iv Contents Topic Page No. I. Introduction 1. II. iOS Architecture 6. III. iOS Features 11. IV. Why Choose iOS 1!. V. Why Not Choose iOS 1". VI. #e$erences 1%.
Page & 1 Introduction iOS 'previous(y iPhone OS) is a *o+i(e operating syste* deve(oped and distri+uted +y App(e Inc. Origina((y unvei(ed in ,--% $or the iPhone it has +een e/tended to support other App(e devices such as the iPod Touch 'Septe*+er ,--%) iPad '0anuary ,-1-) iPad ini 'Nove*+er ,-1,) and second2generation App(e TV 'Septe*+er ,-1-). 3n(i4e icroso$t5s Windos Phone and 7oog(e5s Android App(e does not (icense iOS $or insta((ation on non2 App(e hardare. As o$ Octo+er ,-1! App(e5s App Store contained *ore than 1 *i((ion iOS app(ications "----- o$ hich ere opti*ised $or iPad. These apps have co((ective(y +een don(oaded *ore than 6- +i((ion ti*es. It had a ,18 share o$ the s*artphone *o+i(e operating syste* units shipped in the $ourth 9uarter o$ ,-1, +ehind 7oog(e5s Android. At the ha($ o$ ,-1, there ere :1- *i((ion devices activated. According to the specia( *edia event he(d +y App(e on Septe*+er 1, ,-1, :-- *i((ion devices had +een so(d +y 0une ,-1,.
The user inter$ace o$ iOS is +ased on the concept
o$ direct *anipu(ation using *u(ti2touch gestures. Inter$ace contro( e(e*ents consist o$ s(iders sitches and +uttons. Interaction ith the OS inc(udes gestures such as sipe tap pinch and reverse pinch a(( o$ hich have speci$ic de$initions ithin the conte/t o$ the iOS operating syste* and its *u(ti2touch inter$ace. Interna( acce(ero*eters are used +y so*e app(ications to respond to sha4ing the device 'one co**on resu(t is the undo co**and) or rotating it in three di*ensions 'one co**on resu(t is sitching $ro* portrait to (andscape *ode).
An iPhone running iOS %. I*age ;App(e Inc. Page & ,
/po 0anuary ? ,--% and re(eased in 0une o$ that year. At $irst App(e *ar4eting (iterature did not speci$y a separate na*e $or the operating syste* stating si*p(y that the @iPhone runs OS @. Initia((y third2party app(ications ere not supported. Steve 0o+s5 reasoning as that deve(opers cou(d +ui(d e+ app(ications that @ou(d +ehave (i4e native apps on the iPhone@. On Octo+er 1% ,--% App(e announced that a native So$tare Beve(op*ent it 'SB) as under deve(op*ent and that they p(anned to put it @in deve(opers5 hands in Fe+ruary@. On arch 6 ,--D App(e re(eased the $irst +eta a(ong ith a ne na*e $or the operating syste*E @iPhone OS@. App(e had re(eased the iPod Touch hich had *ost o$ the non2phone capa+i(ities o$ the iPhone. App(e a(so so(d *ore than one *i((ion iPhones during the ,--% ho(iday season. On 0anuary ,% ,-1- App(e announced the iPad $eaturing a (arger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch and designed $or e+ +rosing *edia consu*ption and reading ioo4s. In 0une ,-1- App(e re+randed iPhone OS as @iOSG.
iOS :.-
Version
etc. iOS !.- H !.1.!E2 #ena*ed to iOS (aunched a(ong the $irst iPad in ,--?. iOS :.- H :.!."E2 Added ne $eatures (i4e FaceTi*e voice support *u(titas4ing etc. aunched ith iPhone: iPad, = App(e TV in ,-1-. iOS ".- H ".1E2 rought App(eJs voice assistant Siri noti$ications center NesStand app = iC(oud integration. aunched ith iPhone :S in ,-11 iOS 6.- H 6.1."E2 rought i*proved Siri ne Pass+oo4 = aps app(ication. aunched ith iPhone ,-1,. iOS %.-"Hin %.-.: 'current)E2 Tota((y redesigned (oo4 = $ee( true *u(titas4ing. aunched ith iPhone "S = "C.
oo4 = Fee( The ho*e screen 'rendered +y and a(so 4non as @Springoard@) disp(ays app(ication icons and a doc4 at the +otto* o$ the screen here users can pin their *ost $re9uent(y used apps. The ho*e screen appears henever the user un(oc4s the device or presses the @
the device. Starting ith iOS : on third2generation and neer iOS devices *u(titas4ing is supported through seven +ac4ground APIs. In iOS :.- to iOS 6./ dou+(e2c(ic4ing the ho*e +utton activates the app(ication sitcher. A scro((a+(e doc42(i4e inter$ace appears $ro* the +otto* *oving the contents o$ the screen up. Choosing an icon sitches to an app(ication. To the $ar (e$t are icons hich $unction as *usic contro(s a rotation (oc4 and on iOS :., and a+ove a vo(u*e contro((er.
Page & " Beve(op*ent The app(ications *ust +e ritten and co*pi(ed speci$ica((y $or iOS. The SB runs on(y on ac OS . code IB> $or iOS. I*age courtesy Wi4ipedia.org
On Octo+er 1% ,--% in an open (etter posted to App(e5s @
Cocoa Touch ayer The Cocoa Touch (ayer contains 4ey $ra*eor4s $or +ui(ding iOS apps. These $ra*eor4s de$ine the appearance o$ the apps. They a(so provide the +asic app in$rastructure and support $or 4ey techno(ogies such as *u(titas4ing touch2+ased input push
noti$ications and *any high2(eve( syste* services. Cocoa Touch is pri*ari(y ritten in O+Lective2C is +ased on the standard ac OS Cocoa API and has +een e/tended and *odi$ied to *eet the needs o$ the iPhone. The various $ra*eor4s avai(a+(e in Cocoa Touch (ayer areE Page & % a) 3Iit Fra*eor4E O+Lective2C +ased
The
3Iit
$ra*eor4
is
a
vast
and
$eature
rich
progra**ing inter$ace. It consists o$ Q 3ser inter$ace creation and *anage*ent 'te/t $ie(ds +uttons (a+e(s co(ors $onts etc) Q App(ication (i$ecyc(e *anage*ent Q App(ication event hand(ing 'e.g. touch screen user interaction) Q Cut copy and paste $unctiona(ity Q We+ and te/t content presentation and *anage*ent Q Bata hand(ing Q Inter2app(ication integration Q Push noti$ication in conLunction ith Push Noti$ication Service Q Accessi+i(ity Q Acce(ero*eter +attery pro/i*ity sensor ca*era and photo (i+rary interaction. +) ap it Fra*eor4E The ap it $ra*eor4 provides a progra**ing inter$ace that ena+(es +ui(ding *ap +ased capa+i(ities into other app(ications. This a((os a*ongst other things to disp(ay scro((a+(e *aps *ap corresponding to the current geographica( annotate the *ap in a variety o$ ays.
$or
any
(ocation
(ocation o$
the
disp(ay
device
the
and
c) Push Noti$ication ServiceE The Push Noti$ication Service a((os app(ications to noti$y users o$ an event even hen the app(ication is not current(y running on the device. Since the introduction o$ this service it has *ost co**on(y +een used +y nes +ased app(ications. Typica((y hen there is +rea4ing nes the service i(( generate a *essage on the device ith the nes head(ine and provide the user the option to (oad the corresponding nes app to read *ore detai(s. This a(ert is typica((y acco*panied +y an audio a(ert and vi+ration o$ the device. This $eature shou(d +e used sparing(y to avoid annoying the user ith $re9uent interruptions. d) essage 3I Fra*eor4E The essage 3I $ra*eor4 provides everything needed to a((o users to co*pose and send e*ai( *essages $ro* ithin any app(ication. In $act the $ra*eor4 even provides the user inter$ace e(e*ents through hich the user enters the e*ai( addressing in$or*ation and *essage content. A(ternative(y this in$or*ation can +e pre2de$ined ithin the app(ication and then disp(ayed $or the user to edit and approve prior to sending. e)
Address
oo4
3I
Fra*eor4E
7iven
that
a
4ey
$unction
o$
the
iPhone
is as a co**unications device and digita( assistant it shou(d not co*e as too *uch o$ a surprise that an entire $ra*eor4 is dedicated to the integration o$ the address +oo4 data into your on app(ications. The pri*ary purpose o$ the $ra*eor4 is to ena+(e you to access disp(ay edit and enter contact in$or*ation $ro* the iPhone address +oo4 $ro* ithin your on app(ication. $) 7a*e it Fra*eor4E The 7a*e it $ra*eor4 provides peer2to2peer connectivity and voice co**unication +eteen *u(tip(e devices and users a((oing those running the sa*e app to interact. When this $eature as $irst introduced it as anticipated +y Page & D App(e that it ou(d pri*ari(y +e used in *u(ti2p(ayer ga*es 'hence the choice o$ na*e) +ut the possi+(e app(ications $or this $eature c(ear(y e/tend $ar +eyond ga*es deve(op*ent.
edia ayer The ro(e o$ the edia (ayer is to provide the iPhone OS ith audio video ani*ation and graphics capa+i(ities. As ith the other (ayers co*prising the iPhone OS stac4 the edia (ayer co*prises a nu*+er o$ $ra*eor4s that can +e uti(iKed hen deve(oping iPhone apps. So*e o$ the $ra*eor4s inc(uded in the edia (ayer areE 1) Core 7raphics Fra*eor4E The iPhone Core 7raphics Fra*eor4 'otherise 4non as the RuartK ,B API) provides a (ighteight to di*ensiona( rendering engine. Features o$ this $ra*eor4 inc(ude PBF docu*ent creation and presentation vector +ased draing transparent (ayers path +ased draing anti2a(iased rendering co(or *anipu(ation and *anage*ent i*age rendering and gradients. ,) Open7 >S $ra*eor4E For *any years the industry standard $or high per$or*ance ,B and !B graphics draing has +een Open7. Origina((y deve(oped +y the no de$unct Si(icon 7raphics Inc 'S7I) during the 1??-s in the $or* o$ 7 the open version o$ this techno(ogy 'Open7) is no under the care o$ a non2pro$it consortiu* co*prising a nu*+er o$ *aLor co*panies inc(uding App(e Inc. Inte( otoro(a and A#
SupportE The
iPhone
OS
is
capa+(e
o$
supporting
audio
in
oss(ess 'AAC) A2(a IAABPC inear icroso$t 7S 6.1- and A>S!2,--! $or*ats
PC
2(a
BVIInte(
IA
ABPC
:) Open Audio i+raryE OpenA is a cross p(at$or* techno(ogy used to provide high2 9ua(ity !B audio e$$ects 'a(so re$erred to as positiona( audio). Positiona( audio can +e used in a variety o$ app(ications though is typica((y using to provide sound e$$ects in ga*es. ") edia P(ayer $ra*eor4E The iPhone OS edia P(ayer $ra*eor4 is a+(e to p(ay video in .*ov .*p: .*:v and .!gp $or*ats at a variety o$ co*pression standards reso(utions and $ra*e rates.
Core Services The Core Services (ayer contains $unda*enta( syste* services $or apps. ey a*ong these services are the Core Foundation and Foundation $ra*eor4s hich de$ine the +asic types that a(( apps use. This (ayer a(so contains individua( techno(ogies to support $eatures such as (ocation iC(oud socia( *edia and netor4ing. The various $ra*eor4s inc(uded in this (ayer areE Q Address oo4 $ra*eor4 Q Core Bata Fra*eor4 Q Core Foundation Fra*eor4 Q Foundation Fra*eor4 Q Core ocation Fra*eor4 Q Store it Fra*eor4 Q SRite (i+rary Core OS The Core OS ayer is the +otto* (ayer o$ the iPhone OS stac4 and sits direct(y on top o$ the device hardare. The (ayer provides a variety o$ services inc(uding (o (eve( netor4ing access to e/terna( accessories and the usua( $unda*enta( operating syste* services such as *e*ory *anage*ent $i(e syste* hand(ing and threads. The iPhone OS is +ui(t upon a 3NI2(i4e $oundation. The Syste* co*ponent o$ the Core OS ayer provides *uch the sa*e $unctiona(ity as any other 3NI (i4e operating syste*. This (ayer inc(udes the operating syste* 4erne( '+ased on the ach 4erne( deve(oped +y Carnegie e((on 3niversity) and device drivers. The 4erne( is the $oundation on hich the entire iPhone Page & 1OS is +ui(t and provides the (o (eve( inter$ace to the under(ying hardare. A*ongst other things the 4erne( is responsi+(e $or *e*ory a((ocation process (i$ecyc(e *anage*ent inputoutput inter2process co**unication thread *anage*ent (o (eve( netor4ing $i(e
syste* access and thread *anage*ent. This syste* co*ponent is 4non as Barin syste* = is +ased on the open2source N3 proLect.
Page & 11 iOS Features iOS hen $irst (aunched phones. >ar(ier
revo(utioniKed
the
ay
peop(e
used
their
*o+i(e
peop(e had used their phones to *a4e = receive ca((s and *essages = at *ost to (isten *usic. The iPhone ith iOS as the $irst device hich +rought the concept o$ apps2 tiny app(ications that *ade day2to2day tas4s easier = $un. The various $eatures = apps provided +y iOS are (isted +e(oE Q u(itouchE iOS as the $irst OS *u(titouch user interactions such a *ade using touchscreens ith $inger intuitive.
Q
7esturesE
Siping
anyhere
on
the
to provide various pinch2to2Koo* that easier = *ore
(oc4screen
un(oc4s the device. Siping $ro* top o$ the screen +rings up the noti$ication center hi(e siping $ro* the +otto* o$ the page +rings up the contro( center. Siping anyhere e(se in the screen +rings up the Spot(ight search.
Q Siri Voice SearchE Siri is a persona( voice assistant $irst introduced in iOS ".- that can interpret voice co**ands $ro* the user and do various tas4s (i4e sending a *ai( searching the e+ or *a4ing an appoint*ent in the ca(endar.
Q FaceTi*eE FaceTi*e (ets to or *ore peop(e ith an App(e device to have video or voice chat over !7 or Wi$i ithout any e/tra costs.
FaceTi*e video chat in action I*age ; App(e.co* Page & 1, Q AirdropE Airdrop (ets various App(e devices 9uic4(y = easi(y.
peop(e
share
persona(
$i(es
using
Wi$i
+eteen
Q App StoreE App(eJs App Store as the $irst o$ the 4ind that a((oed ! rd party deve(opers to se(( their app(ications through the store $or pro$it. y Octo+er ,-1! the App Store has *ore than 1 *i((ion apps in various categories $ro* entertain*ent to 4no(edge to ga*es = *ore.
AirBrop in action I*age ; App(e.co* iOS% Siri persona( assistant Page & 1!
Q >ntertain*entE The iPhoneU = the iPadU provides various options $or persona( entertain*ent (i4e photos = videos apps $or vieing photos = videos respective(y to iTunes $or (istening to *usic. The entertain*ent options are e/citing = provides a great visua( treat to the eye.
usic p(ayer in iOS I*age ; App(e.co* App Store in iOS I*age ; App(e.co* Page & 1: Why Choose iOS iOS
revo(utioniKed
the
ay
e
use
our
*o+i(e
phones
today.
The
ecosyste*
deve(oped +y App(e (i4e $inger2$riend(y touch = ! rd party apps ere an inspiration $or other *o+i(e OSJs such as Android = Windos Phone. Natura((y the iPhone hich runs iOS is the (argest se((ing *o+i(e phone in the history. The various reasons $or choosing iOS over other p(at$or*s areE 1) Intuitive 3ser Inter$aceE iOS provides e/ce((ent touch response ith outstanding user inter$ace that 4eeps one hoo4ed $or (ong. The 3I is +eauti$u((y designed 4eeping usa+i(ity in *ind. App(e en$orces strict design guide(ines $or ! rd party apps to *atch its (oo4 = $ee( re9uire*ents. App(eJs iOS changed the de$inition o$ touchscreen2 $inger interaction and provided a hu*an touch to its 3I 4eeping usa+i(ity in *ind. ,) >/ce((ent u(ti*edia FeaturesE The iOS is an entertain*ent p(at$or* that provides e/ce((ent *usic = video p(ay+ac4. The photos ta4en ith the ca*era (oo4 aeso*e on the high reso(ution disp(ay. iOS supports
P(aying Angry irds on iOS Page & 1" !)
Page & 16 Why Not Choose iOS Bespite +eing i**ense(y popu(ar and success$u( iOS sti(( has its on share o$ disadvantages. So*e o$ the* areE 1) Pricey
,) C(osed SourceE iOS is entire(y c(osed source inc(uding the Barin su+syste* hich is otherise open sourced in acOS. This (eads to userJs dependency on App(e to provide upgrades = +ug $i/es henever any issue is detected. There has +een *any co*p(aints regarding +ugs +eing ignored +y App(e or ta4ing (ong ti*e to push a $i/.
!) #e9uires a ac to +ui(d = test appsE iOS apps can on(y +e +ui(t = tested syste* running acOS. A PC running Windos cannot +e used. This adds a su+stantia( cost $actor $or app deve(opers apart $ro* the ?? deve(oper $ee per year.
Cost is the *aLor (i*iting $actor $or iOS I*age courtesy F(ip4art.co* Page & 1%
:) So$tare (i*itationsE Ana(ysts ca(( App(e ecosyste* as Wa((ed 7ardenG. App(e has put up p(enty o$ restrictions to prevent any *isuse o$ the devices. This inc(udes +(oc4ing apps that do not *eet their design or content guide(ines $ro* the app store (oc4ing the devices so that custo* *odi$ications cannot +e *ade not a((oing to share content such as *usic via (uetooth not a((oing to insta(( apps that are not $ro* the app store etc. There are or4arounds Lai(+rea4ing = un(oc4ing +ut that is too co*p(icated $or regu(arhoever users = (i4e *ay void the deviceJs arranty.
Page & 1D #e$erences 1.
httpsE.app(e.co*inios
,.
httpEen.i4ipedia.orgi4iIOS
!. httpsEdeve(oper.app(e.co*(i+raryiosdocu*entation*isce((aneousconceptua(i phoneostechovervieIntroductionIntroduction.ht*( :. httpE.techotopia.co*inde/.phpTheiPhoneOSArchitectureandFra*e or4s
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ac OS = iOS Interna(s +y 0onathan evin Wi(ey Pu+(ications
