty -Eight Fugues.

bar the tenor

A

because

is

'regarded as answer and the bass as subject, the dominant of D. But when the entries are at is

it is impossible so to regard them. As the a form in all the subject appears complete groups of entries now under notice (bars 16 to 18), we have here an example of a stretto

irregular distances in

maestrale.

At bar 19 we have another tenor.

The

following stretto

stretto in only

two

voices, alto

and

on the

last

treble in G, beginning

quaver of bar 20, tenor three crotchets later, beginning on B illustrates what has just been said. The tenor entry being a sixth

below the treble the two cannot hold subject and answer; to do this begin on either C or D.

The

Final Section. 24.

it

final section

Here the tenor has the subject

half a bar later in F.

dominant key, and,

;

it

(bar 23).

will

of this fugue begins at bar and the alto imitates it

in C,

have here a short modulation

We

C

to the sub-

answer

is

an extended plagal be seen that the authentic full cadence precedes it

The whole

A quite

for the tenor to

for this time only, the entry in

instead of subject.

cadence

We

to each other the relation of

would be needful

have here

in

of this final section

fact

is built

over a tonic pedal.

exceptional feature of this fugue, not to be found in

any other number of the work, is the entire absence of episodes. Except in bar 23 and the last two, there is not one bar which does not contain either subject or answer.

There

is

consequently less

fugue than in many others of the collection on the other hand there is none which displays more complete mastery of variety in this

imitative writing, or

concealing

art."

;

furnishes a

finer

example of "the art of


14

FUGUE

2

C MINOR (THREE VOICES). This fugue Exposition. than No. form in more regular alto

is i.

much simpler but much

not only

Its subject is

announced

in the

:

(a)

The leap from tonic to dominant in the

bar requires a leap is therefore tonal.

first

from dominant to tonic in the answer, which

a given to the treble, while the alto continues with of third the on B semiquaver natural, countersubject, which begins

The answer bar

3,

is

and ends on the

first

note of bar

5.

This countersubject

accompanies the subject or answer on every appearance throughout the fugue except the final one in the coda (bar 29).

Between the end of the answer and the next entry of the sub-

The upper part is notes of the subject, a descending sixth being substituted for a fourth. The alto, also sequential, is formed from the commencement of the countersubject

ject

a codetta

is

introduced (bars 5 to

founded on a sequential treatment of the

At bar

taken by contrary motion. subject, the countersubject

the treble

exposition

the voice that is

now

being now

7

7).

first

the bass enters with the

taken, according to rule,

had just before given the answer.

by

The

complete.

Middle Section.

The

first

episode (bars

9,

10),

with which

the middle section of the fugue begins, consists of an imitation between the two upper parts of the opening notes (a) of the subject, accompanied by the descending scale with which the

passage

15

Forty-Eight Fugues.

Bar 10

countersubject opens.

is

by means of which a modulation flat

;

in this

key we find

the treble, and

at

bar

1

a sequential repetition of bar 9, the relative major, E 1 the first middle It is in entry. is effected to

accompanied by the countersubject in the bass. If we compare the alto of bars n, 12 with that of bars 7, 8, we shall see that the two passages, though very similar, are not identical

;

we

is

therefore do not call this middle voice of the

harmony

a second countersubject.

The second episode (bars 13, 14) is The treble is the bass

countersubject.

contrary motion

;

on the

entirely founded

of the

first

episode by the two lower voices in thirds accompany with

a quaver figure seen in bars 3

and

though the figure

4,

is

not

exactly imitated.

entry (bar 15), in G minor, has the subject form the answer) in the alto, the countersubject the of taking (here

The second middle

in the treble,

The genious.

and the

free counterpoint in the bass.

third episode (bars 17 to 20) is very interesting If

bars

17, 18

are compared with bars

seen that the two lower voices at bar

1

7

1

8 the alto

and bass are inverted

adds an accompaniment

Final Section. fugue.

The

6,

and

it

will

in-

be

are the inversion of the

codetta in double counterpoint in the twelfth

of bar

5,

;

at the third crotchet

in the octave.

The

treble

in thirds.

At bar 20 we reach the

subject (treble)

is

given in

C

final section

of the

minor, the countersub-

being now allotted to the alto. The fourth episode (bars 22 to formed from the first one (bars 9 to n), by inversion of the 26) upper parts the sequence in the bass is continued and at bars 25,

ject

is

;

we

see a variation of the codetta (bars of a lev ot few notes in the alto. 26,

;

5, 6),

with the addition


16

Note another entry of the subject in the bass. alto and treble the that the countersubject is now divided between we reach the coda. Here the subject is heard At bar voices. In bar 26

is

29

for the last time

over a tonic pedal.

It is

not accompanied by the harmony a

are added to the countersubject, but additional parts no means unusual feature at the end of a fugue.

We

by

many

shall find

other examples of this procedure in the course of our

analysis.

In spite of possibly by reason of its simplicity, this little Let the student of the collection. fugue is one of the most perfect

and see what perfect unity of style is obtained found in by building up the whole piece from a few simple themes examine

it

closely,

the opening bars.

FUGUE

3

C SHARP MAJOR (THREE VOICES). considerably longer than the two precedshown ing, is especially interesting from the variety and resource in the construction of its episodes.

This fugue, which

Exposition.

As

is

the subject

the answer will be tonal,

commences on the dominant

and begin on the

countersubjects, the second of which

is

tonic.

There are two

omitted in a few of the

entries.

The

subject

is first

heard

in the treble, the

answer being given

to the alto while the treble continues with the first countersubject

:

17

Forty-Eight Fugues.

4

When

the subject enters in the bass, while the alto gives the first

countersubject, the second is heard in the treble

:

Let the student notice that the end of this second countersubjectis varied on

its later

appearances.

The first episode (bars 7 to 10) consists of a sequence in made from the inversion of the semiquaver figure seen in

the the

bass,

countersubject (bar 6), and accompanied by free imitation between the treble and alto. It is followed by an additional entry of the answer in the treble, introduced (as is often the case when first

the subject first appears in the upper part) to allow the countersubject to be heard below

it.

It

will

be seen that the second

not present here. This additional entry countersubject considered as forming part of the exposition. is

is

Middle Section. The middle section of the fugue commences Its relationship to the first with the second episode (bar 12). is obvious. The semiquaver figure in the treble of bar 12 episode is

taken from the

first

countersubject (bar

6),

now

in direct, not in-

verse, movement, and the free imitations between alto and bass are founded on the material seen in the upper voices at bars 7, 8. The first

middle entry

only by the is

very neat,

(in

A

sharp minor) at bar 14

beat in the treble and alto, identical with bar 9 is

made from

is

accompanied

The

third episode (bars 16 to countersubject. 19) li must be noted that bar 16 is, excepting the first

first

;

the whole episode

sequential continuations of the last bar of the

first


18 It

episode.

of

C

sharp)

leads to an entry in the subject

;

subject above and the

The

is

first

now

minor sharp minor (the mediant countersecond the in the alto, with

E

below

it.

fourth episode (bars 21 to 24), begins with a prolongation full cadence in E phrase, leading in bar 22 to a

of the preceding in the treble, sharp minor. To this succeeds a sequential figure

bar of the subject, and accompanied (not in bass also. sequentially) by semiquavers in alto, and, at bar 24,

made from

The

the

first

following group of entries, answer in treble (bar 24), being in the dominant and tonic keys of the

subject in alto (bar 26),

fugue, look at first as

if

they belonged to the final section.

But

they are here followed by a very long episode containing so much incidental modulation that it is better to regard them as forming part of the middle section.

It will

be seen that both entries are

accompanied by the two countersubjects.

The

three voices are

written in triple counterpoint ; if we compare the four passages (at bars 5, 19, 24, 26) in which they have been combined, it will be

seen that on each

Of the

new

presentation a different position

six possible combinations, four are

is

given.

employed.

The fifth episode the longest of all (bars 28 to 42) begins with a transposition of the semiquaver passage in the treble of episode 2 (bars 9, 10) into the bass; the accompanying figure being

now above

instead of below the semiquavers. In the next bars sequence of the first episode (bars 7 to 10) is

(30 to 34) the bass

transferred, with a very slight modification, to the treble the alto and bass accompany with the figure seen in bar At bars 35 29. ;

to 37 the first bar of the subject is treble,

and

again treated sequentially in the with new accompanying

at bars 39 to 41 in the bass,

counterpoints.

19

Forty-Eight Fugues.

The

Final Section.

final

section begins at bar 42 with a

after complete group of entries (subject, answer, subject), which, and sixth what has been said, will not need further comment. The last episode (bar 48) is an almost exact transposition a fifth lower

of the

first

(bars

7

to 10).

At the end of bar 57 we see a

of the subject (treble) in the tonic key,

final

accompanied by

entry

the

first

countersubject (alto) and the fugue concludes with a short coda, additional voices being introduced (as in Fugue 2) at the last bar. ;

FUGUE

4

C SHARP MINOR (FIVE VOICES). The fugue

is

not only one of the finest but also one of the

It is sometimes longest and most elaborate in the present work. " "a of as on three this, however, is not fugue spoken subjects a In fugue on three subjects, either all the subabsolutely correct. ;

heard together at first, or each of the three will have a Neither separate exposition, more or less regular and complete. is the case in the present instance ; the proper designation of the present movement is "a fugue with two countersubjects.'

jects will be

Exposition : The subject of the fugue, one of the shortest in the "Forty-eight," consists of only five notes:

The bass

leads,

and the tenor

replies with a real answer.

No

introduced at this point for though the with which the tenor at bars 7 to 10 accompanies the counterpoint of the in the alto is the same with which the bass subject entry regular countersubject

is

;


20

accompanied the answer

bais 4 to

in

7,

it

be seen that

will

are employed at the next two entries, quite different counterpoints At bar 10 a codetta of two bars is inserted bars 12 and 14. between the third and fourth entries (compare Fugue 2, bars 5 to 7).

The entry of

answer

the

the second treble (bar

in

12) is

the first note is shortened, for it is always irregular, not because or shorten to allowed lengthen the first or last note of a subject form of a tonal answer, and modulates to the but because it has the key of the subdominant, subject in the first treble (bar

F 1

sharp minor.

4) the actual

With

the entry of the

exposition

is

completed

;

from those already analyzed, we but, as this fugue differs greatly do not consider that the second section begins here. Further entries of the subject

and answer

will be noticed at the following

points: bar 19, tenor (G sharp minor); bar 22, tenor (F sharp minor) with the first note shortened bar 25, alto (C sharp minor) ; ,

bar 29, bass (B major); bar 32, alto (E major).

Observe

that,

though no countersubject has yet been heard, great unity is given to the first part of this fugue by the frequent one might say the use continuous of the almost figure of four crotchets first seen in the bass of bar also

7,

and employed not only by direct motion, but 17, 18, 23, 24, etc.), and even by diminution

by inversion (bars

bar 26)

;

it is

seen in

Middle Section. bar 35, where the

all

twenty- six times.

The middle

section of this fugue begins at

countersubject (which we shall mark as CS i) makes its appearance in the first treble, accompanying the It will be noticed that it subject in the tenor. begins with the first

crotchet figure just spoken of:

36

97

21

Forty-Eight Fugues.

of the alto with the answer (bar 38),

The entry

again heard in the upper part, leads to the 44).

Here the tenor gives CS first treble and alto.

treble

has ;

CS

i

its last

of the subject in at the

in the bass.

At bars

47, 48,

notes also serve as the

F sharp

minor.

first

being

The second

CS

i

appears in the

new entry now has CS ;

notes of a treble

same time a second countersubject (CS

appearance

i

episode (bars 41 to i by inversion, with free counterAt bar 74 the subject in the second

points for treble

CS

first

2)

i

makes

its first

in the alto.

50

The next

entries of the subject (tenor, bar 5

1

;

second

treble, bar

which are therefore written in 54) are accompanied by both CS, with the subject, four of the six possible positions triple counterpoint being used in the course of the fugue (see bars 49, 52, 67 and 74),

The second episode

(bars 57, 58), like

all

that follow

it,

is

founded

CS without the subject. An entry of the subject (first in C sharp minor (bar 59) leads to the third episode (bar 62). treble) At bar 66 is an entry find at bars 64, 65, CS 2 in stretto. we Here

on the

of the subject in

and unusual in the

same

to

D

sharp minor in the

first treble.

It is

irregular

have two successive entries (as here, bars 59 and 66)

voice.

The

fourth episode (bars 69 to 72) leads back

to the tonic key.

Final Section. The final section of this fugue begins with the bass entry in bar 73, accompanied by both CS. This is followed an in the tonic immediately by entry, again key, for first treble (bar 76) and yet another for tenor (bar 81). In the following episode (bars 84 to 88) CS 2 is again treated in stretto (tenor second treble, bass) at one bar's distance. At bar 89 we find the

Analysis of J.

22

*S.

Bach's

fourth consecutive entry of the subject in the tonic key,

accom-

panied by CS 2, but not by CS i. At bar 92 begins another stretto on CS 2, below which is heard CS i, which here makes its final appearance. The reason is that from this point the subject and CS 2 are almost continuously used in close stretto, for which CS i

Note the

is less suited.

stretto

on the subject between the two

trebles at bar 94

i&

i

i

i

i

write the passage on two staves, to show the crossing of the same time At the there is a stretto on CS 2 for alto and parts).

(We

tenor at one bar's distance, which at bars 98, 99, is drawn closer to half a bar, all the voices now taking part in it. last

still

The

episode begins at bar 102, and chiefly consists of stretto of CS

At bar

105 begins a dominant pedal, above

which

in bar 107

2.

we see

the last entry of the subject in the tonic It is followed key. by a coda (bars 1 10 to 115), the last four bars of which are over a tonic pedal.

Observe the entry of the subject (second treble) in F sharp CS 2 in the alto; we have here, as in Fugue i, a

minor, with

plagal cadence, following the authentic cadence that In spite of the comparatively small amount of

preceded.

modulation, this fugue is remarkable for its great variety combined with perfect unity.

FUGUE

5

D MAJOR (FOUR VOICES). Exposition.

This fugue needs only a short analysis.

subject only one bar in length,

The

23

Forty-EUtht Fuyues.

takes a real answer, and has no regular countersubject. At bar 3 is a codetta of one bar preceding the entry of the subject in the alto.

Notice particularly the figure

seen here in both the voices, and later in the fugue at bars 6, The three demisemiquavers here are not triplets, 7, 8, 14 and 23.

some

as incorrectly printed in

ployed by Bach was common

The

editions.

in his day,

and

notation here em-

explained in old dot here only adds one fourth to the length of the quaver, and the passage must be played

text-books.

The

is

The

exposition ends on the

6, and there is a and irregular counter-exposition in the two following bars subject (bass) in D major; answer (treble) B minor!

first

beat of bar

partial

:

The second section begins with the first The semiquaver figure in the treble (bar 9)

Middle Section.

episode (bars 9 to n). is an augmentation of the last four demisemiquavers in the subject, on the last note of the phrase the comin threefold repetition ;

is heard in the bass. The passage is then sequentially repeated a note lower; after which a group of middle entries in G (bars 1 to 14) treble (subject), alto (answer) treble (answer), tenor (subject) -is followed by an isolated entry

mencement of the subject

1

(bass) in

(bar

1

7).

E minor

in bar

1

5

leading to a

full

cadence

in the

same key

24


The second episode (bars 17 to 21) is a free inversion and first. The semiquavers which at bar 9 were in the treble are now in the bass the harmony, as before, is a series of

extension of the

;

chords of the sixth descending by thirds and the sequence is continued for one bar longer. At bar 20, the beginning of the subject ;

is

heard, as

if in stretto, in all

heard after bar

15,

the voices.

As

Final Section.

it is

the complete subject of the fugue is never difficult to decide with .certainty where the

begins; we prefer to consider it as at bar 21, after close in the tonic key. Notice the reference in this bar to

final section

the

full

the

commencement of

the episodes, bars 9 and on repetitions of the

that bars 23, 24 are built subject,

and bars 25

to 27

on repetitions of the

1

7

;

it

will

be seen

first figure

last half of

of the

it,

The final section of this fugue

both by direct and contrary motion.

though the whole piece

is quite irregular in its construction,

is

very effective musically.

FUGUE

6

D MINOR (THREE

VOICES).

This is a very interesting little fugue, by reason of the treatment of the subject by inverse movement and the adaptation of a part of the countersubject (from the second beat of bar 4) to accompany a different portion of the subject

(e.g.,

bar

17),

or

its

inverted form

After the exposition the subject is frequently (e.g., bar 24) modified by the substitution of a major third for a minor (see bars 13. l8 . 2I

34)-

25

Forty-Eight Fugues.

Exposition.

As

it

The

subject

is

given out in the treble

does not reach the dominant until the

final note,

:

and without

is accompanied throughmodulating, the answer (alto) is real. It On the entry of the out by a regular countersubject in the treble.

6 to 8), this countersubject is, somewhat subject in the bass (bars the treble and alto. An irregular between exceptionally, divided redundant entry of the subject in the treble, commencing on the

for the countersubject supertonic (bars 8 to 10), gives opportunity to be heard below the subject.

Middle Section.

new keys than by new

The middle

section

is

characterized less by

In bars 13 to 16 the subject in the treble is answered in stretto by inverse movement in the alto, arid it is noteworthy that from this point onwards, all the entries, treatment.

excepting an isolated one at bar 34, are in stretto at one bar's disIn bars 17 to 20 the bass leads and the alto follows, both tance.

with the subject in its direct form in bars 21 to 25 the subject in bass (direct) is answered by treble (inverted), and this again by bass (inverted) in bars 27 to 31 the answer in treble (inverted) by ;

;

subject in alto (direct)

and answer

in bass (inverted).

Final Section. The final entries (from bar 39, after a preparatory one in the bass at bar 34) are again at a distance of one bar, and are assigned to the bass and alto, both giving the subject, and in its direct form. At the close, a tonic pedal of two bars is

accompanied by additional voices, which give a bar of the subject in its direct and inverted forms simultaneously, and in thirds.

There are four episodes, In the

first

(bars

10 to

12)

all

founded on the countersubject.

the figure from

bar 4

is

treated

26


sequentially in the bass, followed by a fragment of the subject the third episode (bars 3 1 to 33) is a free inversion of this. In the second episode (bars 25, 26) the same figure is employed by inverse move-

ment, accompanied by the inversion of the first bar of the subject in the last (bars 36 to 38) a figure derived from the first bar of ;

and

countersubject (bar','3) is accompanied by the same part of the inverted subject, but now in thirds.

FUGUE

7

E FLAT MAJOR (THREE VOICES). It

This fugue is very simple and straightforward in construction. contains no stretto, nor any of the rarer devices of fugal writing. Exposition.

The

the third beat in bar 2

subject extends to the first semiquaver of :

r as containing both the elements which call for a tonal answer, namely, commencement on the dominant, and modulation into the dominant key; hence the change of the first It is interesting,

interval in the answer, is

in the treble, the

and of that

answer

at the

quaver

rest.

The

subject

in the alto (at bar 3), separated

from

by a codetta of half a bar and a longer one (a bar and a half) is introduced before the entry of the bars with the subject in it

bar

;

6.

There

is

a regular countersubject

27

Forty-Eight Fugues.

always accompanies the subject excepting in bar 34. At bars n, 12 there is a redundant entry of the answer, separated from the exposition proper by the first episode (bars 7 to 10), as in

and

this

Fugue

3.

The middle

commences with the second 12, and contains entries of the answer in C minor (alto, at bar 1 7), and the subject in C minor modulating to G minor (bass, at bar 20), to which follows Middle Section.

episode, in the

section

second half of bar

the third episode, leading back to the original key.

Final Section.

answer

final

group embraces the entry of the

in the bass in bar 26, the subject, with its first note altered,

in bar 29,

answer

The

and

and somewhat

The

a last appearance of the one note chromatically altered,

after a fourth episode

in the alto in bar 34, with

in the nature of a coda.

codetta in bars

4,

5,

and

all

the episodes are founded,

or less, on the figure of the

first codetta (bar 2, second half) ; more the third episode, however, contains greater diversity of material

than the others.

FUGUE

8

D SHARP MINOR (THREE VOICES).

A fugue of highly artificial construction, full of the resource in higher contrapuntal devices of which a wonderful mastery.

Exposition.

The

subject is

its

composer possessed such

announced

in the alto

28


and as

it begins by leaping from tonic to dominant, the answer bars 3 to 6) is tonal, leaping from dominant to tonic. There no countersubject. A codetta of nearly two bars, suggested by

(treble, is

the syncopated rhythm of the subject, precedes the entry of the which enters with the subject in bar 8 and a second codetta (bar 10, fourth beat, to bar 12, first beat) separates third voice, the bass,

;

from a redundant entry of the answer, which is, somewhat exceptionally, assigned to the same voice which just before gave this

!

th e subject.

Episodes are few and unimportant, and

comment

(see bars 15 to 19 and 33 to 35

;

call

no special

for

the others are quite frag-

mentary).

Middle Section.

This commences with the

first

episode, in

A

In bars 19 to 22 the subject, in 15. sharp minor, is treated as a canon in the octave for alto and treble. In bars 24 to 26 it is

bar

employed in close

stretto, the voices entering at

one beat's distance,

the alto in a rhythmically modified form and the bass incomplete. In bars 27 to 30 there is another canonic stretto in two parts and at two beats' distance, but now at the fifth below and to this follows ;

immediately the

first

appearance of the subject by inverse move-

ment, given to the treble, and in the key of the relative major. pair of entries (subject and answer) by inverse movement occurs in bars 36 to 41, in the alto and bass respectively, the

A

latter

somewhat disguised by the ornamentation of

its

opening

note:

Stretto is

bass and

resumed alto,

at bar 44, a

canon

in the octave,

between

providing a companion, but by inverse movement,

20

Forty -Eight Fugiies.

Two

to that noticed at bar 19.

neat

canons, strict as to

little

intervals so far as they extend, but not completing the subject,

follow in bars 52, 53 and 54, 55

one the subject

;

is in its direct, in

Final Section.

marks the return

An

both are in the octave, but in the the other in

isolated entry in

to the original key.

its

inverted form.

the treble, in bar 57, new device

In bar 62 a

makes

its appearance, the subject (alto, from bar 61) being imitated bass in augmentation and before this is completed the treble the by the answer by inverse movement. introduces somewhat (bar 64) ;

A

similar series of entries (bass, alto, treble), but without inverse

and a further entry of the an entry in the treble by is to 82) accompanied by close, but free, augmentation (bars 77 stretto of the other voices without augmentation, and a coda of movement, occupies bars 67 answer (alto), bars 72 to 75.

five

to

72,

Finally,

bars brings the fugue to a close

be observed that the subject by augmentation, which is the characteristic of the final section, is given once to each voice, and that the combinations used exemplify double counterpoint It will

in the twelfth

;

compare, for instance, the alto and bass of bars 62 The use of other than the

to 64 with bars 67 (second half) to 69.

principal keys (bars 67 to 75) is exceptional.

FUGUE

9

E MAJOR (THREE VOICES). Exposition.

-The subject

is

announced

in the alto

30

Analysis of

J.

Bach's

The answer,

in the treble, is real, and slightly overlaps the close ' " of the subject, but not so materially as to produce a close fugue, a term used to denote those fugues in which the first exposition is There is a countersubject, commencing immediately in stretto.

and reaching to the fifth semiquaver does not accompany every subsequent entry (see 20), and even where present is sometimes incomplete.

after the close of the subject

of bar 3 bars

1

;

but

6, 19,

it

The bass introduces

the subject at the end of bar

Counter-Exposition. to

i

o

;

A counter-exposition

the order of the voices

is

now

3.

follows in bars 6

treble, alto, bass,

and as the

of giving the answer to a voice which before had the subject, and vice versa, there are here two entries of the answer. strict rule is followed,

The middle

begins with a short episode (bars 1 1 to 12, first beat), based on material from the end of the subject and the countersubject, and contains a rhythmically

Middle Section.

section

* in the treble at the second beat of irregular entry of the subject bar 12, in C sharp minor, a regular one in the alto (bar 16) in the same key, and further episodes founded on similar material to that

of the

first.

Final Section. 19

;

The return

a complete group

is

to the original

given, namely:

key

is

made

subject in bass,

(altered) in treble (bar 20), subject in alto (bar 21).

at bar

answer

The episode

which follows (bars 22 to 25) is interesting as containing, for two upper parts, the inversion of the upper parts of bars 1 3 to but with a

new

counterpoint in the bass.

the subject once

more

its 1 6,

In bar 25, in the treble, and in, bar 28

appears in its original form,

*Some editors have had the impudence to amend (!) Bach by making this irregular entry at bar 20 comform to the original rhythm of the subject.

and another

31

Forty-Eight Fugues.

the actual cadential formula

is

pressed into the service for a partial

entry of the answer.

FUGUE

10

E MINOR (TWO VOICES). The only two-part fugue less

scope for elaboration

in the collection,

and naturally offering

than those written in a larger number

of parts. There is not, however, any actual feeling of thinness, the extensive use which is made of arpeggio serving to enrich the

harmonic

effect.

Exposition.

The

subject extends to

the

first

note of the

third bar:

As

modulates into the key of the dominant, the strict rule would have demanded a tonal answer, returning to E minor. But there is no third voice to be introduced, and hence no real necessity it

a return, which, indeed, Bach has not provided; he has preferred a real answer, and avoided a modulation to the unrefor

key of F sharp minor by closing the answer on the leadingnote of B minor. There is a regular countersubject commencing after the semiquaver rest, and terminating on the first note of lated

bar

5.

Middle Section. Middle entries appear in the keys of G (bar n), D (bar 13), A minor (bar 20), E minor (bar 22, as answer to the A minor entry, not as a final return to the tonic key), D minor an unrelated key (bar

30),

and again

A

minor (bar

32).

32


Final Section.

The final entries are somewhat

irregular, that

being uncompleted, while that in bar 40 is still more altered, having lost the characteristic arpeggio of its commencement, in bar 39

There are four episodes.

The first

(bars 5 to 10)

is

inverted to

form the third (bars 24 to 29), and the second (bars 15 to 19), to form the fourth (bars 34 to 38). The occurrence of unison passages (bars 19 and 38) is extremely rare in a fugue.

FUGUE

11

F MAJOR (THREE VOICES). Exposition.

The

subject,

which

is

announced

consists of a rhythmical phrase of four bars

As

this begins

on the dominant, the answer,

in the alto,

:

in the treble, is tonal.

The

countersubject commences on the of bar with the second note of the answer, 5, semiquaver After a bar of codetta, the bass enters with the subject (bar 9, third

beginning on the

tonic.

first

beat), the countersubject

being given to the treble.

Counter-Exposition.

After a short episode founded on the new counterpoint above it, there is

countersubject in the bass, with

a complete counter-exposition (bar 17, third beat, to bar 31, first In this the order of entry is: subject in treble; answer in beat). subject in bass, with a redundant entry of subject in alto, two bars after the bass, and therefore producing the first stretto. The is from alto in transferred to bass bars 18, 19, has countersubject alto

;

33

Forty-Eight Fugues. its first

three notes in inverse

movement

in bar 26 (treble)

and

is

incomplete in bars 29 to 31 (bass).

The middle

Middle Section.

section

commences

in

bar 31,

with a second episode, which is founded on the third bar of the The appearances of subject in the upper parts, with a free bass. the subject in this section are in stretto, and are very orderly. Bars 36 to 44 are in D minor, the stretto in the octave at two bars' all the voices participating, beginning with the highest bars 46 to 54 in minor, the stretto at the same interval of pitch but of and time, beginning with the lowest voice. To each stretto The is added a codetta of two bars ending with a perfect cadence.

distance,

;

G

third episode (bars 56 to 64) is built on similar material to the second, but quite differently treated.

The

Final Section.

final entries are slightly irregular.

At

the last semiquaver of bar 64 the subject enters in the treble, with bar its first note shortened and the following bar ornamented. later the subject appears in the alto, making the closest stretto

A

which the fugue contains, but its form also is varied, and it is abandoned at bar 68. On account of the stretti, neither the middle nor the

final section

employs the countersubject.

FUGUE F

A

remarkably

variety of

its

MINOR (FOUR fine fugue, rivalling

episodes.

Exposition,

12

The

It

VOICES). No. 3 in the richness and

contains no stretto.

subject


34

\H

is

announced

in the tenor,

and

is

given a tonal answer in the alto

dominant may be replied to by the this tonal form of answer is not that tonic; but it is noteworthy heard again throughout the fugue. There is a regular countersubject, (bar 4), in order that the initial

commencing on the second quaver of bar 4 and reaching

to bar

7,

quaver; this

accompanies every subsequent entry except that even here the alto and bass give fragmentary and in bars 40 to 43, suggestions of it. The bass enters with the subject in bar 7, and first

new counterpoint, which is so frequently used with the subject and countersubject (see bars 13 to 16, 19 to 22, 28 to as a second countersubject; the three are 30, etc.) as almost to rank codetta of three bars (bars i o to worked in a triple counterpoint. the tenor has a

A

12),

derived from the countersubject, precedes the entry of the

fourth voice, the treble, to which is exceptionally assigned 'the subject instead of the answer.

Counter-Exposition. As the next two entries (bar 19, tenor, and bar 27, bass) are still in the original keys, and with the answer leading, it is possible to regard them as constituting a are separated partial and irregular counter-exposition, though they

by an episode.

Middle Section. cluded, this

the subject in 40)

Unless the above-named two entries be

only commences

and closes

A

In

any case

major (bar 34) and answer in

flat

at the

Final Section.

at bar 30.

first

E

it

flat

in-

embraces

major (bar

beat of bar 47.

This section consists of the answer

F minor

in

C

minor (bar 47) and (bar 53), together with the intervening episode and a three-bar coda. the subject in

35

Forty-Eight Fugues.

the episode (bars 16 to 19) is a free inversion of similar to is 22 second The 27) (bars codetta, treated sequentially. In the third to the first, with inversion of the two upper parts.

The

first

in the codetta is episode (bars 30 to 34) the first bar of the alto treated sequentially in the bass, imitated by the tenor, with a new

In the fourth (bars 37 to 40) a part of counterpoint in the treble. is worked the countersubject (bar 6) sequentially in the treble and

made the pattern

for

some

counterpoint in the bass.

free imitation in the alto, with a florid

Episode

5

(bars 43 to 47) gives a

new

and more elaborate sequential treatment of the codetta with the addition of a fourth voice;

harmony. tion of the

The sixth and

all

the other episodes are in three-part

last (bars 50 to 53) is a slight modifica-

transposed into the dominant key.

first,

FUGUE F

13

SHARP MAJOR (THREE

This fugue to Nos. 7 and 9.

is

Exposition.

VOICES).

simple in form, and similar in

The

subject is of exactly

two

its

construction

bars' length

:

given out in the treble and, beginning on the dominant, takes a tonal answer (alto, bar 3 to bar 5, first quaver). The counterIt is

commences with the second note of the answer. After the exposition it is always modified at its beginning and end (bars 1 5 to 1 6, 31 to 33) or is quite fragmentary (bar 20, second and third beats) or absent (bars 28 to 30). There is a redundant entry of the subject in bar n, allowing of the inversion of subject and countersubject subject

36

Analysis of J. 8. Bach's

We find in this fugue for the first time an episode (bars 7 to formed of new material, not developed out of subject, countern) It is, however, not only made the foundation subject or codetta. of the other episodes (bars 13 to 15, 17 to 20, 22 to 28), but also furnishes, by inverse movement, the figure which forms a new bass

to the subject

and countersubject and 28.

in bar 12,

and the

treble to the

entries in bars 20

Middle Section. The entry of the subject in C sharp at bar 15 claims careful attention. A part of the countersubject (bar 15, third beat, to bar 16, third beat) is inverted in double counterpoint in the twelfth instead of the octave a new counterpoint is ;

added

in the treble..

The

other appearances of the subject are in the relative minor (bar 20, bass) and the subdominant (bar 28,

and

alto)

call for

no

special

comment.

Final Section. In the final entry (bars 31 to 33) the same is used as in bars 15 to 17, but transposed into the

combination tonic

key and with the two upper voices inverted.

FUGUE

14

F SHARP MINOR (FOUR VOICES). The

Exposition.

The answer

subject

is

announced

in the tenor

:

real (bars 4 to 7, alto), and there is a regular codetta of one bar succeeds, developed from countersubject. bar 2 of the subject, ana the subject enters in the bass in bar 8. is

A

Then

follows a longer codetta, which

is

an elaboration of the

-

37

Forty-Eight Fugues.

The remaining voice (treble) previous short one. answer the instead of (compare Fugue 12). subject

is

given the

Middle Section. The episodes (bars 1 8 to 20, 23 to 25, 35 The first is and comparatively unimportant. bar and the codetta on tbuno\ed partly partly (from 19) on the

to 37) are short,

countersubject

;

the third entirely on the counter subject.

In bar 20 the subject

is

in

B

movement, commencing

The

minor.

countersubject

is

introduced in the alto by inverse

F

minor and modulating into

sharp

absent, though a free adaptation of

its opening figure is employed as a counterpoint to the later part The next entry is in the of the subject (from the end of bar 21). is it somewhat disguised at its direct form, in the treble (bar 25) commencement by the substitution of ;

1

f

U^

'

f f

JTCfJT rZ^~~^

=:

kut

'~

is

I

by the countersubject Final Section. key,

and

it

is

otherwise regular, and

is

for

accompanied

in the alto.

At bar 28 a return

is

made

to the original

possible to regard the entry in bar 29

beginning of the

I

final

section of the fugue, in

as the

which case the

closing appearance of the subject (bars 37 to 40, mostly on a The normal dominant pedal) could be described as coda. tripartite structure is not clear in this fugue, the

keys being

little

At bar 32 the bass responds with the subject by inverse movement, with new counterpoints, the countersubject being

varied.

Against the

final entry (coda) the countersubject is but is incomplete, partly doubled in sixths and its characteristic figure is introduced again as the tenor of the cadential chords.

absent.

;

38


FUGUE G MAJOR (THREE

15

VOICES).

An extremely interesting and ingenious fugue, and one in which the musical grace and charm are in no way impaired by the technical elaboration.

Exposition.

The

subject,

announced

in the treble

remains in the tonic key throughout, and only touches the dominant incidentally in bar 3. The answer (alto, bars 5 to 9)

The countersubject accompanies a part consequently real. of the sifbject (or answer), commencing at the second half only of bar 6 : is

The

codetta (bars 9, 10) before the entry of the third voice germ of all the episodes. The first episode (bars 15 formed of a sequential treatment of the codetta with the

furnishes the to 19) is

addition of a third voice.

Counter-Exposition. In the counter-exposition (bars 20 to both 31) subject and countersubject are given by inverse movement, but with the last bar of the latter omitted. The order of entry

is

as follows

:

subject in alto (from bar 20) witji counteranswer in treble (bar 24) with counter-

subject in bass (bar 21); subject in alto (bar 25);

subject in treble (bar 29).

subject in bass (bar 28) with counter-

39

Forty-Eight Fugues.

Middle Section.

The

last

of the entries in the counter-

not completed, the second episode commencing exposition the at beginning of bar 31. Of this episode the first three bars are an inversion of bars 17 to 19; at bar 34 a scale is

is added above the figure of bar 10: the parts are then inverted with one another, and the two bars repeated in inverse

passage

movement. In bars 38 to 45 the subject and countersubject in their direct forms, and in the key of the relative minor, are answered by inverse

movement

;

the bass takes no part in these entries.

After

a third episode (bars 46 to 51; another variation of the first episode) the subject is treated as a two-part stretto in the octave, in the key of B minor, at one bar's distance, the treble leading, the bass responding, but breaking off at the end of bar 53. The fourth episode (bars 54 to 60) is a new sequential treatment of the The entries in bars 60 to 63 codetta, with different counterpoint. treble) are analogous to the preceding ones, but in D with the lower voice leading, and with an added countermajor, point. The fifth episode (bars 64 to 69) is yet another variation

and

(alto

of the

first,

with different distribution of the parts.

At bar 69 a return

Final Section.

is

made

to the

key of G,

the subject (inverted) being assigned to the bass, and the counterThe last episode (bars 73 subject (likewise inverted) to the alto. of bars to 76) consists of free inversion 34 to 37. To this follows

the last stretto, with all the entries more or less incomplete ; the by inverse movement, the bass responding at one bar's distance then the treble and alto in thirds (the lather fragmentary) alto leads ;

resume the

direct

fugue to a close.

A

coda of five bars brings the movement. Additional voices are introduced on the tonic

pedal (bars 84 to 86).

40


FUGUE

16

G MINOR (FOUR Exposition. difficult to follow.

A

VOICES).

very regular fugue in construction, and not subject in the alto, begins on the dominant

The

and therefore takes a tonal answer. There- is a regular countersubject (bar 3 to 4, first beat) which accompanies every entry

A

of the subject except the last, but is curtailed in the stretti. codetta separates the answer (treble) from the return of the subject (bass, bar 5), to

which the answer

Middle Section.

(tenor, bar 6) follows immediately.

There are only two episodes (bars 8

to 12

24 to 28), separating the middle entries from the exposition

and and from the

final section.

Both are founded on the second bar

of the subject, direct or inverted. After three entries in the relative major keys (bars 12 to 16), the alto with subject, tenor with answer, and bass with subject, the first stretto commences in bar 1 2 ; this is at the interval of a fifth,

two voices

participating, namely, the bass

and the

alto.

Two

entries of the subject in C minor (bars 20 and 21), and one of the minor with a passing-note D inserted between the answer in

G

first

two notes, complete the middle group.

The

bar 28, is again bass in stretto, the treble, tenor and commencing the subject at successive intervals of half a bar, but only the tenor absolutely completing it; the alto gives a fragment of the countersubject.

Final Section.

The two

last

en ries

(alto

final section, starting at

and tenor)

call for

no special comment

Forty-Eight Fugues.

FUGUE

17

A FLAT MAJOR (FOUR The

Exposition.

like that of

No.

6,

VOICES).

subject of this fugue,

on the dominant without modulating ;

closes

hence the answer, of necessity, terminates with the supertonic ; but the earlier E flat, being approached by leap from the tonic, is capable of being answered by the tonic, and Bach has consequently chosen a tonal answer, the second note being changed. After the entry of subject in the tenor and answer in the bass there is a relatively long codetta of two bars, and then the other two voices enter regularly subject in treble, answer in alto.

There

is

no regular countersubject, but the counterpoint

furnishes codetta

is

in bar 2

material for later development. The founded partly upon this, and partly upon the subject.

much of

the

There are five episodes. The first (bars 7 to 10) is founded on the counterpoint of bar 2. The second (bars n to 13) is made from bar

with the addition of a third voice in

triple counterpoint. third (bars 14 to 17) is an inversion of the second, the outer and 12 being here inverted in the twelfth. parts of bars 3,

The

n

Episode 4 (bars 19 to 21)

is

a

new

inversion of the triple counter-

The last episode (bars 25 to 27) is a sequential point of episode 2. treatment in the tenor of the semiquaver figure of bars 2 and 3, with sequential counterpoints added in treble and

The entries of the icatures.

and answer present no very striking a redundant entry of subject in tenor

subject

In bar 10 there

is

alto.

42


in the original

key of

A

and consequently

flat,

to be regarded as

the close of the exposition.

Middle Section. (bar

1

3) in the alto in-

After the

F minor

;

first

at bar

1

episode the subject appears the tenor in B flat minor,

7 in

answered by the alto. In bar 21 there is the only approach to stretto which the fugue contains, two incomplete entries of the answer being introduced at half a bar's distance. In bars 23 and 24 an altered form of the subject appears in alto and treble, the leap of a minor 7th being substituted for a 6th.

The final group (bars 27 to 31) is irregular the bass and alto being in the tonic key, and the alto only (answer) in one of the modified forms, ending on the tonic ; the Final Section.

in key,

C

tenor modulates into

coda begins in bar

minor, and the treble into

and contains one

31,

D

flat.

The

isolated entry of the

subject, in bars 33 to 34.

FUGUE

18

G SHARP MINOR (FOUR Exposition.

It will

The

VOICES).

subject is announced in the tenor

be observed that

it

makes a modulation

into the

:

dominant

key, and a tonal answer will be required in order to return to the But as the new key is entered by the striking interval of tonic.

he augmented fourth, which must be preserved in the answer, no alternative but to make the tonal change after the initial

there is

43

Forty-Eight Fugues.

dominant, thus touching transitionally on the key of the subdominant. As in many tonal fugues, a real answer is used later (see bar 37).

There

no codetta

is

in the exposition, the voices following at

regular distances of time

tenor, alto, treble, bass.

There

is

a

regular countersubject accompanying the entire subject

There

Counter-Exposition.

key

in the entries in this fugue.

though not tion, are

account

is

comparatively little variety of in bars n, 15, 17 and 19

Those

the conditions of a regular counter-exposisharp minor, and on this sharp minor or

fulfilling all

in

all

may

G

D

be regarded as constituting an irregular one.

Middle Section.

The middle

section properly begins with

the episode in bar 21, for in bar 24 we get the subject modulating sharp minor, and in bar 26 the answer key of

into the unrelated in the

A

key of B.

The final section begins*at bar 32, with the in the original keys, accompanied by the the tenor subject in the alto, and answered, after three bars of episode, countersubject Final Section. in

sharp minor and returning to G sharp minor, the alto giving a few notes only of the countersubject. in

by the

treble,

At the

entries in bars 17, 24

commencing

There are

C

and 26 the countersubject

is absent.

five episodes (bars 9 to 11, 13 to 15, 21 to 24, 28 to

32, 34 to 37), of

which the third

is

constructed of

new

material,

used again, however, in a modified form for the commencement of the fourth episode (bars 28, 29). The rest, together with the end of episode

4,

are founded on the last six notes of the subject. of homophony, that is, of chords proceeding note

The employment

against note in place of combined melodies, is remarkable in the episode, being extremely rare in fugal writing.

first

44


FUQUE

19

A MAJOR (THREE

VOICES).

A fugue of such irregular construction that termed a Caprice or Fantasia in fugal not clearly defined, but subject it consists of the following: is

The

style.

its later

it

might almost be

The

limit of the

treatment suggests that

announced in the treble, and one bar's distance. Although the subject does not modulate, and contains no conspicuous dominant, Bach has elected to give a tonal answer, according to an idiom whereby he always prefers to regard the leading-note as and answer it by the third of the tonic, the third of the Exposition.

answered by the

subject is

alto in stretto at

dom^iant, be an obvious auxiliary note; compare No. 23, also, to some extent, Nos. 18 (second note) and 24 (seventh note). After unless

it

a few notes of

codetta, the bass

enters with the subject at the next two entries, namely in the bass

beginning of bar 4. The again (but with the answer) at bar 6 and in the treble (with the subject) at bar 9 might be regarded as an irregular, partial counterexposition, as they are

still

in the original keys.

Middle and Final Sections. From this point onwards, it is only necessary to indicate the various entries of the subject. These are: Bar 13, in F sharp minor, in the bass; bar 16

and incomplete) in the bass, modulating into E; bars 23 to 28 a group of entries in the original keys, the subject in the bass being given a tonal answer in the treble (varied at the end) (irregular

45

Forty-Eight Fugues.

and a

an octave higher than bars 3 1 to 34, two entries of the subject in the key of D, alto and bass, both irregular, the latter modulating into B minor bar 39, in F sharp minor in bass, the real answer* in the alto (its first note

would have been regular)

;

;

note and rests wanting; bar 42 (presumably the "final section") in major in the alto, the first note altered, answered at initial

A

From

bar 44 by the bass.

the passage forming a

As

this point

onwards the subject

is

absent,

somewhat extended coda.

a whole, the fugue

is inferior

in interest to

most of the

series.

FUGUE

20

A MAJOR (FOUR

VOICES).

A

long and elaborate fugue, interesting in its construction, but perhaps, not one of the most beautiful. The inversion of the subject is

somewhat ungainly.

Exposition.

The answer

The

subject is

announced

in the alto:

and is given to the treble; there is no regular After a bar of codetta (bar 7) the bass takes the subject, the answer in the tenor (bars 10 to 14) completing the is

real,

countersubject.

exposition.

Middle Section.

The episodes

series of entries of the subject,

are few and unimportant.

A

by inverse movement, immediately

That in the alto (bar 1 7) is fragmentary, in stretto at half-a-bar's distance ; on the tenor succeeded by being follows the exposition.

46

Analysis of J. 5. Bach's

the other

hand an additional entry

in the alto at bar 24 gives the the voices the closing notes of the subject undergo a slight modification. fuller form.

In

Canonic first

makes

all

which

stretto,

its

is

the special feature of this fugue,

appearance in bars 27

and tenor give the

and onwards.

The

treble

key and form, in canon and bass (from bar 31) respond with the answer similarly treated; and in bars 36 to 40 the tenor and alto revert to the subject. After a short episode (bars 40 to 43, first quaver), treble and bass give the subject in the relative subject, in its original

at half-a-bar's distance.

The

alto

major, again at half a bar, and its closing section is further imitated by tenor (from last quaver of bar 45) and alto (from last quaver of bar 46, modified). From bar 48, similar treatment is

given to the inverse form of the subject, first in alto and tenor, then (bar 53) in alto and bass; and again with the intervention of single episodical bars, in the treble

and

alto (from bar 57)

and

in

the bass and tenor (bars 62, 63, incomplete).

Final Section. of

some

This would appear to begin at bar

irregularity in the keys.

From

this point the

64, in spite

canon

is at

instead of the octave; bass and tenor give the direct form, After the second episode (bars 71, treble and alto the inverted.

the

fifth

another canon in the octave, bass and alto, in the subdominant key, followed by three incomplete entries for the 72),

there

is

upper voices, the tenor by inverse movement, the

by

alto

and

treble

direct.

The coda incomplete

after the pause in bar 80, and contains between alto and treble at the fifth, and for four

starts

stretti

voices on a tonic pedal, the bass and tenor by inverse movement, at the octave, the treble and alto in the direct form, at the fourth. Here as in several other cases, additional voices are employed for the coda.

4T

Forty-Eight Fugues.

FUGUE

21

B PLAT MAJOR (THREE VOICES). This beautiful

little

fugue

is

construction and artistic finish of

one of the most perfect in the collection a veritable

all

gem. Exposition.

The

subject is as follows:

given out in the treble, and answered in the alto. The answer is tonal. The bass enters with the subject in bar 9, and

This

is

the treble has a redundant entry, of the answer, in bar 13. There are two countersubjects, each with a marked individuality, and present with every entry from bar 9 onwards. The first (which

we

shall

mark

as

CS

i)

extending from bar

6, last

quaver, to bar

be readily recognized by its syncopations and iterated notes, the second (CS 2), bars 9 to 13, by the detached semiquaver 9,

will

figures

and

rests.

There are two interesting episodes. The (bars 17 to 22) begins with a sequential continuation of bars 15 to 17, with the lower voices reversed, after which the bass is Middle Section.

first

formed from a bar of the subject by inverse movement The is a free inversion of the first, and

second episode (bars 30 to 35) will

repay close study.

G

The first group of middle entries (bars 22 to 30) begins in minor, with the subject in the alto, CS i in the treble and CS 2 in the bass. The answer follows in the bass, modulating into C

48


minor, with

CS

commences

at bar 35, in

i

in alto

and

CS

The second group

2 in treble.

C

minor, modulating prises (i) an entry of answer in alto, with GS in bass and (2) subject in treble, wholly in E ;

alto

CS

and

Final Section.

41,

strictly

i

It

com-

and

CS 2

with

CS

flat,

flat.

i

in

2 in bass.

The response

sole entry in the original key,

can

E

in treble

to

to the last-named entry is the

and therefore the only one which

be said to belong to the

and has the answer

coda of four bars

is

in alto,

CS

final section i

in treble,

;

begins in bar

it

CS

2 in bass.

A

added, founded on the same material as the

episodes.

Of the pfefot,

six inversions of position possible in triple counter-

four are

made use

of in this fugue.

FUGUE

22

B FLAT MINOR (FIVE VOICES.) Exposition.

The

subject,

announced

in

the

first treble

between the employment of the major and of the minor third of the tonic for its last note, even in the exposition (see bars

vacillates

14

and

subject.

which

There is no regular counteris tonal. the codetta precedes entry of the third voice, long the alto ; and three notes of codetta separate the entiles

17).

is

The answer

A

of the last two voices, tenor and bass. alternate in the normal way.

Subject and

answer

49

Forty-Eight Fugue*.

The middle

Middle Section.

section

commences with an

episode of eight bars (bars 1 7 to 24), founded mainly on the last four notes of the subject, direct and by inverse movement, and group of entries, modulating into the key of the relative major.

A

somewhat (bars

irregular as regards the intervals of entry, succeeds to

25

39),

each voice

namely, subject in first treble, tenor, subject in bass,

by a few bars of

answer

codetta.

taking subject or answer once,

answer in alto

second treble, subject in the last two are separated

in

;

The second episode

gages only the three lowest voices. It the same material as the first episode.

(bars 39 to 45) endeveloped from nearly The next entries are two is

appearances of the answer in the original key (tenor and bass), followed immediately by a fine stretto, in which the first treble leads, the second treble

and

alto follow at a minim's distance, the

bass (varied) and the tenor at a bar's distance, and then (bars 55 to 57) the second treble and alto give answer and subject

The

simultaneously.

third episode (bars 57 to 67) is in four-part

harmony, and is derived, even more exclusively than the other two, from the last four notes of the subject.

Final Section.

The

final section

commences

at bar 67, with

a re-entry of the first treble, and a very regular, close stretto ensues, the voices following one another in descending order,

always at one minim's distance, and alternately with subject and answer. Both appearances of the answer are altered in their last note, otherwise we should have a stretto maestrale.

The coda 73 and

contains two abortive entries of the answer, in bars

74.

The

fugue

is

a masterly specimen of five-part writing, though than No. 4.

less elaborate in structure

50

Analysis of J. S. BacJit

FUGUE B MAJOR (FOUR Exposition.

The subject of this

23 VOICES). fugue,

which is in the tenor

could have been given a real answer, but Bach has elected to regard the second, third, fourth and fifth notes in their relation to the dominant, and answer them by the corresponding intervals of

the tonic, thus giving a tonal answer, somewhat as in No. 19. The answer is in the alto, accompanied by a countersubject in the A peculiarity of this fugue, however, is that the countertenor. subject is regular throughout the exposition only, being subse-

quently used only once in a complete form (bars 31, later entries being

accompanied either

32), all

other

by mere fragments of

thfc

countersubject, or by counterpoint principally derived, in rhythm, from its first seven notes. The treble enters with the subject in

bar

5,

1 1) is

and the bass with the answer

in bar

7.

A codetta

(to

bar

followed by a redundant entry in the tenor in the original key.

Middle Section. The episodes (bars 13 to 16, first quaver, and 26 to 29, first quaver) are founded in part on the semiquaver The figure of the countersubject, and are not very important. In subject appears in the alto in bar 16, in the key of F sharp. bar 1 8 it is given in the treble, by inverse movement, in the key of B, answered in the alto in F sharp, also by inverse movement. gives it in its original form, and the tenor (from bar

The bass then

C

sharp minor, commencing on the mediant, and slightly ornamented at the end. 24) in

51

Forty-Eight Fitgues.

Final Section.

answer

The

final entries

subject in alto (bar 29)

and

in treble (bar 31) are perfectly straightforward.

FUGUE

24

B MINOR (FOUR VOICES).

A worthy close to

the

first

part of the work.

The

striking

chromatic subject

commencing

in the tonic

key closes

and

at the

serve the characteristic

and

the

intervals

and in order same time to presequence, it was

in the dominant,

to return to the tonic in the answer,

TEe fifth note, necessary to make the tonal change very early. therefore, as well as the first, is answered by the tonic, and the whole answer from this point is a fifth below the subject. The case is analogous to that of No. j 8.

Exposition. The subject is announced by the alto. The answer is in the tenor, and is accompanied by a countersubject codetta of two bars, in almost from the fourth beat of bar 4.

A

canon, derived from the countersubject, is followed by the subject in the bass (bar 9), and this, after another bar of codetta, strict

by the answer in the

The

entry of the subject in bar 21 in the alto can best be described as a redundant entry, treble (bar 13).

in the original key, and giving the treble its first opporof The first episode (bars 16 to taking the countersubject. tunity to the first also section of the fugue, as it does clearly belongs 21)

being

still

not quit the original keys.

52


Middle Section. at

The middle

section

bar 24, with the second episode.

therefore

There

are,

commences in

all,

four

episodes, largely founded on the same material as the codetta, the

The first conclosing semiquaver figure of the countersubject. tains further a canon in the twelfth below (from middle of bar 17),. and contains

in bar 19 a curious abortive entry of the first three

The second

(bars 24 to 30) is a modification of the first. The third (bar 50, third beat, to bar 53) maintains the semiquaver figure throughout, and the fourth (bars 63 to 69, first quaver) is again similar to the first.

notes of the subject.

In bar 28 the subject is given to the tenor, in the new key of C minor, and at bar 34 the first stretto commences, only two voices participating.

modified, appears plete

stretto,

In bar 38 the subject, with

in the bass, leading to a

which commences

beginning of bar 47, and

D

in the bass.

is

During the

at

bar

its

first

note

second and more com41,

continues

to

the

followed by the answer in the key of stretto the countersubject is absent,

excepting a fragment in the alto of bar 45 ; and, as frequently happens in stretti, only the last entry of the subject (here the

The next series of entries (bars 53 to 63) tenor) is completed. is not in stretto, and needs little comment. Final

Section.

The

final section

commences during the

course of this series of entries, namely, with the return to the New counterpoints are here substituted original key in bar 60.

The final entries (exceptthe are in coda), again two-part stretto, the subject in the ing tenor in B minor (bar 69), being followed by the subject in the The bass, beginning in E minor (bar 70) and modulating back. for the countersubject (bars 60 to 63).

coda (bars 73 to 76) includes a partial entry of the subject in the alto.

53

Forty-Eight Fugues.

FUGUE

25 (Book

II.

1)

C MAJOR (THREE VOICES). The

Exposition.

subject is

announced

in the alto

:

The answer

is tonal, and is given to the treble. It will be noticed that as Bach treated the first note of the subject as the

dominant of C, not the tonic of G, the auxiliary note, F, lay a. whole tone below it, while in the answer the corresponding There is no regular countersubject, and interval is a semitone.

no codetta.

The

exposition ends on the

first

semiquaver of bar

13, at the completion of the subject in the bass.

In the

Middle Section.

section of the subject is

on

its

first section.

modulating into treble,

39)

D and

episode (bars 13 to 2 1) the second to a free canon founded

In bar 21 the subject enters in the alto, minor, and followed by the answer in the

modulating to

is for treble

first

worked as a bass

A

minor.

The second episode (bars 29 to new treatment

alto alone, beginning with a

of the material of episode canon in the fifth.

i,

and developing (from bar 33) into a

which are technically the " final group," appear rather early in this fugue. The answer in the bass (bars 39 to 43) is separated from the two succeeding entries Final Section.

The

entries,

by a third episode, reaching to the beginning of bar 47, and The furnishing new counterpoints to the semiquaver figure. and to alto answer in in the the treble 47 51) (bars (bars. subject

54

Analysis of J. S. Bach't

The fourth 51 to 55) complete this group. (bars 55 to 68) separates this from the coda ;

and longest episode

it begins with a free transposition of episode i to the fifth below, with a new continuation from bar 62, still built on the semiquaver bass. The coda contains four partial entries of the subject, in bars 68, 72, 76 and

79

;

a fourth voice

is

added from bar

Great unity of character

80.

given to this fugue by the deriva .tion of nearly the entire material from the subject itself.

FUGUE

is

26 (Book

II,

2)

C MINOR (FOUR VOICES). An

exceptionally fine fugue. An unusual feature is that, in four parts, the fourth voice does not enter until bar

it is

though But 19.

it is

most noteworthy

Exposition.

:,;

The

for its

two splendid

stretti.

subject

;.;

commencing on the dominant, takes a tonal answer. The alto and the tenor, giving the subject in bars leads, the treble follows ;

4, 5,

completes the exposition.

Counter-Exposition. To this succeeds, after two bars of episode, a regular counter-exposition, though again only in three parts,

and with a redundant entry

in

the tenor at

bar

n,

The answer in the tenor (bar 7) and the transiently in F minor. alto (bar 10) substitutes the major third of the dominant for the oninor,

and the subject

in the treble (bar 8) slightly varies the

55

Forty-Eight Fugues.

rhythm. first

A

codetta leads to a cadence in

G

minor, closing the

section of the fugue.

These are not clearly differany modulation away from the two

Middle and Final Sections. entiated, as there is scarcely

It would be possible to regard either the first of the bass entry (bar 19) or the beginning of the second stretto but (bar 23) as marking the commencement of a "final section"

principal keys.

;

the latter is

The

more

in the character of a coda.

first stretto

commences

at

bar

14,

the subject in the

aUo by augmentation, and in the next bar answered by inverse movement in the tenor. From the i6th bar the subject and answer appear at distances of half a bar in the three upper parts, and at bar 1 9 the fourth voice (the bass) makes its appearance with fine effect, giving the subject by augmentation. The inverted and the original forms of the answer follow immediately in the same voice, bars 21 to 23. In bar 23 begins the second, and closer stretto. Here the alto and treble take the subject and answer at one crotchet's distance, and treble being immediately imitated in the

again reversing their order of entry successive appearances of the subject, commencing respectively on tonic and dominant two ;

beats later the tenor introduces the subject, and two beats later

again the bass brings

The

it

entire fugue is

in,

inverted and

somewhat

modified.

one of the most perfect in the

FUGUE

27 (Book

II,

series.

3)

C SHARP MAJOR (THREE VOICES).

A

in

very troublesome fugue to analyse, owing to the difficulty determining where the subject terminates. An examination of


f>6

the latter part of the fugue shows that it should be regarded as consisting of only the first four notes. This is consequently the shortest subject to be found in the forty-eight.

Exposition.

The

subject

is

given out in the bass:

The answer,

in the treble, is tonal there is no regular counter or at least not beyond the exposition. In the third voice, subject, the alto, the subject is given by inverse movement, a somewhat ;

unusal treatment for the exposition.

A

counter-exposition occupies bar 4 and to this succeeds immediately the

Counter-Exposition.

and the

first

half of bar

5,

middle section. First the answer is given in the treble and diminution by (bar 5), and in the bass by diminution and inversion then the answer in all three voices in notes of the orig-

Middle Section.

alto

;

inal length, the bass

leading,

imitation; next follow

two

and with continuation

stretti (bars 9 to 10

former entirely in inverse movement, the treble) and then direct (alto, bass).

There are two episodes.

The

first

and 10

in

canonic

to 12), the

latter first inverted (bass,

(bars 12 to 14)

is

founded

on a variation of the subject treated sequentially in the bass. The second (bars 20 to 24) is somewhat similar in character, the bass of bar

12, in

a modified form, being treated by diminution in the

treble of bar 20.

A

second stretto appears in bars 14 to

being alternated with the subject inverted.

16,

the answer direct

An

isolated entry in

57

Forty-Eight Fugue*. the bass of bar 17 is succeded

by three

in diminution, the alto

and

the bass inverted, then the bass direct. After Episode 2, another isolated entry in the bass (bar 24, answer) leads to the final section.

Final Section.

which the subject

This introduces the

last stretto (bars 25, 26)

movement, is answered in the original form, bass and in the by augmentation though beginning on the submediant. The remaining entries, in bars 27, 28 to 29, 30 to 31, 31 to 32, present no specially new in

in the treble, inverse

in the alto

The coda, from features, and need not be discussed in detail. bar 32 to the end, contains one or two reminiscences of the subject as is often the case with Bach, it introduces by diminution ;

additional voices.

FUGUE

28 (Book

II,

4)

C SHARP MINOR (THREE VOICES) Exposition.

The answer,

The

subject

is

announced

in the treble, is real,

in th? bass:

and reaches

to the first semi-

quaver of bar 4 the rest of that bar forms a codetta, sequentially copying the close of the subject, and modulating back preparatory to the entry of the subject in the alto in bar 5. ;

Counter-Exposition. There is a partial or irregular counterexposition from bar 16, only two voices (treble and alto) conforming to the rule of tonality, while the in the

remaining voice enters

(at

bar 20)

key of the relative major.* *Riemann (Katechismus der Fugt ir-Komposition,

as part

of the

middle (modulatory) section.

[ED.]

ii.,

p. 32, treats this

group

58

Analysis of J. S.

Backs

Middle Section. After a short episode (bar 21 to 23) there is a group of entries by inverse movement (bars 24, 26, 28), followed by a return to the subject in its original form and key (bar 30). Then comes an exceptionally long episode (bars 31 to 47), leading back, after various modulations, to the tonic key,

in

which the

subject re-enters in bar 48.

Final Section.

Besides regular entries of the subject in the and alto (bar 66), there is a further

treble (bar 48), bass (bar 55)

example of inverse movement, (bar 53), the form-somewhat varied, and the tonality, that of A, and a final appearance in bar 67 (second half), in

the direct form but also

somewhat

varied.

The episodes in this fugue (bars 6 to 15, 21. to 23, 31 to 47, 49 to 52, 56 to 60, 62 to 65) are extensive and of great importance, occupying no less than 40 bars out of 71. Almost all their thematic material

is

founded on the subject, except the theme which is subsequently combined

in the treble of bars 35, 36,

given with the subject in double counterpoint in the twelfth (see bars 48, 49, and 55, 56). Thus, in spite of the large proportion of episode,

great unity of character throughout, the figure of triplet semiquavers being maintained from the first note of the fugue to there

is

the end.

Bars 69 to

71

form a short coda.

FUGUE

29 (Book

D MAJOR (FOUR

II,

5)

VOICES).

A fugue remarkable for compactness, the whole of the episodes being formed from the last four notes of the subject.

59

Forty-Eight Fugues.

The

Exposition.

subject is given out by the tenor:

* The answer

is real,

and

is in

the

alto.

A codetta

of one bar

the

closing four notes of the subject treated imitatively leads to the subject in the treble (bar 5) answered by the bass in stretto, (bar 6).

There

is

no regular countersubject; the counterpoints are

framed on the four notes already twice alluded to, and exemplify double counterpoint in the tenth (compare bar 3 with bar 6, etc.). The first episode (bars 7 to 10) is in imitation, mostly at one crotchet's distance,

and does

riot effect

a modulation, but rather

serves as an appendix to the exposition.

Middle Section. In bars ib to 13 are two entries (alto and B minor respectively, and in bars 14 to 16 treble), in E minor and the

same two voices

constitute a two-part stretto in the original (bars 1 6 to 2 1 ) leads to a second stretto

The second episode

key. (bars 21 to 24), in

B minor and F sharp minor, for tenor, treble one bar's distance; the answer in the bass (bar 25), which completes this group, is not in stretto. Another three-part and

alto, at

stretto. follows (bars 27 to 29), the bass, treble

and

alto (the latter

incomplete) giving the subject at distances of one beat, and in the The third episode (bars 29 to 33) is similar interval of the octave. extended. This leads to another threesomewhat but to the first, part stretto, again at one beat's distance, but in ascending sixths, in each voice. Episode 4 (bars 35 with the others, and in modulating back to the key of D, leads to the final section.

and with the subject complete to 40) has

much

in

Final Section. is

common

An

isolated entry of the subject (bars 40, 41)

succeeded by the last and

fullest stretto.

First the

answer

in

60


the bass, slightly modified, partial entry in the tenor, a

imitated at one bar's distance by a

is

second higher; then half a bar later

the treble introduces a stretto maestrale,

for

all

the

voices,

and always at one crotchet's distance.

descending by thirds, coda (bars 47 to 50) is similarly constructed to the episodes. * Altogether a marvellous little fugue.

FUGUE

30 (Book

D MINOR (THREE Exposition.

The

II,

The

6)

VOICES).

subject

as it reaches the dominant by step progressions is in the alto and does not modulate, the answer, in the treble, is real. A countersubject, mostly in even semiquavers, accompanies it with ;

the exception of its first half bar. The codetta (bar 5) the first half bar of the subject, from the inversion of imitatively.

is

made

treated

In bars 6 to 8 the bass takes the subject, the treble

the countersubject.

There are few changes of key

in this fugue,

possible to regard the first stretti (bars

belonging to the opening section, and characterised by inverse tion of the first episode,

movement (from bar and the

not very

it

would be

17).

But the

posi-

dissimilarity of these stretti to

redundant entries or counter-exposition, render clude them here.

and

10 to 12, 14 to 16) as the middle section as

it

unnatural to in-

In any case, the division into three sections

is

clear.

*I cannot refrain from quoting the rest of the Author's characteristic comment in his " MS., though it was not intended for publication:" IVondtrJul old fellow. Bach J [ED.]

61

Forty-Eight Fugues.

Middle Seotion. The first episode (bars 8, 9) is formed from the fragment of incidental counterpoint in the alto of bar 7. In bars 10 to 12 the impression of a stretto in the octave, at three crotchets' distance, is produced, but the bass really breaks

away

from the subject before the treble enters. (bars 12,

the

first,

After a second episode 13), consisting of a different treatment of the material of a closer stretto is given to the two upper voices, the

answer succeeding the subject

at the distance of

one crotchet

;

the

bass supplies the countersubject (bars 15, 16). In bar 17 answer and subject are given by inverse movement, again at one crotchet's

G

and in bar 8 the subject in minor, in its direct form, at the same bass and alto distance of third episode time. by these to from the final the first part entries 24) separates (bars 19 distance

1

;

A

;

of this episode is derived from the codetta, the rest from the matter of the previous episodes.

Final Section. The final section consists of only three bars and contains a stretto in the octave at half a bar's distance, for the two upper voices, with the countersubject in the bass from

bar 26. After the exposition, nearly all the entries of the subject and countersubject are more or less incomplete.

FUGUE

31

(Book

II,

7)

E FLAT MAJOR (FOUR VOICES).

A

noteworthy feature of this fugue is the very small amount of modulation which it contains. Excepting at bar 53, where the are never introduced in any the and answer is A flat, subject key other keys than the tonic or dominant.

It

is,

however, not

1

Analysis of J. S. Bach 8

62 difficult to

divide into sections, the only peculiarity being in their

relative proportions.

The

Exposition.

subject is announced in the bass

:

The answer

(tenor, bars 7 to 13) is tonal, both the dominant and the subdominant in bar 2 demanding the tonic to answer them. There is no regular countersubject, though a partial one, first

heard from bar

9,

second

the exposition After a few notes of codetta (bar 13) the

half, to

bar

(bars 16 to 19, 23 to 26). alto and treble enter with subject

12, -recurs in

and answer quite regularly,

except that there is here another brief codetta (bar 20) which not found in the

was

first entries.

A

counter-exposition commences at Counter-Exposition. bar 30, the answer leading in the tenor; the bass follows with the subject, in stretto at one bar's distance, and in bars 37 to 43 the alto

and

treble give the

same

stretto inverted, with

added counter-

points below.

Middle Section. The first, and only episode is a rather long one (bars 44 to 53), mostly a canon at the fifth for treble and alto, with a counterpoint of free sequential pattern for the bass. It leads to the sole "middle entry" in bar 53 the subject in the subdominant key, with its first note altered and shortened.

Final Section.

The

return to the key of

and the

final entries

E

flat

follows im-

mediately (bar 59), again employ the stretto at a bar's distance, now given to the treble and bass. The added parts are similar to those in bars 37 to 44, but not actually in

63

Forty-Eight. Fugues.

The coda

quadruple counterpoint.

(bars 66 to 70) contains no

feature of special note.

FUGUE

32 (Book

II, 8)

D SHARP MINOR (FOUR

VOICES).

Exposition. The subject commences on the tonic and only touches the dominant quite incidentally:

The countersubject, begining at used for the first half of the fugue, only The order of entry of the voices is not found after 23.

The answer,

therefore, is real.

the middle of bar

and

is

3, is

:

(answer), bass (subject), tenor (answer). There is a codetta of two bars (bars 5 to 7, first quaver) between the tenor and bass entries ; it is constructed of new material, and alto

(subject),

tenor

serves as the foundation for the two episodes. As in Fugue 29, to 15) does not modulate away from the the first of these (bars

n

original keys.

Middle Section.

The middle

sequence, does not begin until bar

as a

con-

where the subject

in the

section 15,

proper,

by a slight alteration, is made to modulate into the subdominant key, G sharp minor the countersubject is given to the This entry is answered (bar 17) by the alto, similarly treble. bass,

;

and passing into F sharp with the the then tenor, 19) countersubject (varied) by (bar major, varied, but with countersubject absent,

in

the bass,

and passing

treble in the original

into B, and finally (bar 21) by the form and key, with the countersubject in the

64


This leads on to a

tenor.

stretto, in

which three voices

partici-

pate, the tenor (bar 28) imitating the alto at half a bar, while the bass does not enter until a whole bar after the tenor, which breaks off after six notes

only of the subject. The treble enters with the key of C sharp minor in bar 27, but not in

subject in the related

An

B

and a varied one for the tenor (bar 32), beginning in G sharp minor but modulating to D sharp minor, with the addition of a codetta of a bar and a half, stretto.

alto entry in

The second episode

close this group of entries.

middle of bar

35,

and

in the

the

begins in the

and reaches

to the middle of bar 40.

The

now heard in

Final Section. to 42)

(bar 30),

subject is

the bass (bars 40

treble (bars 43 to 45), the latter being

answer

in the tenor in inverse

panied by seen that the treatment of bars 40 to 43 compare Fugue 18, bars 9 to n.

FUGUE

33 (Book

is

movement.

accom-

It will

be

mainly homophonic

;

II, 9)

E MAJOR (FOUR VOICES). One of the most perfect art works in the series. The subject short and simple, but lends itself, in the hands of genius, to wonderful variety of resource. is

Exposition.

The answer

The

subject

is

announced

and enters against the last other voices enter at corresponding

in the tenor is real,

note of the subject.

The

in the bass

65

Forty-Eight Fugues. intervals of time,

and

in regularly

There

ascending order.

is

a

rather important countersubject

though

it

does not invariably accompany the subject, and under-

goes some 38 (tenor),

slight modifications;

see bars

n

(tenor),

37

(alto),

etc.

Counter-Exposition. After a short codetta (bars 7 to 9) there follows a complete and very perfect counter-exposition in stretto (bars 9 to 12), each pair of entries being in canon at half a bar (though the first note of the alto is shortened), while the distance of a whole bar separates the second pair from the first.

The answer of course

leads in each pair, but as this is a higher voice in the first pair (alto and tenor) and a lower in the other (bass and treble) they are shown in double counterpoint.

Middle Section. The first episode (bars 12 to 16) is formed from the countersubject, treated by imitation in all the voices. The next entries (bars 16 to 18, 19 to 21) are again in pairs of (here at a distance of one bar), and although they are

stretti

F sharp minor, thus meeting, in a measure, the requirement of key-contrast for the middle section. As noted in our analysis of Fugue i, there is often comparatively little variety of key in fugues containing much principally in the original key, they terminate in

The second episode (bars 23 to 26) is founded on the subject metamorphosed, the leap of a third being filled in with a stretto.

passing note, and the rhythm varied.

In bars 26 to 29

is

a series of

and answer by diminution, again as two two-voice bars 30 to 32 the answer by diminution in the bass

entries of subject stretti is

;

and

in

replied to, at

one

beat's distance,

by the subject

in its original

66

Analysis of J. S. Bach'*

in the alto. The third episode (bars 32 to 35) the subject inverted and diminished;

form

Final Section.

The

closest.

The

final

is

made from

stretto (from bar 35) is also the

alto leads with the answer, its first note shortened

on the next half

beat, the treble follows,

;

employing both the devices

of inversion and diminution

; again half a beat later the tenor introduces the subject in its original form and appearances of the answer in bass (bar 36) and subject in treble (bar 37), at distances of one bar, complete the group. There is an isolated entry of the ;

answer

in bars

subject makes

40 to 41, and a short coda its

is

added.

The

re-appearance in this final section (bars

38, 40) after being

absent from the

FUGUE

stretti

34 (Book

counter36,

37,

of the middle groups.

II,

10)

E MINOR (THREE VOICES). is

Exposition. The subject given out by the treble

the longest of the forty-eight

:

The answer, a part of

in the alto,

is

real,

and

is

accompanied through

length n) by a regular countersubject, in minims. of the subject in the bass (bars 12 The entry mostly to 1 8), with the countersubject in the alto (bars 15 to 17), concludes its

the exposition.

(bars 9 to

67

Forty-Eight Fugues. All the episodes are

Middle Section.

formed from bars

5,

6

(bars 18 to 23) the last bar of the is treated sequentially in the bass (bars 18 to 20) accomsubject panied by passages of free imitation ; and from bar 20 the scale

In the

of the subject.

passage of bar 18

is

first

inverted in the treble, accompanied by

new

In the counterpoint which was partly suggested by that of bar 7. second episode (bars 35 to 41) the scale passage in imitation is used in all the voices. In the third (bars 55 to 59) the last part

of the subject alto (bar

58),

is

treated sequentially, first in the treble, then in the

with

new counterpoint

for the other parts.

The

fourth episode (bars 65 to 71) presents a free treatment of the same The fugue contains no stretto. The middle entries are material.

the following: subject in G, in the treble (bars 23 to 29), with countersubject in the alto ; answer in D, in the alto (bars 29 to 35) with countersubject in the treble; and three more or less isolated entries in the three principal minor keys (by ascending

bar 41, bass, B minor (the dominant), bar 49, alto, minor (subdominant). That E minor (tonic), bar 59, treble, the return to the original keys does not here mark the commencefourths)

A

ment of the

final section,

different key,

is

shown by

the succeeding entry in a

A minor.

Final Section. The final section, therefore, begins at bar 71, with the entry of the subject in the bass in E minor. This is here the only appearance of the subject, bars 78 to 86 forming a coda, which is based largely on an ornamented dominant pedal.

The

countersubject accompanies 'every entry of the subject in The student will readily discover it where its position

this fugue.

has not been indicated in the present analysis.

68


FUGUE

35 (Book

II,

11)

F MAJOR (THREE VOICES).

A

fugue of unusual construction, in the few entries of the An important subject, and the very large proportion of episode. feature of the fugue to 82)

:

is its

two pedal points (bars 61 to 65, and 76 met with in the collection.

the latter is the longest yet

Exposition.

The

subject leaps from tonic to dominant

and therefore takes a tonal answer.

The

treble leads,

answered

A

by the alto. long codetta (bars 9 to 14) separates this from the entry of the bass with the subject. After another codetta (bars

1

8 to 21) the

same Yoice

this is unusual,

answer; with (e.g., Fugue

19).

gives a redundant entry of the occasional analogies are to be met though

There

is

no regular countersubject.

Middle Section. The first and longest episode (bars 25 to commences with a sequential treatment of bar 25, followed, at bars 29 to 33, with imitations founded on bars 4 and 5 of the 52)

Bars 33 to 34 are developed from the codetta (bars 9 to From bar 45 to 52 is a sequence in the bass, made from

subject. 14).

In bar 52 the subject reappears in the alto, partly in the subject. minor. If we the original key, but so harmonized as to close in denotes the commencement that this view Riemann's entry accept

D

of the final section, we shall have a middle section consisting solely of episodical matter. But the next entry is in the subdominant (bar 66, bass), so that

commencing

it is

until bar 85.

best to regard the final section as not

69

Forty-Eight Fugues

The second

episode (bars 56 to 66) is founded on bar 10 of In the third (bars 70 to 85) we have mostly the the codetta. rhythms of the codetta, with new thematic material e.g. the canon y

at the seventh for treble

and

The

alto, bars 72 to 76.

are irregular, the first (bars 85 to 89) in substituting a minor submediant for a major, the other (bars 89 to 95) in leaping a fourth (like the answer) and containing

Final Section.

final entries

sequential extensions which prolong

(bars 95 to 99) is

it

by two

bars.

founded on the beginning of the

FUGUE

36 (Book

II,

first

The coda episode.

12)

F MINOR (THREE VOICES).

A

beautiful

little

fugue of very straightforward and simple

construction.

Exposition.

A few

The

subject is in the treble :

notes of codetta separate

it

from the entry of the answer,

no countersubject. A codetta of nearly which tonal. four bars, founded chiefly on bar 7, separates the answer (alto> is

There

is

from the return to the subject

(bass).

There are two middle entries (bars 25 and the subject and answer in the relative major and its 29), namely dominant, given respectively to the treble and alto. Middle Section.

very long, commencing at bar 40, and of the fugue, in spite consequently occupying jusi over one-naif

Final Section.

This

is

70

Analysis of J. S. Back's

of one entry in the subdominant key (bars 71 to 75), it is not possible here to treat the appearance of that key as indicative of the middle (modulating) section; for it is answered in stretto by the final appearance of the subject in the tonic key (bar 74). The

other two entries in the section (bar 40, bass; bar 50, alto) are both in the tonic key.

The

episodes are four in number. The first (bars 15 to 24) a sequential prolongation of bar 3 of the subject, after with begins which, at bar 17, a new sequence appears, formed from the

beginning of the subject, with a

new

counterpoint.

The second

episode (bars 32 to 40) is mostly an inversion of part of the

first

In Episode 3 (bars 44 to 50) a sequence made from the last part of the subject appears in the bass, with upper In the last and longest episode parts suggested by the codetta. to a new treatment of the first part of the subject is 71) (bars 54 (bars 18 to 21).

seen in the bass (bars 56 to 65), after which a modification of Episode 2 is introduced. The coda (bars 78 to 85) is mostly a

new

variation of Episode

2.

FUGUE

37 (Book

II,

13)

F SHARP MAJOR (THREE VOICES). Exposition.

The answer, given

The

subject is announced in the alto:

to the treble in bars 4 to 8, is real, the

dominant

being treated as supertonic of B. into which key a passing modulation is made, and therefore answered by G sharp, tne snpertonic of

F

sharp.

There

is

a countersubject, commencing one

71

Forty-Eight Fugue*.

crotchet later than

me

subject,

and terminating with the

last

accented note of the subject, not having a feminine ending. There is no codetta, and the bass entry at bar 8 is regular.

Counter-Exposition. After an eight-bar episode, founded on a variation of the quaver figure of bars 2, 3, with new counterpoint, a counter-exposition commences in bar 20, with subject in

A

second episode (bars 24 to and countersubject in bass. the of the counter-exposition, this from rest separates entry 32) and consists of free canonic imitation, between treble and alto, of treole

made from

a sequence

accompanied by quavers appears

in

first

notes of In

the bass.

the countersubject, bar 32 the answer

with countersubject in the alto, transferred to bar 34, last beat, and varied in bar 36 the subject is

in the bass,

the treble in in the alto,

in

the

;

and the countersubject

in treble.

Middle Section. This starts abruptly in bar 40, with an entry the relative minor (subject in treble, countersubject in alto),

without any connecting episode. Episode 3 (bars 43 to 52) is a transposition of Episode i, with the two upper parts inverted. The only other middle entry (from bar 52) is in the key of B, with

The fourth the subject in the alto and countersubject in the treble. episode (bars 56 to 64) is a transposition and inversion of the second, on the same plan as the third is of the first. All the episodes in this fugue are of exactly the

same length

eight bars.

Final Section. The entries are quite regular (bass, alto, treble, bars 64, 70 and 76 respectively), but the countersubject is more or There less incomplete or varied, and is wanting in bars 70 to 74. is

a short coda from bar 80, founded on the second episode.

72


FUGUE very

fine fugue, of

14)

VOICES).

unusual construction.

sometimes

It is

"

triple fugue," but this is not strictly accurate. counterpoints introduced later (bars 20 and 36) are subse-

described as a

Two

II,

SHARP MINOR (THREE

F

A

38 (Book

quently combined with the subject, somewhat as in No. 4 but with this difference, that they do not first appear together with the Thus they do not fulfil the conditions of true countersubject. ;

subjects

;

and although they have treatment somewhat analagous

to separate expositions, the intervals of entry are too irregular to justify their being called

on

new

subjects.

We therefore

treat them,

their first appearance, as episodes, designed to be

employed

subsequently as countersubjects.

The

Exposition.

The

answer

in

answered by the

the

tonic.

subject is in the alto

treble

is

tonal,

A codetta (bars

the entry of the bass with the subject.

7

:

the dominant

being

to 8) is introduced before

There

is

no countersubject

in the exposition.

Counter-Exposition. After the first episode (bars n to 14), which is formed from the first note of the subject and answer,

and inverted, there is a partial counterwhich only two voices participate. The bass leads with the answer, which is here real instead of tonal, is somewhat treated

by

imitation, direct

exposition, in

varied in bar in bar 15, and breaks off at the second beat of bar 16, where the treble enters with the subject in stretto. codetta, or

A

73

Forty-Eight Fugues. link, leads to

a perfect cadence in the key of the relative major in

bar 20.

Middle Section. The second episode (bars 20 to 28) announces the first new theme. This is given out by the bass

imitated successively by the alto and treble at distances of half a bar, and then further developed with fragments of the subject (e.g.,

bar 24,

alto,

bar

28, treble

and

bass).

It

commences

in

F

sharp

minor and modulates through A major to B minor. In this key appears an isolated entry of the subject in the alto (bars 28 to 31),

combined with the counterpoint (from Episode bar 29 and bass in bar 30. The next entry is sharp minor, at bar

The

voices.

34,

with the

third episode (bars 3 7

2) in the treble in

in the bass, in

C

new

counterpoint in the upper to 5 1 ) introduces the second new

theme, slightly overlapping the preceding appearance of the subject.

This

is

imitated successively

by the

treble

and

bass,

and developed

A re-entry

of the subject in B minor in the alto length. in the bass by material derived from to 54), accompanied (bars 51 the new (third) episode, could possibly be regarded as the comat

some

mencement of the final section in an irregular key but it is more logical, not only on account of the key, but also because the triple counterpoint does not commence until the next entry, to refer this ;

one

to the middle group.

three themes which have been quoted combined in triple counterpoint. In bars 54 to 57 the

Final Section. are

now

The

74


subject is in the treble, in the tonic key, slightly modified at its

commencement, the triple counterpoint being found in bar 56. Bars 57 to 60 and 63 to 66 contain the fourth and fifth episodes, with

new

treatment of the semiquaver figure.

In bars 60 to 63

the answer in the bass, and in. bars 66 to 69 the subject again in the treble. Three of the six possible positions of triple counterpoint are employed, each theme appearing once in the bags ; bar 56 should be carefully compared with bars 61 to 62 and bar 68.

FUGUE

39 (Book

G MAJOR (THREE A

II,

15)

VOICES).

fugue of simple construction, requiring

Exposition.

The

subject

is

announced

little

comment

in the treble

separated from the answer by a codetta of two bars, likewise semiquavers, though with the arpeggios replaced by scaleThe answer is in the alto, and is tonal it would also passages.

and

is

in

;

have been possible here to give a real answer, starting on supertonic, as the initial dominant is a note of small value, and part of an arpeggio. There is no regular counters ubject. After a second codetta, similarly constructed to the

first,

the bass introduces the

Bars 20 to 23 form a codetta to the exposition, subject in bar 15. making a cadence in the dominant key.

There are two episodes (bars 23 to 33 and They are both derived from the first notes of the subject.

Middle Section.

45 to 64). In the first, the treatment

is

by imitation

at the interval of the

75

Forty-Eight Fugues.

fourth

the second episode

;

is

largely sequential.

The

latter closes

with a long dominant pedal (bars 56 to 64). There is only one middle entry of the subject, namely, in the bass from bar 33.

This likewise contains only a single entry of A couple of bars are added

Final Section.

the subject, which is given to the alto. to lead to the final perfect cadence.

A

peculiarity of this fugue is the extensive

compass of the

upper voice, which from bar 60 to 63 goes down nearly to the

The

lowest note of the bass. it

is

flow of the parts shows clearly that

the upper voice which descends here.

FUGUE

40 (Book

G MINOR (FOUR

II,

16)

VOICES).

One

of the finest fugues in the whole collection, the counteras in the subject being inverted in the tenth and twelfth as well octave.

Exposition. second beat of bar

The answer, subject,

and

The 5

subject,

is in

the tenor, reaches to the

:

in the alto, is

which

tonal.

commences with the final note of the The countersubject follows the subject

or second beat of immediately, and terminates either at the first the after There altered is its but exposition. bar 9, usually ending voices are the entries of the and remaining are no codettas, quite regular.

of the subject in the tenor at bar 20 best regarded as a redundant entry, although

The reappearance

in the original key, is

Analysts of J. S. Bach's

76

separated from the others by a short episode. It gives the bass the opportunity of taking the counters ubject, in the normal double counterpoint at the octave, before the introduction of the methods of inversion.

lates

new

Middle Section. The second episode (bars 24 to 28) modumore freely, and clearly belongs to the middle section, as does

D

minor in the alto (bar 28), the of double new feature counterpoint in the twelfth. introducing of bars to there is a entries in the relative major In 40 32 pair keys, the subject in the treble being answered in the bass. The also the entry of the subject in

In bar 45 the subcountersubject is now inverted at the tenth. in is in the two middle introduced thirds, voices, the double ject counterpoint being therefore simultaneously at the 'octave and the tenth ; and similarly at bar 51 it is in sixths (treble and alto), the countersubject in the tenor. is

harmonised mostly in

B

The former of

flat,

these entries (bar 45) into F, the latter (bar modulating

C minor. At bar 59 there is a still further elaboraboth the tion, subject and the countersubject being given in thirds, in the key of E flat the resulting double counterpoint is therefore simultaneously in the octave (alto and tenor) in the tenth 51) mostly in

;

(treble

and

and

tenor,

and

alto

and bass) and

in the twelfth (treble

bass).

In bars 67 to 69 portions of the subject and countersubject are heard in the tenor and alto (inverted at the twelfth) in the tonic key, broken into at bar 69, after the manner

Final Section.

of stretto, by an entry of treble and bass with subject and countersubject at the original interval, but accompanied by tenor and alto this produces again the combinations compound thirds discussed in connection with the entry at bar 59, only with a different distribution of the parts. After a perfect cadence at bar

in

;

77

Forty-Eight Fugues.

75, a coda is added, founded chiefly on the countersubject, but with an altered entry of the subject in the bass from bar 79.

The episodes of

this

fugue are

founded on material

all

suggested by the countersubject. They are five in 17 to 20, 24 to 28, 40 to 45, 55 to 59 and 63 to 67.

FUGUE

41

(Book

II,

A FLAT MAJOR (FOUR Exposition.

The answer first

is

The

subject

is in

number

:

bars

17)

VOICES).

the alto

:

tonal, but (as with so

note which needs alteration.

many others) it is only the The countersubject commences

on the second beat of bar 3 and closes with the subject, at the beginning of bar 5. There is a bar of codetta, founded on the The remaining entries in the exposition are at bars 6 and subject. The order of the voices is not quite one of the most usual, 8. alto, treble, tenor, bass.

An

episode (bars 10 to

13),

separates the

exposition from the counter-exposition.

now

Counter-Exposition. The subject again leads (bar 13), but in the bass, and with the countersubject inverted at the

D

twelfth (in the tenor), which necessitates the change of a flat to natural in the subject. The answer follows in the alto (bar 16) then the subject in the tenor (bar 18) and finally, after a codetta,

D

the subject again in the treble. present, though incomplete.

The

countersubject

is

always

78


Middle Section. presented

This follows immediately, the subject being key of F minor, with countersubject in

in the alto in the

The second and last episode (bars 26 to 32) is formed last member of the subject. The next appearance of the

the treble.

from the subject

is

at bar 32 in the tenor, in the unrelated

minor, and unaccompanied by the countersubject.

key of E

flat

The entry

at

bar 35 in the treble, in the key of B flat minor, may be regarded as the answer to the preceding, though real instead of tonal the ;

countersubject

D

flat

is in

Next follows an entry

the alto.

in the bass in

(bar 37), with a portion of the countersubject in the treble.

A

The

flat in subject returns in the key of the tenor in bar 41, with the countersubject, curiously varied, in

Final Section.

the treble

;

and

is

answered

in stretto

by the bass

in

bar 42.

a coda from bar 46 to the end, containing an entry of the answer (but in the tonic key) in the tenor at bar 48, where a fifth

There

is

added, the first bass taking a part of the countersubject while the second supplies the harmonic bass.

voice

is

Although nominally a four-part fugue, there is a great predominance of three-part writing, less than one-third of the whole being really in four parts.

FUGUE

42 (Book

II,

G SHARP MINOR (THREE One

18)

VOICES).

of the longest and most elaborate of the forty-eight,

although containing no stretto. It is virtually a double fugue, its second subject (or countersubject) having a separate exposition

from bar 61 to 83, only slightly irregular at bars 71 to 75. Contrast the very irregular entries of the new themes in No. 38.

79

Forty-Eight Fugues.

First Section.

and takes a

real

The

answer

subject is

(alto).

announced

There

is

in the treble

a codetta from bar 9 to

the end of bar 12, the subject entering in the bass at the beginning of bar 13. This completes the exposition proper, but it is note-

worthy that

all

the four following entries (bars 19, 33, 45, 55) are It would be possible to classify them as a re-

in the original key.

dundant entry of the subject (bar 19) and a counter-exposition (bars 33 to 59), but the latter would be irregular, and it must be borne in mind that the three normal divisions of a double fugue of this class are: (i) treatment of first subject separately; (2) treatment of

second subject separately;

(3)

treatment of both subjects combined.

Middle Section. A new theme from bar 6 in the dominant ke}T 1

This

is

71)

it

announced

in the treble

:

,

answered

introduces

is

and there

is

by the alto (bar 66). The bass then subdominant instead of the dominant (bar

in the tonic

in the

a redundant entry in the treble in the tonic

(bar 79).

Final Section. After a longish episode, the two subjects are combined at bar 97, the first being in the bass, the second in the alto. In the answer to this (bar 103), the treble takes the first subject, the alto again taking the second. At bar in we

have the only entry which is not in one of the original keys. Here the key is E, with the subjects in the two upper voices. The two remaining entries are in G sharp minor; in bars 125-129

80


and the second (not quite completed) in the bass; in bars 135 to 139 the first is the treble, the the

first

second

is

subject

in the alto,

A

short coda concludes the fugue. episodes, though numerous, are not of exceptional importance. They are developed, as usual, from suggestions from the subject (as at bars 37 and 129), the countersubject (as at bars is

the alto.

The

See bars 23 to 32, 115, etc.) or the codetta (as at bar 49, etc.). 37 to 44, 49 to 54, 84 to 96, 107 to in, 115 to 124, 129 to 134.

FUGUE

43 (Book II, 19) VOICES).

A MAJOR (THREE A call for

melodious

little

fugue, of such simple construction as to

hardly any special remarks.

Exposition.

The answer,

The

subject is

in the alto, is real,

The

announced

and there

in the bass

is

:

no regular counter-

sequence, made from the last The treble enters in bar 5 with the subject ; part of the subject. the bass in bar 7 with a redundant entry of the answer. subject.

codetta (bar 4)

is in

Middle Section. The middle entries follow the exposition almost immediately, the subject entering in the treble at bar 9, in the key of F sharp minor. This is answered in the alto in bars

C

all

sharp minor. The first episode (bars 13 to 16) and succeeding ones are founded on the same part of the subject as

is

the codetta.

12, 13, in

The next entry

and might have indicated the fugue; but Bach here treats

is in

the key of

A

(bar

1

6,

bass)

arrival of the final section of the it

rather as the dominant of the

81

Forty-Eight Fugues.

following entry (bar 20, treble) which is in the key of D, and therefore as still belonging to the modulating section. It will be

noticed that

it

is

made

B

incidental modulation into to 23)

modulates from

D

in the alto in that key,

The second

to close in D, not in A.

episode (bars 17 to 20) separates these minor.

into E,

with

its

two

entries,

The

third episode (bars 2

and contains r

and in bar 23 the subject enters sixth note chromatically lowered.

Final Section. This may either be regarded as starting from the entry just noticed (as the answer leading) or, perhaps

more

naturally, as containing only the single entry, in the original

key (bars 28 to 29), with a cadential bar added. The episode which separates these last two entries (bars 25 to 27) gives the semiquaver figures partly by inverse movement.

FUGUE

44 (Book II, 20) (THREE VOICES).

A MINOR One of

the most interesting of the shorter fugues.

We

have shown elsewhere* that virtually the same subject has been treated in entirely different

Exposition.

ways by various composers.

The subject, which

is in

the bass,

i

>

commences on the dominant

f

t.

the alto (bars 3 to 5) therefore gives countersubject commences with the demicodetta separates the answer from the entry semiquaver. of the treble with the subject, with a new counterpoint in demi-

a tonal answer.

;

The

A

serniquavers. * "

Fugal Analysis," pp.

107-134.

82


Middle Section. The first episode (bars 8, 9) modulates from the key of A minor into the relative major, in which key the next entry is made, in the bass, with the countersubject in the treble.

the

first

A

passing note (F, quaver) is here introduced between subject, as is also the case in the final

two notes of the

A

The second episode modulates back to minor, but the entry of the treble (bar 13) is in the form of the answer, and passes at once into E minor ; the countersubject is given to the alto. In bar 1 7 (subject in alto, countersubject in bass) the entry, at bar 25.

A

minor, but the sequel shows that we have not yet again reached the final section the first note is shortened in this entry,

key

is

;

and the subdominant substituted have again the form of the answer.

for the dominant, so that

we

In bars 21 to 23 there is an minor in the treble, with the counter-

entry of the subject in D The episode which follows concludes the subject in the bass. middle section, modulating back to the original key.

Final Section.

As

in

No. 43 and some other fugues, there

only one entry of the subject in the final section. This is in the bass (bars 25 to 27) and is unaccompanied by the counterThe coda subject, with the exception of a fragment in bar 2 7.

is

(bars 26, 28)

ing.

is

short and unimportant.

The episodes in the fugue, though short, are all very interestThe first (bars 8, 9) commences with a transposition of the

codetta, while the figures in bar 9 are suggested subject.

Episode 3 (bars

codetta, with

new

15

to

by the counter-

17) is again derived

from the

In the fourth (bars 1 9 to 2 1 ) the bass gives a sequential treatment of the last figure of the countersubject, which is accompanied by a canon at the fifth imitative treatment.

between the other two voices.

The

episode (bars 23 to 25) commences with a portion of the countersubject in the bass, the fifth

83

Forty-Eight Fugues. rest of the material being derived

are closely related to Episode

FUGUE

from the codetta,

Bars

24, 25

3.

45 (Book

II, 21)

B FLAT MAJOR '(FOUR VOICES).

A highly interesting fugue, The most

striking

is

presenting seme unusual features the treatment of the two new counterpoints

which accompany the entry of the subject in bar 33. In bars 41 to 44, the upper of the two counterpoints of bars 33 to 36 is inverted in the twelfth and the lower one in the tenth. In bars 56,

two counterpoints are inverted in the twelfth with one another; and in bars 80, 81 the second counterpoint again 57 the

appears at the tenth against the subject. Exposition.

The

subject

is in

the alto

:

Here, as in No. 39, Bach has chosen a tonal answer where a real could also have been justified, and would have been preferred

by many composers.

dominant) by the

The answer

is

tonic,

answers the

it is

fifth

in the middle of an

note (the arpeggio.

given to the treble. The codetta (bars 9 to 13, founded on the first bar of the subject, direct and

quaver) is by inverse movement. first

He

although

The next

three entries (bars 21, 32, 40), all separated by episodes, are likewise in the two principal keys, but do not as would at first sight appear form a regular

The first of them has the character of a counter-exposition. redundant entry of the answer in the bass, now real instead of tonal.

But the next entry (bar 32) introduces an important new

84


and we have feature, in the counterpoints already referred to learned from some other analyses that in such cases as these Bach sometimes prefers to maintain the original tonality. ;

Bar

32, where the answer (again real) re-enters in the alto, at first absolutely without accompaniment

Middle Section.

and then (bar 33) with syncopated countersubject in the treble, and one in long notes in the bass, consequently marks the com-

mencement of the middle section. The companion entry, from bar 40, shows the subject in the treble with CS i in the bass and CS2 in the alto. In bar 47 an entry is made in the bass in a new key, G minor, and the ndw counterpoints are only partially used (bars 49 to 51).

flat.

The fugue contains only one small The subject enters in the treble in

key of E commencing on

stretto, in the

bar 53,

the tonic instead of the supertonic, is imitated at the seventh below the alto at one bar's distance, and again at one bar's distance

by the bass a sixth lower

still

;

but only the alto completes the

subject.

The treble,

last entry of the

with

CS

i

middle section

in the alto

Final Section.

The

and

CS

2 in

is

in

C

minor, in the

the bass.

return to the original key

is

made

in

bars 78 to 82 by the answer in the treble, in its original tonal part of the counterform, but with E natural instead of E flat. From bar 82 to the end is a long subject is present from bar 80.

A

coda, founded on the opening bar of the subject, but without actual entries of

it.

The

subject either its first or its second half furnishes the These are mostly short, and need material for all the episodes.

not be discussed in detail.

They

will

be found in the following

85

Forty-Eight Fugues.

bars 47

J

;

(i.)

bars 17 to 21

(v.) 58 to 63

;

;

(n.)

25 to 32

;

(HI.)

36 to 40

;

(iv.)

44 to

(VL) 67 to 78.

FUGUE

46 (Book

II,

22)

B FLAT MINOR (FOUR VOICES). This fugue, quite exceptionally, These are rather than into three. (i.)

The

Exposition, bars

i

to 21.

is divisible

into five sections

(disregarding the episodes) (n.) The first stretti, on the

:

original form of the subject, bars 27 to 37. (in.) A series of bars inverse to 62 entries by movement, 42 (*). (iv.) The second stretti, on the inverse form of the subject, bars

67 to 77. (v.) The third stretti, combining both forms of the the last group subject, bars 80 to 84, 89 to 93 and 96 to 99 ;

The

exactitude of the correspondence, in between sections i. and in. and sections n. andiv. construction, rule that the first and last sections notice. The can hardly escape

belongs to the coda.

of a fugue must be in the principal keys still holds good middle section is extended to three sections.

Exposition.

The answer

is

The

real,

subject

and

is

is

given out in the alto

;

but the

:

assigned to the treble, a

rather

chromatic countersubject accompanying it in the alto. A codetta (bars 9, 10) precedes the entry of the tnird voice (subject in bass), * The author in his MS. has spoken of this as a counter-exposition, and this seems a justifiable designation, as indicating its nature but its position atter obvious " middle entries' and its irregularity of intervals of entry (bars 52, 58) and even of key (bar 58) prevent its coming under any ordinarily accepted definition thereof. [ED.] ;

86


and a second codetta (bars tenor.

The

15,

countersubject

is

1

6) that of the

employed

remaining voice, the

regularly.

In bars 27 to 31 and 33 to 37 there are two each at one minim's distance ; the former is in the

Middle Section. canonic

stretti,

between tenor and

original key,

alto,

the lower voice leading

;

the

between treble and bass, the higher Bars 42 to 62 constitute voice leading the countersubject is absent. with both an irregular counter-exposition, subject and counterlatter in the relative major, ;

The tenor leads, commencing on subject in inverse movement. the dominant, the countersubject being given to the alto ; in bar countersubject in tenor in bar 52 subject treble, countersubject in alto; in bar 58 subject in bass, In bars 67 to 71, countersubject in treble (a part only, bar 59).

46 the subject

is in alto,

;

in

and 73 to 77, the canonic stretti on the inverted subject should be most carefully compared with the first stretti (bars 27 to 37). In bar 80 the treble gives the inverted stretto tenor at one minim's distance) the direct the (in subject, in bars to 82 form ; the alto, 83, has a fragment of the inverted

Final Section.

A

D

flat, flat, E tonality is irregular (keys flat minor) until the entry at bar 89, but the treatment is the same, so that both groups evidently belong to the final section. In bar

countersubject.

The

89 the direct form of the subject leads, in the bass the inverted alto. The coda commences in bar 93, and ;

form responds, in the

contains a final stretto, in which the two upper voices give the direct subject in sixths, the two lower replying with the inverted

form

in thirds.

The episodes also interesting,

(bars 21 to 26, 37 to 41, 62 to 66, 84 to 88) are will repay careful examination.

and

emphatically one of the finest and grandest, as well as most one of the elaborate, of Bach's fugues.

This

is

87

Forty-Eight Fugue*.

FUGUE

47 (Book

II,

23)

B MAJOR (FOUR VOICES). The

example of double counterpoint in the twelfth met with in the whole collection. There are two countersubjects, one which is used in the exposition and not which

is

finest

to be

subsequently, the other

invertible in the twelfth

exposition and onwards. We mark them other cases where there is more than one.

The

Exposition.

A

CS

i

in the counter-

and

CS

2,

as in

subject is in the bass:

few notes of codetta separate this from the answer (in the tenor) CS i (in the bass). The answer is real. A longer codetta,

and

formed from the bars

8,

9,

first

and from the beginning of CS i, is found in identical but with a 'new counterpoint

and another,

added below, in bars 17, 18. The alto takes the subject in bars 10 to 13, and the treble the answer in bars 14 to 17 in bars 19 to ;

22 the bass has a redundant entry of the subject, allowing appear in the treble, z>., in double counterpoint.

Counter-Exposition.

CS

i

to

After an episode of five bars, conand of CS i, bat largely new, a

taining reminiscences of codetta

counter-exposition tenor.

Here CS

commences makes

2 first

at bar 27 the its

answer leading

appearance:

in the


88

A rather long codetta (bars 30-34),

formed from

this

new

counter-

subject, precedes the entry of the subject in the alto. Against this entry, CS 2, now in the bass, is employed in double counter-

In bar 42 the answer point at the twelfth. at the inverted twelfth) accompanies (again is

no entry of the bass

is in it

the treble;

in the alto.

CS

2

There

in the counter-exposition.

Middle Section. Bars 43 to 45 having been harmonised so as into the minor keys, the middle section is introduced modulate to without the interposition of a true episode, though there are a few In bar 48 the bass enters with the subject in sharp minor, the treble taking CS 2, at its original interval. In bars 53 to 56 the subject is in the tenor, in E major, CS 2 in the alto, in sixths with the subject, hence in the inversion at the bars of link.

G

twelfth; in bars 60 to 63 the subject is again in the tenor, but in

G

sharp minor,

CS

2 in

the treble, at

its original interval.

A long

episode (bars 63 to 74) terminates the middle section of the fugue, leading back to the key of B.

Final Section.

The

subject

and answer

by episodes; see bars 75 (bass), Against the first of these entries,

85

CS

alternate, separated

and 93 (treble). not used, though a

(tenor) 2 is

fragment of it appears against the first bar of the subject. (bars 96 to 104) and most of the episodes are not formed directly from the material of either the subject or the

The coda

countersubjects, but are either chiefly or entirely of new material. principal episodes are in bars 22 to 27, 38 to 41, 56 to 59, 63

The

to 74, 78 to 84, 88 to 92.

The fugue

contains no stretto.

89

I'wty-Eight Fugues.

FUGUE

48 (Book

II,

24)

B MINOR (THREE VOICES). so regular in construction and so clear in outline as to require but few notes. There is a regular countersubject, but it does not appear until after the exposition proper (compare No. 4).

This fugue

is

Exposition.

dominant

The

subject,

in

the alto,

commences on the

:

The answer

(treble,

bars 6 to 12)

is

therefore tonal.

The

codetta

(bars 12 to 15) is developed from the end of the subject and the

counterpoint which accompanies

it.

The

subject

is

given to the

an episode formed from the codetta, a redundant bass, in the alto entry (bars 26 to 32) substitutes a real answer for a tonal. This entry is noteworthy for the first appearance of the counter-

and

after

the semiquaver theme in the bass from bar 29.

subject

Middle Section.

The second

episode, which

is

built

on a

bass suggested by the countersubject, modulates, leading to a half cadence in D major. In this key the subject enters in the treble the countersubject (bar 38) is given to the alto. This in bars 44 to 50 by one in the bass in the key of entry In bars 54 to 60 there is an with countersubject in the treble. A, isolated entry in the alto in F sharp minor, with countersubject (bar 35) is

;

answered

again in the treble.

Final Section, for

In bars 69 to 76 there the treble once

the two lower voices

;

is

a partial stretto

more supplies the

90

Aiudysis of J. S. Bach's Forty-Eight Fugues.

As this entry commences definitely in the tonic key, a formal cadence, it marks the commencement of the preceded by final section, notwithstanding the incidental modulation into the countersubject.

There

only one further complete entry, but the coda (bars 87 to 100) contains, in its last five bars, an incomplete stretto for all the three voices, the bass inserting a passing note between the F sharp and

subdominant key.

is

namely, that in bars 81 to 87

;

the D, and the treble considerably ornamented.

The episodes, in addition to the two already noticed, are in bars 41 to 44, 50 to 54, 60 to 69 and 76 to 84. They are, as usual, made from material previously employed and the greater part of the coda is a transposition of Episodes 2 and 4. ;

THE

RULES OF HARMONY R.

ORLANDO MORGAN

Professor of Harmony, Composition and Pianoforte, at The Guildhall School of Music Fellow cf the G.S.M. ; ;

sometime

Member of the Faculty of Music and the Board

of Studies in Music, University of London.

Price 2/6 net.

EDWIN ASHDOWN, 19,

LTD.,

HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W.

KNSIVE

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