“Effect of packaging and labeling information on consumer learning with respect to food product in Punjab (India)”
Submitted to Lovely Professional University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Submitted by:
Supervisor:
Group No TM04
Mr. Abhishek Dutta
Asad Gour Rajan Kumar
RT1901 “B43”
Senior lecturer.
RT1901 “A17”.
Prashant Kumar RT1901 “A19” Chandan Kumar. RT1901 “B58”
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PHAGWARA (2011)
1
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that the project report titled “________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________” carried out by Mr._________________(student name), S/o or D/o____________(Father’s Name) has been accomplished under my guidance & supervision as a duly registered MBA student of the Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. This project is being submitted by him/her in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Master of Business Administration from Lovely Professional University.
His dissertation represents his original work and is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration.
___________________________________ (Name & Signature of the Faculty Advisor) Date:
2
DECLARATION
I, "______________ "_____________________ _______________ ___________(stu ___(student's dent's name)”, name)”, here hereby by decl declar aree that that the the work work presented herein is genuine work done originally by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a degree programme. Any literature, data or works done by others and cited within this dissertation has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.
_______________________
(Student's name & Signature)
_______________________ (Registration No.)
Date: __________________ __________________
3
Acknowledgement: It was a great pleasure and a unique experience to work on this project and on its completion. We would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to those who have extended their valuable time, co-operation and guidance during d uring the time of the study. Comple Completin ting g a projec projectt withou withoutt proper proper guidance guidance is like like sailin sailing g alone alone in an ocean ocean withou withoutt a compass. We must affirm our thankfulness to our guide Mr. Abhishek Dutta for their kind guidance, during my capstone project. We must put on record our gratitude towards our faculty, without whom we, would not have reached to the conclusion of the project. It was through their efforts that we could complete the project well in time. The respondents constituted the back bone of the project. Thanks to the respondents who had taken out some time out of their busy schedule to fill in my questionnaire without which the survey could not have taken place.
Prashant Kumar Chandan Kumar Asad Gour Rajan Kumar
4
Executive Summary
Objective/purpose of the study
This descriptive study aims to identify the most important factors which influence consumers’ learning after reading the packaging information on the food product. Scope of the study •
The study has been conducted in Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Phagwara of Punjab.
•
It is decided to consider all malls in these places like big bazaar, vishal mega mart, easy day, where can easily find out the respondent for the survey.
Methodology
The study was descriptive in nature with survey method being used to complete the study because this research is the most commonly used and the basic reason for carrying out descriptive research is to identify the consumer learning through the information given on food products. Population of research has been taken the people of various cities of Punjab. A sample size of “500” consumers of Punjab (100 respondent from Ludhiana, 200 respondent from Jalandhar and 200 respondent from Phagwara) are taken for the purpose of study and analysis. The sampling technique has been used; Simple random sampling technique for choosing the various cities of Punjab that is Ludhiana, Phagwara, and Jalandhar, quota sampling for dividing the number of respondent in the selected city (Ludhiana, Phagwara, and jullundhar) 100 respondent from Ludhiana, 200 respondents from from Jala Jaland ndha harr and 200 200 resp respond onden ents ts from from Phag Phagwa wara ra, and Conveni Convenienc encee sampli sampling ng technique for collecting the data conveniently from the mall of selected cities of Punjab for the survey. Primary data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire and personal interview with consumers and for analysis of collected data we will use SPSS, Microsoft excel.
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Findings •
The study shows the people of Punjab really health Conesus.
•
Packaging information plays important role to make purchase decision of customer.
•
The mostly consumers check the content detail, nutritional facts and the way of using.
•
The packaging information is significantly effect on consumer learning.
•
The most important thing is all respondents are aware about the food packet information.
•
All respond respondent entss are checkin checking g packagi packaging ng inform informati ation on at the time time of purchas purchasing ing food food products.
Recommendation
After analyzing the facts and by talking to the people following suggestions came out: 1. The inform informati ation on provided provided by companie companiess on foo food d packet, packet, the fon fontt size is much smaller smaller which is not seen clearly to all theref therefore ore companies should give it in approp appropriate riate size for clear view to all on food packet. ca ses abbreviation are used for few words that 2. The 2nd most important thing is that in some cases is not understandable to some people. So there should be full name must be given with abbreviation. 3. During conversation with respondents many of them said that in some product they were
not able to find the information easily due to the information is given in some case at the bottom of the packet, in some case at the upper side of the packet, and sometime they did not find the information that is useful to them. So therefore companies should try to give it at a fixed place every ev ery time which can be found by the customer easily. 4. The inform informati ation on provided provided by companie companiess on food food packet, packet, should be in contrast contrast and deep color for the purpose of visibility.
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5. The The langu anguag agee used used for for pack packag agin ing g infor nform matio ation n shoul hould d be simpl implee and and the eas easily ily understandable by customers.
TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No 1
NAME OF THE TOPICS Chapter - 1 :
a) Introd Introduct uction ion to the the topic topic b) Consum Consumer er learni learning ng 2
PAGE NO. 08 09
Chapter - 2 :
a) Review Review of lite literat rature ure
10-14
Chapter – 3 :
a) b) c) d) e) f)
Need Need of of the the stu study dy Object Objectiv ive e of the the study study Scop Scope e of the the stud study y Resear Research ch metho methodol dology ogy Hypo Hypoth thes esis is Fact Factor or anal analys ysis is
15 16 16 17-19 19 20-25
Chapter – 4 :
a) Data Data anal analys ysis is b) Demography Demography analysis analysis by charts charts & bar
27-29 30-37
graph Chapter – 5 :
a) b) c) d)
Findi inding ngs s Conc Conclu lusi sion on Limi Limita tati tion on Recom Recommen mendat dation ion
e) Refe eference f) Impor portant tant URL URL g) Appendi Appendix x (quest (question ionnai naire) re)..
38 39 40 41 42-43 44 45-47
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC 7
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution,
storage, sale, and use. The objective of foodstuff packaging is to guarantee that consumers have access to complete information on the content and composition of products, in order to protect their health and their interests. Other information may provide details on a particular aspect of the product, such as its origin or production method. Some foodstuffs, such as genetically modified organisms, allergenic foods foods,, foods foods inte intend nded ed for for infa infant ntss or even even vari variou ouss beve bevera rage ges, s, are are also also subj subjec ectt to spec specif ific ic regulations. In 1990, the Nutrition Packaging and Education Act went into effect. The USDA and the FDA designed the requirements so that consumers would have useful information about the food they eat. According to the Nutrition Packaging and Education Act, all food packets must contain the following information: •
Common name of the product
•
Name and address of the product’s manufacturer
•
Net contents in terms of weight, measure or count, and:
Ingredient List – Lists the ingredients in descending order of predominance and weight. In
Crispy Crunches, the ingredients are listed at the bottom of the label. As you can see, the predominant ingredient is corn, next is oil, then cheese, etc. Serving Sizes – Each package must identify the size of a serving. In Crispy Crunches, one
package contains one serving. The nutritional information given on the food packet is based on one serving of the food. Nutrition Facts – each package must identify the quantities of specified nutrients and food
constituents for one serving. From this information, you can gleam some very useful information.
Consumer learning:
8
A process by which individuals acquire the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future related behavior. Information given on the packet of food product helps consumer to make cognitive learning in their their mind. mind. The cogniti cognitive ve learni learning ng may influenc influencee the consume consumerr buying buying behavio behaviorr and make make different perceptions about product.
9
(Some pics of food product on which it is showing the packaging information)
CHAPTER-2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Drichoutis, Andreas C., Panagiotis Lazaridis, and Rodolfo M. Nayga (2006) Diet-related
health problems have increased dramatically over the last few years. Consequently, nutritional packaging has emerged as an important aspect of consumers' food purchase decisions. Nutritional conten contentt in food food product productss is conside considered red to be a credenc credencee attrib attribute ute.. However However,, if trust trustwor worthy thy nutritional labels are available, nutritional labels could function as a search characteristic. This paper synthesized the results of empirical research related to nutritional label use. The summary of results presented in this paper provides valuable information for directions for future research and development development of theoretical theoretical and empirical empirical studies. Our review indicates indicates that several factors affect the use of nutrition information, but a number of these factors have conflicting effects due to differences and diversity in methodology, data, timing, location, and scope of the studies. In addition, although there is some consistency as to which general factors are considered by researchers, the range of factors included in the individual studies varied considerably. There also seem seemss to be a need need to broa broade den n rese resear arch ch in spec specif ific ic dire direct ctio ions ns in orde orderr to incr increa ease se the the generalizability of the findings. Petra Tenbült, et.al (2007) The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into whether GM-packaging leads to different processing behavior of food stimuli comp compar ared ed to when when produ product ctss are are not not labe labele led. d. A task task was was desi design gned ed to inves investi tiga gate te peop people le's 's categorization behavior as a function of information provided. In two studies each participant was random randomly ly allocat allocated ed to either either the experim experiment ental al "GM-la "GM-label beled ed conditi condition", on", or the contro controll "non"nonlabeled condition". Different processing strategies and different characteristics are used to judge products that are labeled as genetically modified or not. GM packaging of foods is interpreted to induce analytical processing of information and therefore the products are classified relatively more often on the basis of verifiable categorization criteria compared to when they were not label labeled ed as GM. GM. When When prod produc ucts ts are are not labe labele led d as GM, GM, info inform rmat atio ion n is more more like likely ly to be automatically processed and non-verifiable categorization criteria are used. This is the first study to examine the processes that packaging as GM brings about. The categorization criteria on the basis of which the participants classified the products into two groups were scored. Six different 10
criteria were mentioned by the participants (whether they ate it or not, whether it was healthy or not, whether the products were vegetable or animal, whether it was natural or not, whether it was a processed product or not and whether it they accepted it or not). We regrouped the criteria in two major major groups, groups, namely namely the "verifi "verifiabl ablee categor categorizat ization ions. s. Hilary Oliver (2008) so many many consumers are taking time to read nutrition labels, there is also a marketing opportunity for food manufacturers to provide consumer-friendly information on labels that may entice shoppers to switch brands at the point of purchase," said Deepak Varma, senior vice president of Nielsen Custom Customize ized d Resear Research. ch. "Food "Food market marketers ers can make make relati relativel vely y low invest investmen ments ts in pack pack and packaging changes compared to advertising and promotions, and drive significant sales. Alan proposed ed regula regulati tion on on the provis provision ion of food food inform informati ation on to consume consumers rs -Osborn (2009) A propos suggests, suggests, has a rather broader broader remit than the simple packaging packaging of food and drink products. products. In respect of actual packaging, the proposed resolution clarifies the responsibility for packaging in respect respect of different food business business operators along the supply chain, introduces introduces a minimum minimum print size for carrying carrying informatio information n on labels, labels, and requires requires that informati information on on allergenic allergenic ingredients ingredients should be available for non-pre-packed foods sold through retail and catering outlets. At present there were no comprehensi comprehensive ve rules on compulsory compulsory packaging in the EU and the present present legal provisions have become simply confusing, thus giving rise to legal uncertainty. . Uniform EU rules on food packaging "is a necessary step", such uniformity would make for transparency in the interests of consumers and would offer food enterprises a greater degree of legal certainty, since a whole series of existing provisions would be combined in the new regulation. Jennie forefront on Feight, Nashat Zuraikat (2009) the issue of cloned food packaging came to the forefront January 15, 2008, with the release of a controversial report by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (FDA). This This paper paper aims aims to explor exploree issues issues surrou surroundi nding ng cloned cloned food food source sources, s, specif specifica ically lly the increasingly vocal demands by the American public for mandatory packaging. This paper reviews literature to examine the culture and structure of the FDA over the past ten years. Ethical, econom economic ic and public public health health concern concernss surrou surroundi nding ng cloned cloned food food source sourcess are also also examin examined. ed. Comparisons are made to the shared history of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Political process process and implementat implementation ion of the Cloned Food Packaging Packaging Act (S. 414) are explored. explored. The FDA faces legal and cultural pressure to speed medications to market. The processes created by this struggle also affect the regulation of agriculture; this can be seen in the similar histories of GMOs and cloned food. Ethical issues surrounding cloned food packaging include animal welfare and
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the usurpation of the creator's role. Nicholas J Ollberding (2010) this research indicates that a simple simple logo logo helped helped student studentss identi identify fy health healthful ful food food choice choices, s, and positi positivel vely y influe influenced nced food food choice," commented Professor Freedman. "It would be interesting to determine if a combination of point-of-p point-of-purchas urchasee nutrition nutrition information, information, coupled coupled with economic incentives (e.g. lower prices for healthier foods) would further drive consumers to choose these healthier food items. We must aggressively test such options in light of the increasing threat of obesity to the health of our society. Low rates of label use also suggest that national campaigns or modification of the food label label may be needed needed to reduce reduce the proportio proportion n of the populati population on not using using this this inform informati ation. on. Poss Possib ible le chang changes es to the the curr current ent labe labell that that have have been been sugge suggest sted ed incl includ udee bold boldin ing g calo calori riee information, reporting the total nutrient intake for foods likely to be consumed in a single sitting, and using more intuitive packaging that requires less cognitive processing such as a red, yellow, and green 'traffic 'traffic light' signs on the front of the label. The food label alone is not expected to be sufficient in modifying behavior ultimately leading to improved health outcomes, but may be used by individuals and nutrition professionals as a valuable and motivating tool in our efforts to combat obesity and diet-relat diet-related ed chronic chronic disease. disease. Swati Bhardwaj (2010) The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006, amended in 2008, says food items should carry labels that include the weight of the produc product, t, list list of ingred ingredien ients ts presen presentt and nutrit nutrition ion inform informati ation-i on-incl ncludi uding ng total total calori calories es (energy value) as well as amounts of protein, carbohydrate, fat, sodium (salt), sugars, dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. According to Anoop Mishra, director and head of the department of diabetes, obesity and metabolic diseases, Fortis Hospitals, New Delhi, it is a myth that if a label says "cholesterol free", then the product will not affect blood cholesterol levels. , the small-scale manufa manufactu cturer rerss either either skip skip this this packagi packaging ng procedu procedure re or misle mislead ad the consum consumers ers through through false false clai claims ms," ," says says Swat Swatii Bhar Bhardw dwaj aj,, nutr nutrit itio ioni nist st,, Nati Nationa onall Diab Diabet etes es,, Obes Obesit ity y and and Chol Choles este tero roll Foundation (N-Doc), New Delhi. Even larger companies, some playing by more stringent rules in international markets, are guilty of misleading with labels such as "heart healthy", "fat free" or Kala Vijayra Vijayraghav ghavan, an, Ratna Ratna Bhu Bhushan shan.. (2010) (2010) "sugar free", based on myths and half-truths. Kala
Most food companies in India have started reducing portion sizes and are reformulating existing products to reduce saturated fat, cholesterol, added sugars and sodium in line with global trends. Food and beverage companies are gearing up to meet the requirements of the integrated food law that will be mandatory this year, say industry players. The unified food law plans to set up, among other things, mandatory packaging of ingredients, and a scientific panel to audit the claims
12
made by functional foods flooding the market. The food law will also include a feature called 'food recall'. Hawkes, Mintel (2004) ,As at least 65 per cent of food purchase decisions are made in-store, food labels are clearly intended to influence consumption choices at point of purchase by providing information relevant to the decision in hand. They combine size, color, images and informat rmativ ive e
Pack Packag agin ing g
can can
also also dire direct ctly ly reinf einfor orce ce adve advert rtiising sing
and and
othe otherr
bran brand d
communications, and stimulate an interpretation of the meaning of these communications in relation to these and other associations already stored in consumers' minds. The meaning a consumer ascribes to a food can be related to a variety of different attributes the food is perceived to possess, such as a particular health or social value. Dimara Efthalia, Skuras Dimitris (2005) The purpose of this work is to examine the range of information consumers seek on labels of quality products and construct an indicative check-list of various types of informational packaging as well as to examine whether quality of information demanded segregates the market-creating segments to be targeted by firms. The study records the range of informational packaging sought by consumers as well as critical factors influencing their consuming behavior. Informational packaging linking product to place ranks top among a wide set of information sought on labels. A
Poisson count data model reveals that consumers’ willingness to acquire information from labels is influe influenced nced by variou variouss sociosocio-eco econom nomic ic charac character terist istics ics and, in general general,, high high demand demand for information is associated with higher expenditures for wine. Singla Manisha (2010) Nutritional packaging of food products is not mandatory in India at present and the Indian Government is on
the verge of introducing a code of conduct for it. The aim of this paper is to provide some initial guidelines for the above-said purpose so as to have consumer friendly packaging policies. Food labels labels are read read by the consume consumers rs for brand compar compariso isons ns and not for consul consultin ting g nutrit nutrition ional al information. Difficult terminology, small font size and inability to understand nutritional labels are the major major proble problems ms encount encountere ered d by the consum consumers ers.. Televi Televisio sion, n, friends friends,, magazi magazines nes are commonly used for assessing nutritional information. Labels are considered more consumers friendly when benchmarks regarding serving size are provided. Income level, size of household, number of children and age did not play a role in the usage of nutritional labels by the consumers. Consumers with special dietary needs used nutritional labels regularly. A. Stuart Stephen (2010) This pilot study for a larger research project aims to quantify and categories elements of food label information and establishes an indicative physical relationship between mandatory and other informatio information n thereby thereby articulati articulating ng the relative relative balance balance between between informati information on intended intended to inform inform
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healthy dietary choices and that intended to perform other functions such as aiding purchase decisi decisions ons.. Findin Findings gs indica indicate te the amount amount of availa available ble space space on labels labels devoted devoted to mandat mandatory ory information ranged between 17 and 31 per cent, whilst the amount allocated to commercial information ranged between 18 and 45 per cent. Unoccupied space varies between 32 and 54 per cent. This indicates there is an imbalance between mandatory and commercial information, with the weighting in favour of the latter. Borin Norm, Obispo San Luis, Cerf C. Dou glas (2011) The purpos purposee of this this paper paper is to invest investiga igate te the impact of differ different ent levels levels of environ environmen mental tal information on key consumer metrics. More specifically, it aims to evaluate environmentally benign products against those that have negative environmental impacts. The results show that cons consum umer er perc percep epti tion on of prod product uct qual qualit ity, y, value value,, and purch purchas asee inte intent ntio ions ns does does not diff differ er significantly between products with positive environmental messages and those without any message. Products with positive environmental messages are viewed better than products with negative environmental messages. It is also found that the impact of environmental information is greater for consumable products.
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CHAPTER-3: Need, Objective, Scope & Methodology
Need of the study
SOURCE:- www.unifem.org.in/.../Punj www.unifem.org.in/.../Punjab/Punjab%20A%20brief% ab/Punjab%20A%20brief%20Profile.pdf 20Profile.pdf --
Today consumers are more educated than previous 20 year as we seen in above table hence the awareness of consumer about packaging information has increased. Thus the study is very useful for food industry to understand the consumer buying behavior related to food products. Because the literacy rate of Punjab in 1991 was 58.51% which increases in 2001 to 74.19% which is showing there are great development of Punjab during census 1991 to 2001 in education because it leads the whole development that’s why we feel the need of this study means people how much become and what effect came due to literacy about their right and responsibility with respect to purchasing of any food products. 15
Objective:•
To know the factors which influence consumer’s learning after reading the packaging information on food product.
Scope of the study •
The study has been conducted in Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Phagwara of Punjab
•
It is decided to consider all malls in these places like big bazaar, vishal mega mart, easy day, where can easily find out the respondent for the survey.
16
Research methodology
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scient scientif ific ic and system systemati aticc search search for perti pertinent nent inform informati ation on on a specif specific ic topic. topic. Accord According ing to Clifford Woody1 research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis
or sugges suggested ted soluti solutions ons;; collec collectin ting, g, organi organizin zing g and evaluat evaluating ing data; data; making making deduct deduction ionss and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
Research design The study- The study was descriptive in nature with survey method being used to complete the
study because this research is the most commonly used and the basic reason for carrying out descriptive research is to identify the consumer learning through the information given on food produc products. ts. Descri Descripti ptive ve resear research ch is also also called called Stati Statisti stical cal Resear Research. ch. And it descri describes bes data data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being being studied studied..
Here Here we are also going to find out the effect effect of packaging packaging informa informatio tion n on
consumer learning with respect to food product.
1
- CLIFFORD WOODY Professor of Education, University of Michigan
17
Sampling design: •
Population
Population of research was the people of various cities of Punjab (Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Phagwara).
•
Sample size
A sample of “500” consumers of Punjab (100 respondent from Ludhiana, 200 respondent from Jalandhar and 200 respondent from from Phagwara)
are taken taken for the purpose purpose of study
and analysis.
•
Sampling unit:
Sample unit of study was the area of Ludhiana, Phagwara and jullundhar, and in sample unit it is decided to consider the mall of these areas which named as vishal mega mart, big bazaar, and easy day.
•
Sample element:
The sample element was the each and every consumer who purchasing packed food products in the organized mall in various cities of Punjab like Ludhiana, Phagwara and Jalandhar.
•
Sampling technique
18
The sampling technique has been used Simple random sampling technique for choosing the various cities of Punjab that is Ludhiana, Phagwara, and Jalandhar. The quota sampling has been used for dividing the number of respondent in the selected city city (Ludh (Ludhia iana, na, Phag Phagwa wara ra,, and and jull jullund undha har) r) 100 100 resp respond onden entt from from Ludh Ludhia iana na,, 200 respondents from Jalandhar and 200 respondents from Phagwara. The Convenience sampling technique has been used for collecting the data conveniently from the mall of selected cities of Punjab for the survey.
Data collection :
Data was collected through primary and secondary sources.
•
Primary data:
Primar Primary y data data was collec collected ted with with the help help of struct structure ured d questi questionna onnaire ire and person personal al interview with consumers.
•
Secondary data:
Source of secondary data was collected with help of published, journals and magazines, the websites.
•
Method of data analysis:
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggestion, and supporting decision making. And for analysis of collected data we will use SPSS, Microsoft excel.
19
HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis H0- all variable have same effect on consumer learning with respect to food packaging
information
Alternative hypothesis H1 – all variable variable don’t have have same same effect effect on consum consumer er learni learning ng with with respect respect to food food
packaging information.
Factor analysis
20
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
.807
Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of
Approx. Chi-Square
3.294E3
Sphericity Df
210
Sig.
.000
Communalities
Initial
Extraction
respondent's view about mfg. date.
1.000
.657
respondent's view about exp. date.
1.000
.728
respondent's view about price.
1.000
.702
respondent's view about weight.
1.000
.745
respondent's view regarding isi mark.
1.000
.658
respondent's view regarding batch no.
1.000
.734
respondent's view regading packaging date.
1.000
.442
respondent's view regarding content detail.
1.000
.402
respondent's view regarding company name.
1.000
.621
respondent's view regarding product name.
1.000
.723
respondent's view regarding company tag line.
1.000
.658
respondent's view regarding logo of brand.
1.000
.663
respondent's view regarding contact no. & website.
1.000
.642
respondent's view regarding tax detail.
1.000
.655
respondent's view regarding nutritional facts.
1.000
.539
respondent's view regarding trade mark.
1.000
.644
respondent's view regarding term and condition.
1.000
.677
respondent's view regarding food grade.
1.000
.582
respondent's view regarding vege or non vage s egment.
1.000
.495
respondent's view regarding mfg. address.
1.000
.585
respondent's view regarding way of using.
1.000
.494
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. 21
22
Total Variance Explained
Extraction Sums of Squared
Rotation Sums of Squared
Loadings
Loadings
Initial Eigenvalues Componen
% of
Cumulative
Variance
%
Total
% of
Cumulative
Variance
%
Cumulative
Variance
%
t
Total
1
4.576
21.790
21.790 4. 4.576
21.790
21.790 2. 2.820
13.429
13.429
2
3.235
15.403
37.193 3. 3.235
15.403
37.193 2. 2.264
10.779
24.208
3
1.755
8.358
45.551 1. 1.755
8.358
45.551 2. 2.252
10.723
34.931
4
1.301
6.195
51.746 1. 1.301
6.195
51.746 2. 2.049
9.757
44.688
5
1.121
5.336
57.082 1. 1.121
5.336
57.082 2. 2.031
9.673
54.361
6
1.059
5.045
62.127 1. 1.059
5.045
62.127 1. 1.631
7.765
62.127
7
.937
4.460
66.587
8
.769
3.663
70.250
9
.706
3.364
73.614
10
.661
3.150
76.764
11
.637
3.033
79.797
12
.595
2.835
82.632
13
.523
2.493
85.124
14
.505
2.404
87.529
15
.461
2.195
89.724
16
.441
2.099
91.823
17
.411
1.955
93.778
18
.397
1.891
95.669
19
.342
1.626
97.295
20
.312
1.485
98.781
21
.256
1.219
100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. 23
Total
% of
Analysis:-
Screen Screen plot plot shows shows the eigenv eigenvalu alues es agains againstt the compon component ent number number.. It means means it also also shows shows extraction of that factor which eigenvalues is at least 1 or greater than 1. So by the above screen plot we can say we have got six factors among all 21 components which eigenvalues is greater than 1.
24
Component Matrix
Component 1 respondent's view about mfg. date. respondent's view about exp. date. respondent's view about price. respondent's view about weight. respondent's view regarding isi mark. respondent's view regarding batch no. respondent's view regarding packaging date. respondent's view regarding content detail. respondent's view regarding company name. respondent's view regarding product name. respondent's view regarding company tag line. respondent's view regarding logo of brand. respondent's view regarding contact no. & website. respondent's view regarding tax detail. respondent's view regarding nutritional facts. respondent's view regarding trade mark. respondent's view regarding term and condition. respondent's view regarding
2
3
4
5
6
.531
-.509
-.100
-.272
.179
.009
.445
-.621
-.093
-.348
.115
.016
.435
-.449
-.084
.308
.216
.404
.492
-.067
-.182
.555
.320
.232
.481
.049
-.319
-.336
.428
-.162
.469
.552
-.120
.117
.342
-.257
.596
-.137
-.070
-.233
-.093
.024
.574
.210
.069
.023
.137
-.069
.434
-.324
.567
-.007
.055
-.060
.315
-.388
.679
-.105
.035
.029
.321
.455
.474
.075
.124
.318
.418
.435
.395
-.310
-.023
.217
.367
.639
.285
.110
-.077
.000
.442
.543
-.379
.088
.040
.112
.643
-.034
-.128
.099
-.296
-.103
.514
.297
-.276
-.432
-.166
.039
.374
.283
-.188
-.062
-.480
.433
.570
-.098
-.032
.163
-.357
-.303
25
Component Matrix
Component 1 respondent's view about mfg. date. respondent's view about exp. date. respondent's view about price. respondent's view about weight. respondent's view regarding isi mark. respondent's view regarding batch no. respondent's view regarding packaging date. respondent's view regarding content detail. respondent's view regarding company name. respondent's view regarding product name. respondent's view regarding company tag line. respondent's view regarding logo of brand. respondent's view regarding contact no. & website. respondent's view regarding tax detail. respondent's view regarding nutritional facts. respondent's view regarding trade mark. respondent's view regarding term and condition. respondent's view regarding
2
3
4
5
6
.531
-.509
-.100
-.272
.179
.009
.445
-.621
-.093
-.348
.115
.016
.435
-.449
-.084
.308
.216
.404
.492
-.067
-.182
.555
.320
.232
.481
.049
-.319
-.336
.428
-.162
.469
.552
-.120
.117
.342
-.257
.596
-.137
-.070
-.233
-.093
.024
.574
.210
.069
.023
.137
-.069
.434
-.324
.567
-.007
.055
-.060
.315
-.388
.679
-.105
.035
.029
.321
.455
.474
.075
.124
.318
.418
.435
.395
-.310
-.023
.217
.367
.639
.285
.110
-.077
.000
.442
.543
-.379
.088
.040
.112
.643
-.034
-.128
.099
-.296
-.103
.514
.297
-.276
-.432
-.166
.039
.374
.283
-.188
-.062
-.480
.433
.570
-.098
-.032
.163
-.357
-.303
26
27
Rotated Component Matrix
Component 1 respondent's view about mfg. date. respondent's view about exp. date. respondent's view about price. respondent's view about weight. respondent's view regarding isi mark. respondent's view regarding batch no. respondent's view regarding packaging date. respondent's view regarding content detail. respondent's view regarding company name. respondent's view regarding product name. respondent's view regarding company tag line. respondent's view regarding logo of brand. respondent's view regarding contact no. & website. respondent's view regarding tax detail. respondent's view regarding nutritional facts. respondent's view regarding trade mark. respondent's view regarding term and condition.
2
3
4
5
6
-.080
.694
.259
.237
-.018
.214
-.233
.715
.270
.260
-.046
.143
-.131
.234
.204
.177
.038
.746
.288
.058
.184
-.045
.009
.789
.378
.701
-.047
-.128
.012
.074
.818
.141
-.032
-.162
.080
.106
.105
.462
.326
.150
.292
.062
.501
.213
.145
.148
.201
.149
.106
.148
.240
.719
-.047
.103
-.044
.124
.138
.827
-.033
.044
.423
-.195
-.239
.404
.432
.183
.367
.086
-.168
.389
.572
-.117
.619
-.242
-.006
.147
.421
-.048
.506
.100
.034
-.390
.443
.201
.239
.191
.596
.016
.279
.111
.255
.446
.134
-.165
.552
-.174
-.016
-.027
.223
-.149
.773
.080
28
Rotated Component Matrix
Component 1 respondent's view about mfg. date. respondent's view about exp. date. respondent's view about price. respondent's view about weight. respondent's view regarding isi mark. respondent's view regarding batch no. respondent's view regarding packaging date. respondent's view regarding content detail. respondent's view regarding company name. respondent's view regarding product name. respondent's view regarding company tag line. respondent's view regarding logo of brand. respondent's view regarding contact no. & website. respondent's view regarding tax detail. respondent's view regarding nutritional facts. respondent's view regarding trade mark. respondent's view regarding term and condition.
2
3
4
5
6
-.080
.694
.259
.237
-.018
.214
-.233
.715
.270
.260
-.046
.143
-.131
.234
.204
.177
.038
.746
.288
.058
.184
-.045
.009
.789
.378
.701
-.047
-.128
.012
.074
.818
.141
-.032
-.162
.080
.106
.105
.462
.326
.150
.292
.062
.501
.213
.145
.148
.201
.149
.106
.148
.240
.719
-.047
.103
-.044
.124
.138
.827
-.033
.044
.423
-.195
-.239
.404
.432
.183
.367
.086
-.168
.389
.572
-.117
.619
-.242
-.006
.147
.421
-.048
.506
.100
.034
-.390
.443
.201
.239
.191
.596
.016
.279
.111
.255
.446
.134
-.165
.552
-.174
-.016
-.027
.223
-.149
.773
.080
29
Component Transformation Matrix
Compo nent
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
.483
.466
.491
.253
.385
.309
2
.648
-.340
-.361
-.293
.439
-.234
3
.111
-.342
-.134
.909
-.022
-.163
4
.191
-.641
.315
-.116
-.275
.604
5
.336
.365
-.613
.068
-.454
.409
6
-.429
-.077
-.367
.081
.614
.540
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
30
CHAPTER-4: Analysis and interpretation
We have used factor analysis test to analyze the data which is collected through the survey. Factor analysis is used for data reduction and summarization. As we have used 21 variables for our study that that is to know the factor factorss which which influe influence nce consum consumer’ er’ss learni learning ng after after readin reading g the packagi packaging ng information on food product, and after applying the factor analysis on the collected data we reduced them into six factors which are obtained by gathering together the variables that have high correlation into one factor. The output tables of the factor analysis are shown below. For applying the factor analysis test first of all need n eed of apply the Bartlett’s test of sphericity or the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test on collected data to measure the sampling adequacy which will tell us about the correlation between the variables. If the correlations between the variables are small, it means less than 0.5 than factor analysis may not be appropriate for that data. It means the value of KMO to measure of sampling adequacy should be greater than 0.5 in order to run factor analysis appropriately but in the case of our study it came out 0.807 which shows the data is appropriate for applying the factor analysis. Also the Bartlett’s test statistics was significant i.e. we rejected the null hypothesis which stated that there is no correlation between the variables. Principle component factor analysis was used which considers the total variance in the data. Then the factors were chosen based on Eigen values associated with them which must be at least 1.00. Varimax procedure was used to obtain rotated component matrix in which it is considered that entire variable which value came out more than 0.5 and through it we have gathered all derived variable under 6 factors. From the correlation matrix we can see that the variables combined under one factor have high correlation. The commonality for a variable indicates the variance in the variables that is explained by the six factors obtained.
31
The factors obtained from the analysis are as follows: FACTORS
VARIABLES •
•
•
Manufacturing attribute
• • •
•
•
•
Standardized product
•
• • • •
Product detail
•
•
•
•
Brand detail
Legal attributes
product name
•
logo of the brand
•
trade mark term & condition
•
32
nutritional fact food grade veg or non-veg segment way of using
company name
•
Product value
ISI mark exp. Date manufacturing date
•
•
•
batch no content detail Contact no. & website tax detail manufacturing address
weight price
Our null hypothesis is rejected because all factors do not have same effect on the consumer
learning with respect of food packet. And our alternative hypothesis is selected and we conclude that: The output of the factor analysis is obtained by requesting the principle component analysis. We get the output comprises the communality for all 21 variables and the Eigen value of the factor which have Eigen value of 1 or more than 1. The first step in interpreting the output is to look at the factor extracted. The last column of table of total variance shows that the six factor extracted together account for 62.127% or 62% of total variance this is good deal because with only six factor. I have lost only about 37.873% or 38% of the information content while 62% is retain by the six factors extracted out of the 21 2 1 original variables. The first factor which named as manufacturing attribute identifies with variables like (batch no, content detail, contact no. & website, tax detail and manufacturing address). The second factor whic which h name named d as standardized identifie fiess with with variab variable le like like (ISI (ISI mark, mark, exp. exp. date, date, standardized product identi manufacturing date), third factor which named as product detail identifies with variable like (nutritional fact, food grade, veg or non-veg segment and way of using), Fourth factor which named as brand detail identifies with variable like (product name and company name), Fifth factor which named as legal attributes identifies with variable like (logo of the brand, trade mark and term & condition), and six factor that named as product value identifies with variable like (weight and price).
33
THE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC OF THE SAMPLE FROM THE DATA COLLECTED CAN BE SHOWN BY THE BAR GRAPHS BELOW:
•
Age group :-
Age 18 – 21 22 - 35 36 – 45 45 – above
Total 73 291 109 27 500
Percentage 14.6% 58.2% 21.8% 5.4% 100%
Analysis The above table and bar graph showing the Age of the respondents those who participated in the survey According to the analyzed bar graph, the findings conclude that almost 58% of the respondents of our survey belongs to 22-35 age group, 22% of survey come under 36-45, 15% of survey come in under 18-21 and above 45are only 5%.
34
•
Gender :-
Gender Male Female
Total 409 91 500
Percentage 81.8% 18.2% 100%
Analysis The above table and pie chart showing the gender of the respondents those who participated in the survey Accordi According ng to the analyzed analyzed pie chart, chart, the findings findings conclude conclude that that almost almost 82% of the respondents of our survey is male and 18% 18 % of our Respondent of our survey is female.
35
•
Occupation:-
Occupation Student Self employed salaried Any other
Total 223 125 105 47 500
Percentage 44.6% 25% 21% 9.4% 100%
Analysis The above table and bar graph showing the occupation of the respondents those who participated in the survey and it is showing the occupation of respondent. According to the analyzed bar graph, the findings conclude that student are the bigger part of our respondent because they are total 44.60% , than self employed which is 25% , salaried 21% and the person who are not student, not self employed, not salaried that is 9.40%.
36
•
Income own or family (p/month.):-
Details 15000-20000 20000-30000
30000-35000 35000-above
Total 88 257 94 61 500
Percentage 17.6% 51.4% 18.8% 12.2% 100%
Analysis The above table and bar graph showing the income of the respondents in which we analyzed that the most people income is 20000-30000 that is 51% total of our respondent and after that people are belonging to 30000-35000 that is 19%, 18% people of our respondent income have 1500020000 and 12% have above 35000.
37
•
Are you aware about information given on food packet?
Total 500
Yes No
500
Percentage 100% 0 100%
0%
Analysis:
The above table and pie chart showing the awareness of the respondents those who participated in the survey According to the analyzed pie chart, the findings come out that all respondents (100%) of our survey is aware about the information given on food packet.
38
•
If yes how did you come to know?
Total 297 131 53 19 500
By food packet By dept. of consumer affair Awareness programme by the govt. Any other media.
Percentage 59.4% 26.2% 10.6% 3.8% 100%
Analysis The above table and bar graph showing the source by which respondent get aware about the food packaging information in which which we analyzed that the most people got awareness, by food packet that is 59% total of our respondent and after that 26% respondent have told “they got awareness by department of consumer affair”. 11% got awareness by govt. awareness programme and 4% told by any other media.
39
•
Do you check the information given on food packet before purchase?
Total 500
Yes No
500
Percentage 100% 0 100%
0%
Analysis:
The above table and pie chart showing the how much percentage of total respondents are checking the packaging information given on food product. According to the analyzed pie chart, the findings come out that all respondents (100%) of our survey is checking the packaging information before purchasing of food product.
40
•
Do you recommend others to check for the information on food packet before purchasing?
Total 500
Yes No
500
Percentage 100% 0 100%
0%
Analysis:
The above table and pie chart showing the loyalty of respondents towards packaging information of food produc product. t. According to the analyzed pie chart, the findings come out that all respondents (100%) of the survey are loyal towards packaging information of food product.
41
CHAPTER-5: findings, Conclusion, Limitations & Recommendations
Findings: After analyzing the response of the consumer interviewing through questionnaire and observation the following were found in the study.
•
The study shows the people of Punjab really health Conesus.
•
Packaging information plays important role to make purchase decision of customer.
•
The mostly consumers check the content detail, nutritional facts and the way of using.
•
The packaging information is significantly effect on consumer learning.
•
The most important thing is all respondents are aware about the food packet information.
•
All respond respondent entss are checkin checking g packagi packaging ng inform informati ation on at the time time of purchas purchasing ing food food products.
42
Conclusion:
•
This study was carrying out with the objective objective of to know the factors factors which influence influence consumer’s learning after reading the packaging information on food product, and on the basis of survey we analyzed the result by which we can say packaging information plays a vital role to get learn consumer about the food product related information. And now today’s consumer are more more health conscious that’s why why they check information which is very necessary in the case of food products like nutritional facts, packaging date, expire date, and way of using that’s why we can say, really food packet information effect on consumer learning.
43
Limitation of the study:
Money was the greatest limitations in carrying out the surveys.
The sampling was of convenience sampling, where the error could be of the highest level.
The sample size was 500 which can not represent the taste of a large no. of population.
The answer given by the respondents believe as true statement.
The response given by customers may be in botherness by some other factors.
The respondents in many cases were hesitant to give exact information.
Some facts cannot be represented in statistical form which is also a drawback.
Some questions were of subjective nature and could not be included in the interpretation.
44
Recommendation: After analyzing the facts and by talking to the people following suggestions came out: 1. The inform informati ation on provided provided by companie companiess on food food packet, packet, the font font size is much smaller smaller which is not seen clearly to all therefore therefore companies should give it in appropriate appropriate size for clear view to all on food packet. ca ses abbreviation are used for few words that 2. The 2nd most important thing is that in some cases is not understandable to some people. So there should be full name must be given with abbreviation, if it is use. 3.
During During conversatio conversation n with respondents respondents many of them them said that that in some product product they they were not able to find the information easily due to the information is given in some case at the bottom of the packet, in some case at the upper side of the packet, and sometime they did not find the information that is useful to them. So therefore companies should try to give it at a fixed place every ev ery time which can be found by the customer easily.
45
4. The inform informati ation on provided provided by companie companiess on food food packet, packet, should be in contrast contrast and deep color for the purpose of visibility. The lang langua uage ge used used for for pack packag agin ing g info inform rmat atio ion n shoul hould d be simp simple le and and the the easi easily ly 5. The understandable by customers.
Reference:
•
Drichoutis, Andreas C.et.al (2006) “Consumers’ Use of Nutritional Labels: A Review of
Research Studies and Issues” Acade Issues” Academy my of Marketing Science Review; Vol. 5 pg. 1 ISSN 15261794. •
“Effects of packaging packaging on informati information on Petra Petra Ten Tenbült bült,, Nanne Nanne De Vries, Vries, et.al et.al ( 2007) 2007) “Effects processing” British processing” British Food Journal ; Vol.109, Iss. 4; pg. 305.
•
Hilary Oliver (2008) “Nutrition labels get more attention” Natural Foods Merchandiser;
Vol. 29, Iss. 9; pg. 1, 1 pgs •
Alan Osborn (2009) “EU pushes ahead with additives and packaging legislation for food
and drinks sectors” sectors” Management Management briefing: briefing: Food information, information, just - Drinks. Bromsgrove Bromsgrove; pg. 7, 6 pgs
46
•
Jennie Feight, Nashat Zuraikat (2009) “Cloned food packaging: history, issues, and
bills”; International bills”; International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing; Vol. 3, Iss.2; pg. 149 •
Devson.c (2010)”Health Care, Hospitals; Nutritional Packaging and Point-of-Purchase
Signs Influence Healthy Food Choices” Choices” Biotech Business Week; vol.4 pg. 1069. •
Kala Vijayraghavan, Vijayraghavan, Ratna Bhushan (2009) “Food cos have a label solution” solution” Tribune
Business News Washington. •
Jennie Feight, Nashat Zuraikat (2009) “Cloned food packaging: history, issues, and bill
S” International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing. Vol. 3, Iss. 2; pg. 149 •
Hawkes, Mintel (2004) “Food and nutrition information: a study of sources, uses, and
understanding", understanding", British Food Journal ; Vol. 99 No.2, pp.43-99. •
Dimara Efthalia,Skuras Dimitris (2005) “Consumer demand for informative packaging
of quality food and drink products: a European Union case study” Journal study” Journal of Consumer Consumer Marketing , vol. 22 No:2, pp:90-100 ISSN 0736-3761. Singla Manisha (2010) “Usage and understanding of food and nutritional labels among Indian
consumers”, British consumers”, British Food Journal ; Vol. 112,No:1, pp:83-92. Stuart Stephen (2010 ) “The relationship between mandatory and other food label information”,
British Food Journal ; Vol: 112, No:1, pp:21-31. •
Bori Borin n Norm Norm,, Ob Obis ispo po San San Lu Luis is , Cerf Cerf C. Doug Dougla lass (201 (2011) 1) “Consum Consumer er effect effectss of
environmenta environmentall impact impact in product product packaging”, packaging”, Journal Journal of Consumer Marketing , Vol. 28, Number:1, pp:76-86, ISSN:0736-376.
47
Important URL
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1135733971&sid=5&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1247925731&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1586878461&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1667078001&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1882768001&sid=5&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
48
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=2106903691&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1786790621&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=1882768001&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=129893&RQT=309&VName=PQD
•
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/order_form.htm?ref=Abbott,%20R.%20+%281997%29+ %22Food%20and%20nutrition%20information:%20a%20study%20of%20sources, %20uses,%20and%20understanding%22%2C+British%20Food%20Journal %2C+Vol.99+No.2+pp43-9
•
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1463998&show=abstract
•
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1834393&show=abstract
•
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1834388&show=abstract
•
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1905617&show=abstract
APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE
•
Name: - …………………………………………………………..
•
City: - …………………………………………………………….
•
Age group : -
•
18 – 21
22 – 35
36 – 45
45 – above
Gender :-
49
Male •
female
Occupation:Student
Self Employed
Salaried
If any other
Than specify …………………………………………..
•
Income own or family (p/month.):15000-20000
20000-30000
30000-35000
35000-above
1. Are you you aware aware about about informat information ion given given on food food packet? packet?
Yes
No
(If no than go question no 7)
1(a).If yes how did you come to know?
By food packet
by dept. of consumer affair
Awareness programme
any other media
By the govt
Than specify……………………………………………………...
2. Do you check the informa information tion given on food food packet packet before before purchas purchase? e?
Yes
No
(If no than go question no 8)
50
2(a).If yes than how often? Always
sometime
Often 3. Which informat information ion of food packet packet affects affects your learning learning more before before purchasing purchasing?? (please rate rate according to yourself 1 to 5) 1- Definitely Definitely agree, agree, 2- Probably Probably agree, agree, 3- Might Might or might not, not, 4- Probably Probably not agree, agree, 5Definitely not agree.
Sr. No
Factors
1. 2.
I would buy food product only after seeing the manufacturing date on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the expiry date on the product.
3.
I would buy food product only after seeing the price on the product.
4.
I would buy food product only after seeing the weight on the product.
5.
I would buy food product only after seeing the ISI mark on the product.
6.
I would buy food product only after seeing the batch no. on the product.
7.
I would would buy food product product only only after after seeing seeing the packaging date on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the content detail on the product.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
1
company name on the I would would buy food product product only only after after seeing seeing the company product. I would buy food product only after seeing the product name on the product.
I would buy food product only after seeing the company tag line on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the logo of brand on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the contact no. & website on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the tax detail on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the nutritional facts on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing trade mark on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the term & condition on the product. I would buy food product only after seeing the food grade on the product.
19.
I would buy food product only after seeing the vegetarian. Or nonvegetarian segment on the product.
20.
I would buy food product only after seeing the manufacturing address on the product.
21.
I would buy food product only after seeing the way of using on the product.
51
2
3
4
5
4. Do you think think the informatio information n given given on food food packet packet is is useful? useful? Beneficial
up to some extent
Not beneficial 5. What makes makes you you unaware unaware about about informatio information n given given on food food packet? packet? Less advertisement
less publicity
Never mind
not shopping
6. Why don’t you check the information given on food packet before purchasing?
No need
Unimportant
Others cause Please specify…………………………………
7. Do you recommend others to check for the information on food packet before purchasing?
Yes
No
8. Please Please share your your any other other feeling feelingss about about food packet packet informat information. ion.
_________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ________________ ___ _________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ _________________________ ________________ ____ _________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ _________________________ ________________ ____
THANKS FOR CO-OPERATION.
52
