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The analysis of the article "The Analysis of Language Teaching Materials" by Andrew Littlejohn
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CDES specializes in 3D Printing, commonly known as the process of converting 3D CAD drawings into physical parts to create conceptual models.
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Prototyping
Teaching materials to accompany: Product Design and Development Chapter 12 Karl Karl T. Ulric Ulrich h and Stev Steven en D. Epping Eppinger er 2nd Edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Product Design and Development Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger 2nd edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000. Chapter Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14
Introduction Development Processes and Organizations Product Planning Identifying Customer Needs Product Specifications Concept Generation Concept Selection Concept Testing Product Architecture Industrial Design Design for Manufacturing Prototyping Product Development Economics Managing Projects
Product Development Process Planning Planning
Concept Concept Development Development
System-Level System-Level Design Design
Detail Detail Design Design
Testing Testingand and Refinement Refinement
Prototyping is done throughout the development process.
Production Production Ramp-Up Ramp-Up
Concept Development Process Mission Statement
Identify Customer Needs
Establish Target Specifications
Generate Product Concepts
Select Product Concept(s)
Test Product Concept(s)
Perform Economic Analysis Benchmark Competitive Products Build and Test Models and Prototypes
Set Final Specifications
Plan Downstream Development
Development Plan
Prototyping Example: Apple PowerBook Duo Trackball
Four Uses of Prototypes • Learning – answering questions about performance or feasibility – e.g., proof-of-concept model
• Communication – demonstration of product for feedback – e.g., 3D physical models of style or function
• Integration – combination of sub-systems into system model – e.g., alpha or beta test models
• Milestones – goal for development team’s schedule – e.g., first testable hardware
Types of Prototypes Physical alpha beta prototype prototype
ball support prototype
final product
trackball mechanism linked to circuit simulation Comprehensive
Focused
simulation of trackball circuits
equations modeling ball supports
not generally feasible
Analytical
Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes Physical Prototypes
Analytical Prototypes
• Tangible approximation of the product.
• Mathematical model of the product.
• May exhibit unmodeled behavior.
• Can only exhibit behavior arising from explicitly modeled phenomena. (However, behavior is not always anticipated.
• Some behavior may be an artifact of the approximation. • Often best for communication.
• Some behavior may be an artifact of the analytical method. • Often allow more experimental freedom than physical models.
Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes Focused Prototypes • Implement one or a few attributes of the product. • Answer specific questions about the product design. • Generally several are required.
Comprehensive Prototypes • Implement many or all attributes of the product. • Offer opportunities for rigorous testing. • Often best for milestones and integration.
Boeing 777 Testing Brakes Test • Minimum rotor thickness • Maximum takeoff weight • Maximum runway speed • Will the brakes ignite? Wing Test • Maximum loading • When will it break? • Where will it break?
Comprehensive Prototypes h k i g s i H R t e k r a M r o l a c i n h c w e o T L
Many comprehensive prototypes are built.
Some comprehensive prototypes build (and sold?).
One prototype may be used for verification.
Few or no comprehensive prototypes are built.
Low High Cost of Comprehensive Prototype
Prototyping Strategy • Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty. • Make models with a defined purpose. • Consider multiple forms of prototypes. • Choose the timing of prototype cycles. –Many early models are used to validate concepts. –Relatively few comprehensive models are necessary to test integration.
• Plan time to learn from prototype cycles. – Avoid the “hardware swamp”.
Rapid Prototyping Methods • Most of these methods are additive, rather than subtractive, processes. • Build parts in layers based on CAD model. • SLA=Stereolithogrpahy Apparatus • SLS=Selective Laser Sintering • 3D Printing • LOM=Laminated Object Manufacturing • Others every year...
Virtual Prototyping • 3D CAD models enable many kinds of analysis: – Fit and assembly – Manufacturability – Form and style – Kinematics – Finite element analysis (stress, thermal) – Crash testing – more every year...
BMW Virtual Crash Test
From: Scientific American, March 1999
Traditional Prototyping Methods • CNC machining • Rubber molding + urethane casting • Materials: wood, foam, plastics, etc. • Model making requires special skills.
