Project Report On Wind Energy

Project Report On WIND ENERGY FOR AUTOMOBILE REFRIGERATION

Submitted By: Arpita Sethi - M-19-2K11 Deepa kumari - M-32-2K11 Jyoti Yadav - M-5-2K11 Kirti Da!" # M-55-2K11 Ma!i$ha Duha! - M-%3-2K11

&!der the "uida!'e o(  Dr) Arvi!d Arvi!d *upta + A$$o'iate pro(e$$or Me'ha!i'a, departme!t  A .ro/e't 0eport $ubmitted i! partia, (u,(i,me!t (or the reuireme!t$ o( (i!a, year 

YA0 4 S&BMSS6 - 215 (YMCA Universit o! "cience # Tec$no%o&' Fri)*)+ 1

Dec%rtion 7e hereby de',are that thi$ $ubmi$$io! i$ our o8! 8ork a!d that to the be$t o( our  k!o8,ed"e a!d be,ie( it 'o!tai!$ !o materia, previou$,y pub,i$hed or 8ritte! by a!other per$o! !or materia, 8hi'h to a $ub$ta!tia, ete!t ha$ bee! a''epted (or the a8ard o( a!y other de"ree or dip,oma o( the u!iver$ity or other i!$titute o( hi"her  ,ear!i!" e'ept 8here due a'k!o8,ed"me!t ha$ bee! made i! the tet)

6ame:

0o,, !o:

Arpita Sethi

M-19-2K11

Deepa Kumari

M-32-2K11

Jyoti Yadav

M-5-2K11

Ma!i$ha Duha!

Si"!ature

M-%3-2K11

Date:

2

Certi!icte ;hi$ i$ to 'erti(y that our pro/e't 8ork e!tit,ed ,WIND ENERGY FOR AUTOMOBILE REFRIGERATION - i$ a! authe!ti' re'ord o( our 8ork 'arried out at
o( S'ie!'e > ;e'h! ;e'h!o,o"y? o,o"y? a$ per reuireme!t reuireme!t (or partia, (u,(i,me!t (u,(i,me!t o( (i!a, year (or the a8ard o( de"ree o( B);e'h) Me'ha!i'a, !"i!eeri!" u!der the "uida!'e o( Dr) A0@6D *&.;A)+A$$o'iate *&.;A)+A$$o'iate pro(e$$or me'ha!i'a, departme!tYM=A&S;)

ARPITA SETHI DEEPA KUMARI  

JYOTI  YADA  YADAV V KIRTI DANG M A6SA D&A6

Certifed that the ab!e "tate#e$t #ade b% the "t&de$t" i" 'rre't t the be"t ( #% )$*+ed,e a$d be+ie( 

Date: April 21, 2015 Dr. ARVIND GUPTA

-A""'iate Pr(e""r . Me'ha$i'a+ de/art#e$t 0



 

YMCAUST

Ac.no/%e)&e0ent 7ith pro(ou!d re$pe't a!d "ratitude 8e take the opportu!ity to 'o!vey our tha!k$ to 8e do ete!d ete!d our heart(e heart(e,t ,t tha!k tha!k$$ to Dr1Arvin) G2pt ( A"" A""'iat 'iate e /r(e"" /r(e""r r

. Me'hi'a Me'hi'a++

de/art#e$ de/art#e$tt YMCA0 YMCA0 (or providi!" hi$ va,uab,e "uida!'e a!d idea$ (or 'omp,eti!" thi$ (i!a, $eme$ter pro/e't) 7e are etreme,y "rate(u, to a,, the te'h!i'a, 8ork$hop $ta(( o(  YM=A&S; (or their 'o-operatio! a!d "uida!'e) 7e have ,ear!t a ,ot 8orki!" u!der them a!d 8e 8i,, a,8ay$ be i!debted o( them (or thi$ va,ue additio! i! me) 7e 8ou,d 8ou,d a,$o ,ike to tha!k the pro/e't i! 'har"e Mr1 Ni.$i% Dev a!d Mr1 At2% o( YM=A &S; 4aridabad 4aridabad a!d a,, the (a'u,ty member$ o( Me'ha!i'a, !"i!eeri!" Departme!t (or their e((ort o( 'o!$ta!t 'o operatio! 8hi'h have bee! a $i"!i(i'a!t (a'tor i! the a''omp,i$hme!t o( our ma/or .ro/e't)

-J%ti %ada!. Ma$i"ha d&ha$. Kirti da$, . Ar/ita "ethi. Dee/a )&#ari 0

 YMCAUST FARIDABAD



A*strct ;hi$ ;hi$ pro/e't pro/e't e!tit,e e!tit,e$$ the u$e o( 8i!d 8i!d e!er"y e!er"y (or automob automobi,e i,e re(ri"er re(ri"erati atio!) o!) 7i!d 7i!d e!er" e!er"y y 'a! 'a! be 'o!ve 'o!verte rted d i!to i!to e,e't e,e'tri' ri'a, a, e!er" e!er"y y u$i!" u$i!" $m $ma,, a,, 8i!d turbi!e turbi!e$$ a!d "e!erator ) ;he operatio! operatio! per(orma!'e per(orma!'e a!d e((i'ie!'y e((i'ie!'y o( vehi',e$ 'a! 'a! be made very mu'h e!viro!me!t (rie!d,y) ;hi$ may be do!e by u$i!" the e!er"y o( 8i!d 8hi'h i$ 'au$ed by the re,ative motio! bet8ee! the vehi',e a!d the 8i!d $urrou!di!" it) Sma,, 7i!d turbi!e$ 8ith horio!ta, ai$ 'a! be mou!ted o! the body $tru'ture o( the vehi',e to "e!erate e,e'tri'ity i! $u'h a 8ay that it mu$t !ot 'reate a!y additio!a, dra" (or'e +rather tha! the ei$ti!" dra" (or'e due to (ro!ta, area a!d $ki! (ri'tio! upo! the vehi',e) A! A! e,aborate aerody!ami' a!a,y$i$ o( the $tru'ture o( the vehi',e a,o!" 8ith the (,o8 patter! a!d 8i!d turbi!e i$ a!a,y$ed i! thi$ report) Some te'h!iue$ a!d method$ are propo$ed to mi!imie the dra" impo$ed by the i!trodu'tio! o( the turbi turbi!e$ !e$ a$ mu mu'h 'h a$ po$ po$$i $ib,e b,e)) Co Co'at 'atio io! ! o( 8i!d 8i!d turbi turbi!e !e i$ a,$o a,$o bei!" bei!" a!a,y a!a,y$ed $ed ptim ptimum um va,ue$ va,ue$ o( di((e di((ere! re!tt de$i"! de$i"! param paramet eter$ er$ a!d re,ate re,ated d po8er po8er produ produ'e 'ed d at di((ere!t rated ve,o'ity o( the automobi,e )

3

T*%e O! Contents

"1 No1

N0e o! E3peri0ent

P&e no1

41

De',aratio!

2

51

=erti(i'ate

3

61

A'k!o8,ed"eme!t



71

Ab$tra't

5

81

!trodu'tio!

91

Sma,, 7i!d ;urbi!e 4or Automobi,e

:1

=urre!t State ( Art$

;1

4ri'tio!a, Dra" ! Movi!" =ar

<1

Automobi,e A'

4=1

Citerature Survey A!d .rob,em Stateme!t

2

441 441

Mi'ro 7i!d ;urbi!e Aerody!ami'$

21

451

7i!d *e!erator ;e'h!o,o"y

22-2%

461

uipme!t Detai,$

2F-3

471

=a,'u,atio!$

31-3

481

Adva!ta"e$ ( &$i!" 2 ;urbi!e

35

491

=o!',u$io!

3%

4:1

0e(ere!'e$

3F

E-1 11 12-13 1 15-19

4

List o! Fi&2res > Fi&2re no 4 5 6 7 8

Description

P&e no

9

=ar $ho8i!" po$itio! o( mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e =ar a' 'y',e 0e(ri"eratio! 'y',e =ar a' $y$tem orio!ta, ai$ 8i!d turbi!e @ariou$ turbi!e po$itio!$

1 1F 1E 19 25 25

: ; <

4ord motor mode, =o!ver$io! o( 8i!d e!er"y to e,e'tri'a, *raph bet8ee! po8er 'o(() @$ tip $peed ratio

2% 2% 2E

4=

=har"i!" a!d 'o!tro, 'ir'uit

3

44

De$i"! o( o( variou$ ra radiator "r "ri,,$ (o (or di di((ere!t 'a 'ar$

32

45

0e$u,ta!t thru$t "e!erated o! 8i!d turbi!e due to (,o8i!" air 

35

List o! T*%es > T*%e no 4

Description

P&e no

.o8er produ'ed at di((ere!t $peed$ i! automobi,e

33

5

=ompari$o! o( po8er produ'ed at di((ere!t $peed$

3

5

Intro)2ction 7i!d 7i!d e!er"y e!er"y (or automob automobi,e i,e re(ri"e re(ri"erati ratio! o! mea!$ mea!$ uti,iat uti,iatio! io! o( 8i!d 8i!d e!er"y e!er"y (or   partia,,y 'har"i!" o( o ( automobi,e automob i,e air 'o!ditio!i!") *e!era,,y the vehi',e veh i',e 8hi'h ha$ air  'o!ditio!i!" 'o!ditio!i!" $y$tem 'o!$ume more (ue, a$ 'ompare to other vehi',e i! 8hi'h there i$ !o a!y air 'o!ditio!i!" $y$tem) A$ 8e a,, k!o8 the pri'e o( (ue,$ ,ike petro, die$e, =6* =6* et') are i!'rea i!'rea$i!" $i!" day by day due to thi$ mo$t,y mo$t,y peop,e peop,e avoid avoid to u$e air  'o!diti 'o!ditio!i! o!i!" " duri!" their ride$) ride$) ;hat$ ;hat$ 8hy 8e have tried tried to "ive $o,utio! $o,utio! o( thi$  prob,em) 4or thi$ purpo$e 8e have u$ed mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e$ i! vehi',e$) 0e$ear'h paper $ho8$ that there 'a! be di((ere!t po$itio! (or i!$ta,,ed mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e i! vehi',e$) But a''ordi!" to our $tudy the be$t po$itio!$ po$itio!$ are are i! the (ro!t (ro!t part$ o( 'ar that i$ i$ bumper  a!d o! rear $ide$ o( vehi',e$) A mi'ro mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e turbi!e i$ a 8i!d a 8i!d turbi!e u$ed turbi!e u$ed (or mi'ro"e!eratio! mi'ro"e!eratio! a$ oppo$ed to ,ar"e 'ommer'ia, 'ommer'ia, 8i!d turbi!e$ $u'h a$ tho$e (ou!d i! 8i!d (arm$ (arm$ 8ith "reater i!dividua,  po8er output) ;hey are u$ua,,y approimate,y F to 25 (eet +2)1#F)% m i! diameter  a!d produ'e e,e'tri'ity at a rate o( 3 to 1 8att$ at their te$ted 8i!d $peed) Some u!it$ have bee! de$i"!ed to be very ,i"ht8ei"ht i! their 'o!$tru'tio! e)") 1% ki,o"ram$ +35 ,b a,,o8i!" $e!$itivity to mi!or 8i!d moveme!t$ a!d a rapid re$po!$e to 8i!d "u$t$ typi'a,,y (ou!d i! urba! $etti!"$ a!d ea$y mou!ti!" mu'h ,ike a te,evi$io! a!te!!a) t i$ ',aimed a!d a (e8 are 'erti(ied a$ bei!" i!audib,e eve! a (e8 (eet +about a metre u!der the turbi!e) Mi'ro turbi!e$ have bee! "ai!i!" i! popu,arity $i!'e 2 due to their i!'rea$ed e((i'ie!'y over "e!erator$) ;he$e $ma,, e,e'tri' "e!erator$ bur! "a$eou$ a!d ,iuid (ue,$ to 'reate hi"h-$peed rotatio! to tur! a! e,e'tri' "e!erator)

6

Mi'ro turbi!e$ ra!"e (rom 3 to 35 k7 8hi,e 'o!ve!tio!a, "a$ turbi!e $ie$ ra!"e (rom 5 k7 to 25 M7) A report prepared (or the !viro!me!ta, .rote'tio! A"e!'y $ay$ mi'roturbi!e$ are be$t $uited (or di$tributed-"e!eratio! app,i'atio!$ due to their (,eibi,ity i! 'o!!e'tio! method$ their  abi,ity to be $ta'ked i! para,,e, arra!"eme!t$ (or ,ar"er ,oad$ their $tab,e a!d re,iab,e re,iab,e po8er a!d their ,o8 emi$$io!$ 7i!d 7i!d po8er i$ produ'ed by u$i!" 8i!d "e!erator$ to har!e$$ the ki!eti' e!er"y o( 8i!d) t i$ "ai!i!" 8or,d8ide popu,arity a$ a ,ar"e $'a,e e!er"y $our'e a,thou"h it $ti,, o!,y provide$ ,e$$ tha! o!e per'e!t o( ",oba, e!er"y 'o!$umptio!) 7i!d po8er 'apture$ the !atura, 8i!d i! our atmo$phere a!d 'o!vert$ it i!to me'ha!i'a, e!er"y the! e,e'tri'ity)  .eop,e $tarted u$i!" 8i!d po8er 'e!turie$ a"o 8ith 8i!dmi,,$ 8hi'h pumped 8ater "rou!d "rai! a!d did other 8ork) ;odayG$ 8i!d turbi!e i$ a hi"h,y evo,ved ver$io! o( a 8i!dmi,,) Moder! 8i!d turbi!e$ har!e$$ 8i!dG$ ki!eti' e!er"y a!d 'o!vert it i!to e,e'tri'ity)  Mo$t 8i!d turbi!e$ have three b,ade$ a!d $it atop a $tee, tubu,ar to8er a!d they ra!"e i! $ie (rom E-(oot-ta,, turbi!e$ that 'a! po8er a $i!",e home to uti,ity-$'a,e turbi!e$ that are over 2% (eet ta,, a!d po8er hu!dred$ o( home$) 7i!d i$ a type o( re!e8ab,e e!er"y a!d there are three ma/or type$ o( 8i!d po8er) ;he ma/or type$ o( 8i!d po8er are: &ti,ity-$'a,e 8i!d: 8i!d turbi!e$ ,ar"er tha! 1 ki,o8att$ are deve,oped 8ith e,e'tri'ity de,ivered to the po8er "rid a!d di$tributed to the e!d u$er by e,e'tri' uti,itie$ or po8er  $y$tem operator$H Di$tributed or I$ma,,I 8i!d>  8hi'h u$e$ turbi!e$ o( 1 ki,o8att$ or $ma,,er to dire't,y  po8er a home (arm or $ma,, bu$i!e$$ bu$i!e$ $ a$ it primary u$e) (($hore 8i!d>8hi'h are 8i!d turbi!e$ ere'ted i! bodie$ o( 8ater arou!d the 8or,d but !ot yet i! the &!ited State$) 7i!d po8er ha$ i!'rea$ed epo!e!tia,,y $i!'e the da8! o( the 21$t 'e!tury) 'e!tury) ;he adoptio! o(  8i!d e!er"y ",oba,,y ha$ 'ha!"ed dramati'a,,y $i!'e the 19EG$ 8he! =a,i(or!ia 8a$ home to 9 o( the 8or,dG$ i!$ta,,ed 8i!d e!er"y 'apa'ity) ! (a't the amou!t o( operati!" 8i!d e!er"y 'apa'ity ha$ i!'rea$e more tha! 1% time$ bet8ee! 2 a!d 212 to over 2E2 M7 o( operati!" 8i!d 'apa'ity)

7

Di((ere!t =ompo!e!t$ $ho8! i! (i"ure: •

A= .u,,ey

•

+=B =ir'uit Breaker 

•

+DM Drive Motor 

•

+B. Battery .a'k 

•

+SS Start S8it'h

•

+DDrive Motor 

•

+* *e!erator 

•

+7; 7i!d ;urbi!e

•

+7 7ire ar!e$$

•

+S; Spare ;ire)

4i"1: 'ar $ho8i!" po$itio! o( mi'ro8i!d turbi!e 4i" $our'e : 8ikipedia

18

"0%% Win) T2 T2r*ine r*iness For A2to0o*i%es t i$ a$$umed that the vehi',e i$ movi!" i! a 'a,m a!d $teady 8i!d $tream 8ith ero 8i!d ve,o'ity) ( the vehi',e i$ movi!" at a 'o!$ta!t $peed o( 15 m$ +5 kmh the! 8e 'a! thi!k a 8i!d $tream 8ith15 m$ i$ (,o8i!" arou!d the vehi',e) 6orma,,y thi$ 8i!d 8i,, 'au$e a dra" (or'e 8hi'h i$ oppo$ite to the dire'tio! o( the propu,$io! o( the vehi',e) At 'o!$ta!t $peed +ero a''e,eratio! the e!er"y reuireme!t$ to move the vehi',e (or8ard are #;o over'ome over'ome the (ri'tio!a, (ri'tio!a, (or'e +ro,,i!" re$i$ta!'e o( road a!d to over'ome 8i!d re$i$ta!'e ) At thi$ =o!ditio! i( the air $tream (,o8i!" arou!d the vehi',e +8hi'h 8a$ !ot i!tera'ti!" 8ith the vehi',e previou$,y i$ a,,o8ed to e!ter  i!$ide a!d ,et it (,o8 do8! to the rear $ideH the! it may be po$$ib,e to u$e the$e air  $tream$ to "e!erate po8er) ;he vehi',e ha$ a,ready i!tera'ted 8ith thi$ 8i!d a!d it de(,e't$ the $tream o( 8i!d at the t8o $ide$ o( it by $ta"!atio! at the (ro!t) ;hi$ i$ the e!er"y that had bee! ,o$t (rom the vehi',e to over'ome the aerody!ami' re$i$ta!t)  6o8 i( the$e $tream "e!erated by the i!tera'tio! o( the 8i!d a!d vehi',e i$ 'aptured 8ithi! the vehi',e i! $u'h a 8ay that it 8ou,d !ot impo$e a! additio!a, dra" at the dire'tio! o( propu,$io! o( the vehi',e $ome o( the e!er"y 'a! be re'overed a!d (ed  ba'k to the battery by mea!$ o( 'o!ve!tio!a, e!er"y 'o!ver$io! pro'e$$e$) .,a'i!" a 8i!d turbi!e 'a! $erve the purpo$e) At the $ame time it 8i,, he,p to i!'rea$e the  pre$$ure at the ba'k $ide +a''ordi!" to Ber!ou,iiL$ euatio! pre$$ure 8i,, be i!'rea$ed i( ve,o'ity i$ de'rea$ed a!d ve,o'ity 8i,, be redu'ed at the ba'k $ide o( the turbi!e a(ter e!er"y etra'tio! 8hi'h 8i,, redu'e the dra" (or'e that ei$ted be(ore 8ith the 'o!ve!ti 'o!ve!tio!a, o!a, de$i"! o( the vehi',e) vehi',e) So vorte $heddi!" $heddi!" 8i,, 8i,, be redu'ed redu'ed at the rear  $ide) 4or thi$ it i$ !e'e$$ary to modi(y the de$i"! o( a vehi',e 8hi'h "ive$ provi$io! o( air (,o8 throu"h the vehi',e) ! the other ha!d po$itio!i!" o( the turbi!e$ 8i,, a,$o  be importa!t be'au$e they mu$t be p,a'ed i! $u'h a 8ay that they do !ot impo$e or 

11

'reate a!y additio!a, dra" o! the vehi',e) Symmetri'a, po$itio!i!" o( the turbi!e 'a! do the tri'k a$ the thru$t a'ti!" o! the turbi!e$ 8i,, 'a!'e, ea'h other)

12

C2rrent "tte O! T$e Art ;he 0icr 0icro o /in) t2r* t2r*ine ine  market ha$ ep,oded i! the ,a$t three year$ # he'k eve! t$e Ntion% Foot*%% Le&2e i$ o! board 8ith 8i!d po8er # $o !o8 i$ a "ood time to update

o!e o!e o( =,ea =,ea!; !;ee'h!i 'h!i'a 'aLL$ mo mo$t $t popu popu,a ,arr po$t po$t$$ (rom (rom 2E 2E ,T ,To op Fi Five ve Mi Micr cro o Win in) ) T2r*ines1- 7ith three o( 2EL$ top (ive mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e$ 'omi!" (rom o!e 'ompa!y 8e

thou"ht it 8a$ time to bra!'h out a bit a!d "ive you a more epa!$ive pi'ture o( the pote!tia,$ (or mi'ro 8i!d po8er i! 212 a!d beyo!d) Ju$t o!e 'aveat: thi$ arti',e i$ !ot e!dor$i!" a!y  parti'u,ar 'ompa!y or 8i!d turbi!e but at the e!d youL,, (i!d $ome tip$ o! re$ear'hi!" the  produ't thatL$ ri"ht (or you) 7eLre (eaturi!" "o2t$/est Win)po/er? Win)po/er?ss  popu,ar ".s ".stre0 tre0 61: t2r* t2r*ine ine  i! thi$ yearL$ top (ive !ot o!,y be'au$e it 'o!ti!ue$ to "et "ood revie8$ but a,$o be'au$e ,a$t mo!th the 'ompa!y a!!ou!'ed that it i$ o!e o( three 8i!d turbi!e$ ua,i(yi!" (or =a,i(or!iaL$ 8i!d e!er"y e!er"y rebat rebate e u!d u!der er $tri' $tri'tt !e8 !e8 "uide, "uide,i! i!e$ e$ that that i!',u i!',ude de thir third-p d-part arty y 'erti 'erti(i' (i'at atio! io!$$ a!d  per(orma!'e veri(i'atio!) South8e$t 7i!dpo8er e$timate$ that the rebate (or a Sky$tream 'ome$ to %F5 ba$ed o! the =a,i(or!ia !er"y =ommi$$io!L$ rebate o( 3) per 8att o(  rated 'apa'ity) ;he Sky$tream 3)F 'ome$ 8ith a (ive-year 8arra!ty a!d a $o(t8are pa'ka"e that e!ab,e$ you to mo!itor it (rom your 'omputer) t i$ a,$o !o8 avai,ab,e i!  /in)@so%r $*ri) pc.&e $o i( youLre i!tere$ted i! thi$ produ't be $ure to re$ear'h it (rom both the

8i!d a!d $o,ar a!",e$) A! other 'ompa!y !e8$ ear,ier thi$ year South7e$t 7i!d part!ered 8ith * to deve,op 8hat they bi,, a$ the (ir$t (u,,y s0rt &ri)@en*%e) 0icro /in) t2r*ine  (or re$ide!tia, u$e the Sky$tream %) o8 to k!o8 about thi$ te'h!o,o"y A "roup o( De,hi &!iver$ity $tude!t$ &!iver$ity $tude!t$ ha$ di$'overed a! i!!ovative 8ay o( har!e$$i!" 8i!d e!er"y 'hur!ed out by Metro trai!$ to "e!erate e,e'tri'ity) ;hey ;hey propo$ed $etti!" up a turbi!e at a! u!der"rou!d metro $tatio! to 'he'k i( it 'a! be $u''e$$(u, i! har!e$$i!" the 8i!d e!er"y)

1

7ithout ob$tru'ti!" the operatio! $a(ety a!d $e'urity o( Metro $ervi'e$ it 8a$ de'ided to put up turbi!e a,o!" the u!der"rou!d tra'k$ at the mouth o( tu!!e, 8here the maimum 8i!d ve,o'ity avai,ab,e i$ %)5 m$ ! the (ir$t pha$e they i!$ta,,ed a three-b,ade turbi!e a!d ,ater a (ive-b,ade (ive-b,ade ,i"ht rotor turbi!e 8ith a 'ut-i! $peed o( ,e$$ tha! 1)5m$) they 'o!!e'ted it to a battery a!d mea$ured the po8er  it "e!erate$ A(te A(terr ,i$te ,i$te!ed !ed thi$ thi$ !e8$ !e8$ me a!d my "roup "roup memb member er tru,y tru,y i!$pi i!$pired red by thi$ thi$ te'h!o te'h!o,o" ,o"y y) 4ortu!ate,y a! idea 'ome i! our mi!d mi!d  8hy $hou,d 8e !ot u$e thi$ te'h!o,o"y i! 'ar$ )

"o0e /r0 2p to 0icro /in) t2r*ine Sma,, 8i!d turbi!e$ "e!erate ,e$$ tha! 1 ki,o8att$ a!d i!$ta,,atio! 'a! be 'o$t,y a!d time'o!$umi!") 'o!$umi!") But a! i!'rea$i!" !umber o( rura, property o8!er$ are !everthe,e$$ !everthe,e$$ buyi!" them to provide ba'kup po8er) eres  a 7i,$o!vi,,e 'ompa!y ma!u(a'ture$ t8o type$ o( horio!ta, turbi!e$: a 2)5-ki,o8att

$y$tem a!d a ,ar"er 1-ki,o8att $y$tem) ;he (irm ha$ $o,d 15 $y$tem$ $i!'e be"i!!i!" to $e,, them ear,ier thi$ year) 6atio!8ide &)S) ma!u(a'turer$ $o,d E2) mi,,io! 8orth o( !e8 $y$tem$ (or 29 a 15 per'e!t i!'rea$e over 2E a''ordi!" to the Ameri'a! 7i!d !er"y A$$o'iatio! ;he popu,arity o( $ma,, 8i!d turbi!e$ 'ou,d be "reater but permitti!" i$ a $i"!i(i'a!t dra8ba'k $aid 2 Le vi'e pre$ide!t o( $a,e$ a!d bu$i!e$$ deve,opme!t (or Nere$ a 7i,$o!vi,,e 'ompa!y that ma!u(a'ture$ $ma,, 8i!d turbi!e$) 7hi,e the $ma,, 8i!d $y$tem it$e,( may 'o$t o!,y %5 permitti!" permitti!" a!d i!$ta,,atio! i!$ta,,atio! 'a! i!'rea$e pro/e't 'o$t$ to 12 to 1F) A(ter A(ter a har$h 8i!ter i! =e!tra, re"o! ,a$t year Ever&reen Ener&  o( Be!d "ot a 'a,, (rom a 8oma! 8ho 8a!ted to i!$ta,, a $ma,, 8i!d turbi!e a!d a ba'kup propa!e "e!erator o! her property) She ,o$t po8er (or (ive day$ over the 8i!ter a!d did !ot 8a!t to depe!d o! the "rid (or a!other year a''ordi!" to Mr. Ptt  o8!er o( ver"ree! !er"y) Su'h 'a,,$ are be'omi!" more (reue!t .att $aid thou"h peop,e $ometime$ !eed a year to  be'ome 'o!vi!'ed that th at the $y$tem$ are 8orth the mo!ey) mo!e y)

1

Friction% Frictio n% Dr& On A Movin& Cr 7he! a vehi',e move$ it eperie!'e 8i!d re$i$ta!'e 8hi'h are ',a$$i(ied i! t8o di((ere!t (orm$- (ri'tio!a, dra" a!d (orm dra")4ri'tio!a, dra" ari$e$ due to vi$'o$ity o( air a!d (orm dra" ari$e$ due to variatio! o( air pre$$ure i! the (ro!t a!d rear $ide o( the vehi',e ) A$ the vehi',e move$ (or8ard it ,e(t$ the air $tream behi!d) A turbu,e!'e or di$turba!'e i$ 'reated o! the 8i!d 8he! a vehi',e move$ throu"h it) ( $tatio!ary $tatio!ary 8i!d turbi!e$ are p,a'ed !ear the road the! e!er"y 'a! be etra'ted (rom the 8i!d $tream "e!erated due to the moveme!t o(  the vehi',e) Su'h a $tudy had bee! 'arried out i! &!iver$ity o( Ario!a by a "roup o(  $tude!t$) ( it i$ po$$ib,e to 'apture tho$e 8i!d $tream$ 8ithi! the vehi',e it$e,( the! it 'a! be u$ed to re'over $ome o( e!er"y that ha$ bee! u$ed to over'ome the (orm dra" +aerody!ami' dra" o( the vehi',e) ( thi$ 8i!d e!er"y i$ u$ed to etra't $ome po8er i! $u'h a 8ay that it doe$ !ot 'reate a!y 'ompo!e!t o( (or'e or thru$t oppo$ite to the dire'tio! o( the propu,$io! o(  the vehi',e the! thi$ "ai!ed e!er"y 'a! be u$ed to produ'e e,e'tri'ity to 'har"e up the battery o( the e,e'tri' vehi',e it$e,() At the $ame time dra" 'a! be epe'ted to be redu'ed by pa$$i!" thi$ air to the rear $ide +Co8 pre$$ure $ide o( the vehi',e) Air $tream $,idi!" over the body o(  the vehi',e 'a!!ot e!ter i!to the rear $ide due to vorte $heddi!" ) ( air $tream$ are a,,o8ed to (,o8 i! thi$ re"io! by a!y mea!$ the! the (orm dra" 8i,, be redu'ed by $ome amou!t a!d at the $ame time it may be po$$ib,e to "e!erate e,e'tri'ity u$i!" the ki!eti' e!er"y o( 8i!d) Severa, $tudie$ $tudie$ had bee! 'arried out i! thi$ (ie,d but !o!e o( them are proved to be $'ie!ti(i') $'ie!ti(i') Duri!" the Se'o!d 7or,d 7ar 8i!d turbi!e$ are u$ed i! $ubmari!e$ to 'har"e up the  batterie$ 8he! they remai!ed $tati' a!d (,oat i! the 8ater) At pre$e!t it i$ a,$o 'ommo! to u$e turbi!e$ i! $hip$ 'arava!$ a!d vehi',e$ 8he! they are parked) ,e'tri'a, e!er"y produ'ed by a 8i!d turbi!e ha$ ma!y u$e$) =o!verti!" 8i!d e!er"y i!to e,e'tri' e!er"y e!ab,e$ the u$er to $tore e!er"y i! a battery tra!$mit it over ,o!" di$ta!'e$ or  'o!vert the e!er"y i!to ma!y di((ere!t (orm$ +me'ha!i'a, e!er"y heat et')) Mo$t o( the ,ar"e 8i!d turbi!e$ are 'o!!e'ted to the "rid) ! $ome $ma,, app,i'atio!$ 8i!d turbi!e$ are operated i! i$o,ated operatio! ) Battery 'har"i!" i$ very popu,ar be'au$e o( it$ $imp,i'ity a!d ver$ati,ity) D= or A= "e!erator$ 'a! be u$ed

13

A2to0o*i%e Air Con)ition& A2to0o*i%e ir con)itionin& +a,$o 'a,,ed AC $y$tem$ 'oo, the o''upa!t$ o( a vehi',e

i! hot 8eather)Automobi,e air 'o!ditio!i!" $y$tem$ 'oo, the o''upa!t$ o( a vehi',e i! hot 8eather 8eather a!d have 'ome i!to 8ide u$e (rom the ,ate t8e!tieth 'e!tury) 'e!tury) Air Air 'o!ditio!er$ u$e $i"!i(i'a!t po8erH o! the other ha!d the dra" o( a 'ar 8ith ',o$ed 8i!do8$ i$ ,e$$ tha! i( the 8i!do8$ are ope! to 'oo, the o''upa!t$ evaporative,y);here ha$ bee! mu'h debate o! the e((e't o( air 'o!ditio!i!" o! the (ue, e((i'ie!'y o( a vehi',e) 4a'tor$ $u'h a$ 8i!d re$i$ta!'e aerody!ami'$ a!d e!"i!e po8er a!d 8ei"ht have to be (a'tored i!to (i!di!" the true varia!'e bet8ee! u$i!" the air 'o!ditio!i!" $y$tem a!d !ot u$i!" it 8he! e$timati!" the a'tua, (ue, mi,ea"e) ther (a'tor$ o! the impa't o! the e!"i!e a!d a! overa,, e!"i!e heat i!'rea$e 'a! have a! impa't o! the 'oo,i!" Air  'o!ditio!i!" ,ike it $ay$ G'o!ditio!$G the air) t !ot o!,y 'oo,$ it do8! but a,$o redu'e$ the moi$ture 'o!te!t or humidity) A,, air 'o!ditio!er$ 8ork the $ame 8ay 8hether they are i!$ta,,ed i! a bui,di!" or i! a 'ar) ;he (rid"e or (reeer i$ i! a 8ay a! air 'o!ditio!er a$ 8e,,) Air 'o!ditio!i!" 'o!ditio!i!" i$ a (ie,d i! itG$ o8! ri"ht but 8eG,, $ti'k to the mai! poi!t$ or a 'arG$ air  'o!ditio!i!" a!d the mai! part$ u$ed a!d a (e8 hi!t$ to keep the air-'o! $y$tem ru!!i!"  proper,y)A !umber o( peop,e do!Gt rea,i$e that tur!i!" o! the air 'o!ditio!i!" a'tua,,y redu'e$ the !umber o( mi,e$ per "a,,o! o( your 'ar) ;here ;here i$ e!er"y u$ed i! removi!" the heat a!d moi$ture (rom the air i! the 'ar a!d thi$ 'o!$ume$ petro, be'au$e o( the etra e!"i!e ,oad)Air 'o!ditio!i!"G$ mai! pri!'ip,e$ are Evportion n) Con)enstion the! Co0pression Co0pression n) E3pnsion1

ard tubi!" a!d (,eib,e ho$e$ 'o!!e't a,, the a'tua, 'ompo!e!t$ o( the air 'o!ditio!i!" i! your 'ar) vaporati vaporatio! o! a!d 'o!de!$atio! 'o!de!$atio! epa!$io! a!d 'ompre$$io! are the phy$i'$ o(  8hy it 8ork$)

14

;here are (ive mai! 'ompo!e!t$ to the 8ho,e $y$tem !ame,y the =ompre$$or =o!de!$er  0e'eiver-dryer pa!$io! va,ve a!d the vaporator)

;he (,uid that pa$$e$ arou!d the 8ho,e $y$tem i$ the re(ri"era!t) ;he re(ri"era!t 'a! evaporate at a ,o8 temperature temperature a!d the! 'o!de!$e a"ai! at a hi"her pre$$ure) pre$$ure) ! the bad o,d day$ 0-12 8a$ the re(ri"era!t u$ed i! a,mo$t a,, 'ar$) t 8a$ 8ide,y avai,ab,e ho8ever it 8a$ (ou!d to  be a 'o!tributor to the ho,e i! the earthG$ oo!e ,ayer a$ it 8a$ a 'h,oro(,uoro'arbo! 'h,oro(,uoro'arb o! +=4=) ;he$e re(ri"era!t$ 8ere di$'o!ti!ued a!d a,, 'ar$ a(ter 199% u$e a !o!-=4= (,uid 'a,,ed 013A 8hi'h i$ ki!der to the e!viro!me!t)

So here i$ ho8 a,, the variou$ part$ o( a 'arG$ air 'o!ditio!i!" 8ork$: =ompre$$or > ;he 'ompre$$or 'ompre$$or i$ the 8ork hor$e o( the the air 'o!ditio!i!" 'o!ditio!i!" $y$tem po8ered by a drive be,t 'o!!e'ted to the 'ra!k$ha(t o( the e!"i!e) 7he! the air'o! $y$tem i$ tur!ed o! the 'ompre$$or pump$ re(ri"era!t vapour u!der hi"h pre$$ure to the 'o!de!$er) =o!de!$er > ;he 'o!de!$er i$ a devi'e u$ed to 'ha!"e the hi"h-pre$$ure hi"h-pre$$ure re(ri"era!t vapor to a ,iuid) t i$ mou!ted i! (ro!t o( the e!"i!eG$ radiator a!d it ,ook$ very $imi,ar to a radiator) ;he vapour i$ 'o!de!$ed to a ,iuid be'au$e o( the hi"h pre$$ure that i$ drivi!" it i! a!d thi$ "e!erate$ a "reat dea, o( heat) ;he heat i$ the! i! tur! removed (rom the 'o!de!$er by air  (,o8i!" throu"h the 'o!de!$er o! the out$ide   0e'eiver: ;he !o8 ,iuid re(ri"era!t move$ to the re'eiver-dryer) ;hi$ i$ a $ma,, re$ervoir  ve$$e, (or the ,iuid re(ri"era!t a!d remove$ a!y moi$ture that may have ,eaked i!to the re(ri"era!t) Moi$ture i! the $y$tem 'au$e$ havo' 8ith i'e 'ry$ta,$ 'au$i!" b,o'ka"e$ a!d me'ha!i'a, dama"e) pa!$io! @a,ve> ;he pre$$uri$ed re(ri"era!t (,o8$ (rom the re'eiver-drier to the epa!$io! va,ve) ;he va,ve remove$ pre$$ure (rom the ,iuid re(ri"era!t $o that it 'a! epa!d a!d  be'ome re(ri"era!t vapour v apour i! the evaporator) evapora tor)

15

vaporator> ;he evaporator i$ a!other devi'e that ,ook$ $imi,ar to a 'ar radiator) t ha$ tube$ a!d (i!$ a!d i$ u$ua,,y mou!ted i!$ide the pa$$e!"er 'ompartme!t behi!d the (a$'ia above the (oot8e,,) A$ the 'o,d ,o8-pre$$ure re(ri"era!t i$ pa$$ed i!to the evaporator it vapori$e$ a!d ab$orb$ heat (rom the air i! the pa$$e!"er 'ompartme!t) ;he b,o8er (a! i!$ide the pa$$e!"er 'ompartme!t pu$he$ air over the out$ide o( the evaporator $o 'o,d air i$ 'ir'u,ated i!$ide the 'ar) ! the Gair-$ideG o( the evaporator the moi$ture i! the air i$ redu'ed a!d the G'o!de!$ateG i$ 'o,,e'ted a!d drai!ed a8ay) =ompre$$or > ;he 'ompre$$or the! dra8$ i! the ,o8-pre$$ure re(ri"era!t vapour to $tart a!othe a!otherr re(ri re(ri"er "erati atio! o! 'y',e 'y',e)) ;h ;hee re(ri re(ri"er "erat atio! io! 'y',e 'y',e the! the! ru!$ ru!$ 'o!ti! 'o!ti!uou uou$,y $,y a!d i$ re"u,ated by the $etti!" o( the epa!$io! va,ve)

9i,2:'ar a' '%'+e 9i, "&r'e: ;i)i/edia i#a,e"

16

9i, : Re(ri,erati$ '%'+e 9i, "&r'e:

17

9i, : 'ar a' "%"te# 9i, "&r'e:(reef+eh&$t<'#

28

Litert2re "2rve An) Pro*%e0 "tte0ent

A$ e!er"y dema!d 'o!ti!ue$ to "ro8 i! $y!' $ y!' 8ith e'o!omi' "ro8th a!d 'o$t$ o( impe!di!" ',imate 'ha!"e be'ome i!ter!a,ied throu"h re"u,atio! 8i!d e!er"y 8i,, have i!'rea$i!"  preva,e!'e i! the ",oba, e!er"y mi) 0e"u,atory i!(,ue!'e i!',udi!" re!e8ab,e port(o,io $ta!dard$ ta i!'e!tive pro"ram$ a!d po$$ib,e 'arbo! 'redit ,e"i$,atio! a,o!" 8ith de',i!i!" (o$$i, (ue, re$erve$ are drivi!" the $hi(t) ;he &S !er"y !(ormatio! Admi!i$trati Admi!i$tratio! o! pro/e't$ e,e'tri'ity dema!d to i!'rea$e 39 (rom 25 to 23 a!d the Departme!t o( !er"y ha$ a! overar'hi!" propo$a, to i!'rea$e 8i!d e!er"yG$ (ra'tio! o( thi$ &S e,e'tri'ity $upp,y to 2 i! 23) =urre!t,y 8i!d po8er i$ ,ar"e,y produ'ed throu"h horio!ta,-ai$ ,a!d-ba$ed a!d o(($hore turbi!e$) ;hi$ te'h!o,o"y i$ re,ative,y mature a!d a$ o( 211 60C report$ that the &S 'urre!t,y ha$ about  *7 o( 8i!d turbi!e$ i!$ta,,ed) ;o "et to 2 i! 23 approimate,y 3 *7 o( i!$ta,,ed 8i!d po8er 8i,, be !eeded) =urre!t te'h!o,o"y ho8ever ha$ $evera, ,imitatio!$) ,imitatio!$) 6ame,y 6ame,y 8i!d re$our'e !ear the "rou!d i$ o(te! i!'o!$i$te!t i!'o!$i$te!t a!d ,o8-$peed) ,o8-$peed) ;hi$ re$u,t$ i! a ,o8 'apa'ity (a'tor 8hi'h repre$e!t$ the a'tua, po8er produ'ed i! a "ive! time  period divided by the theoreti'a, theor eti'a, rated maimum (or the turbi!e) tu rbi!e) ;he hi"he$t 8i!d $peed$ are at mu'h hi"her e,evatio!$ tha! pra'ti'a, to rea'h (or ,a!d-ba$ed turbi!e$ a!d the$e 8i!d$ are 8hat airbor!e 8i!d po8er devi'e$ hope to a''e$$) !'reme!ta, i!!ovatio!$ are 'o!ti!ua,,y o''urri!" to de'rea$e 'apita, 'o$t$ a!d i!'rea$e  per(orma!'e but the pro$pe't o( airbor!e 8i!d po8er repre$e!t$ a true di$ruptive 'ha!"e) Airbor!e 8i!d devi'e$ u$e mu'h ,e$$ materia, (or a $pe'i(i' rated po8er output tha! ,a!d turbi!e$) A,$o they have a hi"her 'apa'ity (a'tor maki!" them more $uitab,e (or uti,ity $'a,e "rid i!te"ratio!) ! thi$ $urvey  8i,, tou'h o! the ba$i'$ o( 8i!d re$our'e avai,abi,ity a!d hi"h,i"ht $ome o( the ma/or de$i"!$ propo$ed to etra't thi$ hi"h-a,titude 8i!d e!er"y)

21

Micro Win) T2r*ine Aero)n0ics

;he $hape a!d dime!$io!$ o( the b,ade$ o( the mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e are determi!ed by the aerody!ami' per(orma!'e reuired to e((i'ie!t,y etra't e!er"y (rom the 8i!d a!d by the $tre!"th reuired to re$i$t the (or'e$ o! the b,ade) ;he aerody!ami'$ o( a horio!ta,-ai$ mi'ro8i!d turbi!e are !ot $trai"ht(or8ard) ;he air  (,o8 at the b,ade$ i$ !ot the $ame a$ the air(,o8 (ar a8ay (rom the turbi!e) ;he very !ature o(  the 8ay i! 8hi'h e!er"y i$ etra'ted (rom the air a,$o 'au$e$ air to be de(,e'ted by the turbi tu rbi!e) !e) ! add additi itio! o! th thee aer aerody ody!am !ami' i'$$ o( a 8i 8i!d !d tur turbi! bi!ee at the rot rotor or $ur $ur(a (a'e 'e eh ehib ibit it  phe!ome!a that are rare,y rar e,y $ee! i! other aerody!ami' aerod y!ami' (ie,d$) ! 1919 the phy$i'i$ phy$i'i$tt A,bert Bet $ho8ed Bet $ho8ed that (or a hypotheti'a, idea, 8i!d-e!er"y etra'tio! ma'hi!e the (u!dame!ta, ,a8$ o( 'o!$ervatio! o( ma$$ a!d e!er"y a,,o8ed !o more tha! 1%2F +59)3 o( the ki!eti' e!er"y o( the 8i!d to be 'aptured) ;hi$ BetG ,a8 ,imit ,a8 ,imit 'a! be approa'hed by moder! turbi!e de$i"!$ 8hi'h may rea'h F to E o( thi$ theoreti'a, ,imit)

22

Win) Genertor Tec$no%o& ;he 8i!d $y$tem 'ompri$e$H the "e!erator b,ade$ a!d tai, va!e me'ha!i$m to8er 'har"e 'o!tro,,er a!d batterie$) a'h 'ompo!e!t i$ de$'ribed brie(,y be,o8:T$e Per0ne Per0nent nt M&net M&net Gene Generto rtorr (PMG+ (PMG+ : ;he ma"!et rotor di$k$ are mou!ted o! a  beari!" hub $o they 'a! rotate r otate o! the $ha(t) ;hey are dire't,y dire't, y drive! by the b,ade$ o( the t he 8i!d "e!erator) A,mo$t every $ma,, 8i!d "e!erator o! the market u$e$ a dire't,y drive! perma!e!t ma"!et "e!erator +.M* o( $ome $imi,ar type) ;hey are $pe'ia,,y de$i"!ed de$i"!ed a!d bui,t (or the  purpo$e o( etra'ti!" po8er (rom the $,o8,y tur!i!" b,ade$ 8ith be$t e((i'ie!'y a!d mi!imum 'omp,eity 'omp,eity)) Bet8ee! the rotor$ i$ a $tator 'a$t (rom p,a$ti' re$i! ho,di!" 'oi,$ o(  'opper 8ire)+Mo$t other .M*$ u$e a ,ami!ated $tee, 'ore (or the $tator i!$tead) ;he ;D* .M* i$ 'o!$tru'ted a$ (ar a$ po$$ib,e u$i!" readi,y avai,ab,e materia,$ a!d o(( the-$he,(  'ompo!e!t$)

,e't ,e'tri' ri'ity ity i$ "e!er "e!erate ated d 8he! 8he! the ma"!e ma"!et$ t$ o! the the ma"!e ma"!ett di$k$ di$k$ rotate rotate pa$t pa$t the 'oi,$ 'oi,$ embedded i! the $tator 'a$ti!") ;he ma"!eti' (ie,d i!du'e$ a vo,ta"e i! the 'oi,$ 8hi'h i$ u,timate,y (ed to the batterie$) At ,o8 rotatio!a, $peed$ the vo,ta"e i$ i!$u((i'ie!t to 'har"e the battery battery but 8he! <'ut-i!? 8i!d $peed i$ rea'hed a 'urre!t (,o8$ i!to the battery $o a$ to 'har"e it)

;he ma"!eti' (ie,d throu"h the 'oi,$ rever$e$ a$ the ma"!et po,e$ i! the rotor di$k$ pa$$ them $o the vo,ta"e produ'ed a,ter!ate$ a,$o 8hi'h mea!$ that the "e!erator produ'e$ a,ter!ati!" 'urre!t or A=)

;he 'oi,$ are arra!"ed Moder! 8i!d turbi!e rotor$ u$ua,,y have t8o or three b,ade$) A ,ar"er !umber o(   b,ade$ 8ou,d 'reate more tur!i!" (or'e +torue but 8ou,d !ot be 'apab,e o( drivi!" the .M* (a$t e!ou"h to "e!erate the reuired vo,ta"e be'au$e it 8ou,d tur! more $,o8,y) ;he hi"her $peed rotor a'tua,,y 'at'he$ $,i"ht,y more po8er tha! the $,o8 o!e 8ou,d) ;he rotor   b,ade$ a!d the .M* are both b oth very 'are(u,,y 'a re(u,,y de$i"!ed de$i" !ed to mat'h mat' h ea'h otherL$ oth erL$ $peed a!d po8er $o a$ to etra't the maimum e!er"y (rom the 8i!d) ;he output o( the 8i!d "e!erator over  time depe!d$ more o! the amou!t o( 8i!d $8ept by the b,ade$ tha! it doe$ o! the po8er  rati!" o( the .M*)

  ,e'tri'ity "e!eratio! i$ e$pe'ia,,y va,uab,e duri!" ,o8 8i!d period$ 8he! the battery other8i$e be'ome$ di$'har"ed) At ,o8 $peed$ po8er output depe!d$ o!,y o! the area o( 8i!d

2

$8ept by the b,ade$) ;he rated po8er output o!,y o''ur$ i! $tro!"er 8i!d$ $o it i$ !ot $ee! u!der the$e 'o!ditio!$) ( the .M* i$ !ot 'o!!e'ted to a battery or other e,e'tri'a, ,oad the! the b,ade$ 8i,, over $peed ,ike a! e!"i!e at (u,, thrott,e out o( "ear) ;he ma'hi!e 8i,, be'ome !oi$y a!d may vibrate $o mu'h that part$ 'ome ,oo$e a!d (a,, to the "rou!d) ;o preve!t thi$ type o( prob,em the (o,,o8i!" thi!"$ are importa!t: Keep the 8i!d "e!erator 'o!!e'ted to a ,oad at a,, time$) ;he 8i!d "e!erator mu$t have a! e((e'tive (ur,i!" $y$tem (or hi"h 8i!d$) ;he b,ade$ $hou,d be 'are(u,,y ba,a!'ed $o they ru! $mooth,y)

Ti% Ti% vne 0ec$nis0> 0ec$nis0> ;he tai, va!e i$ u$ed to (a'e the ma'hi!e i!to the 8i!d) t a,$o

i!',ude$ a me'ha!i$m 8hi'h 'ome$ i!to p,ay 8he! 8i!d $peed e'eed$ a 'ertai! ,eve, +u$ua,,y arou!d 1 metre$ per $e'o!d) t O(ur,$L the "e!erator a!d b,ade$ out o( the (u,, (or'e o( the 8i!d by $8ive,,i!" the 8ho,e ma'hi!e o! a beari!" +the ya8 beari!" at the top o( the to8er) A $imp,e me'ha!i$m u$i!" "ravity o! the tai, va!e mai!tai!$ the "e!erator a!d b,ade$ (a'i!" the 8i!d 8he! the 8i!d i$ moderate but tur!$ it $ide8ay$-o! i! very $tro!" 8i!d$) ;hi$ $y$tem i$ e$$e!tia, to prote't the b,ade$ (rom over$peed a!d the .M* (rom dama"e To/er :;he to8er rai$e$ the "e!erator b,ade$ a!d tai, va!e to a hei"ht 8here the 8i!d i$

$tro!"er a!d $moother tha! at "rou!d ,eve,) ;he to8er i$ a$ hi"h a$ po$$ib,e above a,, $urrou!di!" ob$ta',e$) ;ree$ a!d bui,di!"$ 8i,, a((e't the 8i!d to a hei"ht a,mo$t doub,e their  o8! hei"ht but pra'ti'a, 'o!$ideratio!$ $u'h a$epe!$e $a(ety a!d mai!te!a!'e ,imit the hei"ht to bet8ee! 1m a!d 2m E%ectric% contro%s C$r&e contro%%er> contro%%er> ;he 'har"e 'o!tro,,er i$ there to preve!t dama"e to the batterie$) ( the

 batterie$ are !ear ! ear to (u,, 'har"e but the 8i!d i$ b,o8i!" b ,o8i!" $tro!",y the 'har"i!" 'urre!t 'u rre!t !eed$ to be redu'ed to preve!t dama"e to the battery) ;he 'har"e 'o!tro,,er 8i,, divert $ome po8er  (rom the "e!erator a8ay (rom the battery a!d i!to a Odump ,oadL) ;hi$ 'a! be a!ythi!" (rom a $erie$ o( bu,b$ to a heati!" 'oi, # i! the $imp,e$t $y$tem$ thi$ e'e$$ e!er"y i$ 8a$ted) =har"e 2

'o!tro,,er$ 'o!tro,,er$ (or $o,ar .@ $y$tem$ $y$tem$ are !ot $uitab,e (or 8i!d "e!erator$ be'au$e they u!,oad the 8i!d turbi!e by di$'o!!e'ti!" di$'o!!e'ti!" it (rom the battery) Di((ere!t Di((ere!t type$ o( battery reuire di((ere!t $etti!"$ i! the 'har"e 'o!tro,,er) 'o!tro,,er) 4or eamp,e eamp,e $ea,ed batterie$ are 'har"ed at a ,o8er vo,ta"e to preve!t "a$$i!" 8herea$ ve!ted batterie$ are a,,o8ed to 'har"e more vi"orou$,y a!d  produ'e "a$e$ ) Co8 vo,ta"e di$'o!!e't: Batterie$ are ea$i,y dama"ed by e'e$$ive di$'har"e) A devi'e that 'ut$ o(( the 'urre!t (rom the battery to the u$er ,oad +,i"ht a!d other 'ir'uit$ at a pre-$et ,o8 vo,ta"e 'a! preve!t thi$) Su'h a devi'e i$ o(te! 'a,,ed a G,o8 vo,ta"e di$'o!!e'tG) ;hi$ ;hi$ $ort o(  devi'e i$ re'omme!ded 8here u$er$ 8i,, attempt to u$e e!er"y (rom the battery u!ti, it ru!$ out) 7ith edu'atio! a!d u$er vi"i,a!'e $u'h devi'e$ are u!!e'e$$ary) !verter: !verter$ !verter$ are u$ed to 'o!vert the ,o8 vo,ta"e D= (rom the battery +u$ua,,y12@ i!to mai!$ type 232@ A=) i"her output-ua,ity i!verter$ are better (or mo$t purpo$e$ but the$e 'a! add $ub$ta!tia,,y to the 'o$t o( the 8ho,e $y$tem) Co8er 'o$t i!verter$ have ,o8er  output a!dor12 ,o8er prote'tio! a"ai!$t abu$e) !verter$ "e!era,,y make $e!$e (or $ma,, !et8ork$ o( hou$eho,d$ 8ith a 'e!tra, "e!erator "e!erator $i!'e the additio!a, additio!a, 'o$t 'a! be $hared a!d the 'ab,e ru!$ are ,o!" e!ou"h to reuire the hi"her vo,ta"e $upp,y) Coad 'o!tro,: ! more $ophi$ti'ated $y$tem$ a!d e$pe'ia,,y 8here there i$ more tha! o!e hou$eho,d u$i!" the batterie$ a! i!dividua, ,oad or a "roup o( ,oad$ 'a! be i!dividua,,y 'o!tro,,ed to mat'h dema!d a!d $upp,y) ;he$e di((ere!t ,oad$ 8i,, be $8it'hed o! a!d o((  depe!di!" o! the $tate o( the battery 'har"e a!d thi$ 'a! be do!e ra!dom,y or $eue!tia,,y) Batterie$: 4or $ta!d-a,o!e 8i!d $y$tem$ 8here a 'o!$ta!t $upp,y o( e,e'tri'ity i$ de$irab,e it i$ e$$e!tia, to have a battery to $tore e,e'tri'ity (or 8he! the 8i!d i$ ,i"ht) ;he battery a,$o re"u,ate$ the vo,ta"e o( the $y$tem 8hi'h 8ou,d other8i$e other8i$e vary 8i,d,y 8ith 8i!d $peed a!d 'au$e dama"e to euipme!t) 4u$e$ a!d 'ir'uit breaker$ :ver 'urre!t prote'tio! i$ a$ importa!t i! $ma,, 8i!d $y$tem$ a$ i! hou$eho,d$ o! the "rid) 4u$e$ a!d breaker$ preve!t too mu'h 'urre!t (rom (,o8i!" i! 'ir'uit$ or app,ia!'e$ 'au$i!" dama"e or (ire throu"h (au,ty 8iri!") A battery 'a! de,iver  very hi"h 'urre!t$ u!der $hort-'ir'uit 'o!ditio!$ $o (u$e$ or 'ir'uit breaker$ are hi"h,y re'omme!ded (or (ire $a(ety) 23

4i" 5:horio!ta, ai$ 8i!d turbi!e 4i" $our'e:(reepi)eu

4i" %:variou$ turbi!e po$itio!$ 4i" $our'e: 7ikipedia ima"e$ 24

4ord motor 'ompa!y i$ a$ A#eri'a$ a&t#a)er a$d the *r+d=" f(th +ar,e"t a&t#a)er a&t#a)er ba"ed $ *r+d*ide !ehi'+e "a+e"< It i" i$ /r'e"" ( #a)i$, 'ar" i$"ta++ed *ith #i'r *i$d t&rbi$e" t e>e'ti!e+% &ti+i?e *i$d e$er,% (r a&t#bi+e re(ri,erati$< re(ri,erati$< Their /r/"ed de"i,$ de"i,$ ha!e #i'r *i$d t&rbi$e" i$"ta++ed $ r( ( 'ar a$d the (++*i$, f,&re "h*" thi" #de+

4i" F: (ord motor mode, 4i" $our'e:7ikipedia ima"e$

4i" E:'o!ver$io! o( 8i!d e!er"y to e,e'tri'a, 4i" $our'e :7ikipedia ima"e$ 25

E2ip0ent Deti%s Win) t2r*ine

;he 8i!d turbi!e 'ho$e! (or po8er "e!eratio! ha$ the (eature$ $tated be,,o8 # ;8o b,ade$ +(or ,o8 $o,idity) orio!ta, ai$) Ci(t type) i"h ,i(t to dra" ratio 8ith e((i'ie!'y ra!"i!" (rom ) to )5) ;hey !eed a re,ative,y hi"h tip $peed ratio +P Q R0  v8) 4or our de$i"! 8e have 'ho$e! P Q %) 4or thi$ va,ue o( P it 'a!  be a$$umed that the va,ue va,u e o( = 48i,, be ) to )5)

7here =4 Q aia, thru$t 'o-e((i'ie!t) So = p=4  F ;hi$ imp,ie$ that a$ at per(e't dy!ami' mat'hi!" "e!erated po8er 8i,, be "reater tha! the  po8er $pe!d due to thru$t) thr u$t) ! other 8ord$ the "e!erated "e! erated po8er by a turbi!e 8i,, be b e "reater) tha! the thru$t a'ti!" a'ti!" o! the b,ade a$ a! aero(oi, $e'tio! $e'tio! ha$ hi"h ,i(t to dra" ratio) ratio) ! the other ha!d turbi!e$ are p,a'ed i! para,,e, to the (,o8 rather tha! perpe!di'u,ar to the (,o8 ) Genertor

7e 8a!t to u$e a! A)=) "e!erator 8ith 3-T 8i!di!"$ 8ith i!'rea$ed !o) o( po,e$) ;he po,e$ 8i,, be perma!e!t ma"!et$ a!d the !o) o( po,e$ 8i,, be E) ;hi$ e,imi!ate$ the !eed o( a "ear bo i! the $y$tem) 7e $ha,, u$e a three pha$e A)=) to D)=) 'o!verter to 'har"e the batterie$) =Uk 'o!verter i$ u$ed to "ive a 'o!$ta!t %@ at the output) ;he 'urre!t o( the 'o!verter 8i,, vary 8ith the variatio! o( the $peed o( the vehi',e or the r)p)m o( the turbi!e keepi!" the termi!a, vo,ta"e (ied)

26

B%)es: Mo$t turbi!e$ have either t8o or three b,ade$) 7i!d b,o8i!" over the b,ade$ 'au$e$

the b,ade$ to I,i(tI a!d rotate Genertor &$ua,,y a! o((-the-$he,( i!du'tio! "e!erator that A= e,e'tri'ity) i&$@spee) s$!t : Drive$ the "e!erator) Rotor> ;he b,ade$ a!d the hub to"ether are 'a,,ed the rotor)

4i" 9: "raph bet8ee! .o8er =oe((i'ie!t +=. v$ ;ip Speed 0atio +P 4i" $our'e : ar$ "rapik 

27

7i!d turbi!e$ typi'a,,y have t8o de"ree$ o( (reedom to optimie po8er "e!eratio!) ;he abi,ity to 'ha!"e their ya8 or 'ompa$$ orie!tatio! by tur!i!" +u$i!" motor$ the e!tire !a'e,,e u!it $o the rotor i$ poi!ted dire't,y i!to the 8i!d) ;hi$ pro'e$$ i$ 'o!tro,,ed by 8i!d dire'tio! i!(ormatio! (rom !earby 8i!d va!e$ 8hi'h are ,o'ated to mi!imie the e((e't due to 8ake turbu,e!'e (rom the 8i!d turbi!e$) ;he pit'h o( the b,ade$ 8hi'h 'a! be 'ha!"ed 'ha!"ed to keep a !ear-'o !ear-'o!$ta !$ta!t !t rotatio! rotatio! rate u!der  varyi!" 8i!d $peed$ 8here the rotatio! rate i$ 'ho$e! to optimie the po8er-"e!eratio! e((i e((i'i 'ie! e!'y 'y o( the the turb turbi! i!e) e) A!oth !other er purp purpo$ o$ee o( both both the the b,ad b,adee pit' pit'h h 'o!t 'o!tro ro,, a!d a!d ya8 ya8 Me'ha!i$m$ i$ to a't a$ a brake u!der etreme,y $tro!" 8i!d 'o!ditio!) C2t@ in spee) : ;he ,o8e$t 8i!d $peed at 8hi'h a 8i!d turbi!e be"i!$ produ'i!" u$ab,e

 po8er i$ 'a,,ed 'ut-i! $peed) $p eed) t i$ about 60s1 C2t@o2t spee) : ;he hi"he$t 8i!d $peed at 8hi'h a 8i!d turbi!e $top$ produ'i!" po8er i$

'a,,ed 'ut-out $peed) t i$ about 6=0s1 o/ )o t$e /or.

7i!d 7i!d turbi!e$ u$ua,,y 'o!$i$t o( a $et o( b,ade$ atta'hed to a rotor hub 8hi'h to"ether (orm the rotorH thi$ rotor de(,e't$ the air(,o8 8hi'h produ'e$ a (or'e o! the b,ade$ 8hi'h i! tur!  produ'e$ a torue o! the $ha(t $u'h that the rotor rotate$ about a horio!ta, ai$ +6)B) thi$ doe$ !ot app,y to a,, 8i!d turbi!e$ $ome rotate about a verti'a, ai$ 8hi'h i$ 'o!!e'ted to a "earbo a!d "e!erator) ;he$e are hou$ed i! the !a'e,,e +at the top o( the to8er 8ith other  e,e'tri'a, 'ompo!e!t$) ;he "e!erator produ'e$ e,e'tri'ity 8hi'h i$ tra!$mitted do8! the 'ab,e$ throu"h the to8er a!d out to a tra!$(ormer to 'o!vert it (rom the output vo,ta"e +typi'a,,y arou!d F@ to the ri"ht vo,ta"e (or either the !atio!a, "rid +33@ or (or  8hatever per$o!a, u$e it i$ bei!" put to +$o 2@) ;he$e orio!ta, Ai$ 7i!d ;urbi!e$ mu$t a,8ay$ be poi!ted i! the 'orre't dire'tio! +i!to or  a8ay (rom the 8i!d depe!di!" o! the de$i"! i( they are to be u$ed e((i'ie!t,y) ;ho$e 8hi'h (a'e a8ay (rom the 8i!d # do8!8i!d turbi!e$ +
Be'au$e it i$ po$$ib,e (or the turbi!e to thu$ ya8 i! the $ame dire'tio! (or ma!y tur!$ t8i$ti!" t8i$ti!" the 'ab,e$ turbi!e$ have a 'ab,e t8i$t 'ou!ter 8hi'h 'au$e$ the $y$tem to ya8 ba'k  arou!d $o that the 'ab,e$ u!t8i$t o!'e they have rea'hed a 'ertai! !umber o( tur!$ i! o!e dire'tio!)

4i" 1: Char,i$, a$d '$tr+ 'ir'&it ( the batter%< @ *i$di$," are &"ed t red&'e the ri//+e"< A #tr '$tr+ 'ir'&it 'a$ be &"ed t '$tr+ the #tr a$d it *i++ a+" i$trd&'e the /r!i"i$ ( Re,e$erati!e ra)i$,< Si#/+e P*er dide" 'a$ be &"ed (r de"i,$i$, the '$!erter 'ir'&it< The '&tBi$ !e+'it% -#i$i#&# *i$d !e+'it% t ,e$erate /*er0 ( the t&rbi$e" i" 3#"<

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4* 12: 0e$u,ta!t thru$t "e!erated o! 8i!d turbi!e due to (,o8i!" air 

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About F27 e!er"y i$ reuired by a automobi,e a') 4rom our 'a,'u,atio!$ it i$ ',ear that a mi!imum o(  7 e!er"y 'a! be produ'ed by u$i!" a mi'ro 8i!d turbi!e ) e!'e the e!er"y 'a! partia,,y automobi,e a' take! (orm the e!"i!e 8i,, be redu'ed ) ;hi$ ;hi$ 8i,, redu'e the etra (ue, 'o!$umptio! 8hi'h 8a$ u$ed i! 'har"i!" the a' a!d he!'e i!'rea$e$ mi,ea"e ) t 8i,, (urthur redu'ed the po,,utio! 'reated by the etra (ue, 'o!$umptio! )

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Re!erences

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