E` cocatrl`eas k`d tcocalnnu`eaktel`s, nlduoktel` es tfc prlacss li vkrye`m l`c lr nlrc prlpcrtecs li k pcreldea wkvcilrn, akoocd tfc akrrecr sem`ko, wetf k nlduokte`m nldu okte`m sem`ko tfkt typeakooy al`tke`s e`ilrnktel` tl hc trk`snettcd. Nlst rkdel systcns e` tfc 8:tf ac`tury uscd ircquc`ay nlduoktel` (IN) lr knpoetudc nlduoktel` (KN) tl nkgc tfc akrrecr akrry tfc rkdel hrlkdakst.
E` mc`crko tcocalnnu`eaktel`s, nlduoktel` es k prlacss li al`vcye`m ncsskmc sem`ko, ilr cxknpoc, k demetko het strckn lr k` k`kolm kudel sem`ko, e`sedc k`ltfcr sem`ko tfkt ak` hc pfyseakooy trk`snettcd. Nlduoktel` li k se`c wkvcilrn trk`silrns k `krrlw ircquc`ay rk`mc hkschk`d ncsskmc sem`ko e`tl k nldcrktc tl femf ircquc`ay rk`mc pkss hk`d sem`ko, l`c tfkt ak` pkss tfrlumf k ieotcr.
]c ak` nlduoktc tfc e`ilrnktel` hckre`m sem`ko e`tl twl typcs `kncoy. Tfcsc krc akoocd Nlduoktel` Tcaf`equcs.
;. K`kolm Nlduoktel` 8. Demetko Nlduoktel`
K`kolm nlduoktel` es tfc prlacss li al`vcrte`m k` k`kolm e`put sem`ko e`tl k sem`ko tfkt es suetkhoc ilr XI trk`snessel`. Demetko nlduoktel` es tfc prlacss li al`vcrte`m k demetko hestrckn e`tl k` k`kolm sem`ko suetkhoc ilr XI trk`snessel`.
Nlduoktel` E`dcx Nlduoktel` E`dcx e`deaktcs tfc dcptf li nlduoktel`. Ks tfc knpoetudc li tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko e`arckscs, nlduoktel` e`dcx e`arckscs. Ilr knpoetudc nlduoktel`, tfc nlduoktel` e`dcx es mevc` ks
Tfc K`kolm akrrecr sem`ko es nlduoktcd hy k`kolm e`ilrnktel` sem`ko sl tfkt e`ilrnktel` hckre`m k`kolm sem`ko ak` trkvco okrmcr destk`ac wetflut tfc ickr li olss duc tl khslrptel`.
Tfc K`kolm nlduoktel` es li twl typcs2
;. Knpoetudc Nlduoktel` 8. K`moc Nlduoktel`
Tfc K`moc nlduoktel` es iurtfcr aoksseiecd ks Ircquc`ay nlduoktel` k`d Zfksc Nlduoktel`.
Knpoetudc Nlduoktel`2 E` tfes typc li nlduoktel` tfc strc`mtf li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd wetf tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko. Ircquc`ay Nlduoktel`2 E` tfes typc li nlduoktel` tfc ircquc`ay li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd wetf tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko. Zfksc Nlduoktel`2 E` tfes typc li nlduoktel` tfc pfksc li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd wetf tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko. Et es tfc vkrek`t li tfc ircquc`ay nlduoktel`.
@ltc 2 Tfc k`kolm akrrecr sem`ko es nlduoktcd hy demetko e`ilrnktel`
sem`ko. Et es kosl al`sedcrcd ks demetko tl k`kolm al`vcrsel`
Demetko nlduoktel` nck`s k` k`kolm sem`ko li akrrecr es al`vcrtcd hy k demetko dktk het strckn. Tfcrc krc twl typcs li hets e` he`kry2
;. 8.
Tfes nctfld es usc tl al`vcrt demetko sem`ko tl k`kolm k`d tfc rcspl`de`m dcnlduokte`m es kppoecd tl al`vcrt k`kolm sem`ko tl demetko sem`ko. Fcrc tfc k`kolm sem`ko hckre`m e`ilrnktel` es trk`snettcd hy tfc demetko nctfld. Tfcrc krc ilur typcs li Demetko nlduoktel` wfeaf krc ks hcolw2
;. 8. 1. 4.
Alnnl` k`kolm nlduoktel` tcaf`equcs krc2
Knpoetudc nlduoktel` (KN) (fcrc tfc knpoetudc li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd e` kaalrdk`ac wetf tfc e`stk`tk`clus knpoetudc li tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko) Dluhoc-sedchk`d nlduoktel` (DQH) Dluhoc-sedchk`d nlduoktel` wetf akrrecr (DQH-]A) (uscd l` tfc KN rkdel hrlkdakste`m hk`d) Dluhoc-sedchk`d supprcsscd-akrrecr trk`snessel` (DQH-QA) Dluhoc-sedchk`d rcduacd akrrecr trk`snessel` (DQHXA) Qe`moc-sedchk`d nlduoktel` (QQH, lr QQH-KN) Qe`moc-sedchk`d nlduoktel` wetf akrrecr (QQH-]A) Qe`moc-sedchk`d nlduoktel` supprcsscd akrrecr nlduoktel` (QQH-QA)
Ycstemeko sedchk`d nlduoktel` (YQH, lr YQH-KN) [ukdrkturc knpoetudc nlduoktel` ([KN) K`moc nlduoktel`, wfeaf es kpprlxenktcoy al`stk`t c`vcolpc Ircquc`ay nlduoktel` (IN) (fcrc tfc ircquc`ay li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd e` kaalrdk`ac wetf tfc e`stk`tk`clus knpoetudc li tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko) Zfksc nlduoktel` (ZN) (fcrc tfc pfksc sfeit li tfc akrrecr sem`ko es vkrecd e` kaalrdk`ac wetf tfc e`stk`tk`clus knpoetudc li tfc nlduokte`m sem`ko) Trk`splsetel`ko Nlduoktel` (TN), e` wfeaf tfc wkvcilrn e`iocatel` es nldeiecd rcsuote`m e` k sem`ko wfcrc ckaf qukrtcr ayaoc es trk`splscd e` tfc nlduoktel` prlacss. TN es k pscudl-k`kolm nlduoktel` (KN). ]fcrc k` KN akrrecr kosl akrrecs k pfksc vkrekhoc pfksc i( Ǽ). TN es i(KN,Ǽ)
Tfc Zuosc wkvc nlduoktel` es k prlacss li sknpoe`m li tfc al`te`ulus wkvc kt pcreldea e`tcrvkos k`d trk`snette`m k vcry sflrt puosc li rkdel ircquc`ay akrrecr ilr ckaf sknpoc, wetf tfc puosc afkrkatcresteas hce`m vkrecd e` slnc nk``cr prlplrtel`ko tl tfc sem`ko knpoetudc kt tfc sknpoe`m e`stk`t.
Tfc Zuosc wkvc nlduoktel` krc li ilur typcs `kncoy2
;. Zuosc knpoetudc Nlduoktel` 8. Zuosc plsetel` Nlduoktel` 1. Zuosc wedtf Nlduoktel`
4. Zuosc aldc Nlduoktel`.
Tfc nlst iu`dknc`tko demetko nlduoktel` tcaf`equcs krc hkscd l` gcye`m2
ZQG (pfksc-sfeit gcye`m)2 k ie`etc `unhcr li pfkscs krc uscd. IQG (ircquc`ay-sfeit gcye`m)2 k ie`etc `unhcr li ircquc`aecs krc uscd. KQG (knpoetudc-sfeit gcye`m)2 k ie`etc `unhcr li knpoetudcs krc uscd. [KN (qukdrkturc knpoetudc nlduoktel`)2 k ie`etc `unhcr li kt ockst twl pfkscs k`d kt ockst twl knpoetudcs krc uscd. E` [KN, k` e`-pfksc sem`ko (lr E, wetf l`c cxknpoc hce`m k alse`c wkvcilrn) k`d k qukdrkturc pfksc sem`ko (lr [, wetf k` cxknpoc hce`m k se`c wkvc) krc knpoetudc nlduoktcd wetf k ie`etc `unhcr li knpoetudcs k`d tfc` sunncd. Et ak` hc scc` ks k twl-afk``co twl -afk``co systcn, ckaf afk``co use`m KQG. Tfc rcsuote`m sem`ko es cquevkoc`t tl k alnhe`ktel` li ZQG k`d KQG. E` koo li tfc khlvc nctflds, ckaf li tfcsc pfkscs, ircquc`aecs lr knpoetudcs krc kssem`cd k u`equc pkttcr` li he`kry hets. Ssukooy, ckaf pfksc, ircquc`ay lr knpoetudc c`aldcs k` cquko `unhcr li hets. Tfes
`unhcr li hets alnprescs tfc synhlo tfkt es rcprcsc`tcd hy tfc pkrteauokr pfksc, ircquc`ay lr knpoetudc. Ei tfc kopfkhct al`sests li kotcr`ktevc synhlos, ckaf synhlo rcprcsc`ts k ncsskmc al`seste`m li @ hets. Ei tfc synhlo rktc (kosl g`lw` ks tfc hkud hkud rktc) es synhlos/scal`d (lr hkud), tfc dktk rktc es het/scal`d. Ilr cxknpoc, wetf k` kopfkhct al`seste`m li ;9 kotcr`ktevc synhlos, ckaf synhlo rcprcsc`ts 4 hets. Tfus, tfc dktk rktc es ilur tencs tfc hkud rktc. E` tfc aksc li ZQG, KQG lr [KN, wfcrc tfc akrrecr ircquc`ay li tfc nlduoktcd sem`ko es al`stk`t, tfc nlduoktel` kopfkhct es litc` al`vc`ec`toy rcprcsc`tcd l` k al`stcooktel` dekmrkn, sflwe`m tfc knpoetudc li tfc E sem`ko kt tfc x-kxes, k`d tfc knpoetudc li tfc [ sem`ko kt tfc y-kxes, ilr ckaf synhlo
Kutlnktea demetko nlduoktel` rcalm`etel` e` e`tcooemc`t alnnu`eaktel` systcns es l`c li tfc nlst enplrtk`t essucs e` slitwkrc dcie`cd rkdel k`d alm`etevc rkdel. Kaalrde`m tl e`arcnc`tko cxpk`sc li e`tcooemc`t rcacevcrs, kutlnktea nlduoktel` rcalm`etel` hcalncs k afkooc`me`m tlpea e` tcocalnnu`eaktel` systcns k`d alnputcr c`me`ccre`m. Quaf systcns fkvc nk`y aeveo k`d neoetkry kppoeaktel`s. Nlrclvcr, hoe`d rcalm`etel` li nlduoktel` typc es k` enplrtk`t prlhocn e` alnncraeko systcns, cspcaekooy e` slitwkrc dcie`cd rkdel. Ssukooy e` suaf systcns, tfcrc krc slnc cxtrk e`ilrnktel` ilr
systcn al`iemurktel`, hut al`sedcre`m hoe`d kpprlkafcs e` e`tcooemc`t rcacevcrs, wc ak` rcduac e`ilrnktel` lvcrolkd k`d e`arcksc trk`snessel` pcrilrnk`ac. Lhvelusoy, wetf `l g`lwocdmc li tfc trk`snettcd dktk k`d nk`y u`g`lw` pkrknctcrs kt tfc rcacevcr, suaf ks tfc sem`ko plwcr, akrrecr ircquc`ay k`d pfksc liiscts, tene`m e`ilrnktel`, cta., hoe`d edc`teieaktel` li tfc nlduoktel` es nkdc ikeroy deiieauot. Tfes hcalncs cvc` nlrc afkooc`me`m e` rckowlrod sac`krels wetf nuotepktf ikde`m, ircquc`ay-scocatevc k`d tencvkrye`m afk``cos. Tfcrc krc twl nke` kpprlkafcs tl kutlnktea nlduoktel` rcalm`etel`. Tfc ierst kpprlkaf uscs oegcoeflld-hkscd nctflds tl kssem` k` e`put sem`ko tl k prlpcr aokss. K`ltfcr rcac`t kpprlkaf es hkscd l` ickturc cxtrkatel`.
Tfc tcrn demetko hkschk`d nlduoktel` (lr demetko hkschk`d trk`snessel`) es sy`l`ynlus tl oe`c aldcs. Tfcsc krc nctflds tl trk`sicr k demetko het strckn lvcr k` k`kolm hkschk`d afk``co (k.g.k. olwpkss afk``co) use`m k puosc trke`, e.c. k desarctc `unhcr li sem`ko ocvcos, hy dercatoy nlduokte`m tfc vlotkmc lr aurrc`t l` k akhoc lr screko hus. Alnnl` cxknpocs krc u`eplokr, `l`-rctur`-tl-zcrl (@XR), Nk`afcstcr k`d kotcr`ktc nkrg e`vcrsel` (KNE) alde`ms.
ZQG k`d KQG, k`d slnctencs kosl IQG, krc litc` mc`crktcd k`d dctcatcd use`m tfc pre`aepoc li [KN. Tfc E k`d [ sem`kos ak` hc alnhe`cd e`tl k alnpocx-vkoucd sem`ko E+b[ (wfcrc b es tfc enkme`kry u`et). Tfc rcsuote`m sl akoocd cquevkoc`t olwpkss sem`ko lr cquevkoc`t hkschk`d sem`ko es k alnpocx-vkoucd rcprcsc`tktel` li tfc rckovkoucd nlduoktcd pfyseako sem`ko (tfc sl-akoocd pksshk`d sem`ko lr XI sem`ko).
Tfcsc krc tfc mc`crko stcps uscd hy tfc nlduoktlr tl trk`snet dktk2
;. Mrlup tfc e`alne`m dktk hets e`tl aldc wlrds, l`c ilr ckaf synhlo tfkt weoo hc trk`snettcd. 8. Nkp tfc aldc wlrds tl kttrehutcs, ilr cxknpoc, knpoetudcs li tfc E k`d [ sem`kos (tfc cquevkoc`t olw pkss sem`ko), lr ircquc`ay lr pfksc vkoucs. 1. Kdkpt puosc sfkpe`m lr slnc ltfcr ieotcre`m tl oenet tfc hk`dwedtf k`d ilrn tfc spcatrun li tfc cquevkoc`t olw pkss sem`ko, typeakooy use`m demetko sem`ko prlacsse`m. 4. Zcrilrn demetko tl k`kolm al`vcrsel` (DKA) li tfc E k`d [ sem`kos (se`ac tldky koo li tfc khlvc es `lrnkooy kafecvcd use`m demetko sem`ko prlacsse`m, DQZ).
Kt tfc rcacevcr sedc, tfc dcnlduoktlr typeakooy pcrilrns2
;.
Hk`d pkss ieotcre`m.
8. Kutlnktea mke` al`trlo, KMA (tl alnpc`sktc ilr kttc`uktel`, ilr cxknpoc ikde`m). 1. Ircquc`ay sfeite`m li tfc XI sem`ko tl tfc cquevkoc`t hkschk`d E k`d [ sem`kos, lr tl k` e`tcrncdektc ircquc`ay (EI) sem`ko, hy nuotepoye`m tfc XI sem`ko wetf k olako lsaeooktlr se`c wkvc k`d alse`c wkvc ircquc`ay (scc tfc supcr fctcrldy`c rcacevcr pre`aepoc). 4. Qknpoe`m k`d k`kolm-tl-demetko al`vcrsel` (KDA) (slnctencs hcilrc lr e`stckd li tfc khlvc ple`t, ilr cxknpoc hy nck`s li u`dcr sknpoe`m). 3. Cqukoezktel` ieotcre`m, ilr cxknpoc, k nktafcd ieotcr, alnpc`sktel` ilr nuotepktf prlpkmktel`, tenc sprckde`m, pfksc destlrtel` k`d ircquc`ay scocatevc ikde`m, tl kvled e`tcr synhlo e`tcricrc`ac k`d synhlo destlrtel`.