Prosedur - Onshore Pipeline Risk Assesment.pdf

Prosedur Pipeline Onshore Onshore Pipeline Risk Assessment Procedure

1.

LINGKUP

Prosedur ini menguraikan sistematis kerangka penilaian risiko pipeline dan menyediakan cara untuk meningkatkan keamanan sistem pipeline. Program manajemen integritas menyediakan informasi bagi operator untuk secara efektif mengalokasikan sumber daya yang tepat untuk pencegahan, deteksi, dan kegiatan mitigasi yang menghasilkan peningkatan keselamatan dan pengurangan kecelakaan. Penilaian risiko mencakup sistem pipa darat, seperti flowline, jalur transmisi, jalur layanan, dan jalur distribusi, baik untuk jaringan pipa minyak dan gas.

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1.

SCOPE

This procedure outline a systematic pipeline risk assessment framework and provide the means to improve the safety of pipeline systems. The integrity management program provide information for operator to effectively allocate resources for appropriate prevention, detection, and mitigation activities that results in improved safety and reduction of accidents. The risk assessment cover onshore pipeline systems, such as flowlines, transmission lines, service lines, and distribution lines, for both oil and gas pipelines.

Pada transportasi gas menggunakan ASME B31.8 meliputi desain, fabrikasi, instalasi, inspeksi, dan pengujian fasilitas pipa Sedangkan ASME B31.4 meliputi desain, bahan, konstruksi, perakitan, inspeksi, dan pengujian pada pipa transportasi cairan seperti minyak mentah, kondensat, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia , dan produk petroleum cair.

ASME B31.8 covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. While ASME B31.4 covers the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia, and liquid petroleum products.

2.

2.

TUJUAN

PURPOSE

Penilaian risiko pipeline memiliki tujuan sebagai berikut:

Pipeline risk objectives:

- Prioritas pipeline / segmen untuk penjadwalan penilaian integritas dan tindakan mitigasi - Penilaian terhadap manfaat yang diperoleh dari tindakan mitigasi - Penentuan langkah-langkah mitigasi yang paling efektif untuk mengidentifikasi ancaman. - Penilaian pada dampak integritas dari perubahan interval inspeksi. - Penilaian terhadap penggunaan atau kebutuhan metodologi pemeriksaan alternative. - Alokasi sumber daya yang lebih efektif

- Prioritization of pipelines/segments for scheduling integrity assessments and mitigating action - Assessment of the benefits derived from mitigating action - Determination of the most effective mitigation measures for the identified threats - Assessment of the integrity impact from modified inspection intervals - Assessment of the use of or need for alternative inspection methodologies - More effective resource allocation

assessment

has

the

following

Penilaian risiko memberikan ukuran terhadap Risk assessment provides a measure that evaluates evaluasi baik dampak potensial dari jenis kejadian both the potential impact of different incident types yang berbeda dan kemungkinan terhadap peristiwa and the likelihood that such events may occur.. yang dapat terjadi.

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3. TANGGUNG JAWAB

3.

- Engineer Pipa Penyalur bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaan penilaian risiko pipa penyalur.

- Pipeline Engineer responsible to perform the pipeline risk assessment

- Senior engineer bertanggung jawab atas kualitas dan kesesuaian pekerjaan dengan Order yang diberikan.

-

4. DEFINISI Pipa penyalur darat adalah pipa minyak atau gas bumi yang meliputi pipa alir sumur, pipa transmisi, pipa induk dan pipa servis yang dioperasikan didarat 5.

INSTRUKSI

RESPONSIBILITES

Senior engineer responsible for quality of work and complian to work orders.

4. DEFINITION Onshore pipeline is an oil or gas pipelines including flowline, transmission pipelines, mainline and service lines 5.

INSTRUCTIONS

5.1 Pengumpulan dan Peninjauan Data

5.1 Data Collection and Review

Langkah pertama dalam pengumpulan data adalah mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber data yang diperlukan untuk penilaian risiko pipeline. Sumbersumber dapat dibagi menjadi lima kelas yang berbeda.

The first step in gathering data is to identify the sources of data needed for pipeline risk assessment. These sources can be divided into five different classes.

Desain, Material, dan Data Konstruksi -

Segmen Pipa Rute Pipeline Diameter pipa Ketebalan pipa Material pipa Tekanan disain dan operasi Tanggal konstruksi atau umur Tipe dan kondisi coating Tipe dan kondisi katodik proteksi Lokasi valve Relief devices Tipe tanah

Right-of-Way Data -

Lebar right-of-ways Kedalaman penguburan Kondisi hak-caraFrekuensi dan jenis patroli Perambahan cek dan mitigasi Pipa spidol dan signage Deskripsi penggunaan lahan: pedesaan, perkotaan, pertanian, industri - Highway dan perlintasan kereta api: casing,

Design, Material, and Construction Data -

Pipeline segment Pipeline route Pipe diameter Pipe wall thickness Pipe material, grade Design and operating pressures Construction date or age Coating type and condition Cathodic Protection type and condition Valve locations Relief devices Soil type

Right-of-Way Data -

Width of right-of-ways Depth of burial Condition of right-of-way Frequency and type of patrolling Encroachment check and mitigation Pipeline markers and signage Description of land use: rural, urban, farm, industrial - Highway and railroad crossings : cased, uncased Halaman 4 | 44


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uncased Sungai danau dan penyeberangan Pipa dan penyeberangan utilitas lain, berbagi kanan dari arah koridor Publik kesadaran pipa Pipa paparan laporan

Data Operasi, Inspeksi Perawatan dan Perbaikan -

Hasil inspeksi in-line (ILI) Hasil penilaian anomali ILI Data tekanan pengujian hidrostatis SCADA dan deteksi kebocoran Rencana tanggap darurat, bor dan pelatihan Tumpahan rencana pengelolaan Kualifikasi operator dan rencana pelatihan Tekanan isi line atau servise Tekanan siklus dan profil tekanan Suhu operasi Pembacaan pipe to soil Close interval survey Inspeksi Coating Pemeriksaan katodik proteksi Inspeksi kedalaman pemakaman Re-route, pergantian section Cara perlindungan pipeline di sungai, sungai, danau dan air - Perlindungan dan pemantauan pipeline di tanah yang tidak stabil

Bagian-bagian pipeline di area sensitive: -

Dekat dengan air minum: dalam 100m Dekat dengan daerah berpenduduk Dekat dengan peternakan Dekat dengan taman dan hutan Dekat dengan tambak

Sejarah insiden kebocoran - Lokasi - Penyebab dan akar penyebab kegagalan - Konsekuensi - Tindakan perbaikan - Sejarah perbaikan - Encroachment history

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- River, creek and lake crossings - Pipeline and other utility crossings, sharing rightof-way corridor - Public awareness of pipeline - Pipeline exposure reports

Operation, Maintenance Inspection and Repair Data -

In-line inspection (ILI) results Results of ILI anomaly assessment Hydrostatic pressure testing data SCADA and leak detection Emergency response plan, drill and training Spill management plan Operators qualification and training plan Line pressure content or service Pressure cycles and pressure profile Operating temperature Pipe to soil readings Close interval survey Coating inspection Cathodic protection inspection Depth of burial inspection Re-route, replace sections Pipeline protection in river, creek, lakes and water ways - Pipeline protection and monitoring in unstable ground

Portions of Pipeline at Sensitive Areas: -

Proximity to drinking water: within 100m Proximity to populated areas Proximity to farms Proximity to parks and forests Proximity to commercial fishing waters

Past history of incidents, leaks - Location - Failure causes and root causes - Consequences - Remedial action - Repair history - Encroachment history

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5.2 Pemeriksaan Lapangan

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5.2 Field Inspections

Pemeriksaan lapangan dilakukan apabila diperlukan, Field inspection carried out if necessary, these can pemeriksaan tersebut meliputi: include: - Pembacaan Kathodik Proteksi (Instruksi Kerja I- - Cathodoc Protection Reading (Work Instruction I302) 302) - Pengukuran Ketebalan (Instruksi Kerja I-303) - Thickness Measurement (Work Instruction I-303) - Survey ROW (Instruksi Kerja I-304) - ROW Survey (Work Instruction I-304) 5.3 Segmentasi

5.3 Segmentation

Pipeline tidak memiliki potensi bahaya yang konstan sepanjang pipeline. Kondisi di sepanjang rute pipeline berubah, demikian juga gambar risiko. Karena gambar risiko tidak konstan, lebih efisien menilai pipeline pada bagian yang lebih pendek. Setiap bagian akan memiliki hasil penilaian risiko sendiri. Memutus garis menjadi beberapa bagian pendek meningkatkan akurasi penilaian untuk setiap bagian

Pipeline does not have a constant hazard potential over its entire length. As conditions along the line’s route change, so does the risk picture. Because the risk picture is not constant, it is efficient to assess pipeline in shorter sections. Each section will have its own risk assessment results. Breaking the line into many short sections increases the accuracy of the assessment for each section.

5.4 Penilaian Resiko 5.4.1 Gambaran Umum

5.4 Risk Assessment 5.4.1 Overview

Risiko paling sering didefinisikan sebagai probabilitas dari suatu peristiwa yang menyebabkan kerugian dan besarnya potensi kerugian itu. Dengan definisi ini, risiko meningkat ketika salah satu kemungkinan meningkat atau ketika potensi kerugian (konsekuensi) meningkat. Transportasi produk-produk dengan menggunakan pipa berisiko karena ada beberapa kemungkinan pipa gagal, melepaskan isinya (bocor), dan menyebabkan kerusakan (di samping potensi kerugian dari produk itu sendiri).

Risk is most commonly defined as the probability of an event that causes a loss and the potential magnitude of that loss. By this definition, risk is increased when either the probability of the event increases or when the magnitude of the potential loss (the consequences of the event) increases. Transportation of products by pipeline is a risk because there is some probability of the pipeline failing, releasing its contents, and causing damage (in addition to the potential loss of the product itself).

Definisi yang paling umum dari risiko sering The most commonly accepted definition of risk is dinyatakan sebagai hubungan matematis: often expressed as a mathematical relationship: Risk = (Peluang) x (Konsekuensi)

Risk = likelihood x consequence

Risiko sering dinyatakan dalam jumlah yang terukur A risk is often expressed in measurable quantities seperti frekuensi kematian, cedera, atau kerugian such as the expected frequency of fatalities, injuries, ekonomi. or economic loss.

5.4.2 Model Risiko

5.4.2

Penyajian risiko dalam bentuk matriks adalah cara yang efektif menunjukkan pembagian risiko dengan komponen yang berbeda tanpa nilai numerik. Pada

Presenting the results in a risk matrix is an effective way of showing the distribution of risks for different

Risk Model

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matriks risiko, katagori konsekuensi dan probabilitas tersebut diatur sedemikian sehingga komponen risiko tertinggi berada di pojok kanan atas. Kategori risiko (Tinggi, Sedang dan Rendah) dapat dilihat pada kotak-kotak dalam matriks risiko.

components in a process unit without numerical values. In the risk matrix, the consequence and probability categories are arranged such that the highest risk components are toward the upper righthand corner. Risk categories (i.e. High, Medium, and Low) are assigned to the boxes on the risk matrix.

LIKELIHOOD

Gambar 5.1 menunjukkan matriks risiko yang Figure 5.1 shows Risk matrix which is used for digunakan untuk menentukan risiko pipeline. determining and plotting pipeline related risk .

Likely Unlikely Very Unlikely Rare Remote

5 4 3 2 1 Low

10 8 6 4 2 Minor

15 20 12 16 9 12 6 8 3 4 Medium Significant CONSEQUENCE

Low

Medium Risk

25 20 15 10 5 Catastrophic

High

Figure 5.1 Risk Matrix 5.4.3

Probability Of Failure

5.4.3

Probability Of Failure

a. Kerusakan Pihak Ketiga

a. Third Party Damage

Kedalaman dari Penutup

Depth of Cover

Kedalaman minimum penutup adalah jarak tanah, atau penutup setara pipa yang berfungsi untuk melindungi pipa dari pihak ketiga kegiatan. Poin harus dinilai berdasarkan lokasi dangkal dalam bagian yang dievaluasi. Evaluator harus merasa yakin bahwa kedalaman data tutupan adalah lancar dan akurat, jika tidak, titik penilaian harus mencerminkan ketidakpastian.

The minimum depth of cover is the amount of earth, or equivalent cover, over the pipeline that serves to protect the pipe from third-party activities. Points should be assessed based on the shallowest location within the section being evaluated. The evaluator should feel confident that the depth of cover data are current and accurate; otherwise, the point assessments should reflect the uncertainty.

Penguburan pita-peringatan dari bahan yang sangat terlihat dengan peringatan jelas tercetak di atasnyadapat membantu untuk mencegah kerusakan pada pipa

Burial of a warning tape-a highly visible strip of material with warnings clearly printed on it-may help to avert damage to a pipeline

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Criteria Above 1 m, with additional concrete slab Above 1 m, with additional warning tape 1 m and above Less than 1 m, or unknown Not buried

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Activity Level

Activity Level

Dalam analisis potensi kerusakan oleh pihak ketiga, sangat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat aktivitas area dekat pipeline. Hal ini secara jelas bahwa aktivitas menggali meningkatkan kesempatan untuk terkena pipa. Penggalian sering terjadi dalam instalasi sistem utilitas seperti kabel listrik, kabel telepon, pipa air bersih, pipa gas.

In analysis of third-party damage potential, the area of opportunity is strongly affected by the level of activity near the pipeline. It is intuitively apparent that more digging activity near the line increases the opportunity for a line strike. Excavation occurs frequently in installation of utilities systems such as electricity cables, telephone cables, fresh water pipe, gas pipelines.

Adanya utilitas penguburan secara logis mengarah ke aktivitas penggalian lebih sering sebagai sistem The presence of other buried utilities logically leads to more frequent digging activity as these systems perbaikan, pemeliharaan dan pemeriksaan. are repaired maintained and inspected.

Criteria

Score

None: remote area, no chance of any digging, or other harmful thirdparty activities near the line Low: location class 1, rural, low population density, less digigng or construction activities Medium: location class 2, medium population density, few digging or construction activities High: location class 3, residential/industrial areas, high digging or construction activities Very High: location class 4, multistorey buildings with underground utilities, heavy and dense traffics

1 2 3 4 5

Fasilitas diatas tanah

Aboveground Facilities

Fasilitas diatas tanah sangat rentan terhadap gangguan oleh pihak ketiga. Komponen pipa ditas tanah memiliki tipe yang berbeda dari kerusakan oleh pihak ketiga yang terexpose dibandingkan dengan bagian dikubur. Termasuk dalam jenis ancaman benturan kendaraan dan pengrusakan

This is a measure of the susceptibility of aboveground facilities to third-party disturbance. Aboveground pipeline components have a different type of third-party damage exposure compared to the buried sections. Included in this type of exposure are the threats of vehicular collision and vandalism Halaman 8 | 44


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Criteria

Score

No aboveground facilities

1

Aboveground facilities inside fences / plant area, with warning signs (i.e. hazards, no trespassing)

2

Aboveground facilties > 15 m from roads, and separated by structures

3

Aboveground facilties, near roads, separated by tress, wall, other structures, or ditch

4

Aboveground facilties near roads and/or easy to reach by public.

5

Line Locating

Line Locating

Program dan prosedur proses identifikasi lokasi pipeline yang tepat pada pipa yang terkubur agar pihak ketiga menggali dengan aman untuk menghindari pihak ketiga kerusakan.

A line locating program or procedure-the process of identifying the exact location of a buried pipeline in order for third parties to safely excavate nearby-is central to avoiding third-party damages.

Beberapa metode yang umum digunakan untuk Some methods common used for detecting buried mendeteksi lokasi pipa yang terkubur sebagai berikut. pipeline locations were as follow.

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Kondisi Right-of-Way

Right-of-Way Conditions

Pengukuran item ini kemampuan mengenali dan memeriksa pada koridor pipeline. Sebuah ROW, ditandai dengan jelas mudah dikenali mengurangi kerentanan gangguan pihak ketiga dan membantu dalam deteksi kebocoran (kemudahan spotting uap atau tumbuhan mati pada tanah atau patroli udara).

This item is a measure of the recognizability and inspectability of the pipeline corridor. A clearly marked, easily recognized ROW reduces the susceptibility of third-party intrusions and aids in leak detection (ease of spotting vapors or dead vegetations from ground or air patrols).

Pilih skor nilai yang sesuai dengan deskripsi terdekat Select the score values corresponding to the closest dari kondisi ROW yang diamati sebenarnya di bagian description of the actual ROW conditions observed in bawah. the section below.

Criteria Score Excellent: clear ROW, signs and markers visible at road, railroads, ditches, water crossings, all changes of direction are marked. 1 Good: clear ROW, well marked, no overgrown vegetations. 2 Average: ROW not uniformly clear, more markers are needed for better identification. 3 Below average: ROW are overgrown by vegetation at some area, poorly marked. 4 Poor: No or indistinguishable pipeline ROW, no markers present. 5

Patroli

Patrol

Patroli pipeline adalah metode yang terbukti efektif mengurangi gangguan pihak ketiga. Frekuensi dan efektivitas patroli harus dipertimbangkan dalam penilaian jumlah patroli.

Patrolling the pipeline is a proven effective method of reducing third-party intrusions. The frequency and effectiveness of the patrol should be considered in assessing the patrol value.

Pengamatan dilaporkan harus mencakup sebagai Reportable berikut: following: - Gerakan tanah: tanah longsor, ambles, erosi - Kegiatan konstruksi, baik di dekatnya dan cenderung bergerak - Gangguan-gangguan: bangunan, perubahan lansekap, taman - Penggandaan kegiatan ROW: kendaraan off-road, sepeda motor - Marker hilang, - Penanaman pohon, taman - Perubahan pihak ketiga pada lereng atau drainase.

observations

should

include

the

- Land movements: landslides, subsidence, bank erosion - Construction activity, both nearby and likely to move - Encroachments: buildings, landscaping changes, gardens - Unauthorized activities on ROW: off-road vehicles, motorcycles - Missing markers, signs - Plantings of trees, gardens - Third-party changes to slope or drainage.

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Criteria

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Daily patrol. Weekly patrol. Monthly patrol. Quarterly patrol. Annual patrol.

Penyuluhan Masyarakat

Public Education

Program penyuluhan masyarakat adalah peranan penting dalam mengurangi kerusakan pipeline oleh pihak ketiga. Kebanyakan kerusakan oleh pihak ketiga dikarenakan oleh ketidak sengajaan dan ketidak tahuan. Ketidak tahuan ini tidak hanya pada lokasi pipeline yang terkubur, tetapi juga ketidak tahuan indikasi adanya pipa diatas tanah dan pipa secara umum.

Public education programs are thought to play a significant role in reducing third-party damage to pipelines. Most third-party damage is unintentional and due to ignorance. This is ignorance not only of the buried pipeline's exact location, but also ignorance of the aboveground indications of the pipeline's presence and of pipelines in general.

A pipeline company committed to educating the Perusahaan pemilik pipeline berkomitmen untuk community on pipeline matters will almost assuredly melakukan penyuluhan pada masyarakat mengenai reduce its exposure to third-party damage. masalah pipeline, yang akan secara pasti mengurangi dampak kerusakan oleh pihak ketiga.

Criteria Regular education programs for community nearby, officials, contractors / excavators Regular education programs for community nearby. Door to door contact with adjacent residences. Reading materials (i.e pipeline safety brochures) for community nearby.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

None

b. Korosi

b. Corrosion

Potensi kegagalan pada pipeline disebabkan oleh korosi merupkan bahaya ya ng paling familiar yang berhubungan dengan pipeline baja. Korosi, seperti yang digunakan dalam prosedur ini, fokus utama pada berkurangnya logam pipa. Korosi merupakan perhatian lebih karena kehilangan ketebalan dinding pipa selalu berarti pengurangan integritas struktural dan meningkatnya risiko kegagalan. Korosi Atmosfir

The potential for pipeline failure caused by corrosion is perhaps the most familiar hazard associated with steel pipelines. Corrosion, as it is used in this procedure, focuses mainly on a loss of metal from pipe. Corrosion is of concern because any loss of pipe wall thickness invariably means a reduction of structural integrity and hence an increase in risk of failure. Atmospheric Corrosion

Korosi Atmosfer pada dasarnya adalah perubahan Atmospheric corrosion is basically a chemical Halaman 11 | 44


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kimia pada material pipa yang dihasilkan dari interaksi materi dengan atmosfer. Paling umum interaksi ini disebabkan oksidasi logam. Untuk menilai potensi korosi di sini, evaluator harus melihat item seperti fasilitas yang rentan, jenis atmosfer, dan pengecatan / kondisi lapisan.

change in the pipe material resulting from the material's interaction with the atmosphere. Most commonly this interaction causes the oxidation of metal. To assess the potential for corrosion here, the evaluator must look at items such as susceptible facilities, atmospheric type, and painting/coating conditions.

Evaluator harus menentukan risiko terbesar dari korosi atmosferik dengan terlebih dahulu mengetahui The evaluator must determine the greatest risk from lokasi bagian dari kondisi pipa terekspose atmosfer atmospheric corrosion by first locating the portions of the pipeline that are exposed to the most severe yang paling parah. atmospheric conditions. Udara / air interface - juga dikenal sebagai zona splash, dimana pipa bergantian terkena air dan udara, Air/water interface - also known as a splash zone, mekanisme bekerja di sini biasanya konsentrasi where the pipe is alternately exposed to water and oksigen sel. Perbedaan konsentrasi oksigen air, the mechanism at work here is usually oxygen mengatur daerah anodik dan katodik pada logam. concentration cells. Differences in oxygen Dalam skenario ini, mekanisme korosi ditingkatkan concentration set up anodic and cathodic regions on sebagai oksigen baru yang terus dibawa ke daerah the metal. Under this scenario, the corrosion korosi dan karat yang terbawa. mechanism is enhanced as fresh oxygen is continuously brought to the corroding area and rust Ground/udara interface - tanah ke interface udara is carried away. dapat menjadi berat dari sudut pandang korosi. Ini adalah titik di mana pipa masuk dan keluar dari tanah Ground/air interface - the ground to air interface can (atau berbaring di tanah). Kekerasan ini disebabkan be harsh from a corrosion standpoint. This is the sebagian oleh potensi kelembaban perangkap point at which the pipe enters and leaves the ground terhadap pipa (menciptakan interface air / udara). (or is lying on the ground). The harshness is caused Gerakan tanah karena adanya perubahan kadar air, in part by the potential for trapping moisture against pembekuan, dll, juga dapat merusak lapisan pipa, the pipe (creating a water/air interface). Soil mengekspos logam telanjang untuk elektrolit. movements due to changing moisture content, freezing, etc., can also damage pipe coating, Isolasi - pipa atas tanah untuk menangkap air yang exposing bare metal to the electrolyte. menerpa dinding pipa, yang memungkinkan korosi untuk melanjutkan terdeteksi. Jika kelembaban Insulation - aboveground pipe is notorious for secara berkala diganti dengan air tawar, pasokan trapping moisture against the pipe wall, allowing corrosion to proceed undetected. If the moisture is oksigen segar dan mendukung korosi. periodically replaced with freshwater, the oxygen supply is refreshed and corrosion is promoted.

Atmospheric Exposure Criteria Not applicable. Air, low humidity area. Marine, swamp, coastal, high humidity area. Air to water / soil interface, insulation. Chemical, corrosive environment. Coating conditions

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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Criteria Excellent: high quality coating suitable for its environment, new condition or recently repair; or not required. Good: high quality coating, in good condition, less than 10% damage. Fair: adequate coating, fair condition, less than 30% damage. Poor: coating in-place, more than 30% damage Absent: no coating

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Internal Corrosion

Internal Corrosion

Internal korosi adalah pengurangan dinding pipa atau kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh reaksi antara dinding pipa dalam dan produk yang diangkut. Aktivitas korosif seperti itu tidak hasil dari produk yang diangkut melainkan hasil dari pengotor dalam aliran produk.

Internal corrosion is pipe wall loss or damage caused by a reaction between the inside pipe wall and the product being transported. Such corrosive activity may not be the result of the product intended to be transported but rather a result of an impurity in the product stream.

Gas alam (metana) tidak akan membahayakan baja, tapi air asin dan kotoran lainnya pasti bisa mendukung korosi. Zat pendukung korosi kadangkadang ditemukan dalam gas alam termasuk CO, klorida, H2S, asam organik, oksigen, air gratis, padatan atau presipitat, atau belerang-bantalan senyawa.

The natural gas (methane) will not harm steel, but saltwater and other impurities can certainly promote corrosion. Other corrosion-promoting substances sometimes found in natural gas include CO, chlorides, H2S, organic acids, oxygen, free water, solids or precipitates, or sulfur-bearing compounds.

Mikroorganisme secara tidak langsung dapat mendukung korosi juga harus dipertimbangkan di sini. Sulfat-mengurangi bakteri anaerobik dan bakteri penghasil asam kadang-kadang ditemukan dalam minyak dan pipa gas. Mereka masing-masing menghasilkan H2S dan asam asetat, yang keduanya dapat medukung korosi.

Microorganisms that can indirectly promote corrosion should also be considered here. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic acid-producing bacteria are sometimes found in oil and gas pipelines. They produce H2S and acetic acid, respectively, both of which can promote corrosion. Some of the same measures used to prevent internal corrosion, such as internal coating, are used not only to protect the pipe, but also to protect the product from impurities that may be produced by corrosion. Jet fuels and high-purity chemicals are examples of pipeline products that are often carefully protected from such contaminants.

Beberapa langkah yang sama digunakan untuk mencegah korosi internal, seperti lapisan internal, digunakan tidak hanya untuk melindungi pipa, tetapi juga untuk melindungi produk dari kotoran yang dihasilkan oleh korosi. Jet bahan bakar dan tinggi kemurnian bahan kimia adalah contoh dari produk pipa yang hati-hati dilindungi dari kontaminan tersebut. Product Corrosivity Product Corrosivity Penilaian ini terhadap relatif agresivitas dari isi pipa This is an assessment of the relative aggressiveness yang kontak langsung dengan dinding pipa. Ancaman of the pipeline contents that are in immediate contact terbesar ada dalam sistem di mana produk tersebut with the pipe wall. The greatest threat exists in tetap bertentangan dengan material pipa. Ancaman systems where the product is inherently incompatible lain muncul ketika kotoran korosif secara rutin bisa with the pipe material. Another threat arises when corrosive impurities can routinely get into the masuk ke produk. Halaman 13 | 44


Karakteristik aliran normal harus mewakili ukuran dari korosivitas produk diangkut dalam pipa. Langkah ini menilai potensi korosi dari kontak normal antara produk mengalir dan dinding pipa, berdasarkan spesifikasi produk dan / atau karakteristik analisis produk. Karakteristik aliran dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori utama: air terkait dan padatan terkait - untuk tujuan mengevaluasi korosivitas.

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product.

The normal flow stream characteristics should represent a measure of the corrosivity of the products transported in the pipeline. This measure assesses corrosion potential from normal contact between flowing product and the pipe wall, based on product specifications and/or product analyses.The flow stream characteristics can be divided into two Kontaminasi air terkait, seperti: kadar air, oksigen, main categories: water related and solids related - for PH, H2S, suhu, klorida. Kontaminasi padatan terkait, purposes of evaluating corrosivity. seperti MIC, padatan tersuspensi (potensi erosi), Water-related contaminations, such as: water sulfat, karbonat. content, oxygen, PH, H2S, temperature, chlorides. Solids related contaminations, such as MIC, suspended solids (erosion potential), sulfates, carbonates.

Criteria Low corrosion: reasonable material selected for tranport products, normally product is not corrosive, low corrosion rate. Medium corrosion: damage of pipeline is possible but in slower rate, low percentage of acidic products, medium corrosion rate. High corrosion: rapid corrosion is possible, material selected incompatible with products, high percentage of H2S, CO2 and other acidic products, high corrosion rate.

Score 1 3 5

Internal Corrosion Prevention

Internal Corrosion Prevention

Internal monitoring

Internal monitoring

Biasanya, hal ini dilakukan salah satu dari dua cara: 1) oleh penyelidikan elektronik yang terus menerus dapat mengirimkan pengukuran yang menunjukkan potensi korosi atau 2) dengan kupon yang benarbenar berkarat dengan adanya produk mengalir dan dikeluarkan dan diukur secara berkala.

Normally, this is done in either of two ways: 1) by an electronic probe that can continuously transmit measurements that indicate a corrosion potential or 2) by a coupon that actually corrodes in the presence of the flowing product and is removed and measured periodically.

Inhibitor injection

Inhibitor injection

Ketika mekanisme korosi dipahami sepenuhnya, bahan kimia tertentu dapat disuntikkan ke dalam aliran produk yang mengalir untuk mengurangi atau menghambat reaksi. Karena oksigen merupakan bahan korosi utama dari baja, sebuah "oksigen scavenging" kimia dapat menggabungkan dengan oksigen dalam produk tersebut untuk mencegah oksigen bereaksi dengan dinding pipa. Sejenis yang

When the corrosion mechanism is fully understood, certain chemicals can be injected into the flowing product stream to reduce or inhibit the reaction. Because oxygen is a chief corroding agent of steel, an “oxygen-scavenging” chemical can combine with the oxygen in the product to prevent this oxygen from reacting with the pipe wall. A more common kind of chemical inhibitor forms a protective barrier between Halaman 14 | 44


P-219 Rev. 1

lebih umum dari inhibitor kimia membentuk the steel and the product - a coating, in effect. penghalang pelindung antara baja dan produk lapisan, berlaku. Inhibitor ini diterapkan kembali secara berkala atau terus-menerus disuntikkan untuk menggantikan inhibitor yang diserap atau tergeser oleh aliran produk. Dalam kasus di mana aktivitas mikroorganisme adalah masalah, biocides dapat ditambahkan ke inhibitor.

Inhibitor is reapplied periodically or continuously injected to replace the inhibitor that is absorbed or displaced by the product stream. In cases where microorganism activity is a problem, biocides can be added to the inhibitor.

Sebuah program pigging mungkin diperlukan untuk melengkapi injeksi inhibitor. Pigging akan dirancang untuk menghapus cairan bebas atau penutup koloni bakteri pelindung, yang dapat saja mengganggu inhibitor atau kinerja biosida.

A pigging program may be necessary to supplement inhibitor injection. The pigging would be designed to remove free liquids or bacteria colony protective coverings, which might otherwise interfere with inhibitor or biocide performance.

Internal coating

Internal coating

Lapisan internal dapat mengambil beberapa bentuk termasuk aplikasi semprot dari plastik, mortir, atau beton serta penyisipan liners untuk jaringan pipa yang ada. Teknologi material baru memungkinkan untuk pembuatan pipa "berlapis". Ini biasanya sebuah pipa baja luar yang diisolasi dari produk berpotensi merusak dengan bahan yang kompatibel dengan produk yang diangkut. Plastik, karet, atau keramik adalah bahan pengisolasi umum. Mereka dapat diinstal selama fabrikasi pipa awal, selama konstruksi pipa atau kadang-kadang material dapat ditambahkan ke pipa yang ada.

Internal coating can take several forms including spray-on applications of plastics, mortar, or concrete as well as insertion liners for existing pipelines. New materials technology allows for the creation of “lined” pipe. This is usually a steel outer pipe that is isolated from a potentially damaging product by a material that is compatible with the product being transported. Plastics, rubbers, or ceramics are common isolating materials. They can be installed during initial pipe fabrication, during pipeline construction or sometimes the material can be added to an existing pipeline.

Criteria Not needed Internal coating Inhibitor injection Internal corrosion monitoring None

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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P-219 Rev. 1

Subsurface Corrosion

Subsurface Corrosion

Soil Corrosivity

Soil Corrosivity

Karena sistem pelapisan selalu dianggap penghalang yang tidak sempurna, tanah selalu diasumsikan bersentuhan dengan dinding pipa di beberapa titik. Korosivitas tanah sering sebagai ukuran kualitatif seberapa baik tanah dapat bertindak sebagai elektrolit untuk mendorong korosi galvanik pada pipa.

Because a coating system is always considered to he an imperfect barrier, the soil is always assumed to he in contact with the pipe wall at some points. Soil corrosivity is often a qualitative measure of how well the soil can act as an electrolyte to promote galvanic corrosion on the pipe.

Resistivitas tanah atau konduktivitas adalah fungsi dari variabel yang saling tergantung seperti kadar air, porositas. temperatur, konsentrasi ion, dan jenis tanah.

Soil resistivity or conductivity is a function of interdependent variables such as moisture content, porosity. temperature, ion concentrations, and soil type.

Criteria

Score

Relatively less corrosive (≥25000) Mildly corrosive (10000 - 25000) Moderately corrosive (10000 - 5000) Corrosive (2000 - 5000) Very corrosive (0 - 2000)

1 2 3 4 5

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Setiap segmen harus dinilai untuk kemungkinan ancaman risiko SCC jika termasuk semua kriteria berikut:

Each segment should be assessed for risk for the possible threat of SCC if all of the following criteria are present:

(a) Operating stress level > 60% SMYS

(a) Operating stress level > 60% SMYS

(b) Umur dari pipa> 10 tahun

(b) Age of pipe >10 yr

(c) Semua sistem pelapisan korosi selain plant applied or field applied fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) or liquid epoxy

(c) All corrosion coating systems other than plant applied or field applied fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) or liquid epoxy

Setiap segmen harus dinilai untuk kemungkinan ancaman risiko SCC pH tinggi jika memenuhi kriteria di atas dan semua kriteria berikut:

Each segment should be assessed for risk for the possible threat of high pH SCC if the above criteria are present and all of the following criteria are present:

(a) suhu operasi> 100 °F (38 °C) (b) jarak dari stasiun kompresor ≤ 20 mil (32 km) Jika kondisi untuk SCC ada (yaitu, memenuhi kriteria di atas), pemeriksaan tertulis, pengujian, dan rencana evaluasi harus disiapkan. Jika pipa mengalami kebocoran di-service atau pecah

(a) operating temperature >100°F (38°C) (b) distance from compressor station ≤20 miles (32 km) If conditions for SCC are present (i.e., meet the criteria above), a written inspection, examination,

Halaman 16 | 44


yang dikaitkan dengan SCC, segmen tertentu harus dikenakan tes hidrostatik dalam 12 bulan.

Metode yang direkomendasikan untuk pemeriksaan SCC adalah bell hole inspection, in-line inspection (intelligent pigging) dan hydrotest. Indikasi terjadinya SCC ditemukan selama inspeksi, harus ditangani dengan menggunakan pedoman dalam tabel berikut yang menunjukkan kriteria keparahan dari SCC.

P-219 Rev. 1

and evaluation plan shall be prepared. If the pipeline experiences an in-service leak or rupture that is attributed to SCC, the particular segment shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test within 12 months. Recommended methods for SCC inspection are bell hole inspection, in-line inspection (intelligent pigging) and hydrotest. Any indications of SCC found during inspection, shall be addressed using guidance in the following table shows the severity criteria of SCC.

Criteria SCC not possible, or SCC with severity category 0 SCC very unlikely, or SCC with severity category 1 SCC unlikely, or SCC with severity category 2 SCC likely, or SCC with severity category 3 SCC very likely, or SCC with severity category 4

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Cathodic Protection

Cathodic Protection

Kehadiran arus pelindung yang memadai biasanya ditentukan oleh pengukuran perbedaan (potensi) tegangan antara logam pipa dan elektrolit. Dengan beberapa praktek umum dan persyaratan standar, potensi pipa-ke-tanah minimal -0.85 volt (-850 milivolt), yang diukur dengan elektroda referensi tembaga-tembaga sulfat, adalah kriteria umum yang menunjukkan perlindungan yang memadai dari korosi.

The presence of adequate protective currents is normally determined by measurement of the voltage (potential) difference between the pipe metal and the electrolyte. By some common practices and standard requirements, a pipe-to-soil potential of at least -0.85 volts (-850 millivolts), as measured by a coppercopper sulfate reference electrode, is the general criterion indicating adequate protection from corrosion.

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Criteria

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Aerial, or no CP required CP installed, providing very good protection (lower than -1,000 mv) CP installed, providing adequate protection (lower than -850 mv) CP installed, but underprotection (higher than -850 mv) No CP installed, broken or missing

CP Potential Interference

CP Potential Interference

Korosi adalah proses elektro-kimia dan metode pencegahan korosi dirancang untuk mengganggu proses itu, seringkali dengan metode listrik seperti proteksi katodik. Namun, metode pencegahan itu sendiri rentan untuk mengalahkan dari efek listrik lainnya. Istilah umum untuk efek ini adalah interference.

Corrosion is an electro-chemical process and corrosion prevention methods are designed to interrupt that process, often with electrical methods like cathodic protection. However, the prevention methods themselves are susceptible to defeat from other electrical effects. The common term for these effects is interference.

Pipa dekat fasilitas transmisi listrik AC terkena ancaman. Baik melalui kesalahan tanah atau proses induksi, pipa dapat menjadi bermuatan listrik. Tidak hanya perubahan potensi bahaya untuk orang yang datang kontak dengan pipa, juga berpotensi berbahaya untuk pipa itu sendiri.

Pipelines near AC power transmission facilities are exposed to a unique threat. Through either a ground fault or an induction process, the pipeline may become electrically charged. Not only is this charge potentially dangerous to people coming into contact with the pipeline, it is also potentially dangerous to the pipeline itself.

Criteria No AC power within 300 m, or very low AC power AC power nearby but preventive measures are taken, or survey confirm no induction occuring AC power nearby but no preventive actions are taken

Score 1 3 5

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Sub-surface coating conditions

Sub-surface coating conditions

Coating harus dapat menahan sejumlah tekanan mekanis dari konstruksi awal, tanah, kerikil, gerakan akar, dan dari perubahan suhu, pipa bergerak melawan tanah disekelilingnya. Lapisan ini akan terus terkena kelembaban tanah dan merusak zat-zat yang terkandung dalam tanah. Selain itu, lapisan memadai harus melayani tujuan utamanya: mengisolasi baja dari elektrolit.

Coating must be able to withstand a certain amount of mechanical stress from initial construction, from subsequent soil, rock, root movements, and from temperature changes as the pipe moves against the adjacent soil. The coating will be continuously exposed to ground moisture and any damaging substances contained in the soil. Additionally, the coating must adequately serve its main purpose: isolating the steel from the electrolyte.

Sistem pelapisan yang umum termasuk: - Cold-applied asphalt mastics - Layered extruded polyethylene - Fusion-bonded epoxy - Coal tar enamel and wrap - Tapes (hot or cold applied).

Typical coating systems include: - Cold-applied asphalt mastics - Layered extruded polyethylene - Fusion-bonded epoxy - Coal tar enamel and wrap - Tapes (hot or cold applied).

Faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan meliputi: - Kerusakan mekanik dari gerakan tanah, batu, akar, kegiatan konstruksi - Disbondment disebabkan oleh generasi hidrogen dari berlebihan arus proteksi katodik - Jenis lapisan yang tidak benar atau aplikasi untuk kondisi operasi pipa dan lingkungan - Air

Factors contributing to failure include: - Mechanical damages from soil movements, rocks, roots, construction activities - Disbondment caused by hydrogen generation from excessive cathodic protection currents - Incorrect coating type or application for the pipeline operating condition and environment - Water penetration

Criteria Excellent: high quality coating suitable for its environment, new condition or recently repair Good: high quality coating, in good condition, less than 10% damage. Fair: adequate coating, fair condition, less than 30% damage. Poor: coating in-place, more than 30% damage Absent: no coating

Sub-surface Coating Surveys

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Sub-surface Coating Surveys

Evaluator harus memuaskan dirinya bahwa operator The evaluator should satisfy himself that the operator memahami teknik ini dan dapat menunjukkan understands the technique and can demonstrate beberapa keberhasilan dalam penggunaannya untuk some success in its use for coating inspection. inspeksi coating. Typical coating faults include cracking, Kesalahan lapisan umum termasuk retak, lubang pinholes,impacts (sharp objects). compressive kecil, dampak (benda tajam). tekan beban (susunan loadings (stacking of coated pipes), disbondment, coating pipa), disbondment, pelunakan atau mengalir, softening or flowing, and general deterioration dan penurunan umum (misalnya degradasi (ultraviolet degradation, for example). ultraviolet). Halaman 19 | 44


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Criteria

Score

Excellent: A formal, thorough inspection is performed. Inspections performed by qualified and experienced personel at appropriate intervals. One or more indirect assesment techniques were used and followed by direct assesment. Good: A formal, thorough inspection is performed. Inspections performed by qualified and experienced personel at appropriate intervals. One or more indirect assesment techniques were used. Fair: Inspections are informal, but performed routinely by qualified personel, using indirect technique. Poor: Little inspection is done; reliance is on chance sighting of problem areas by using visual inspection.

Disain

2 3 4 5

Absent: No inspection done.

5.2.3

1

5.2.3

Design

Safety Factor

Safety Factor

Dalam sistem pipa, 'Perbandingan Desain Tekanan dengan MOP' dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara system komponen yang dapat dilakukan dan apa yang saat ini sedang diminta untuk melakukan. Bila rasio ini sama dengan 1.0, saat ini tidak ada faktor keamanan, ini berarti sistem sedang dioperasikan pada batasnya. Jika rasio kurang dari 1.0 secara teoritis sistem dapat setiap saat gagal. Jika rasio lebih besar dari 1.0 berarti saat ini ada faktor keamanan, dan sistem beroperasi di bawah batasnya.

In the pipeline system, ‘Design Pressure to MOP Ratio’ can be used show difference between what a system component can do and what it is presently being asked to do. When this ratio is equal to 1.0 there is no safety factor present, this means the system is being operated at its limit. If the ratio less than 1.0 the system theoretically can fail at any time. A ratio greater than 1.0 means that there is a safety factor present, and the system is being operated below its limit.

Criteria Design to MOP ratio > 2.0 Design to MOP ratio: 1.5 - 2.0 Design to MOP ratio: 1.25 - 1.5 Design to MOP ratio: 1.0 - 1.25 Design to MOP ratio < 1.0

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Kelelahan

Fatigue

Kelelahan adalah melemahnya material akibat siklus stress yang berulang-ulang. Besar melemahnya tergantung pada jumlah dan magnitude dari siklus. Tekanan yang lebih tinggi terjadi lebih sering, dapat menyebabkan kerusakan material lebih banyak. Faktor-faktor seperti kondisi permukaan, geometri, fracture toughness, jenis tegangan, dan proses pengelasan rentan terhadap pengaruh fatigue failure.

Fatigue is the weakening of material due to repeated cycles of stress. The amount of weakening depend on the number and magnitude of the cycles. Higher stresses, occurring more often, can cause more damage to materials. Factors such as surface conditions, geometry, fracture toughness, type of stress applied, and welding process influence susceptibility to fatigue failure. Halaman 20 | 44


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Criteria Fatigue is not expected to lead to failure within the given time frame. Fatigue could possibly lead to failure within the given time frame. Fatigue is expected to lead to failure in the given time frame.

Struktur penahan

Score 1 3 5

Support Criteria

Pipeline support properly Support damage recorded, assessed and no remediation required. Support damage recorded, not assessed and remediation. Support damage recorded, minor pipe deformation found. Support damage recorded, major pipe deformation found.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Surge Potential

Surge Potential

Potensi efek pressure surge atau water hammer, adalah konversi tiba-tiba energi kinetik menjadi energi potensial. Sebuah massa fluida yang mengalir dalam pipa mempunyai sejumlah energi kinetik, jika massa cairan tiba-tiba yang dibawa ke berhenti, energi kinetik diubah menjadi energi potensial dalam bentuk tekanan. Sebuah penutupan valve mendadak, menjalankan dan menghentikan pompa adalah kemungkinan inisiator.

The potential for pressure surge or water hammer effects, is the sudden conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy. A mass of flowing fluid in pipeline has certain amount of kinetic energy, if this mass of fluid is suddenly brought to a halt, the kinetic energy is converted to potential energy in form of pressure. A sudden valve closure, starting and stopping pumps are the possible initiator.

Criteria Not possible: means fluid property can not produces a pressure surge greater than 10% MOP. Low probability: surge can happen, but pipeline completed with mechanical devices such as surge tank, relief valves, and slow valve closures. High probability, exist where closure devices, equipment and fluid velocity support the possibility of pressure surge. No mechanical preventers in-place. Operating procedures may not be in-place.

Score 1 3

5

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Integrity Verification

Integrity Verification

Integritas pipa dipastikan dengan dua usaha utama: (1) deteksi dan penghapusan anomali yang mengancam integritas dan (2) menghindari ancaman masa depan bagi integritas (melindungi aset).

Pipeline integrity is ensured by two main efforts: (1) the detection and removal of any integritythreatening anomalies and (2) the avoidance of future threats to the integrity (protecting the asset).

Upaya pertama melibatkan pemeriksaan dan pengujian merupakan dasar untuk memastikan integritas pipa. Tujuan dari inspeksi dan pengujian adalah untuk memvalidasi integritas struktural dari pipa dan kemampuannya untuk mempertahankan tekanan operasi dan beban lainnya. Tujuannya adalah menguji dan memeriksa sistem pipa pada interval cukup sering untuk memastikan integritas pipa dan menjaga margin of safety.

The former effort involves inspection and testing and is fundamental to ensuring pipeline integrity. The purpose of inspection and testing is to validate the structural integrity of the pipeline and its ability to sustain the operating pressures and other anticipated loads. The goal is to test and inspect the pipeline system at frequent enough intervals to ensure pipeline integrity and maintain the margin of safety.

Cacat yang dianggap akan ada anomali pipa tidak diinginkan, seperti crack. gouge, dent atau metal loss, yang kemudian dapat menyebabkan kebocoran atau tumpahan. Tidak semua anomali cacat. Beberapa gouge, dent, metal loss, dan bahkan crack tidak akan mempengaruhi pelayanan saluran pipa. Asumsi konservatif yang mendasari verifikasi integritas adalah bahwa cacat yang hadir di dalam pipa dan tumbuh pada tingkat tertentu. Dengan memeriksa atau menguji pipa pada interval tertentu, pertumbuhan ini dapat terganggu sebelum cacat mencapai ukuran kegagalan. Metode penilaian integritas yang dapat digunakan adalah inspeksi inline, pengujian tekanan, penilaian langsung, atau metode NDT lainnya. Metode penilaian integritas didasarkan pada ancaman segmen yang rentan. Lebih dari satu metode dan / atau alat mungkin diperlukan untuk mengatasi semua ancaman dalam segmen pipa.

A defect is considered to be any undesirable pipe anomaly, such as a crack. gouge, dent. or metal loss, that could later lead to a leak or spill. Note that not all anomalies are defects. Some dents, gouges, metal loss, and even cracks will not affect the service life of a pipeline. A conservative assumption underlying integrity verification is that defects are present in the pipeline and are growing at some rate. By inspecting or testing the pipeline at certain intervals, this growth can be interrupted before any defect reaches a failure size. The integrity assessment methods that can be used are inline inspection, pressure testing, direct assessment, or other NDT methods. The integrity assessment method is based on the threats to which the segment is susceptible. More than one method and/or tool may be required to address all the threats in a pipeline segment.

Criteria Very good, where inspection and testing have a high probability of detecting the damage mechanisms under consideration and is able to accurately measure the extent of this damage; and with comprehensive coverage of expected damage locations. i.e combination of ILI and direct assement. Good, where the inspection and testing are generally effective in detecting and measuring the damage under consideration, and with good coverage of expected damage. i.e. UT scan, CIPS, DCVG. Average, where the inspection and testing are insensitive at low damage levels, with adequate coverage of expected damage locations, i.e. spot UT and CP readings.

Score 1

2 3

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Below average, where the inspection and testing are insensitive to the suspected damage mechanism or with inadequate coverage of expected damage locations, i.e visual inspection, random UT spot. Poor, where no inspection program established or inspection activity is inappropriate for the damage concerned and does not cover expected damage locations.

4

5

Ground Movement

Ground Movement

Pipa dapat mengalami tegangan akibat gerakan tanah dan / atau peristiwa geoteknik dari berbagai macam. Gerakan-gerakan ini bisa mendadak dan sebagai bencana atau mungkin deformasi yang menyebabkan tekanan pada pipa selama jangka waktu tahunan.

A pipeline may be subjected to stresses due to land movements and/or geotechnical events of various kinds. These movements may be sudden and catastrophic or they may be long-term deformations that induce stresses on the pipeline over a period of years.

Ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan atau These can cause immediate failures or add menambahkan tekanan yang cukup besar untuk pipa considerable stresses to the pipeline and should be considered in a risk analysis. dan harus dipertimbangkan dalam analisis risiko.

Tanah Longsor

Landslide

Banyak skenario gerakan lahan berpotensi berbahaya yang memiliki kemiringan (lihat Gambar di bawah). Kehadiran lereng menambahkan gaya gravitasi. Tanah longsor dapat terjadi dari hujan lebat, terutama di lereng atau bukit dengan pemotongan berat tanaman atau beban dari konstruksi atau kegiatan lain yang mengganggu tanah. Slide juga dapat disebabkan oleh aktivitas seismik. Longsor perpindahan pipa dapat menyebabkan kerusakan struktur dan kebocoran oleh kekuatan eksternal meningkat jika pipa yang terkubur di bawah tanah pengungsi.

Many of the potentially dangerous land movement scenarios have a slope involved (see Figure below). The presence of a slope adds the force of gravity. Landslides can occur from heavy rain, especially on slopes or hillsides with heavy cutting of vegetation or loadings from construction or other activities that disturb the land. Slides can also be caused by seismic activity. Landslide displacement of pipe can cause structural damage and leaks by increased external force loading if the pipeline is buried under displaced soil.

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Criteria Very stable: no evidence of threatening instability events occurring from the presence of soil, earth or water characteristics. Infrequent movement: ground movements are possible but rare, or unlikely to affect the pipeline integrity. Frequent movement: where damaging ground movements are common or severe, or where movements are likely to affect the pipeline integrity. Or unknown.

Score 1 3 5

Gempa bumi

Seismic

Ancaman dari peristiwa gempa bumi menyebabkan pipa bergetar karena penjalaran gelombang seismik.

Threats from seismic events cause pipeline seismic shaking due to the propagation of seismic waves.

Pipa dipasang di daerah gempa harus memiliki desain teknik yang tepat, untuk menahan kekuatan gempa, mempertimbangkan jenis gempa dan parameter frekuensi.

Pipeline installed in seismic area shall have proper engineering design, to withstand seismic forces, considering earthquake type and frequency parameters.

Scour dan erosi

Scour and erosion

Erosi adalah ancaman umum untuk pipa dangkal atau di atas, terutama ketika dekat sungai atau daerah yang biasa banjir kecepatan arus tinggi. Bahkan pipa terkubur terkena ancaman dari gerusan dalam situasi tertentu. Potensi kedalaman penutup yang mengikis selama arus banjir, memperlihatkan pipeline tersebut. Jika gaya lateral yang cukup besar, pipa bisa menjadi tertekan.

Erosion is a common threat for shallow or abovegrade pipelines, especially when near stream banks or areas subject to high velocity flood flows. Even buried pipelines are exposed to threats from scour in certain situations. A potential is for the depth of cover to erode during flood flows, exposing the ipeline. If a lateral force were sufficiently large, the pipeline could become overstressed.

Persilangan pipa

Pipeline Crossings

Criteria No pipeline crossings with roads, railway or rivers, etc Design of Pipeline Crossing is CORRECT Design of Pipeline Crossing is ADEQUATE Design of Pipeline Crossing is INADEQUATE Design of Pipeline Crossing UNKNOWN

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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P-219 Rev. 1

c. Operasi

c. Operation

Indeks ini menilai potensi kegagalan pipa disebabkan oleh kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh personil pipa dalam perancangan, konstruksi, operasi, atau memelihara saluran pipa. Human error secara logis dapat berdampak salah satu probabilitas-kegagalan sebelum indeks-aktif korosi, misalnya, dapat menunjukkan kesalahan dalam kegiatan pengendalian korosi. Scoring potensi kesalahan dalam indeks yang terpisah memiliki keuntungan untuk menghindari penilaian ganda untuk banyak variabel risiko yang bersangkutan. Misalnya, penilaian program pelatihan dan penggunaan prosedur tertulis umumnya akan berlaku untuk semua mode kegagalan. Menangkap penilaian seperti di lokasi pusat adalah kenyamanan pemodelan dan lebih mempermudah identifikasi peluang mitigasi risiko dalam tahap manajemen risiko. Jika evaluator merasa bahwa ada perbedaan dalam potensi kesalahan manusia untuk setiap mode kegagalan, dia dapat mendasarkan skornya pada kasus terburuk atau mengevaluasi variabel kesalahan manusia secara terpisah untuk setiap mode kegagalan.

This index assesses the potential for pipeline failure caused by errors committed by the pipeline personnel in designing, construction, operating, or maintaining a pipeline. Human error can logically impact any of the previous probability-of-failure indexes-active corrosion, for example, could indicate an error in corrosion control activities. Scoring error potential in a separate index has the advantage of avoiding duplicate assessments for many of the pertinent risk variables. For instance, assessments of training programs and use of written procedures will generally apply to all failure modes. Capturing such assessments in a central location is a modeling convenience and further facilitates identification of risk mitigation opportunities in the risk management phase. If the evaluator feels that there are differences in human error potential for each failure mode, he can base his score on the worst case or evaluate human error variables separately for each failure mode.

HAZID / Penilaian Risiko

HAZID / Risk Assesment

Di sini, evaluator memeriksa untuk melihat bahwa upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi semua bahaya yang kredibel terkait dengan pipa dan operasi. Bahaya harus dipahami dengan jelas sebelum langkah-langkah pengurangan risiko digunakan. Hal ini termasuk semua mode kegagalan yang mungkin dalam penilaian risiko pipa.

Here, the evaluator checks to see that efforts were made to identify all credible hazards associated with the pipeline and its operation. A hazard must be clearly understood before appropriate risk reduction measures can be employed. This would include all possible failure modes in a pipeline risk assessment.

Points are awarded based on the thoroughness of Poin diberikan berdasarkan ketelitian dari studi the hazard studies, with a documented, current, and bahaya, dengan proses identifikasi bahaya yang formal hazard identification process getting the terdokumentasi, arus, dan formal mendapatkan nilai highest score. tertinggi. Criteria Formal hazard identification / risk assessment performed, documentation is available, recommendations are fully implemented Formal hazard identification/ risk assessment performed, documentation is available, recommendations are partially implemented Informal hazard identification / risk assessment performed, documentation is available, recommendations are either fully or partially implemented

Score 1 2

3

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Informal hazard identification / risk assessment performed, documentation is not available, recommendations are either fully or partially implemented No hazard identification / risk assessment performed.

4 5

Potensi MOP

MOP Potential

Kemungkinan melebihi tekanan di mana sistem tersebut dirancang dari elemen gambar risiko. Sebuah sistem di mana tidak mungkin secara fisik melebihi tekanan desain, kemungkinan secara inheren lebih aman. Hal ini sering terjadi ketika sistem pipa dioperasikan pada tingkat jauh di bawah desain aslinya.

The possibility of exceeding the pressure for which the system was designed is an element of the risk picture. A system where it is not physically possible to exceed the design pressure is inherently safer than one where the possibility exists. This often occurs when a pipeline system is operated at levels well below its original design intent.

Mustahil: operasi normal dapat memungkinkan sistem untuk mencapai MOP. Overpressure akan terjadi cukup cepat akibat incompressible fluid or rapid introduction dari volume cairan kompresibel yang relatif tinggi.

Impossible : Normal operations could allow the system to reach MOP. Overpressure would occur fairly rapid due to incompressible fluid or rapid introduction of relatively high volumes of compressible fluids.

Sangat Tidak mungkin: overpressure dapat terjadi Very Unlikely : Overpressure can occur through a melalui kombinasi kesalahan prosedural atau combination of procedural errors or omissions, OR failure of safety devices. kelalaian, atau kegagalan perangkat pengaman. Tidak mungkin: overpressure mungkin (tekanan sumber cukup), dapat terjadi melalui kombinasi kesalahan prosedural atau kelalaian, dan kegagalan alat pengaman

Unlikely : Overpressure is possible (sufficient source pressure), can occur through a combination of procedural errors or omissions, AND failure of safety device

Kemungkinan: overpressure mungkin (tekanan sumber cukup), tetapi hanya melalui sebuah rangkaian kesalahan, kelalaian, dan kegagalan perangkat keamanan yang tidak mungkin.

Likely : Overpressure is possible (sufficient source pressure), but only through an very unlikely chain of events including errors, omissions, and safety device failures.

: The pressure source cannot, under Rutin: tidak ada sumber tekanan, di bawah setiap Routine any conceivable chain of events, overpressure the kejadian yang mungkin, overpressure pipa. pipeline Criteria Impossible Very Unlikely Unlikely Likely Routine

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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P-219 Rev. 1

Sistem Pengaman

Safety Systems

Sistem Pengaman sebagai cadangan situasi di mana kesalahan manusia menyebabkan atau memungkinkan terjadi MOP. Evaluator harus berhatihati mempertimbangkan semua sistem keamanan di tempat. Sebuah sistem Pengaman atau perangkat adalah perangkat, mekanik listrik, pneumatik, atau dikendalikan komputer yang mencegah pipa overpressured.

Safety systems exist as backup situations in which human error causes or allows MOP to be reached. The risk evaluator should carefully consider any and all safety systems in place. A safety system or device is a mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, or computer-controlled device that prevents the pipeline from being overpressured.

Pencegahan dapat berupa mematikan sumber tekanan atau mengurangi isi pipa bertekanan. Perangkat Pengaman umumnya meliputi valve pelepas, disk pecah, dan switch yang dapat menutup valve, shut down equipment, dll, berdasarkan kondisi.

Prevention may take the form of shutting down a pressure source or relieving pressurized pipeline contents. Common safety devices include relief valves, rupture disks, and switches that may close valves, shut down equipment, etc., based on conditions.

Sistem pengaman tidak diperlukan: Dalam item sebelumnya, potensial MOP, poin terbanyak diberikan untuk situasi di mana tidak mungkin pipa mencapai MOP. Dalam skenario ini, tingkat tertinggi poin juga diberikan untuk variabel ini karena tidak ada sistem keamanan yang diperlukan.

Safety systems not needed: In the previous item, MOP potential, the most points were awarded for the situation in which it is impossible for the pipeline to reach MOP. Under this scenario, the highest level of points is also awarded for this variable because no safety systems are needed.

Onsite, satu tingkat sistem pengaman. Untuk kondisi ini single device, terletak di lokasi, melindungi dari overpressure. lokasi ini bisa menjadi sumber tekanan pipa. Saklar tekanan yang menutup valve adalah contoh mengisolasi segmen pipa. Contoh lain adalah relief valve dengan ukuran pada pipa itu sendiri.

Onsite, one level safety system. For this condition a single device, located at the site, offers protection from overpressure. The site can be the pipeline or the pressure source. A pressure switch that closes a valve to isolate the pipeline segment is an example. A properly sized relief valve on the pipeline itself is another example.

Onsite, dua atau lebih tingkat Sistem Keamanan: Di sini, lebih dari satu perangkat keamanan dipasang di lokasi. Setiap perangkat harus independen dan didukung oleh sumber daya yang berbeda dari yang lain. Ini berarti bahwa setiap perangkat memberikan tingkat independen dari keselamatan. Poin lebih harus diberikan untuk situasi ini karena redundansi perangkat keselamatan jelas mengurangi risiko.

Onsite, two or more levels Safety Systems: Here, more than one safety device is installed at the site. Each device must be independent of all others and be powered by a power source different from the others. This means that each device provides an independent level of safety. More points should be awarded for this situation because redundancy of safety devices obviously reduces risk.

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P-219 Rev. 1

Remote, observation only. Dalam hal ini, tekanan dimonitor dari lokasi remote. Remote control tidak mungkin dan otomatis perlindungan overpressure tidak ada. Meskipun tidak ada pengganti untuk sistem pengaman otomatis, observasi remote seperti menyediakan beberapa cadangan tambahan personil pemantauan setidaknya bisa memberitahu personil lapangan untuk mengambil tindakan.

Remote, observation only. In this case, the pressure is monitored from a remote location. Remote control is not possible and automatic overpressure protection is not present. While not a replacement for an automatic safety system, such remote observation provides some additional backup the monitoring personnel can at least notify field personnel to take action.

Remote, observasi dan kontrol. Ini adalah situasi yang sama seperti sebelumnya dengan fitur tambahan kemampuan remote control. Pemberitahuan tingkat tekanan meningkat, pengamat mampu untuk jarak jauh mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah tekanan berlebih. Berarti menghentikan pompa atau kompresor dan membuka atau menutup valve. Remote control umumnya dengan membuka atau menutup valve dan menghentikan pompa atau kompresor.

Remote, observation and control. This is the same situation as the previous one with the added feature of remote control capabilities. On notification of rising pressure levels, the observer is able to remotely take action to prevent overpressure. This may mean stopping a pump or compressor and opening or closing valves. Remote control generally takes the form of opening or closing valves and stopping pumps or compressors.

Criteria Safety systems not needed Onsite, two or more levels Safety Systems Onsite, one level safety system Remote, observation and control Remote, observation only, or no safety system

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Specifikasi Material

Material Specifications

Evaluator harus mencari bukti bahwa bahan-bahan yang diidentifikasi dan ditentukan tepat. Hal ini termasuk pipa, fitting, flensa, pelapis beton, pelapis internal dan eksternal, mur dan baut, support, dan (load-bearing) anggota struktural dari sistem.

The evaluator should look for evidence that proper materials were identified and specified. This would include pipes, fittings, flanges, concrete coatings, internal and external coatings, nuts and bolts, supports, and the structural (load-bearing) members of the system. Halaman 28 | 44


P-219 Rev. 1

Criteria Materials selection study was performed, and documented material specifications available. Documented material specifications available. No material specification available.

Score 1 3 5

Konstruksi

Construction

Untuk tahap konstruksi, evaluator harus mencari bukti untuk memastikan langkah yang diambil bahwa pipa dibangun dengan benar. Variabel yang dapat dievaluasi dalam penilaian adalah sebagai berikut: Inspeksi, material, joint, Backfilling, Coating.

For the construction phase, the evaluator should find evidence that reasonable steps were taken to ensure that the pipeline section was constructed correctly. Variables that can be evaluated in the assessment are as following: Inspection, Materials, Joining, Backfilling, Coating.

Inspeksi: poin maksimum yang diberikan ketika seorang inspektor yang berkualitas dan berpengalaman hadir untuk mengawasi semua aspek konstruksi dan inspeksi dengan kualitas yang terbaik. Jika pemeriksaan diketahui tidak lengkap, poin minimal yang dapat diberikan.

Inspection :Maximum points can be awarded when a qualified and experienced inspector was present to oversee all aspects of the construction and the inspection provided was of the highest quality. If inspection is a complete unknown, minimal points can be awarded.

Material: Idealnya, semua material dan komponen : Ideally, all materials and components telah diverifikasi untuk keasliannya dan kesesuaian Materials terhadap spesifikasi sebelum instalasi mereka. were verified as to their authenticity and Diperlukan bukti bahwa dilakukan dengan benar. conformance to specifications prior to their installation. Evidence that this was properly done is Joining : poin tertinggi diberikan bila pengerjaan required. kualitas tinggi terlihat dalam semua metode : Highest points are awarded when high penggabungan pipa, dan lasan diperiksa dengan cara Joining yang sesuai (radiografi, uji ultrasonik, dye penetrant, quality of workmanship is seen in all methods of dll) dan semua kesesuaian dengan spesifikasi joining pipe sections, and when welds were standar. inspected by appropriate means (radiography, ultrasonic test, dye penetrant, etc.) and all were Backfill: Jenis pengurukan yang digunakan dan brought into compliance with standards prosedur penimbunan penting untuk kekuatan jangka specifications. panjang struktural pipa dan kemampuan untuk : The type of backfill used and backfilling menahan korosi. Tidak terjadi kerusakan pada coating Backfill selama instalasi pipa. Seragam dan dipadatkan pada procedures are often critical to a pipeline’s long-term tempat material biasanya diperlukan untuk structural strength and ability to resist corrosion. It is mensupport pipa dengan benar. Kemungkinan titik important that no damage to the coating occurred konsentrasi Stres hasil dari pengurukan yang tidak during pipeline installation. Uniform and (sometimes) compacted bedding material is usually necessary to benar atau bedding material. properly support the pipe. Stress concentration Coating: Semua sistem pelapisan akan peka terhadap points may result from improper backfill or bedding persiapan permukaan. Idealnya, aplikasi pelapisan material. dengan hati-hati dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh individu terlatih dan sebelum diterapkan pelapisan Coating : All coating systems will be sensitive to Halaman 29 | 44


P-219 Rev. 1

dengan hati-hati, diperiksa dan diperbaiki sebelum surface preparation. Ideally, the coating application instalasi akhir dari pipa. was carefully controlled and supervised by trained individuals and pre-applied coating was carefully inspected and repaired prior to final installation of pipe.

Criteria All construction aspects, such as inspection, materials, joining, backfilling, coating were performed properly as per standards requirements, with highest quality, and well documented. Construction aspects, such as inspection, materials, joining, backfilling, coating were performed properly as per standards requirements, with good quality, and well documented. Construction aspects, such as inspection, materials, joining, backfilling, coating were performed as per standards requirements , and well documented. Construction aspects, such as inspection, materials, joining, backfilling, coating were performed below standards requirements. No evidence that constructions were performed to meet standards requirements.

Score 1

2

3 4 5

Prosedur Operasi

Operating Procedures

Evaluator harus diyakinkan bahwa prosedur tertulis yang mencakup semua aspek operasi pipa ada. Harus ada bukti bahwa prosedur ini secara aktif digunakan, review, dan direvisi.

The evaluator should be satisfied that written procedures covering all aspects of pipeline operation exist. There should be evidence that these procedures are actively used, reviewed, and revised.

Contoh prosedur operasi meliputi:

Examples of operating procedures include:

- Prosedur operasi pipa (kondisi normal dan dalam perbaikan) - Program untuk penanganan fasilitas berbahaya - Program untuk operasi dalam perubahan tekanan - Program untuk pemeriksaan berkala - Program untuk pipa pengawasan - Program untuk mencegah pecahnya pipa karena penggalian - Prosedur untuk kebakaran dan perlindungan lingkungan - Darurat tanggapan - Cek katup arus utama dan pemeliharaan - Pemeriksaan alat keamanan dan kalibrasi - Pipa shutdown atau startup - Operasi pompa / kompresor - Perubahan Produk

- Pipeline operating procedure (normal condition and under repair) - Program for handling of dangerous facilities - Program for operation in pressure change - Program for Periodical inspection - Program for pipeline supervision - Program to prevent pipe rupture due to excavations - Procedure for fire fighting and environment protection - Emergency responses - Mainline valve checks and maintenance - Safety device inspection and calibration - Pipeline shutdown or startup - Pump/compressor operations - Product movement changes Halaman 30 | 44


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Pemeliharaan ROW Arus meteran kalibrasi – Instrumen pemeliharaan Keselamatan alat uji Manajemen perubahan Patroli Survei Korosi kontrol Kontrol pusat tindakan Lock-out dan peralatan isolasi

Program prosedur yang kuat adalah bagian penting dari mengurangi kesalahan operasional, tersedia dan dilihat oleh semua tingkat operasional. Poin maksimal harus diberikan di mana prosedur kualitas dan penggunaan yang tertinggi.

P-219 Rev. 1

-

Right-of-way maintenance Flow meter calibrations Instrument maintenance Safety device testing Management of change Patrol Surveys Corrosion control Control center actions Lock-out and equipment isolation

A strong procedures program is an important part of reducing operational errors, as is available and seen by the all operational level. Maximum points should be awarded where procedure quality and use are the highest.

Criteria Operating procedures established for all operation tasks, well documented and readily available for operator's references. Operating procedures established for most operation tasks, well documented and available for operator's references. Operating procedures established for critical operation tasks, well documented and available for operator's references. Operating procedures established for only some operation tasks, or not available for operator's references. Operating procedures not established.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

HSE Programs

HSE Programs

HSE program adalah salah satu faktor yang tidak berwujud dalam persamaan risiko. Hal ini diyakini bahwa komitmen seluruh perusahaan untuk HSE mengurangi potensi kesalahan manusia. Evaluator harus mencari bukti komitmen untuk HSE. Bukti tersebut dapat mengambil beberapa atau semua hal berikut:

HSE program is one of the nearly intangible factors in the risk equation. It is believed that a companywide commitment to HSE reduces the human error potential. The evaluator should look for evidence of a commitment to HSE. Such evidence may take the form of some or all of the following:

- Written company statement of HSE philosophy - pernyataan perusahaan yg tertulis pada filosofi - HSE programs designed with high level of HSE employee participation - Program HSE dirancang dengan tingginya tingkat - Strong HSE performance records (recent history) partisipasi karyawan - Signs, slogans, posters, etc., to promote HSE - Catatan HSE yang kuat (sejarah) culture - Tanda-tanda, slogan, poster, dll, untuk - Full-time HSE personnel. mempromosikan budaya HSE - Good housekeeping - Full-time HSE personil. - Housekeeping yang baik. Halaman 31 | 44


P-219 Rev. 1

Criteria HSE programs in-place and excellent implementation, compliance is assured and exceed expectations. HSE programs in-place and well implemented, compliance is good and concistent. HSE programs in-place and implemented, some inconsistent found HSE programs exits but less socialization, little HSE awareness observed in the work force. No HSE programs in-place, or informal.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Pelatihan

Training

Pelatihan dilihat sebagai awal untuk melawan kesalahan manusia dan untuk pengurangan kecelakaan. Untuk tujuan ini pelatihan penilaian risiko, yang berkonsentrasi pada pencegahan kegagalan adalah yang paling vital. Sebuah program pelatihan yang efektif, akan memiliki beberapa aspek penting, termasuk topik-topik umum di mana semua karyawan harus dilatih.

Training should be seen as the first line of defense against human error and for accident reduction. For purposes of this risk assessment, training that concentrates on failure prevention is the most vital. An effective training program, however, will have several key aspects, including common topics in which all pipeline employees should be trained.

Topik yang dibahas: - Produk karakteristik - Pipeline material stresses - Korosi pipa - Kontrol dan operasi - Pemeliharaan - Darurat latihan - Job prosedur (yang sesuai)

Topics covered: -

Product characteristics Pipeline material stresses Pipeline corrosion Control and operations Maintenance Emergency drills Job procedures (as appropriate)

Criteria Training programs in-place for all pipeline operators and management. The implementation exceed requirements. Training programs in-place and well implemented, for all pipeline operators. Suitable training programs in-place and implemented for some pipeline operators Training programs exits but less implementation, little participation of operators. No training programs in-place, or informal.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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P-219 Rev. 1

Perawatan

Maintenance

Salah perawatan adalah jenis kesalahan yang dapat terjadi pada beberapa tingkatan dalam operasi. Kurangnya perhatian manajemen untuk pemeliharaan, persyaratan atau prosedur perawatan yang salah, dan kesalahan yang dilakukan selama kegiatan pemeliharaan yang sebenarnya adalah semua kesalahan yang mungkin langsung atau tidak langsung menyebabkan kegagalan pipa.

Improper maintenance is a type of error that can occur at several levels in the operation. Lack of management attention to maintenance, incorrect maintenance requirements or procedures, and mistakes made during the actual maintenance activities are all errors that may directly or indirectly lead to a pipeline failure.

Pemeliharaan rutin harus mencakup prosedur dan jadwal untuk operasi valve, memeriksa peralatan proteksi katodik, kalibrasi pengujian instrumentasi dan alat pengaman, inspeksi korosi, pengecatan, penggantian komponen, pelumasan dari semua bagian yang bergerak, mesin / pompa / kompresor pemeliharaan, pengujian tangki, dll Frekuensi pemeliharaan harus konsisten dengan persyaratan peraturan dan standar minimum industri.

Routine maintenance should include procedures and schedules for operating valves, inspecting cathodic protection equipment, testing calibrating instrumentation and safety devices, corrosion inspections, painting, component replacement, lubrication of all moving parts, engine /pump/ compressor maintenance, tank testing, etc. Maintenance frequency should be consistent with regulatory requirements and industry standards as a minimum.

Criteria Maintenance programs in-place for all pipeline, components, and supports facilities; using predictive and preventive maintenance methods, exceed requirements of standards/codes; having excellent implementation and records are well documented. Maintenance programs in-place for pipeline, components, and supports facilities. Having routine schedules meet to requirements of standards/codes, very good implementation, records are well documented. Maintenance programs in-place for pipeline and components, having routine schedules, and good implementation, records are well documented. Maintenance programs exits, but less implementation, records available. No routine maintenance programs in-place, or informal; records / evidences not available.

Operasi Cleaning Pig

Score 1

2

3 4 5

Cleaning Pig Operation

Cleaning Pig adalah alat yang ditrasportasikan Cleaning pig is a device transported through the melalui pipa untuk menghilangkan kerak dan pipeline to remove scale and sediment. endapan. Criteria Pipeline cleaning pigged regularly, more than recommendation of required frequency

Score 1

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P-219 Rev. 1

Pipeline cleaning pigged regularly in line with a recommendation of required frequency Pipeline cleaning pigged regularly, but less than a recommended frequency of pigging Pipeline cleaning pig performed, but no recommendation of required pigging frequency. No pipeline cleaning pig ever performed.

2 3 4 5

Sejarah Kebocoran

Leak History

Pipa yang bocor akan sering rentan terhadap kebocoran lebih lanjut sehingga sejarah dapat mengidentifikasi kemungkinan kegagalan pipa. Pemeriksaan lebih lanjut atas kebocoran terjadi diminta untuk mengidentifikasi masalah, penyebab dan untuk menentukan tindakan mitigasi yang diperlukan.

A pipeline that has leaked will often be susceptible to further leaks so the history can identify pipelines likelihood of failure. Further investigation of leak occurred was required to identify the problems, causes and to determine the required mitigation actions.

Criteria

Score 1 2 3 4 5

No leak history One leak caused by third party One leak caused by corrosion More than one leak caused by third party or corrosion More than one leak, caused by both third party and corrosion

5.4.4

Consequence Of Failure

5.4.4

Consequence Of Failure

Risiko adalah bentuk matematis dari probabilitas dan konsekuensi hasil suatu kejadian terhadap kegagalan. Risiko dapat diturunkan dengan mengurangi baik probabilitas atau kosensekuensi kegagalan, atau keduanya. Pada section ini secara khusus membahas bagian konsekuensi pada persamaan risiko. Operator harus mempertimbangkan konsekuensi dari potensi kegagalan ketika melakukan prioritas inspeksi dan tindakan mitigasi.

Risk is the mathematical product of the likelihood (probability) and the consequences of events that result from a failure. Risk may be decreased by reducing either the likelihood or the consequences of a failure, or both. This section specifically addresses the consequence portion of the risk equation. The operator shall consider consequences of a potential failure when prioritizing inspections and mitigation activities

a. Keselamatan

a.

Kerugian produk Kerugian produc meningkat dengan meningkatnya diameter pipeline

Product Loss Product loss increase with the increase of pipeline diameter.

Safety

Criteria Pipeline not in operation, having good preservation Pipeline less than 6 inches diameter

Score 1 2

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P-219 Rev. 1

Pipeline 6 inches to 12 inches diameter Pipeline greater than 12 inches to 24 inches diameter Pipeline greater than 24 inches diameter

3 4 5

Faktor Tekanan

Pressure Factor

Konsekuensi kegagalan meningkat dengan meningkatnya energy tekanan.

Consequence of failure increase with the increase of pressure energy.

Criteria Pressure less than 16 barg Pressure 16 barg to 40 barg Pressure greater than 40 barg to 80 barg Pressure greater than 80 barg to 120 barg Pressure greater than 120 barg

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Mudah terbakar

Flammability

Kebanyakan produk pipeline sangat mudah terbakar. Flash point adalah salah satu indicator yang mudah terbakar.

Many common pipeline products are very flammable. The flash point is one indicator of this flammability.

Flash point di definisikan sebagai suhu minimum dimana uap diatas cairan yang mudah terbakar akan “flash bila terkena api bebas”. Ini memberitahu kita suhu yang diperlukan untuk melepaskan uap yang mudah terbakar mendukung adanya api. Bahan dengan titik nyala rendah (<100 "F) menyalakan dan mudah membakar. Jika bahan ini juga memiliki titik didih kurang dari 100F, itu dianggap berada dalam kelas yang paling mudah terbakar. Ini termasuk metana, propana, etilen, dan etana.

The flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which the vapor over a flammable liquid will “flash when exposed to a free flame. It tells us what temperature is required to release enough flammable vapors to support a flame. Materials with a low flash point (<100”F) ignite and burn readily and are deemed to be flammable. If this material also has a boiling point less than 100F, it is considered to be in the most flammable class. This includes methane, propane, ethylene, and ethane.

A material is termed combustible if its flash point is Sebuah bahan yang mudah terbakar jika disebut titik greater than 100°F and it will still bum. This class nyala yang lebih besar dari 100 °F dan akan tetap includes diesel and kerosene. bum. Kelas ini mencakup diesel dan minyak tanah.

Gunakan daftar berikut untuk menentukan nilai NFPA Nf.

Use the following list to determine the NFPA Nf value

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Derajat racun

Toxicity

Rating NFPA untuk faktor bahan kesehatan adalah Nh. Nilai Nh hanya mempertimbangkan bahaya kesehatan dalam hal bagaimana bahaya yang mempersulit respon pada emergency personnel. Sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam NFPA, toksisitas produk pipeline dinilai pada skala berikut.

The NFPA rating for a material’s health factor is Nh. The Nh value only considers the health hazard in terms of how that hazard complicates the response of emergency personnel. As defined in NFPA, the toxicity of the pipeline product is scored on the following scale.

Criteria Nh = 0 No hazard beyond that of ordinary combustibles. Nh = 1 Only minor residual injury is likely. Nh = 2 Prompt medical attention required to avoid temporary incapacitation Nh = 3 Materials causing serious temporary or residual injury. Nh = 4 Short exposure causes death or major injury.

Kematian

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Fatality Criteria No lost time injury. Slight injury / illness first aid or medical treatment case. Single lost time injury without disability. Single lost time injury with disability or multiple lost time injuries. Single fatality or multiple lost time injuries with disabilities. Multiple fatalities of employees, contractors, or the public.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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b. Lingkungan

b. Environment

Penyebaran

Dispersion

Isi pipa dapat berdampak pada daerah tertentu, ditentukan oleh sejumlah pipa dan karakteristik lokasi. Ukuran area yang terkena dampak adalah subyek dari penilaian konsekuensi. Karakteristik dan lokasi produk yang tumpah menentukan pergerakan tumpahan. Kemungkinannya tumpahan ke atmosfer, permukaan air , tanah, air tanah, dll

A release of pipeline content can impact specific area, determined by a host of pipeline and site characteristics. The size of impacted area is the subject of this consequence assessment. The characteristic of spilled products and site determine the movement of spill. The possibilities are spill to atmosphere, surface water, soil, groundwater, etc.

Criteria Negligible, little dispersion, no effect on environment Localised, limited dispersion, spill remains localised and is relatively easy to clean up Medium scale, some dispersion, transport of the spill will occur but relatively slowly, away from environmental receptors High dispersion, where the spill rapidly transport away from the spill location to environment receptors. Major dispersion, where the major spill rapidly transport away from the spill location to High Consequence Area.

Isi produk

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Product Containment

Criteria Water Sweet natural gas Toxic and/or flammable gases, except sweet natural gas Produced water, condensate, and other flammable liquids except crude oil Crude oil and heavy fractionates

Pelepasan kuantitas

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Release Quantity

Criteria Gas or water pipeline OR shut in (purged or filled water) Pipeline < 6 inches diameter OR produced water pipeline OR shut in (product in line at ambient pressure) Pipeline 6-10 inches diameter Pipeline >= 12 in OR shut in (product line in low pressure) Oil pipeline greater than 24 inches diameter OR shut in (product line in high pressure)

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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c. Ekonomi

P-219 Rev. 1

c. Economic

Konsekuensi keuangan didefinisikan sebagai biaya The financial consequences are defined as the produksi yang hilang setiap harinya/ ditangguhkan product of the daily cost of lost/deferred production dan waktu yang diperkirakan untuk melakukan and the time estimated to conduct a repair perbaikan

Criteria Minimal impact, up to 1% lost production, minor repair 1-10% production loss, minor repair less than 3 days 11-20% production loss, medium repair 3 – 7 days 21-30% production, major repair 7-14 days 31-50% production, pipeline and facilities repair more than 14 days

d. Reputasi Konsekuensi dibawah.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

d. Reputation dari reputasi diberikan pada Tabel The consequences to the reputation of the company are given in Table below

Criteria Local impacts, quickly forgotten Regional press, short-term concern Regional press & TV coverage National press & TV coverage. International press or TV coverage.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

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Prosedur - Onshore Pipeline Risk Assesment.pdf

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