SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)
Project 2 - Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building Services Systems
WEE LUN YONG WONG JIA XIN TAN ROBBINS
1101Q13254 1101G13277 0303602
WONG KIEN HOU YEOH PIK QIN LIM CHON KEAT TAN HUI XIAN
0312104 0303357 0312439 0311719
TUTOR: MR. SIVA
Table of Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Mechanical Ventilation And Air Conditioning 2.1 introduction 2.2 literature review 2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System 2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Room 2.3.3 Pump System 2.3.3.1 Pump (3- Phase Induction Motor) 2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss Vlt 6000) 2.3.5 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U) 2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U 2.3.6 Ducting System 2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct 2.3.6.2 The Returning Duct 2.3.7 Diffusers 2.4 Analysis 2.5 Conclusion
3.0 Electrical Supply System 3.1 Introduce of electricity 3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.3 Case study 3.3.1 Genset Room 3.3.2 HV Room 3.3.3 Transformer Room 3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room 3.3.5 Heat exchanger system 3.3.6 DB 3.4 Analysis 3.5 Conclusion
4.0 Water Supply System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Mechanics 4.3.2 Distribution to Water Tanks 4.3.3 Pump System 4.4 Analysis 4.5 Conclusion 5.0 Sewerage And Sanitary System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 The overall sewerage line 5.4 Parts of the sewerage system 5.4.1 Sanitary appliances 5.4.2 Trap 5.4.2.1 Water seal traps 5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps 5.4.3 Stacks 5.4.4 Manhole 5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap 5.4.4.2 Manhole 5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber 5.4.5 Individual Septic Tanks (IST) 5.4.6 Sewer pipe 5.4.6.1 Flexible sewer pipe 5.4.6.2 Saddle joint 5.5 UBBL requirement 5.6 Analysis 5.7 Conclusion 6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Literature Review 6.2 Introduction 6.3 UBBL Requirement 6.4 Escalator 6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators 6.4.2 Component 6.5 Elevator 6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators 6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building
6.5.3 Indication of location 6.5.4 Component of System 6.5.5 Plan 6.5.6 Operation of System 6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System 6.6 Discussion 7.0 Fire Protection System 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System 7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System 7.2 Case Study 7.2.1 Passive Fire Protection System 7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route 7.2.1.2. Fire Lift 7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs Literature Review 7.2.2 Active Fire Protection System 7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems 7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler 7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants 7.2.2.1.3 Hose Reel Literature Review 7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents 7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System 7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System 7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system Literature Review 7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher 7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System 7.2.2.4 Smoke Extraction and Ventilation 7.3 Analysis 7.4 Conclusion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0 References
1.0 Introduction
Figure 1.0: eCurve
Figure 1.1: Location plan showing eCurve.
For our case study in this report, the building chosen was eCurve which is located at Jalan PJU7/3, Petaling Jaya. This building is about four storeys high excluding the basement levels. eCurve is a wholly owned subsidiary of Boustead Properties Berhad. Located in the heart of MutiaraDamansara, this mall is easily accessible via 5 main roads. This mall has a design dedicated for its cinema entertainment with levels 2 and 2M consisting mostly of theater rooms. The rest of the floors below are filled with shops and restaurants.
We will be covering the services throughout the whole building such as mechanical ventilation, electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, mechanical transportation and the fire protection system. The analysis of the building services in this building was carried out by 7 people.
2.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning
2.1 Introduction Mechanical ventilation is a primary energy intensive and air conditioning is even more so. Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space, indoor air is withdrawn and replace by fresh air continuously. Air conditioning is to control the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement & heat radiation with the mechanical means to achieve human thermal comfort.Indoor air is conditioned and regulated to maintain the temperature- humidity ratio that is most comfortable and healthful.The Air condition system in this building is a bit different as the others building. Most air conditioning units are operate by ducting air cross the colder, heat- absorbing side of refrigeration apparatus and directing it back into air conditional. But in this building, the system is call water- cooled airconditioning units (heat exchanger). The cool water came at minimum temperature of 4℃ and the waste heat is carried away by a flow of water in the heat exchanger. The machine only take the cold air but not the water nor the heat. The heat exchanger was coated to prevent the cold and heat lost. In the process, the 4℃ cool air became 8℃ which the other 4℃ had been taken away by the machine. 2.2 Literature Review Air conditioning refer to the process of changing the air temperature and humidity through cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection. The cooling is typically done using heat exchange system to produce cool air for the building. Sometimes, evaporation is used, for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles. A complete system of heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as (HVAC). Temperature is a key component of relative humidity, decreasing the temperature of humid air causes it to release a portion of its moisture.
Air conditioning system provide the required cooling and heating energy within a space. The system also control and maintain indoor environment such as temperature, humidity, different pressure between conditioned space and its surrounding, air movement, air quality and sound levels within specified limits. 2.3 Case Study Air conditioning system 2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System Heat exchanger is an excellent device used for heat recovery in air conditioning system. This system is identified as a heat exchanger system. The device remove the waste heat gathered by the recirculating cool water system as it cools the building. This type of heat exchanger is defined as plate and shell heat exchanger, which combines plate heat exchanger with shell and tube heat exchanger technologies. The heart of the heat exchanger contained a fully welded circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting round plates and welding them together. This shell technology offers high heat transfer, high pressure, and high operating temperature, compact size, low fouling and close approach temperature. It does completely without gaskets which provides security against leakage at high pressure and temperature.
Cold water Hot Air toppingup Heat Exchanger
Cool air (7~ 8℃)
AHU
Pum Cool air (7~ 8℃)
Hot Air
Public Area Inverter Cold Water Tank min 4℃
Figure 2.0 the schematic diagram of the heat exchanger system
Figure 2.0.1 Schematic diagram detail
Figure 2.0.2 schematic layout plan for heat exchanger room
Figure 2.0.3 temperature tester
According to MS 1525 code 8.5 All piping installed to serve building and within building should be adequately insulate to prevent excess energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.
According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1 The cooled water pumps circulating cooled water through the piping system external to the package, and cooling water pumps and fans circulating water or air through the condenser are not to be included in the consideration of the COP for the components.
There are different piping connecting from the heat exchanger, cooled water pumps to the AHU room. Such as: DWS
distilled water supply: min 4℃ to the heat exchanger
DWR
distilled water return: to be recycle to lose heat gained
Figure 2.0.4 water supply pipe and water return pipe 2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Room The heat exchanger room located right beside the Transformer room of the building at 2nd floor, which is quite massive compare to smaller buildings.It contain components such as heat exchanger, inverter, and pump which connect to AHU room.
Heat Exchang er Room
FLOOR Figure 2.1 2nd Floor plan showing where the location of heat exchanger room.
2.3.3 Pump System Figure 2.1.1 Heat Exchangers
Figure 2.1.2 Heat Exchanger
Cold water Hot Air Topping
Heat Exchanger
Cool air (7~ 8℃) Pump
AHU
Cool air (7~ 8℃)
Hot Air
Public Area Inverter Cold Water Tank (min 4 ℃)
Figure 2.2 schematic diagram showing the pump
After the process from heat exchanger, the cool air been transfer to the pump system which ready to be pump to AHU room and distribute to the diffusers in the building. The journey to the AHU room is quite some distance from the heat exchanger room, so it require a pump to pump the cool air.
Fi ure 2.2.2 Pum Motor
Figure 2.2.1 Cool Air Storage Figure 2.2.3 3-phase induction motor pump
2.3.3.1 Pump (3-Phase induction motor) TECO TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN COOLED squirrel-cage induction motors are designed, manufactured and tested to meet or exceed the latest NEMA, IEEE, CSA and other international standards. These motors are suitable for all general applications where an open machine is not applicable due to severe environments such as excessive dirt, dust and/or moisture. The unique design, first-grade material and excellent workmanship make TECO Motors last much longer and give cost-efficient operation.
Figure 2.2.4 Motor Tag
It is important to ensure that there is as direct a connection as possible between the drive and the motor. In a retrofit application, any power factor correction capacitors that were used with the motor should be removed. If they are connected between the drive and the motor, the drive will trip off and refuse to start the motor. In addition, they are not needed on the input power leads to the drive because the drive already presents the power line with a 0.95 or greater displacement power factor. If a motor has special windings or wiring to help it operate when it is connected directly across the AC power line, it is important to ensure that the motor is always connected in its full speed run configuration when it is connected to the drive's output.
2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss VLT 6000)
Figure 2.3 inverter
Figure 2.3.1 Schematic Diagram For Inverter
This presentation deals with the start-up of the Danfoss Drives VLT 6000 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). It is designed to help you handle the start-up of the drive in normal applications. Because of the flexibility of these drives, there may be some specialized applications that are not specifically covered by these instructions. In that case, refer to the documentation that came with the drive for more information.The VLT 6000 can be provided as a stand-alone drive, or it can be provided as part of a drive system package that includes an option enclosure. In the picture below (figure2.3 ), the VLT 6000 is used to operate the Supply Fan of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling unit. It is wired into a Building Automation System (BAS) which enables the VLT 6000 and gives it a speed reference. A smoke detector and a low limit thermostat (freeze stat) is wired directly into the VLT 6000.
2.3.5 Air Handling Units (A.H.U) The air handling unit can be found at each floor of the building, it is receiving the cooled air from the heat exchanger room and act as a hub to separate the cool air to the whole building through the diffusers.
Figure 2.4 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U)
Figure 2.4.1 Schematic Drawing For A.H.U
2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U Room
G Floor
LG Floor
st
2MFloor
1 Floor
rd
3 Floor
The Air Handling Unit can be found at each floor of the building except 2nd floor, which the heat exchanger room’s situation. It is receiving air from the heat exchanger room through the pump. According to the consultant, people can only get into A.H.U room after the A.H.U system is closed, or it will be dangerous as the power of A.H.U machine is very strong like the electric room.
2.3.6 Ducting system According to MS 1525 code 8.6, air handling duct system insulation: All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.
Cold water Hot Air toppingup Heat Exchanger
Cool air (7~ 8℃)
AHU
Pum Cool air (7~ 8℃)
Hot Air
Public Area Inverter Cold Water Tank min 4℃
Figure 2.5 schematic diagram of ducting system
The process start from: Cool water > Heat exchanger > Pump > AHU > through Ducting system > Diffusers
It work in a cycle system where the cool is distribute through the duct from AHU room to the diffusers, and when the cool air become warm after being used by the occupant, the grilles collect the warm back and distribute back to the AHU through the duct.
Heat Exchanger Room
Figure 2.5.1 Schematic Diagram Showing AHU
There are two parts of ducting system, Such as:
The supplying duct
The returning duct
2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct It transfer the cool air to the diffusers and separate the cool air to the open spaces.
Figure 2.5.2 supply duct and returning duct
2.3.6.2 The returning duct It transfer the warm air from the grille back to A.H.U to be cool again. 2.3.7 Diffusers Diffuser is the last part where the cool air finally distribute to. It connect with the ducting which supply the cool air from AHU. The design of the diffusers is usually hide in the ceiling or with the minimal exposure to the public.
Figure 2.6 diagram showing cool air through ducting to diffusers
Figure 2.6.1 different type of diffuser
Figure 2.6.2 Air diffusers
Figure 2.6.3 Air diffusers
UBBL
UBBL By-Law 41(1), where permanent mechanical ventilation or airconditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. UBBL By-Law 41(3), the provisions of the third schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or airconditioned. 8.2.2 “where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr, a minimum of two chiller or a single multi- compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load.
2.4 Analysis The air conditioning system in eCurve are very different from the other building, the system they are using is heat exchanger system. It seem to have complied with all the existing building by-laws. The cool water that they are using have a contract with the supplier, according to by-law said that they need to renew the contract every 2 years. The system also seems efficient and they even check the system every morning before the building start working. 2.5 Conclusion As my conclusion, this building eCurve has a very special air conditioning system. Except the cool water are very expensive, they has an efficient and very low cost in using electric because of the inverter. The advantages of using heat exchange system is easier to operate and maintain. Since the heat exchanger room are located at the edge of the building, the noise and vibration of the machine won’t affect the customers.
3.0 Electricity Supply 3.1 Introduction of Electricity
Electricity is a naturally occurring force that exists all around us. It’s important for humans because it is a vital part of our lives and we rely on it every day. The Electricity system is the network that supplies all the Malaysia’s house and industry. In Peninsular Malaysia, the electricity is supply by the National Grid, it is a high- voltage electric power transmission which is owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Shopping Malls also take power directly from the National Grid. In Malaysia most of the electricity was generate by the water power. The water from a river or dam sent trough the turbine, and the moving water causes the turbine’s blade spin, which gen erate the electricity.
Figure 3.1.1 Diagram shows how the water generates electricity.
Figure 3.1.2 How electricity is measured
3.2 Literature Review
TNB supply the electricity to the building delivering from the power plant to the transformer room and cross the transmission tower to the sub-power station nearby the building area and to the building.
Figure 3.2.1 Diagram shows the electricity deliver system TNB supplies the high voltage electricity for the building was 240 volt a.c. For every building a meter will be placed to measure the usage of electricity.
3.3 Case Study 3.3.1 Genset Room
The room which is supplies the emergency electricity support. It works by a huge genset machine, which is run by the diesel. The genset is a combination of the diesel generator and electric generator, it more like a huge car engine.
Figure 3.3.1 The plan shows the location of HV Room, Genset Room, and TNB Room.
Figure 3.3.2 The sound proof and fire poor door of Genset room
Figure 3.3.3 The Perkins Band’s Genset was used by the E -curve shopping mall
Diagram 3.3.1 Genset Schematic diagram Three elements supporting the Genset generator
Figure 3.3.4 & 3.3.5:The Donaldson’s Lube Filter and Diesel tank
Figure 3.3.6 The Battery Water
Diagram 3.3.2 Genset Schematic diagram
Figure 3.3.7
The big fan work when the Genset activated. the use of the big fan is sucking the hot air that produced by the Genset machine to cooling the Genset generator.
Maximum 2.75m of diesel tank
Steel used of the diesel tank material
Figure 3.3.8: The meter of the Diesel Tank. The Diesel Tank was made by Galvanised Steel.
Figure 3.3.9: Exhaust pipe of Genset.
3.3.2 HV Room
Figure 3.3.10: HV Room convert the high voltage electrical energy to the lower voltage and supplies to the others room.
Figure 3.3.11: HV switchboard converting the high voltage electricity to 11kV.
Figure 3.3.12Main Control Switch to convert the electricity
Figure 3.3.13 Output electricity to tenant block
Figure 3.3.14 Output electricity to the landlord block
Figure 3.3.15 the meter used by the HV switchboard
Diagram 3.3.3 The schematic plan drawing.
Figure 3.3.16 TNB Room output from the power substation. TNB has a code for every building in the event of a system services. For E @ Curve, the building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.
3.3.3 Transformer Room
Figure 3.3.17 The Transformer room’s doors was made by the fire -proof materials.
nd Figure 3.3.18: The Transformer Room located at the 2 floor.
Figure 3.3.19: Landlord LV Main Sub-Switch Box
Figure 3.3.20: The switch of the Main Sub-Switch Box(MSB). Each MSB supply different room & shop of e@curve.
Figure 3.3.20: The control of the electricity. The green light on showing the electricity are now supply by the TNB.
Figure 3.3.21: When the GEN Green Light ON, the Genset emergency power supply are activated.
3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room
The electricity supplies the sprinkler pump room for the emergency water pump.
Figure 3.3.22:The sprinkler pump room shows the supplies pipes for the sprinkler.
Figure 3.3.23: The switch box’s green light show the sprinkler was standby for the emergency case
3.3.5 Heat Exchanger Room
The electricity supplies the Heat Exchanger Room operate the mechanical cooling system.
Figure 3.3.24: The switch box of the Heat Changer Room, it supports the power to operate the cool water pump for the cooling machine.
3.3.6 Distribution Board
Figure 3.3.25: The DB were located at every floor each box to control the light.
UBBL
MS 1525, 7.5 Power factor correction capacitors -Power factor correction capacitors should be the low loss type with losses per kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper temperature limit excluding the losses in the discharge resistors.
MS 1525, 7.6 Sub Metering -To facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy management, electrical energy meters should be installed at strategic load centres to identify consumption by functional use (air conditioning, lighting, etc).
3.4 Analysis
The electricity system supply at e@Curve had followed the by-Laws by MS 1525. The electricity system at e@Curve had arranged and ran it systematic. The electricity system room all used the water cooling system to cooling the switch box to avoid the switch box overheat and dis-function. If the electricity had emergency cut off from the TNB the Genset will start running to supply the emergency electricity to support the building.
Figure 3.4: Arrangement of electricity system
3.5 Conclusion
For my conclusion, e@Curve had a strong systematic electricity system, the HV room helps to convert the high volt to low volt to supply the whole building electricity uses. The facility dept. had applied the water cooling system at the electricity room to cool down the switch boxes to make sure the system had run normally to support the building used even though the water cooling system cost is extremely high. e@Curve also had a good backup emergency electricity system. The system connected to all the building and the fire protection used.
4.0 Water Supply System 4.1 Introduction
Water, one of the main necessities of humans needs an efficient water supply network to distribute water easily to the people. In Malaysia, where there is an abundance of rainfall, water is collected in catchment areas and dams. For example, the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states have the Klang Gates Dam and the Semenyih Dam to provide a supply of water. The water supply system in Selangor is managed and regulated by SYABAS.
Figure 4.1: Aerial view of the Klang Gates Dam.
4.2 Literature Review
Supply of water to buildings from water mains depends on where the water tanks are located at. For smaller buildings, the pressure available from water mains is already sufficient and this is called up feed distribution, as the water rises directly from the mains to plumbing fixtures. However, taller buildings will need a pump to provide additional pressure such as pumped upfeed, hydropneumatic and etc. For every building and house, a meter will be placed to measure the water quantity for which the occupant is to be charged. After a riser pipe supplies water at the top of the tank, the water will then be distributed throughout the building. A ball valve must be present in a tank to control the water level inside it. In case of overflowing, a
scour pipe will redirect the excess water which is located slightly above the incoming supply pipe from the water mains. There are 3 types of pumps usually used to distribute water in a building. They’re
the standby, duty and jockey pump. Duty pumps function to pump water normally while the standby pump is there for backup if the duty pump fails. A standby pump can start regardless of the water suction in the pump and can standby at full speed. A standby pump is usually used for the general water supply in a building. A jockey pump is usually used for the fire protection system and maintains the high pressure in the system. The jockey pump plays an essential role in the fire pump’ s control system.
Figure 4.2: Example of a duty and standby pump.
4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Schematics
Figure 4.3: Floor plan showing the location of the water tank room.
Figure 4.4: Schematic of water distribution at the room.
4.3.2 Distribution To Water Tanks
50mm Ø G.I. pipe for basic water supply needs
100mmØ G.I. pipe for fire extinguishing purposes
Figure4.5: Incoming water supply pipes from SYABAS located outdoors. The income of water supply starts from SYABAS and the main pipes with the meters are located outside of eCurve. The supply of water is separated into two pipes, a 50mm Ø pipe for basic water supply needs and a 100mm Ø pipe for fire extinguishing and fire hydrants. The pipes are made out of galvanized iron.
FRP (Fiberglass reinforced plastic) main water supply tank
Pressed steel hose reel water tank
Figure 4.6: The water tanks.
The pipes lead all the way up to the water tanks located at the level 2M. The smaller tank is the press steel hose reel water tank (3mx2mx1m) while the larger one is the main water supply tank made out of FRP (Fiberglass reinforced plastic). This tank is approximately 7m long and 4m tall.
50mm Ø G.I. riser pipe into tank
Ball valve
100mm Ø G.I. pipe from incoming water supply 100mm Ø to 50mm Ø reducer
Figure 4.7: G.I. pipe supplying water into the hose reel tank.
The galvanized iron pipes carrying the water are reduced from 100mm Ø to 50mm Ø by a reducer before going into their respective tanks. The hose reel tank has a red line painted across it for indication. The material for this tank which is pressed steel is in accordance to the UBBL. The pipe passes through the hose reel tank before connecting to the main supply tank. There is a separate partition in the hose reel tank that leads the water into another pipe.
Figure 4.8: 100mm Ø G.I. pipe from hose reel tank to the main tank.
50mm Ø G.I. riser pipe into tank
Water level indicator up to 4 meters
Figure 4.9: 50mm Ø G.I. pipe supplying water to the main tank.
The FRP water tank will then distribute the water to various parts of the mall which has specific labels on the respective pipes. Each of these pipes must have a gate valve at the beginning of the output. The pump system is located in a room in the same area.
Gate valve
100mm Ø G.I. distribution pipe
Figure 4.10: The distribution pipes.
4.3.3 Pump System
Pressure tank
Control panel for pump system
Water pump motor
Pressure gauge
Figure 4.11: The duty and standby pump system for water supply.
The room has two seperate pump systems. One for the hose reel in which all the pipes are red in colour, and one for the water supply. The standby and duty pump system is used for the water supply. The pressure tank maintains a constant pressure
for the outgoing water pipes and there are two sets of this system. The standby pump supports the duty pump in any cases of breakdown. As for the hose reel, a jockey pump is used to keep the water pressure high at all times.
Fig. 4.12: Part of the hose reel pump
Fig. 4.13: The two separate pipes for W.C. and basin on this floor.
The water pump system in eCurve is specifically for two purposes, W.C. and basins only. They have two separate pipes from the pump during distribution. Every other water pipe is distributed with the use of gravity only. Incoming pipes are coloured in light green while the distribution pipes are coloured in blue.
UBBL - UBBL By-Law 84, suitable measures should be taken to prevent penetration of dampness and moisture into the building. - UBBL By-Law 123, allowing adequate accommodation for pipes, stop cocks to enable repair and access openings to ducts or enclosure. - Under the M.S.1447, 10 th schedule, the material used for fire tank must be either made from pressed steel, FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) or R.C. concrete. th
- Under the M.S.1447, 10 schedule, the pipes and tank shall be painted with primer and finished with a red paint or maybe identified with red bands.
4.4 Analysis
The water supply system in eCurve seems to have complied with all the existing building by-laws. Materials for water tanks, identification of pipes involved in the fire protection system, sufficient number of valves and a few others. The system also seems efficient and they even separated the pipes for W.C. and basin. The only thing that seems a little off is the incoming supply pipe going through the hose reel tank before entering the main tank. A separate pipe could be used for both of these tanks.
4.5 Conclusion
eCurve has an efficient and cost effective water supply system. Having the water tanks situated at floor 2M, it does not need an extra pump to help the water reach the tanks. Once at the water tank, it uses gravity distribution for most of the water supply. The only exceptions would be the W.C. and basins as those need a higher pressure than the norm. The function and usage of the pipes are also clearly identified by their colours.
5.0 Sewerage system 5.1 Introduction
Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.
5.2 Literature Review
Drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage from a building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes that facilitate flow. Waste is produced at fixtures such as water closet, sinks and urinal. The waste exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water. All fixtures must contain traps to prevent sewer gases from leaking into the house. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to a soil stack, or soil vent pipe. At the building drain system's lowest point, the drain-waste vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and out of the roof. Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. DWV systems maintain neutral air pressure in the drains, allowing flow of water and sewage down drains and through waste pipes by gravity. As such, it is critical that a downward slope be maintained throughout. Sanitary appliances
Traps
Stacks
Manhole/ IC
Septic tank
Public sewer
5.3 Case Study
The overall sewerage line
Figure 5.1: Schematic diagram of overall sewerage system
5.4 Parts of the sewerage system 5.4.1 Sanitary appliances
The sanitary appliances includes wash basins, bath tubs, sinks, urinals, toilet bowls and other appliances which connect , directly or otherwise, to a private sewage treatment plant or a public sewerage system
Siphon-jet P-trap water closet Water enters through rim punchings and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trapway and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides an efficient and clean operation.
Figure 5.2: Accessible toilet
Figure 5.3: Section and plan of water closet
Figure 5.4: Siphon-jet
Figure 5.5: Newly renovated washroom interior
Figure 5.6: Basin plan
Figure 5.7: Elevation, section and plan of wallhang with built-in trap urinal 5.4.2 Trap
The traps are installed to retain debris that will block drain pipe. It prevent the debris from entering the stacks to avoid blockage. Besides it is also to prevent the ingress of foul air and animals from drain and sewer.Traps are categories There are severe types of water-seal traps like P-trap, S-trap, 3/4 S-trap, and drum trap.
5.4.2.1 Water Seal Traps P trap
Figure 5.8: P trap
Figure 5.9: P trap detail drawing
5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps Toilet floor- grating
Figure 5.10: Grating
5.4.3 Stacks Two pipe system
In this system two pipes are provided. One pipes collects the foul soil and lavatory wastes, whereas the second pipe collects the waste water from kitchen. The soil stacks and the grease stacks coupled with its own vent pipe and stack pipe. Soil stack is the vertical drain pipe that carries soil waste from sanitary units. Waste stack is any other vertical drain pipe (does not carry soil from a sanitary fixture) which in this case study are mainly from the wet kitchen.
50mm Ø MuPVC soil stacks
Figure 5.11: Soil pipe that connect sanitary appliances
200mm x 3000mm cast iron pipe Waste stack & soil stack
Figure 5.12: Waste stack and soil stack
Figure 5.13: Waste stack and soil stack
Figure 5.14: Waste stack that connect to the grease interceptor trap
The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of pipes leading from waste pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer gases outside instead of inside the house.
Aluminum 500mm x 500mm x 5mm Grease vent stack - The addition of frame and covering to avoid infiltration of grease - Soil vent stack
Figure 5.15: Greasealong vent stack and stack that attached the wall towaste vent ventilate out from the building
5.4.4 Manhole 5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap
When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food particles sink to the bottom while the lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a similar manner as with septic tank pumping
Figure 5.16: Grease Interceptor Trap
Figure 5.18: Grease intercepted inside the trap
Figure 5.17: plan of grease interceptor trap
Figure 5.19: Grease tray
Manholes and inspection chambers provide one or more of the following functions in storm water drainage and sanitary sewer lines:
Pipeline access for purpose of cleaning and inspecting.
Directional changes in pipeline alignment.
Convergence of two or more pipelines.
5.4.4.2 Manhole
Figure 5.20: plan and section ofprecast concrete type B manhole for rigid pipe
5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber
Figure 8.21: plan of inspection chamber
Figure 5.21: Inspection chamber
Figure 5.22: Plan of inspection chamber
Figure 5.23: Opening of the inspection chamber
Figure 5.23: Section of the inspection chamber
5.4.4.4 Individual Septic Tanks (IST)
An IST comprises two chambers connected in a series. In the first chamber, solids from the incoming sewage settle forming a "sludge", while greases and oils float to the surface forming a "scum" layer. Effluent from between the scum and sludge layers then passes into the second chamber where further sedimentation occurs. Finally, the effluent leaves the second chamber and is discharged into a drain or allowed to percolate into the soil. The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time. Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating satisfactory. The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time. Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating satisfactory.
Concrete top poured in place Concrete access part
Figure 5.24: Covers of the individual septic tanks
Wall ur in 2cm thick Floor purging 3cm thick
Figure 5.25: Plan and section of the individual septic tanks 5.4.5.1 Flexible sewer pipe
Sewer pipe carries sewerage from the shopping mall to a public treatment facility which is the Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, a national sewerage company in Malaysia
Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer reticulation( deep junction connection)
Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer reticulation( sewer lateral connection) 5.4.5.2 Saddle joint
Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
Figure 6.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
5.5 UBBL requirement Laws of Malaysia
Act 655 Water Services Industry 2006 It shall be the duty of every facilities licensee to construct, refurbish, improve, upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all other assets in relation to the systems such that the facilities licensee is and continues to be able to meet its obligations under this Act and its subsidiary legislation Operating and maintaining public sewerage system 43. It shall be the duty of every service licensee operating and maintaining a public sewerage system— (a) to manage, operate, maintain, inspect, repair, alter, arch over or otherwise improve the public sewerage system and to treat and dispose of the contents thereof; and (b) to properly desludge the public sewerage system and for such purposes the service licensee may cause the construction or placing, either above or underground, such sewers, pumps and other works as are necessary. 44. Septic tanks to be desludged (1) The service licensee operating and maintaining a publicsewerage system shall desludge the septic tanks in its sewerage services areas from time to time as may be prescribed. (2) The service licensee who fails to comply with its obligations under subsection (1) commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit. Construction of water supply system, sewerage system and septic tanks 45.(1) No person shall construct, alter, modify, disconnect or close up a water supply system, sewerage system, septic tank, individual internal sewerage piping or common internal sewerage piping unless the relevant plans or specifications which requires the approval of the Commission have first been approved in writing by the Commission.
ACT 133 Street, drainage and building ACT 1974 56. Rain-water pipes not to be used as soil-pipes. (1) No pipe used for the carrying off of rain water from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water-closet or any sullage water. 57. Water pipes, etc., not to be used as ventilating shafts. (1) No water-pipe, stack-pipe or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or to act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer. 5.6 Analysis
The sewerage system in e@Curve shopping mall have meet the requirement to distribute the sewerage to the public treatment plant by Indah Water Sdn. Bhd. The advantages of the uses of drain-waste-vent system has well installed to prevent any leaking of wastes. They have the separate stacks to convey the waste from sanitary appliances and kitchen to filter out the grease that might cause leakage in the system. The system are able to sustain the numbers of users and properly convey to the sewer line. But the disadvantages of the system in eCurve is the grease interceptor traps are installed inside the building which the odors are spreading around the chamber to the car park area, this might interfere the comfortably of shopping mall customers. It is advice to place it in an outdoor area to avoid the odors to retain in the building.
5.7 Conclusion
e@Curve shopping mall has an efficient sewerage system to convey the sewerage to public treatment plant. From the sanitary appliances and wet kitchen, separated stacks of soil and grease stack with its individual vent stack to facilitate the flow of sewerage to manhole or grease interceptor trap. The waste ended in the septic tanks before convey the sewer line that link to public treatment plant.
6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Literature Review Mechanical Transportation System There are two common types of lift system which is Electric Traction Lift System and Hydraulic Lift System. In traction lift system, the elevator is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes or cables rather than pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a sheave. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so the rope will move when the sheave is rotated. The sheave is then connected to electric motor. When the motor turns one way, the elevator is raised whereas when the motor turns the other way, the elevator is lowered. The sheave, the motor and the control system are all placed in a lift motor room above the elevator shaft. The traction steel ropes are connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight about the same as the car filled to 40% capacity. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the elevator shaft. This rail keeps the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency. It is controlled by the over speed governor.
6.2 Introduction Vertical transportation systems are very important in transporting passengers vertically from floor to floor especially in high-rise buildings. While escalators are used on lower floors for moving high volumes of people over a short distance especially in commercial buildings, the roped elevators are the principal means of vertical transportation in buildings. Escalators moves by direct current electric motor, which raises and lowers the lift in the lift shaft with drive traction cables.
6.3 UBBL Requirement Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128, lifts: 124- For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. Under UBBL 1984 section 152-155, ventilation to lift shafts: 152(1)- Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
Figure 6.3 Elevator
Figure 6.3.1: Escalator
6.4 Escalator An escalator is a moving staircase which is a continuous conveyor transport device for carrying large number of people that move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps treads to remain horizontal. It provides an immediate means of transportation. The escalators that been used in E-Curve is products of Schindler. It provides services as the main vertical transportation system from LG Floor to 3rd Floor (5 stories). There are 3 to 6 escalators in the buildings and located at different corner of the buildings to allow the most efficient way to transport people from floors to floors.
Figure 6.4: Table of other model size and specification
Figure 6.4.1: Indication of escalators in plan.
6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators There are two types of escalator arrangement in E-Curve, which are 1. Parallel arrangement 2. Single bank with interrupted traffic in one direction
1
Figure 6.4.1: Arrangement of Escalators
2
Figure 6.4.2: Parallel arrangement
6.4.2 Component
Top machine room Control anel S rocket Drive chain
Bottom machine
Figure 6.4.2: The component of the escalator.
Figure: 6.4.2.1: Section of escalator.
Landing Floor Plate Landing floor plate is a platform over the recess under the moving staircase and covers the working mechanism at the top and bottom landings. It has and extension known as comb plate and it carries the projecting comb teeth.
Handrail A handrail moves on an endless chain in steps with the stairs. There are separate chains for the handrail and the steps but they are both driven through a gearbox from the same motor. The inclination varies between 27 ᵒ and 35ᵒ to the horizontal.
Truss The truss is a hollow metal structure that is located below the steps and it bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top
AC Motor Typically each escalator strip is equipped with a 7.5-15kW inductive AC motor. This is a minimal requirement for operating in long hours and consumes a significant amount of electricity. The motor are usually located below the top landings. The motor drives the gears which are connected by a chain that drives the steps itself.
Drive The drive has to carry the total load on the escalator. Since people do not stand at even and regular intervals on the whole staircase the load averaged over the whole length of the escalator is less than the maximum load on individual treads.
Steps The steps are made of die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges as this is one of the safeties needed on the escalator. Both the riser and the tread of each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb-like protrusions that mesh the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms and the succeeding steps in the chain.
Step Demarcation Line Riser
Driving Roller
Cleat
Figure 6.4.2.2: Components of the escalator Motion Sensor When not used for a pre-determined period of time, the sensors allow the escalator to shut-off automatically. As an approaching rider triggers the sensors, the escalator automatically restarts.
Figure 6.4.2.3: Sign installed on the escalator
6.5 Elevator Elevators were the mainstay when it comes to transporting people between floors in high rise buildings. It moves vertically in the lift shafts by using counter weights or traction cables.
There are three types of elevators commonly used in high rise building: 1. Geared and Gearless traction Elevators with Machine Room 2. Hydraulic Elevators 3. Machine-Room-Less Elevators The elevators in E-Curve are found to be operated by the geared traction system with machine room on top of the building.
6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise building and have higher speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Geared Traction Elevators have a gear box that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable for travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet. Gearless Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2000 feet so they are the only choice for high rise building. Geared traction elevators are average in terms of initial cost, ongoing maintenance costs and energy consumption compared to others. Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs but more energy efficient than geared traction elevators.
Geared traction elevators systems are used in the building with a machine room on top of the building. 6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building
Normal Elevators Transport people from floor to floor.
Cargo Lift Usually larger in dimension and able to carry heavier weight. Workers need to register their items or cargo before they can use the lift for the safety of customer.
Bomba Lift Bomba lift is used to transport fire fighter in case of fire happening in the building. Whenever a fire happen, the electricity room will cut down all the electrical supply to lift and genset generator will start working to supply energy to fire prevention services and bomba lift.
Figure 6.5.2: Bomba Lift
6.5.3 Indication of location
Figure 6.5.3: Indication of location of lift
Figure 6.5.3.1:
Figure 6.5.3.2:
Bomba lift
Normal Lift
Cargo Lift
6.5.4 Component of System Major lift components:
1. Prime mover (electric machine) 2. Lift car 3. Counterweight 4. Guide rails 5. Entrances/Doors 6. Safety gear and over speed governor 7. Buffers (energy accumulation, energy dissipation 8. Roping systems (compensating ropes, traction systems) 9. Car and landing fixtures (buttons, indicators, switched)
Diagram 6.5.4: Indication of the components system.
Figure 6.5.4.1: Control System Controller is an electrical panel which performs many computer s’ function by which it operates an elevator and it is normally situated in lift motor room.
Drive motor
Drive sheave
Figure 6.5.4.2: Motor running the lift The Drive Sheave is a grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and counterweight by the hoisted ropes. The drive motor is used to drive the traction cables or counterweight. The counterweight will reduce the load on the drive motor.
Figure 6.5.4.3: Component of motor
1
2
Figure 6.5.4.4: Component inside the lift 1
Ventilation system
2
Manhole for repairing and maintenance
6.5.5 Plan
Diagram 6.5.5: Machine room plan view
Diagram 6.5.5.3: Pit Elevation
Diagram 6.5.5.1: Hoist way plan view
Diagram: 6.5.5.4: Hoist way side elevation
6.5.6 Operation of System Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a worm-andgear-type reduction unit, which turn the hoisting sheave. While the lift rates are slower than in a typical gearless elevator, the gear reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave. An electrical controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.
6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System 1. Rope System The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator rope is made from several lengths of steel material wound around one another. With this sturdy structure, one rope can support the weight of the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But elevators are built with multiple ropes (between four and eight, typically). In the unlikely event that one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the elevator up. 2. Built in Braking System Even if all the ropes were to break or the sheave system were to release them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom of the shaft. Roped elevator cars have built –in breaking systems that grab onto the rail when the car moves too fast.
3. Electromagnetic Brake System Elevators also have electromagnetic brake that engages when the car comes to a stop. The electromagnets actually keep the brakes in the open position, instead of closing them. With this design, the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power.
4. Shock Absorber System If all of these fail, and the elevator does fall down the shaft, there is one final safety measure that will probably save the passengers. The bottom of the shaft has a heavy duty shock absorber. It is like a giant cushion to soften the elevator’s landing and increase the impact time to reduce damage.
6.6Discussion The use of mechanical transportation system in E-Curve brings ease to people by helping people to travel from floors to floors. Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. It can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase as no additional spaced is needed. The greatest advantage of an escalator is it has no waiting interval (Except during very heavy traffic). In the other hand, the greatest advantage of elevators is it can move from floors to floors in a great speed. It required less space than the escalator but a motor room is needed on the top of the lift shaft which is normally the highest floor of a building. Some pros and cons between elevators and escalators: 1. Escalators are slow moving whereas elevators are fast and can move up at down at great speed. 2. Escalators are ideal where lots of people have to move between floors at the same time. They are also more visible than elevators that are tucked behind structures. 3. Elevators are ideal when people moving up and down the building carry shopping carts or suitcases as escalators are moving staircase that allows the moving people. 4. Escalators are more energy consuming as they have to operate continuously, whereas elevators consume electricity only when in operation.
7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 7.1 Introduction The aim of fire protection is to protect the building from fire. The building occupants can be protected by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. The fire can be prevented from spreading out within the building by efficient design. There are a few strategies to make a good building design with fire safety measures. Adequate fire appliances access and adequate and safe escape routes is to be provided within the building. The selection of building materials is also an important step into design a good building as it can prevent the rapid fire spread. This can be improved by subdividing the building into compartments with fire resisting walls. Also, to further develop the building into a good design, building services are designed particularly for that building. Fire protection system can be divided into 2 types: passive and active. Passive Protection system is considered the planning stage of the building design. While the Active Fire Protection System is the additional protection using mechanical devices. 7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System Materials that are always present and do not rely on the operation of any form of mechanical device. Is a means by which the design of the building, its structure, fabric, components and their installation, resist fire. This is largely the domain of construction technology. It incorporates the influence of:
The building insurers, whose requirements may extend beyond legislative minimum standards
The local fire officer, as for the insurers plus concern for fire-fighting accessibility
The Building Regulations, requirements for purpose grouping of buildings and compartmentalisation within buildings, as well as fire resistance and potential fire spread of materials
Planning of escape routes
The local authority planning department and the Health and Safety Executive standard.
7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System Depend on the operation of a mechanical device, active systems in the form of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation. Is a specialised area of building services and the following are considered:
Portable extinguishers
Alarm detection
Hose reels and hydrants Automatic extinguishers
Pressurised escape routes
Smoke extraction and ventilation
7.2 CASE STUDY
Figure 7.1: e@Curve exhibiting their Fire Certificate.
7.2.1 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route
Fire Lift used by firemen during a fire.
Figure 7.2: Lower Ground Floor plan showing escape routes
KELUAR sign showing the nearest exit during an emergency.
The fire escape staircases can be found throughout the building, located at the outer part of the building, allowing easy exit during an emergency. The staircases must be provided with natural or mechanical ventilation system. The fire doors in the building have stickers for verification.
By-law 198, All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated by having a minimum opening size of 1 square metre.
Figure 7.3: Emergency Staircase
7.2.1.2. Fire Lift
There is one fire lift in e@curve. This is for firemen during an emergency. This lift can be operated during an emergency as it is supported by the backup generator.
Fire lift lobbies are to be provided with pressurization systems in accordance with MS 1472. Figure 7.4 : Fire Lift
7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs
Figure 7.5 :'KELUAR' Sign
The emergency lights isto be indicated for entry doors into staircases and along escape corridors. This sign is placed above head level in order to allow easy sight to assist occupants during an emergency. The lettering are capitalized and made to the standard size with a green background and white words. The light is emitted with the used of LED (Light Emitting Diode) with 2 to 5 watts with service life of 25 years. Green colour is easily seen during a smoke and psychologically more welcoming than red, directing the occupants out. By-law 172. Every exit shall be installed with emergency exit sign (KELUAR sign). MS 983: 2004 'KELUAR' signs (internally illuminated) - Specifications (Third revision)
LITERATURE REVIEW Pressurised escape routes The
objective
is
to
create
greater air pressure in escape routes such as corridors and stairs. The effect is to contain smoke and fire at its point of outbreak, allowing it to leak out through windows or ventilation grills. Consequently, air pressurisation of escape routes must be at least 25 Pa, possibly as much as 60 Pa in large buildings, but insufficient to impede human progress in an emergency. If a
Figure 7.6: Pressurized Escape Route
fire occurs, the detector or alarm will automatically close down all ventilation and air-conditioning plant. Simultaneously it will engage the escape route air pressurisation fan to deliver sufficient volume through fire-protected ductwork. 7.2.2 Active Fire Protection System 7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems 7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Fire sprinkler is a network of piping filled with water under pressure. It is connected to water supply system as it uses water to putout fire. The fire sprinkler is located near the ceiling, divided into grids in order to distribute water evenly during a fire. Fire sprinklers are very effective as they react quickly.
Figure 7.7: Schematic drawing of water sprinkler.
The fire sprinklers are activated by high temperature. For every given space, the rupturing temperature varies. The bulb liquid colour of e@Curve is red, which will rupture at 68 degrees Celsius.
Red liquid colour, rupturing temperature at 68 degrees Celsius.
Figure 7.8: Fire sprinkler
7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants
Figure 7.9: Fire hydrant located outside the building
The hydrants supply the water for the firefighters. There is a fire hydrant in every certain distance, to create an easy reach when putting out fires. The hydrant valves should attach to a ring system of supply, with more than one source from the water authority’s main. Other recommendations include: Maximum spacing of 150m apart, next to roads, maximum 70m distance from building entry and a minimum distance of 6m to a building.
7.2.2.1.3Hose Reel Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.
50mm ᴓ riser Reel 25mm ᴓ hose Valve
MS1489 Part 1. Hose Reel - all spaces to be covered with a 30m hose with a 6m throw. Figure 7.10: Hose Reel
Lined with red for BOMBAindication
Steel tank according to UBBL standard
Figure 7.11: Hose Reel Tank
The hose reel tank, located at top of the building, uses a float ball to measure and maintain the amount of water in the tank, whereas the water supply system tank uses sensors.
Figure 7.12: Schematic drawing of the hose reel system
Literature Reveiew Hose reels
Considered a first aid to fire-fighting, intended for use by the building occupants.
Each hose reel delivers considerably more water than several portable
Located in recesses along corridors and provided with up to 45m of
extinguishers, and requires continued replenishment.
reinforced rubber hose, so that all parts of a floor area not exceeding 800m2 are covered by one installation. Included in the calculations can be an allowance of 6m for the water jet.
A minimum delivery of 24 l/min is recommended at the reel most distant from the source of water, when the two most remote reels are operating simultaneously.
A minimum pressure of 200kPa is required at the highest reel, which may limit direct supply from the mains to three or four storeys. Thereafter, and in consultation with the local water authority, the use of a break or suction tank will be necessary.
7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents 7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are always pressurized with water. Wet risers are only required for buildings where the topmost floor is higher than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level.
Figure 7.13: Wet riser located outside the building
Dry risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are only required for buildings where the topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres and less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level. Dry risers are normally dry and depend on the fire engine to pump water into the system.
Figure 7.14: Dry riser located beside the building
7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System 7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system It is activated by smoke or heat detectors to effectively smother. Its non-conductive properties are ideal for electrical hazards. Being denser than air, it effectively reduces the oxygen content of air from a normal 21 per cent to about 15 per cent, effectively disabling the combustion triangle. Carbon Dioxide extinguisher system consists of carbon dioxide cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors and a
control panel, which monitors the space, activates both visual and audio alarms before releasing the gas. Such system is usually provided for electrical transformer rooms, switch rooms and generator rooms
Figure7.16: Warning sign outside the Genset Room
Figure 7.15 :Genset diagram
Figure 7.17: CO2 cylinder at 5800kPa
Figure 7.18: CO2 nozzle
The fire room, also known as the Genset room, is the source of power for the shopping mall, acting as a backup in the case of a fire. The cables in the Genset room are orange in colour, which is a sign of fire resistance.The appliance in the Genset room filters the loud sounds coming from the room and thus creates sound insulation.The nozzle that puts out the fire lets out carbon dioxide gas; a sprinkler cannot be used in a room full of electrical appliances, as water cannot be in contact with electricity, it is too dangerous.When the Genset is off, the red button lights up. When it is on, the green button lights up.
Figure 7.19: Showing machinery within a Genset Room. LITERATURE REVIEW
Foam installations
Foam extinguishing systems are preferred for application to ground floor and basement boiler plant rooms and fuel storage areas, where oil is the heating medium.
Foam is generated by special mixing equipment for fire fighters to connect through an external foam inlet box found about 500mm above ground level.
It is similar to that described for a dry riser, but clearly labelled ‘Foam Inlet’.
7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher
Figure 7.20: Portable Fire Extinguisher (Source: Google)
The objective of fire extinguishers is to remove or sufficiently reduce at least one component of the fire triangle shown in the figure. To prevent fire extinguishers
from being moved or damaged, they should be mounted on brackets or in wall cabinets with the carrying handle placed 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire extinguishers need to be mounted at lower heights with the carrying handle about 3 feet from the floor. Portable fire extinguishers should be suitably selected for the type of fire in accordance to the classification and the fire size and sited in suitable locations in close proximity to the potential fire hazards. Design to be in accordance with MS 1539 Part 3
7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System When there is a fire, the smoke from the fire will trigger the alarms, everything is on standby in preparation for the fire. The alarm is installed at a height approximately 1.2m to 1.6m allowing occupants to pull the trigger during a fire emergency.
MS 1745 Part 14 Fire Alarm System. To be located beside staircase exit doors.
Figure 7.21 : Fire Alarm located behind the fire escape door
LITERATURE REVIEW Alarm detection
-
Fire alarm circuits may be of the open or closed type.
-
The contacts are usually in wall-mounted, break-glass switch units.
-
Most installations will include an indicator board to locate the source of alarm.
-
Alarm location should be in common access positions and no person should have to travel more than 30m to raise an alarm.
-
Landings, lobbies and corridors are the best location, with clearly defined, redpainted call buttons 1.5m above floor level.
Automatic fire detectors Automatic fire detectors are necessary to indicate location of the outbreak of a fire, to operate alarm bells and to communicate with the local fire authority. Location of detectors should not exceed one per 100m 2 of floor area, but the building insurers and the fire service may require them closer. There are many various operating characteristics, including:
- A bimetallic strip - An ionisation chamber - Light-scattering devices - A laser beam a) Bimetallic strip – This is the simplest and contains a strip which responds to temperature increases. It deforms to bend across two electrical contacts to complete a circuit. b) Ionisation chamber – This sophisticated device ionises air by radiation, to encourage a small electric current across two electrodes. When smoke enters the chamber it reduces the current, and this irregularity is sufficient to effect an alarm relay.
c) Light-scattering devices – This is a small wall or ceiling-mounted unit. Under normal circumstance it has a light source projecting its beam into a light trap. When smoke enters the unit, the light is scattered by reflection off the smoke to fall on a photoelectric cell which energises an alarm relay.
d) Laser beam – These are an economic solution to provision of fire detection in large areas, as the concentrated beam can be effective over distances up to 100m. Light beams can be visible or infra-red, and target on an opposing photoelectric cell. Smoke obscuration or air turbulence caused by heat,
deflects the beam to de-energise the receiving cell which activates an alarm relay.
Figure 7.22: Laser beam detector
Figure 7.23: Light scattering smoke detector
Figure 7.24: Break Alarm Glass
These can be seen installed out the Genset Room in case of an emergency happening to one of the control rooms. It comes with a box of indication of the problem and a lever to pull.
Principle of Operation The main purpose of the Fire Indicator Panel is to monitor each circuit, zone or point for any alarm signal, to display the status of that condition and to operate any required output according to the approved design of the system. The outputs are to warn the occupants on a fire alarm signal, notify the firefighters and to control the spread of smoke and fire. A fire alarm circuit comprises of wiring that connects one or more detectors to the fire panel. A group of one or more detectors is called a zone, grouped by their common location. A collective circuit is a group of all the detectors on that circuit.
Figure 7.25: Sprinkler Alarm The sprinkler alarm ring during an emergency as the sprinkler goes off. Some of them are installed with lights on it to notify the deaf during an emergency.
Figure 7.27: Pump system inside the fire pump room consists of galvanised red steel pipes
Figure 7.26: Fire Pump Room
This room controls the fire sprinkler and is powered by electric. The pump provides water flow at higher pressure to the sprinkler system rises and hose standpipes. In the case of a blackout, the sprinkler pump room will be backed up by the Genset Room, as it is powered by diesel.
The sprinkler room is located below the fire tank. This allows the water in the tank to flow into the pumps by gravity.
TNB has a code for every building in the event of a fire. For E @ Curve, the building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.
Figure 7.28: Codes displayed outside for the fire department's references
B-law 139 stipulates fire risk areas (such as TNB sub-station, switch rooms, AC plant rooms etc) shall be separated from occupants.
Literature Review 7.2.2.4 Smoke extraction and ventilation Automatic smoke ventilation systems - Originated in factory and warehouses to relive the build-up of smoke and heat in the event of a fire. With the development of large-area shopping malls, the principle is now applied on a wider scale.
- The objective is to aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic and inflammable gases from the source of a fire, and to retain visibility for escapers and to provide clear access for fire fighters. - Fire vents function daily as normal roof lights with manual or automatic controls, but if closed during a fire, the heat will melt a spring-loaded fusible link normally set at 70oC to open the unit. Smoke detectors operating through a relay to release the vent
catch are preferable, as very smoky fires may not generate enough heat to fuse a link. The introduction of air nominally enhances the fire, but this is justified by the advantages gained by releasing the smoke and fumes.
Figure: Smoke logging and ventilation
Shop extract and smoke control Building regulations requires fire prevention systems in shopping centres to be under ‘unified ownership and continuing control’. In practical means this means that smoke can be controlled by two methods: 1. Direct extraction from individual shop units – shop extract 2. A common extract system – mall extract Shop extract Responsibility for smoke and fire control can be delegated from landlord to tenant, which is fine if the tenant is fully aware of the undertaking to maintain and test a smoke control system regularly. The extract duct and fan system must be fire specified and be separate from any other means of shop ventilation. It must have
smoke detection equipment connected to a control system to operate dampers and fan. It must also have the facility to shut down any other ventilation system serving the affected shop.
Figure: Smoke extract system – individual units Mall extract A simpler and much more economic arrangement is a common smoke collection and containment reservoir at the height of a mall. Strategically dispersed smoke detectors can be deployed to effect individual vents in smoke collection zones. Provided the building design accommodates features such as restricted smoke reservoir areas and permanent replacement air ventilation, shoppers would have no difficulty escaping unhindered. Fire fighters will also have clear access to the source of fire. If sprinklers are also required, they should be considered at a higher temperature rating than normal (normal is red bulb – 68oC) to delay the possibility of smoke being cooled and collecting at floor level.
Figure: Smoke extract system – mall ventilation Design Considerations The types of business and procedures undertaken in a building will determine the fire risk category. These are classified as light, ordinary and high hazard. E@ Curve shopping centre would fall under the ordinary hazard category. Subdivisions occur within these three overall categories and numerous design tables are generated to provide information on water flow rates, pipe sizes, disposition of sprinkler heads and pipe work configurations. 7.3 Analysis The fire protection system in eCurve seems to be complying with the requirements of the fire department. The building design is successful and adequate to the necessities of the public safety if an emergency were to occur. 7.4 Conclusion e@Curve is fully equipped with a good fire protection system that complies with the building laws and requirements, and is especially equipped in the
active control category, whereby various fire fighting equipment, fire alarm detection and escape routes are provided, in preparation in the event of a fire. This is to assure that the building, its contents and its occupants are well protected against any occurrences of a fire. Every design consideration that enhances the fire protection system is thought of, to provide a place of safety and security for the occupants of the building. Customers will rest assured that their safety is secured. 8.0 Conclusion
Figure 8.1: Group photo at eCurve. We would like to thank Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail and his 2 assistants for bringing us on tour in eCurve and learning about the building services of the building, The information explained by Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail were very useful and informative. In this project, we have learned a lot about how building services work within a building, allowing us to gain useful knowledge. We would also like to thank our amazing lecturer, Mr. Siva, for guiding us through this project. Thank you for helpful and patient with us.
9.0 References: 6.6 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch 07s07.html Electric KnowHow (n.d.). Elevator Machine and Drive System. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-machine-and-drive-system.html FEMA. (2013). FEMA E-74 Example 6.4.10.3 Escalators. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/earthquake/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquakedamage-42 Greeno, R. (1997). Building Services, Technology And Design. Essex: Pearson Longman. KONE Spares. (n.d.). KONE Spares Escalator Parts Info. Retrieved from http://us.konespares.com/parts/escalator-info.aspx
Kwok, A. G. (2009). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh Edition. : John Wiley & Sons. Petromas. (n.d.). Fire Protection System, Retrieved from http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/fire-protection-system-c-46.html R.Barry. (1998). The Construction of Buildings: Water, Electricity and Gas Supplies Foul Water Discharge, Refuse Storage. Tokyo, Japan: Blackwell Science Ltd. S. F. Wong. (2011), Building Plan Submission - What Bomba Wants, Institute of Fire Engineers (U.K.) Malaysia Branch, Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/106198285/Building-Plan-Submission-What-BombaWants Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS, Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws Firewize. (n.d.).Fire Alarm Systems – Principle of Operation. Retrieved from http://firewize.com/page/training/fire-alarm-systems-principal-operation
