Proto-Slavs-01

×ÀÂÄÀÐ ÁÎÍÅÂ

ÏÐÀÑËÀÂßÍÑÊÈÒÅ ÏËÅÌÅÍÀ ×ÀÑÒ I (À)

ÑÎÔÈß – 2007

!!#! ! $%! &" #!

! " I ()

• 2007

CHAVDAR BONEV

THE PROTO-SLAVIC TRIBES PART ONE (A)

Sofia • 2007

&

! " ! I ()

• 2007

© ' ISBN 978–954–9493–08–5

. -1. -2. -3. -4. . -1. -2. -3. -3-2. -3-3. -3-4. -4-1. -4-2. -5-1. -5-2. -5-3. -5-4. -6-1. -6-2. -6-3. -6-5. -7-1. -7-2. -7-3. -7-4. -7-5.

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9 9 16 18 23 27 27 28 29 30 38 39 43 46 48 50 51 51 52 54 56 56 57 58 59 59 60

5

-7-6. -7-7. -7-8. -7-9. -7-10. -7-11. -7-12. -7-13. -7-14. -7-15. -7-16. -7-17. -7-18. -7-19. -7-20. -7-21. -7-22. -7-23. -8-1. -9-1. -9-2. -9-3. -9-4. -10-1. -10-2. -10-3. -10-4. -10-5. -10-6. -10-7. -10-8. -10-9. -11-1. -11-2. -11-3. -11-4. -11-5. -12-1. -12-2.

6

# &!#, &!#, &!# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # &!, &'!, &!, &!", &!, &!$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? @ . &! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &!, &! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &!', &!9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $&!, /&0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $&!, /&!7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "&!, "'&! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "&: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &A!7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &!, &!(&), &7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '&'!7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &!#$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &!#, &!#, &!#9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #!' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0#! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9!#, 9!#, 0#! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ()/& (0 B 0C$,

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60 61 62 64 64 65 67 72 73 76 77 78 81 81 82 83 83 85 85 92 107 120 121 122 124 128 129 131 131 133 134 134 135 142 153 160 162 163 164

-12-3. $, $:, $:, $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12-4. # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -13-1. #0, #0$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -13-2. #0'E (#0C'E), #0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -13-3. #097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14-1. #$ ($#E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14-2. #$, #$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14-3. #$. #* (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-1. #, '#'#'$, 9'# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-2. #, #, #7%, #:, #F'D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-3. #, #7:' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-4. $#& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-5. $#&'! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15-6. #E, # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16-1. #%, #%'!, #%, "#% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16-2. #%, #E$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16-3. 0#% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17-1. #!$, #!$'%, #$! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17-2. #!:, "#! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18-1. #!#, #!# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18-2. "#!#, '#!#* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -19-1. %9, %9, %9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -19-2. 0%9, $%9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20. %$, %$, %$# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-21-1. %!, %!#, %!#0C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21-2. %!/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21-3. %! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21-4. %! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-1. !#, '!'# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-2. !# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-3. !#, '!#, '!#7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-4. 0!#-!!# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-5. '!#-!# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22-6. $!#-$'!# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Proto-Slavic Tribes (résumé) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &

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164 167 169 170 173 175 178 178 181 184 186 187 189 189 190 193 194 195 199 200 202 203 206 207 212 218 220 221 222 223 228 230 233 233 234 239 249 255 271

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THE PROTO-SLAVIC TRIBES PART ONE (A) (Résumé) The present study offers an alternative view regarding two substantial issues of early Eastern European history: 1. The origin of Slavic peoples 2. The cultural-linguistic character and the historical destiny of Thracian ethnic groups. The commonly accepted today main thesis, according to which the Slavic people originated from the Pre-Carpathian region, is commented on in the preamble. Thus the Slavic people were supposed to form as an entity during 2nd-1st millennium B.C. in the lands of nowadays Southern Poland and Northwestern Ukraine. The author noted different variations of this thesis that developed in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Many different inconsistencies and controversies were spotted, especially when researchers used linguistic and archaeological data for explaining the stages of the ethno-genetic process of the Slavs in the Pre-Carpathian lands. The old thesis of the Balkan-Danubian origin of the Slavs that was widely spread in the Slavic countries historiographies between 12th and 19th centuries is also brought up. One focus of the research is based on the text of the chronicle Povest Vremennih Let representing the exodus of the Slavs from the Danube region as result of the Roman conquest. This text is considered as an authentic and reliable historical source which brings to light the imposition of Roman rule over the Thracian lands: Moesia (15, A.D.), Thrace (45, A.D.) and Dacia (106, A.D.). Furthermore, this Roman conquest caused the migration of the Thracian population to the North – to the region between Baltic Sea and the Carpathian Mountains, to the East – to the region between rivers Dnepr and Dnestr; and to the West – along the valley of the river Tisza. This migration happened on two stages: 1. At the beginning of the 1st century A.D. from the lands South of the Danube river. 234

2. At the beginning of the 2nd century A.D. from the Dacian lands. The author developed a new methodological scheme for research on the problem. According to this alternative methodology, the understanding of the origin of the Slavs and the migration of the Thracians needs a revision of enormous historical data, concerning the ethnic structure of the East European landscape during the Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Thus the author formulates the main concepts germane to the establishment of a wide academic program for further research on the above mentioned topics. A specific place is dedicated to concrete analysis of the parallels between the Thracian culture from the Pre-Roman era and the early Slav culture of the 6th-8th centuries – settlements, homes, burial rituals, and ceramics. Once again, a separate paragraph deals with the methodology of this specific analysis. The main goal of this research is to clarify the migration process from the Balkan-Carpathian lands during the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. As a condition sine qua non for the understanding of the stages of this process is the detailed reconstruction of the tribal structure of the proto-Slavic (or Thracian) territories during the pre-Roman Era. The historical sources used for the research have various origins: x Written sources (narrative, documental, epigraphic) x Toponymic x Cartographic x Archaeological x Ethnologic x Dialectological A clear definition is proposed for the usage of terms as Proto-Slavs, Proto-Slavic Period (Era), Proto-Slavic language. * * * The chapter The Tribes is focused on the reconstruction of diverse tribal structures and their historical destiny. The paragraphs that deal with every separate tribe are organized as “nests” – on the basis of the linguistic origin of the tribal names. They follow alphabetical order. The present volume comprises the tribes and the related names starting with the letter A. The first paragraph form Chapter Two The Tribes is dedicated to the Thracian tribe ABANTES of the island of EUBEA, and a thorough analysis of its name is offered. A formation of a tribe called ALBAKI in the region of two lakes in the Danube River Delta is revealed, as well as this tribe’s migration to Dacia (ALBOKENSII). The formation of the tribe called AXI (SAXI) is located in the valley of the river AXUS (AXIOPA), nowadays Cara-su in Northern Dobrudja. This tribe is believed to be identical with the ethnic name SAXI, quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus. The hypoth235

esis offered suggests that after the migration caused by the Roman invasion the tribe SAXI reached the embouchure of Elba River. There the SAXI tribe mixed with the local population and undertook a process of germanization, but the tribal name remained. The valley of the river Barlad in nowadays Southern Moldova was the region of the tribal formation of the ALDI-ALDANI. Their migration Northward was associated with the early-Slavic tribe LJADI in today Southeastern Poland and the Polabian tribe KOLEDICHI. Another unknown from the existing sources tribe – ALMI – is located in the valley of the river Lom (Northern Bulgaria), the ancient ALMUS. Inheritor of the migrated to the North ALMI was the Polabian tribe DALEMINCI-GLOMACHI. A correlation with the origins of the German tribe ALEMANI is also suggested. Another paragraph deals with the analysis of the forms of the river name OLT (nowadays Eastern Romania). New and unknown variations of the name are mentioned, together with the chronology of their appearance. Based on this toponymic name, other tribal names had emerged: ALTI, ALTINI, OLTENI. Linked to them is the origin of the east Slavic tribal name ULTINI. The valley of the river OLT has been also the region of the tribes KALTI and PALTI. Their migration after the Roman invasion of Dacia is mapped out. Heirs of the PALTI were the people from the east Slavic tribe POLOCHANI. Another tribe from the valley of OLT was VALTI (VELTI). Part of them migrated to the North during the 2nd c. A.D. and thus instigated the origin of the tribes under the names of VELTI-VELETABI-VILTZI (LJUTICHI) along the coast of the Baltic Sea. The valley of OLT was most probably also the land of origin of the Polabian tribe NELETICHI. The variation of the river name ARUTA is connected to tribal formations known as RUTI-RUTENI, DRUTI. The author proposes another view for the origin of the Slavic tribe ABODRITI. They are considered to be the inheritors of the Dacian tribe AMOTRI from the valley of the present day river Motru in Oltenia. The relocation of the Southern wing of the ABODRITI is also studied. The name of region along both sides of the Danube River delta – A(N)GLA – is reconstructed on the basis of a group of toponyms in existence from the 1st century B.C. to the 19th century A.D. The history of the Gaetaen tribe ANGLI is correlated to the early Slavic tribe UGLICHI. The author formulates the hypothesis that part of the ANGLI, together with the neighboring tribe of the SAXI reached the Elba River delta and there they gave the origin of the German tribe ANGLI. The origin of the tribal name AGRIANI form the upper Struma river is linked to the name of the river ANGROS, identical with nowadays Bulgarian Morava river. The migration of the AGRI to the North is traced to the territories of today Poland. The name of the river ANGROS is also connected with the origin of the tribal name VAGRI, known form 10th-12th centuries in the region of Lubek along the North Sea coast. Same hypothesis is formulated for the tribe TAGRI and the German tribe ANGRIVARII. 236

The formation of the proto-Slavic - and also early Slavic – tribal formation ANTI in the region between the rivers Dnepr and Dnester is dated between 1st and 6th centuries A.D. The Proto-Slavonic formation of the GANTI is located in the lower Tisza River. This study focuses also on the formation of the Northern Proto-Slavic tribes VANTI (VENEDI) in the 1st-2nd c. A.D. The VANTI are connected with the East-Slavic name VJATICHI and the German tribal formation VANDALI. The names of the tribes NAPI, KAPI (KAPANTZI) are considered to derive from the Proto-Slavic root APA, meaning water, river. The tribe APIARI was located along the river Topchiiska, affluent to the Danube River in the region of Russe in nowadays Northern Bulgaria. The tribes with the same name wee located along the valley of the river ARDECH (nowadays Arge ). Toponimic data allow the reconstruction of the names of tribal formations such as ARKI, ARKANI, ARKARI (ARGARAGANTI) along the river ARKA (Caraş in nowadays Banat). Traces of their migration northward were tracked down in the Baltic Sea island of Rugen. Successors of these migrants were the Slavs form the tribe RUGIANI (RUJANI, RANI) with center ARKONA. The antique ARPESSOS is identical with the upper river Arda in the Rhodopes Mountains. The Arda valley was populated by the tribe of ARPI. Their heirs are considered to be the RUPTZI – ethnographical group from the same region. Related to the ARPI were the tribes KORPILI and KARBALETI. Traces from the migration of the ARPI are discovered in the region of the Northern Carpathian Mountains, nowadays Poland. The territory of the tribe ARSI is marked around the river RASINA (region of Niš, today Eastern Serbia). A proof for their migration is Claudius Ptolemaius’ testimony (2nd c. A.D.) about the tribe ARSIETI in the lands of nowadays Poland. During the Middle Ages on the lands of the ARSI developed the Serbian region (zhupa) RASHKA. The tribe ARTAKI was located in the valley of the river ARTANES, (today Cherni Lom, affluent to the Danube River, Northern Bulgaria). The author traces their migration to Dacia, where Claudius Ptolemaius again had spotted the name RATAKENSII. Evidences from the ARTAKI migration are known along the middle Danube River and in the Eastern Slavic lands. The tribe ARTARI was located in the valley of the river ARCHAR (affluent to the Danube River, today Northern Bulgaria). A branch of this tribe was known under the name of VRATARI. Successors of the ARTARI were the people of the Polabian tribe of RATARI. The author supposes that the tribe NERTIRJANI (between the rivers Elba and Rhein) also took its origins from the valley of the river ARCHAR. The banks of the ASAMUS River (today Osam, affluent to the Danube River, Northern Bulgaria) were inhabited by the tribe ASAMI. In the region of the Sakar Mountain (Southern Bulgaria) the name of the river ASKA was discovered, together with the tribal name ASKI (SKAI, SIKABOI). 237

The name of the tribe ASTI is believed to derive from the possible Proto-Slavic name of the straight of the Bosporus – ASTA (mouth). The tribe PIASTI was a branch of the ASTI. Another hypothesis is suggested – that the origins of the German tribe ASTINGI were connected to the migrated ASTI people who settled down between the rivers VISLA and ODER. The author has reconstructed variations of the name of the river ATRA (today Yantra, affluent to the Danube River, Northern Bulgaria). The valley if this river was the tribal territory of the ATRI (ENTRIBI, ADRABI), their center was ATRABA (nowadays Polski Trambech). There are evidences for the migration of ATRI towards the region of the Middle Danube River valley, today Slovakia, and towards the river Oder (today Eastern Germany). Another wing of the same tribe is discovered under the name of PATRI and its migration to the eastern Carpathian region is trailed. The ATRI had another branch – the tribe of DATRI which relocated to the nowadays TATRI mountains in Slovakia. The last branch of the ATRI are the NETRI, and the KATRI, located along the valley of the river NITRA (today Slovakia).

238

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H, . % J – H, . % J G. – 0 B . %., 1918, 191–235. 5 , . JG – 5 , . JG M @. – Sem. thrac., IV, 2000, 85–116.

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248

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255

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@ 34 / 196 / @ 190 / @ 37, 56, 130, 203 /

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K (ÃñáTêïò) 130 /

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260

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261

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PK 182 $

B (Kara Su) 29, 30 $

H . 146, 150, 175, 176, 183 $ 27 $ @ 15, 29 $ 204 $ BB 95 $ / $ passim $ 229 $ B 164 $ . 33, 107 $

(ÊáóôåëëïâñÝôáñá) 202 $ B 34 $

9 100 $ BM . 44, 45, 48, 99, 101, 107 $ 70 $

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262

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(. BJ) 146, 166, 175, 178 & B 57 & 215 & G 128, 130 & G 205 & 34 &B @ 45 &@ 15 & 28 & 61 & , Litava (Litva) 61-63, 76 &

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(Μόδρα) 86 9 49, 52, 70, 72, 172, 229 9 231 9

. 18, 135, 179, 190, 194, 198, 224, 226, 228 9

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264

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226, 233 G 233 H 128, 129 H 128, 129 $@ 99 $ @ 41 7 141 " 51 (%) 61 BB/ B 95, 136, 156, 157 195 B P 132, 161 B 208 186 35, 102, 111, 195

/ 11, 37, 46, 50, 51, 74, 87, 119, 153, 156, 159, 193, 200, 221, 226-228, 232

(Odrava) 226

G 228 , $

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228 9, 73, 131-133, 160, 161, 174 M H ( M BH) Olaherkes 176 @ 110, 113 186 48, 49, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 74, 77, 79, 171, 176, 184, 189, 197, 198, 203, 206 (Wëòýíè) 58, 64 G (Wëòýíèöà) 58, 64 @ 20, 44, 59, 61, 62, 64, 90, 147, 176, 197, 202 G (Wëòåö) 58, 64 . 33, 36, 58, 65 58, 64

64 G 64 @ 58, 64 121 , ( ) 101-103, 105, 120 88 167 164, 166 G 166 (’ÏñãÜìç) 107, 115 (’Ïñäåóóóò) 38, 48, 170 M G 128 208 95 212 G 166 K (*Ïóêéïò), Uscus) 207 /

(. . /

) 203 $ B (. G) 203 204, 206 (&Ïóôáêóò) 213, 216, 217, 221 (*Ïóôáöïò) 213 B 213, 217, 221 J 195, 203, 205, 206 M M@ 193 186 G 166 (Ðáëáóôóëïí) 78, 79 (Ðáëáôíïëïí) 78, 79 (Palathka) 62 (Újpalota, Neupalota), M 80

K 22, 125, 189 212 @ 14, 58, 64, 88, 100, 101, 140, 143, 148, 152, 171, 219 K %B 53 48, 49 B (Ðáñíïzóôá) 126, 127 184 (Parsęta) 193 34 (Parthiscus) 145 186 K . 172 (Pathissum) 142 H 225, 229 G 225, 229 (Ðáôñßäáõá) 228, 229 @ 15 M

(Pahra) 132, 161 95, 154, 218 96 G (Pegnitz) 199 @ 127 H 133 @ @ 66 @@J 65 125, 126, 213, 217 125, 126

(ÐåñðåñÜêéïí), 182, 183 181-183

(Petra) 201, 229 / G (Ðåôñíæçí) 230 (Ðåôñéôæóò) 230 . (Petricica) 229-231 H (Petris) 229 (Ðåôñoäáõá) 228, 229 H (Petrosani) 229 128 @ 229 , (Ðõñåôoò) 170, 172 @ 113 58 . 174 @G 127 80 G 80

265

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/ ( B ) 36, 95, 170 B 97, 98, 131 & 181 ($BHG , Êóøìèöà) 206 @ 0BH 49

M 86 186 @ 10, 65 128 B 128 197, 209, 212, 213, 215, 216 B 36, 48, 96, 97, 103, 107, 120, 131, 134, 154, 157, 159, 187, 220 38 B 53 BB () 210, 211, 217

266

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201 # 202 # (. Ratzeburg) 46 # G 202 # B 180 # G @ 200 # H 190-194 # H @ 193 # H (‘ÑÜóïâïí) 194 # (Rega) 179, 180 # B (Regianum) 177 # (Regina) 177 #G 56 # 199 #K 37, 40, 48, 56, 57, 76, 78, 121, 160, 203 # 176 # (Recidiva) 175 # (Remessiana) 129, 194 # , . 190, 191 # 132

# @ 56 #G@ 145 # B 197 #K . 48 # ("

) 109, 205, 225 # . 38 # 127, 169, 181, 184-187, 203, 208, 222 # 34 # @ 143 #B 86 # 185, 186 # . (Ropa) 186, 187 # G . (# ) 185 #G , # 185 # (. ?K ) 185 # (9 ) 185 # (0) 185 # . 185 #G (Ropczice) 187 #G 222 # (Rotava) 199 #H@ 9 45 #B K (ðóëéò ‘Ñïýãéïí) 179 #B , Rugiland 179 #B 182 #BK (‘Ñïõêoíéïí) 176 #B 185 #B 185 #B 185 #B 185 #B 185 #B 185 #B, . . #B 185 #B 182, 185-187 #B & 196 #B 59 #B@ (# ), . - #O 178, 179, 181 #JJ JB 49 #JJH@ (Racă dia) 175 #JH (Ra ca) 194 #JH (Ra cani) 194 #O 180, 220 #@M 168 % 44, 59 % . 51, 80, 88, 157

% K 38 % 166 % K 208 % 207, 208, 209 %

208 % - ( ) 209 % 209 % 208 % 209 % (% ), % -$ 31 % @ 43 % , % 212, 213, 217 %

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(ÓêáéáT ðýëáé) 208, 209, 211 % J (ÓêÜìáíäñïò), . 9 211

267

% @ (Scambria) 210, 211 % (Scandza) - 162, 179 % @ 41, 159, 179 % (ÓêÜñåò) 211 % B

(Óêáñéùôáóáëïýêñá) 210 %

(Óêáñßðáñá) 210 %K (J ) 195 % K (ÓêõôéÜò) 34 % @ 73, 108, 111, 137, 143, 170 % 107 % 196 % 204 % G 204 %B@ 46, 47 % 123 % . 161, 173, 174 %G 208, 209 %B 58 %H (Samus) 131, 132 %HB 9 167 % 112 % 204 % 0 @ 177, 190, 191, 203 % 214, 217 % 9 G 52 % J 9

122, 123, 190, 194 %

190, 203, 222 %

222 %

(. B ) 133 % G 186 %

27 %

185, 186, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216 % 125-127, 186, 205 % B 122, 125, 127, 129, 139, 181 % B 79 % @ 204 % B 34 % B B 131 %B . 130 %B . 39 %B 143, 175 %B 67 ! G 107 ! (0) 113, 164 ! (! ) . 50

268

! 226, 232 ! . 169, 212 !G 107 ! 232 ! 232 ! 168 ! (Ôéáãüëá) 99 !

(% ) 170 ! (Ôßâéóéò) 49, 57, 58 ! 150, 169, 170 !B 175 !

Tegra, Tegris, Tigris, (Ôßãñá) 134 ! B 38 !H (Timis) 49, 58, 150 ! 44, 86, 128, 202 ! 212 ! 212 !@ 139 !

(0 J ) 36, 38, 39, 92, 94, 97, 98, 131, 134, 141, 142 ! ( ) 14, 48, 70, 72, 86, 87, 89-91, 130, 133, 142-149, 151-156, 159, 160, 179, 228 !@ (Tisia) 73, 157 ! 91 ! K 88 ! (Tomos) 29, 30, 32-34, 36, 42, 114 ! (!B ) 207, 208, 211, 213 !G . 204 ! 166 !K 168 !

. 39, 86 !

K 212 !

K 0 213 !

K ( ) 212, 213, 214, 216 !

K ? 181, 188, 189, 205, 215, 217, 226 !

@ 17, 22, 68, 91, 102, 108, 110, 111, 124, 137, 143, 159, 164, 165, 169, 175, 187, 196, 207-210, 212, 214, 217, 218, 222, 227 !

(Transalba) 44, 45 !

@ 57-59, 69, 71, 72, 167, 173, 176, 189, 197, 198, 229 ! (Troesmis) 117, 118 ! BB 229 ! 209, 211

! (Trosmis) $. / ! BH (Trotus) 229-232 ! @ 43, 209, 210 ! @ . 203 ! B 225 !BB 197 !B 117 !B (!) 19, 169, 208, 210, 213 !B 141 !J B ! BH (Târgu Trotu ) 231 !J H 151 !J 9 197 !J 225 !O @ 40, 43 ( ) 90

(Ugra) 69, 124, 131-133, 161 H 64, 173, 177 (CB) 90 G 165 227

(Ukra, Ucker) 124

K 9, 66 B 58 B 52, 53 @ 15

(Ungra) 69, 71 B 131 B (Uscudama) 207, 208, 210-212, 217 229 M 76 B (" ) 100, 203, 222 HG 166 F

(Feldioara) 74 F 169, 181, 182, 187, 188 F 196 F@ 212, 214 F/ 212 F 38 FB 121 FB B (Flutausis) F B (Flautasis) 73, 75, 156, 157 F 27 F 181 F

@ (Öñáôåñßá) 202

F BH

123 FJ J

H 170, 189 FJJK (Făcăieni) 61 ? 57, 76 ? M , ? @ 67, 174 ? 27 ? 212 ? (Halmyris) 115 ? B . 39 ? (×áðÝôéêéïí) 182 ? (‘Áñðçóósò) 181, 182 ? (×áñðÝôéêéïí) 182 ? , ?J (9 G ) 139, 165, 181, 182, 186-189, 207, 210-212 ? (0 ) 214, 215 ? 32, 57, 197, 205, 206, 218, 225, 226, 231, 233 ? 177, 207, 208, 210, 212, 217, 233 ?B 113, 203, 222, 226 ?

@ K 43 ?

198 ? ((Çñìïò) 181, 182 ? @ 113 ? @ 215 ?

(% ) 94, 95 ? 182 ? (A B ) . 38 ?

(‘ÕðåñðåñÜêéïí) 182 ? @ 27 ? 166 ?@ 208 ? K 86, 121, 122, 133 ? 69, 74 ? @ 79 ? 70 ?B 91 ?B

69 ?J 71, 80, 197, 198 ?J H 33, 107 :B (Cius fl.) 168 : J 52 7 (Ceaga) 99 7K (Celei) 79

269

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122, 125 7 & 196, 197 7 J 203 7 , 7 passim 7 JG 171 7H 224, 226 7B . 231 E 125 E K 121 E -? K 37, 39, 40, 43 E 180 E 227 6 G 98 A B 110, 137, 138, 199

270

A 168, 169 A

212 A - 39 A @ 37, 121, 122, 135 * -%P 28 * 28 * 28 * 28 * G 28 * 28 * K 28 * (Javorniki) 28 * 28, 232 * 28 * 28 *B . 44, 45, 48, 99, 101 *B . 44, 104 *

195, 203, 222-225, 229, 231 * (’Éáôñí) 222 * , * B 32, 61, 222, 227

$&': &!' 9'

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M K 145 218 171, 172 27, 42

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173 0 ( ), 40, 76, 180 (Boz) 137 (@) 193 B 181 B 36, 114, 135 " 169 " (364–375) 40 " K 126 " 117, 118 "B $ K 41-43, 121, 227 " 219 "M @ 122 " K 67, 137 " K 117

271

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272

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(ΖõñÜîçò) 32, 33, 92, 93, 114, 116, 117, 119, 195 111, 112 110, 119 121

K (610–641) 141, 160 % (V .) 56, 57 D 61 D $ B 182-184 D 9, 47, 63, 68-73, 75, 100, 120, 136, 137, 140, 153, 154, 156, 157, 162, 179, 207, 211, 218-220, 222 D 41 $ M 48 $ 100 $

K 40 $

56 $ " 41, 75, 87 $ K 181 $ " (Keanus Magnus) 91 $ (359-341 . . ? .) 110, 217 $ 127 $ K (268–270) 68 $ K ' 29 $ K K ( .) passim $ 68, 218, 219 $

232 $ 171 $ 144 $ 65, 66, 193 $ " (306–337) 79, 143, 144, 152, 169, 178, 219 $ V 100, 101, 104 $ GK (337–361) 144, 145, 152 $ 209, 211 $ 42, 110, 119 $ (383–359 . . ? .) 109, 110, 181, 205, 217, 225 $M 172 $ B 70, 72 $ 215 & 126, 127 &@ 0 B 163 & M 35, 111, 127 & K 62

& K 62 & K, & K, & K 61, 62 &GK 143, 169 & G (Loborcy) 91 &B 41 &BGK K F 117, 118 &J (457-474) 100 &O (814–840) 87, 88 &@M 14 9. "GK 163 9 K (582–602) 9, 21, 41, 79, 81, 91, 140, 141, 171 9 K (161–180 . . ? .) 137, 143, 218 9 &GK $

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273

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×àâäàð Áîíåâ å ðîäåí ïðåç 1954 ã. â Ñîôèÿ. Çàâúðøâà ñïåöèàëíîñò Èñòîðèÿ, ïðîôèë Àðõåîëîãèÿ â ÑÓ „Ñâ. Êëèìåíò Îõðèäñêè“ ïðåç 1980 ã. Òåìà íà êóðñîâàòà ìó ðàáîòà – Ñëàâÿíèòå â êàðïàòî-äóíàâñêèòå çåìè ïðåç VI–VIII â., à íà äèïëîìíàòà – Ñëàâÿíèòå â Äîáðóäæà ïðåç VI–IX â. Îò 1984 ã. å ðåäîâåí àñïèðàíò â Èíñòèòóòà ïî áàëêàíèñòèêà ïðè ÁÀÍ. Ïðåç 1988 ã. çàùèòàâà êàíäèäàòñêà (äîêòîðñêà) äèñåðòàöèÿ íà òåìà Êóëòóðíî-öúðêîâíè îòíîøåíèÿ â êàðïàòî-äóíàâñêèòå çåìè ïðåç ÕI–ÕV â. Íàó÷åí ñúòðóäíèê â Èíñòèòóòà ïî áàëêàíèñòèêà. Èìà ïóáëèêàöèè ïî ïðîáëåìèòå íà ðàííîñëàâÿíñêàòà êóëòóðà (VI–VII â.), ñëàâÿíñêîòî çàñåëâàíå íà Áàëêàíèòå, íà÷àëîòî íà Äóíàâñêà Áúëãàðèÿ, îñíîâàâàíåòî è ðàííàòà èñòîðèÿ íà âîåâîäñòâàòà Âëàøêî è Ìîëäîâà, îòâúääóíàâñêèòå çåìè íà Ïúðâîòî áúëãàðñêî öàðñòâî, èñòîðè÷åñêà ãåîãðàôèÿ.

Êíèãàòà ÏÐÀÑËÀÂßÍÑÊÈÒÅ ÏËÅÌÅÍÀ ñúäúðæà ïúðâàòà ÷àñò îò èçñëåäâàíå, ïðåäëàãàùî äðóã ïîãëåä âúðõó ïðîáëåìèòå çà ïðîèçõîäà íà ñëàâÿíèòå è ñúäáàòà íà òðàêèéñêèÿ åòíîñ. Ñïîðåä òåçàòà íà àâòîðà ðèìñêàòà åêñïàíçèÿ â áàëêàíî-äóíàâñêèòå çåìè å ïðåäèçâèêàëà èçñåëâàíå íà ÷àñò îò òðàêèéñêîòî íàñåëåíèå íà ñåâåð. Ïðåñåëíèöèòå íàìåðèëè íîâè îáèòàëèùà â çåìèòå ìåæäó Ñåâåðíèòå Êàðïàòè è Áàëòèéñêî ìîðå, ìåæäóðå÷èåòî Äíåñòúð – Äíåïúð è äîëèíàòà íà Òèñà. Òàêà ñå ñúçäàëè òðè ïðàñëàâÿíñêè ïëåìåííè ãðóïèðîâêè – ÂÀÍÒÈ (ÂÅÍÅÄÈ), ÀÍÒÈ è ÃÀÍÒÈ. Ïðåç VI â. çàïàäíàòà ãðóïèðîâêà ïîëó÷èëà íîâî íàçâàíèå ÑÊËÀÂÈÍÈ, êîåòî ñå íàëîæèëî êàòî îáù åòíîíèì çà òðèòå êëîíà. Òàêà â èçñëåäâàíåòî å ïîêàçàíî, ÷å ñëàâÿíèòå ñà ïîòîìöè íà òðàêèéñêèòå èçñåëíèöè îò áàëêàíî-äóíàâñêèòå çåìè. Îòõâúðëåíà å îáùîïðèåòàòà äíåñ òåçà çà ïðèêàðïàòñêà ïðàðîäèíà íà ñëàâÿíèòå. Àâòîðúò èçïîëçâà íàçâàíèåòî ïðàñëàâÿíè çà ïåðèîäà äî êðàÿ íà V â. è ñ íåãî ñà îçíà÷åíè òðàêèòå ïî äâàòà áðÿãà íà Äóíàâ. Ïðîñëåäÿâà ñå ôîðìèðàíåòî íà ïðàñëàâÿíñêèòå (òðàêèéñêè) ïëåìåíà è ïðåñåëåíèåòî ïðè ðèìñêîòî çàâëàäÿâàíå.

Íà êîðèöàòà: Äåêåáàë (êúì 87–106 ã.) – ïîñëåäíèÿò äàêèéñêè öàð, ñëîæèë êðàé íà æèâîòà ñè, çà äà íå ïîïàäíå â ðèìñêè ïëåí (Òðàÿíîâà êîëîíà).

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