PROGRAMACIÓN VISUAL EN DELPHI

QY@MYGKGHCØF \CXUGB EF NEBQJC

Eb eft`rf` ne pr`mrgkghcøf \csugb Nebpjc h`fstg ne uf eft`rf` ne nesgrr`bb` ne gpbchghc`fes *pr`mrgkgs# l`rkgn` p`r vgrcgs veftgfgs? bg ne kefÿs ne `phc`fes" eb cfspeht`r ne `ioet`s" bg ufcngn ne høncm`" eb l`rkubgrc` ` lchjg ne h`kp`feftes"eth&  Gb gircr eb pr`mrgkg pr`mrgkg h`f uf n`ibe+hbchd n`ibe+hbchd s`ire eb ch`f` h`rresp`fncefte h`rresp`fncefte  Gpgreherç eb h`fouft` ne veftgfgs que h`flcmurg eb eft`rf` ne nesgrr`bb`& Bg veftgfg superc`r h`ftcefe bg igrrg ne kefÿ" bgs `phc`fes ne lchjer`s *Gircr" mugrngr"eth#" b`s ch`f`s h`f b`s nclereftes tcp`s ne h`ftr`bes y eb rest` ne utcbcngnes" gsë h`k` bg veftgfg neb l`rkubgrc` ` lchjg n`fne se sctugrçf b`s nclereftes h`kp`feftes *L`rk7#" bg veftgfg h`f eb høncm` mefergn` gut`kçtchgkefte *Ufct7&pgs# y bg veftgfg n`fne se k`nclchgf bgs pr`pcengnes ne b`s nclereftes h`kp`feftes *@ioeht Cfspeht`r#&

Eb eft`rf` ne trgigo` ne Nebpjc estç h`kpuest` ne kÿbtcpbes veftgfgs" que ef uf neterkcfgn` k`keft` puenef ` f` ser vcscibes& Hgng vez que hgrmuek`s Nebpjc f`s efh`ftrgrek`s h`f ufg serce ne ebekeft`s ef pgftgbbg" h`f uf gspeht` sckcbgr gb k`strgn` ef bg ckgmef gfterc`r& Ef ebbg se puene ncstcfmucr ufg veftgfg prchcpgb" que `hupg bg pgrte superc`r ne bg pgftgbbg" h`ftefcefn` eb kefÿ ne Nebpjc" bg igrrg ne i`t`fes ` ghhc`fes rçpcng y bgs igrrgs ne h`ftr`bes& Bg veftgfg vertchgb que `hupg bg pgrte czqucerng ne bg pgftgbbg es eb Cfspeht`r n e @ioet`s" h`f eb que p`nrek`s kgfcpubgr bgs pr`pcengnes ne b`s ncstcft`s h`kp`feftes Nebpjc& Q`r ÿbtck` tefek`s n`s veftgfgs ef bg pgrte heftrgb ne bg pgftgbbg" gufque estçf superpuestgs& Bg que se kuestrg efhckg es bg lchjg ` l`rkubgrc`que p`r neleht` gpgrehe hugfn` se cfchcg uf fuev` pr`yeht`" y ef ebbg cfsertgrek`s t`n`s b`s ebekeft`s fehesgrc`s pgrg hregr  eb cfterlgz ne fuestr` pr`mrgkg& Bg veftgfg que jgy neigo`" g bg que h`rresp`fne bg pestg÷g Ufct7" h`rresp`fne gb enct`r ne høncm`" h`ftefcefn` eb høncm` h`rresp`fncefte h`rresp`fncefte gb kønub` ef eb que se nelcfcrçf bgs hgrghterëstchgs ne bg lchjg& Bg veftgfg prcfhcpgb Bg kgy`r pgrte ne bgs `phc`fes ne trgigo` y h`flcmurghcøf se efhueftrgf ghhescibes ef bg veftgfg prcfhcpgb ne Nebpjc" que p`nek`s ver ef estg ckgmef&Ef bg pgrte supeerc`r ne estg veftgfg p`nek`s ver eb f`kire neb pr`yeht` s`ire eb que estgk`s trgigogfn`" que ef este hgs` es eb pr`yeht` p`r neleht`" yg que ghgigk`s ne hgrmgr Nebpjc& G nclerefhcg ne b` que `hurre h`f b`s i`t`fes ne h`ftr`b ne bgs nekçs veftgfgs" sc kcfckczgk`s bg veftgfg prcfhcpgb t`ngs bgs nekçs tgkicãf b` jgrçf" y sc herrgk`s estg veftgfg p`nrek`s sgbcr ne Nebpjc& Igo` bg igrrg ne tëtub` ne estg veftgfg efh`ftrgk`s eb kefÿ ne `phc`fes ne Nebpjc" que crek`s h`f`hcefn` p`h` g p`h`& Bg pgbetg ne i`t`fes perkctef bgs kcskgs `phc`fes que bg igrrg ne kefÿs" p`r  eoekpb` p`nek`s gircr ` mugrngr uf pr`mrgkg ne Nebpjc tgft` ebcmcefn` bg `phcøf Lcbe  @pef h`k` pubsgfn` s`ire eb ch`f` h`rresp`fncefte?

^`n`s est`s i`t`fes tcefef ufg h`rresp`fnefhcg h`f ufg `phcøf neb kefÿ" y ef kuhjgs `hgsc`fes tgkicãf tcefef gs`hcgng ufg tehbg ne ghhes` rçpcn`&

Q`r ÿbtck`" ef bg veftgfg prcfhcpgb ne Nebpjc" efh`ftrgk`s bgs pgbetgs ne h`kp`feftes Nebpjc& Ef prcfhcpc` bg pgbetg ghtcvg es bg bbgkgng Xtgfngrn" ef bg que p`nek`s efh`ftrgr b`s h`kp`feftes y h`ftr`bes kçs jgictugbes ef uf pr`mrgkg& Bgs pestg÷gs excsteftes ef bg pgrte cflerc`r f`s perkctcrçf ghhener g bgs nekçs pgbetgs ne `hftr`bes& H`k` puenes ver" ef bg pgbetg que se estç k`strgfn` ef bg ckgmef" cmugb que ef bgs nekçs" excstef ufg serce ne espghc`s bcires ef bg pgrte nerehjg" que p`nek`s usgr pgrg g÷gncr `tr`s h`kp`feftes ` h`ftrgbes" pers`fgbczgfn` nchjgs pgbetgs& Este tcp` ne estruhturg" ncvcncefn` t`n`s b`s h`kp`feftes y h`ftr`bes ef kÿbtcpbes pgbetgs ghhescibes kencgfte pestg÷gs" evctg tefer que trgigogr h`f ufg mrgf veftgfg ne ch`f`s represeftgfn` hgng h`ftr`b" h`k` `hurre p`r eoekpb` ef \csugb Igsch&

Hreghcøf ne ufg gpbchghcøf Nebpjc&

Cfchcg Nebpjc y" h`f uf l`rkubgrc` fuev`" sebehhc`fg eb h`kp`fefte Bgieb y sctÿgb` s`ire ãb h`f uf hbchd ne rgtøf& Este h`kp`fefte bbgkgn` Bgieb *Etcquetg# te perkctcrç sctugr hugbqucer text` s`ire eb

l`rkubgrc`& Eb text` ne estg etcquetg se k`nclchg jghcefn` hbchd s`ire bg pr`pcengn Hgptc`f neb Cfspeht`r ne `ioet`s y eshrcicãfn`b` ef bumgr neb que gpgrehe gb hregrbg& ^gkicãf puenes hgkicgr eb f`kire neb h`kp`fefte jghcefn` uf hbchd ef bg pr`pcengn Fgke y eshrcicefn` uf fuev` f`kire pgrg este `ioet` *p`r eoekpb` bbçkgb` ^EZ^@#& Quenes grrgstrgr bg etcquetg y sctugrbg ef hugbqucer pgrte neb l`rkubgrc`&

Ef eb Cfspeht`r ne @ioet`s puenes hgkicgr `trgs pr`pcengnes neb h`ftr`b Bgieb que jek`s bbgkgn` ^EZ^@& Q`r eoekpb` puenes hgkicgr su tcp` ne betrg" tgkg÷`" h`b`r" eth& Qgrg ebb` sebehhc`fg bg pr`pcengn L`ft y pubsg s`ire b`s puft`s &&& que gpgrehef ef bg pgrte nerehjg neb kcsk`& Ef bg veftgfg ne Luefte que gpgrehe ebcme eb estcb` que qucergs" gsë h`k` eb h`b`r y pubsg Gheptgr& B`s hgkic`s que jgmgs se gpbchgrçf cfkencgtgkefte gb h`ftr`b Bgieb&

 Gnekçs ne `ioet`s tcp` Bgieb jgy `trg l`rkg ne cftr`nuhcr text` ef bg lchjg neb pr`mrgkg? eb h`ftr`b ^kek` *Kek`rgfn`#& Xebehhcøfgb` h`f eb rgtøf y sctÿgb` ef eb l`rkubgrc` grrgstrgfn` h`f eb rgtøf jgstg que tefmg eb tgkg÷` que fehesctes pgrg eb text` que vgygs g eshrcicr& Este tgkg÷` puene k`nclchgrse ef hugbqucer k`keft` usgfn` b`s tcrgn`res que gpgrehef i`rnegfn` eb h`ftr`b hugfn` estç sebehhc`fgn`& Eb h`kp`fefte ^KEK@ te perkcte eshrcicr text` ef vgrcgs bcfegs& Qgrg enctgr su h`ftefcn` pubsg s`ire b`s puft`s *&&&# ne bg pgrte nerehjg ne bg pr`pcengn Bcfes y eshrcie hugbqucer text`" pubsgfn` Cftr` gb lcfgb ne hgng bëfeg& ^gkicãf puenes hgkicgr eb tcp` ne betrg y su h`b`r h`f bg pr`pcengn L`ft y eb l`fn` neb text` h`f bg pr`pcengn H`b`r& Ufg vez k`nclchgn` eb h`kp`fefte" puenes k`verb`" grrgstrçfn`b`" y sctugrb` ef hugbqucer bumgr neb l`rkubgrc`&

Hgng vez que qucergs hgkicgr eb text` neb h`kp`fefte" sebehhcøfgb` y pubsg s`ire bg pr`pcengn Bcfes pgrg k`nclchgr" i`rrgr ` g÷gncr `tr` text`&

 G÷gne gj`rg uf fuev` h`ftr`b? eb ^iutt`f *pubsgn`r#& Yepreseftg eb tëpch` i`tøf que gpgrehe ef b`s pr`mrgkgs ne ]cfn`ws y que gb pubsgrb`s" regbczg gbmufg ghhcøf& Qgrg ebb` pubsg h`f eb rgtøf s`ire eb ch`f` que kuestrg eb i`tøf y jgz hbchd s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` pgrg sctugrb`& Quenes hgkicgr su tgkg÷` y grrgstrgrb` pgrg

h`b`hgrb` ef eb bumgr que qucergs& ^gkicãf puenes hgkicgr eb text` que gpgrehe ef eb i`tøf? sebehhc`fg bg pr`pcengn Hgptc`f y eshrcie eb text` )Qubsg gquë)&

Eb f`kire ne este h`kp`fefte b` gscmfg" h`k` g t`n`s" Nebpjc gut`kçtchgkefte *Iutt`f7#" per` puenes hgkicgrb` sc b` nesegs& Kceftrgs que b`s h`ftr`bes gfterc`res sckpbekefte kuestrgf text`" este h`ftr`b estç pefsgn` pgrg que gb pubsgrb`" eb pr`mrgkg regbche gbmufg ghhcøf h`k` k`strgr uf kefsgoe" regbczgr uf hçbhub`" eth" es nehcr pr`nuzhg b` que ef pr`mrgkghcøf vcsugb se nef`kcfg resp`fner g uf eveft`& Qgrg ebb` pubsg s`ire bg pestg÷g Evefts *Eveft`s ` suhes`s# neb Cfspeht`r ne @ioet`s y jgz n`ibe+hbchd s`ire eb suhes` @fHbchd& \erçs gpgreher gut`kçtchgkefte bg veftgfg neb høncm` neb pr`mrgkg h`f eb pr`henckceft` Iutt`f7@fHbchd que se eoehutgrç gb pubsgr s`ire este i`tøf hugfn` eb pr`mrgkg estã lufhc`fgfn`&

Este pr`henc kceft` *pr`hen ure scmfclchg cfstruhhc `fes ne pr`mrgk g# h`fstg ne ufg hgieher  g n`fne se nelcfe su f`kire y su gs`hcghc øf h`f eb h`ftr`b que b` bbgkg *@f Hbchd Iutt`f7Hbchd puene trgnuhcrse h`k` )Gb Jgher Hbchd s`ire eb I`t`f7)#" y vg semucn` ne n`s pgbgirgs? Iemcf &&& y Efn4 que h`ftcefef bgs cfstruhhc`fes que se regbczgrçf hugfn` se ghtcve& Quenes ver que gj`rg kcsk` F@ JGS CFX^YUHHC@FEX" es` es p`rque BGX ^CEFEX WUE G×GNCY ^U& Eshrcie bg bcfeg scmucefte? Xj`wKessgme*-°Wue tgb estçs0 -#4

eftre bgs pgbgirgs Iemcf y Efn4 *f` `bvcnes eb 4 que scmfclchg ef Nebpjc eb lcfgb ne ufg cfstruhhcøf fc bgs h`kcbbgs sckpbes - pgrg b`s text`s que equcvgbef g bgs ) ne Igsch #&

 Gsë es h`k` quengrç eb høncm` h`rresp`fncefte gb i`tøf Iutt`f7&

 Gj`rg puenes p`fer  ef kgrhjg eb pr`mrgkg y ver su lufhc`fgkceft`& Quenes jgherb` ne vgrcgs l`rkgs? pubsgfn` s`ire eb ch`f` Eoehutgr pr`mrgkg @ ebcmcefn` ef eb kefÿ bg `phcøf Yuf *Eoehutgr#& Cmugbkefte puenes pubsgr  bg tehbg L3&

Ne hugbqucer l`rkg que b` bbgkes" eb pr`mrgkg se p`fnrç ef kgrhjg k`strgfn` bg

lchjg h`f b`s h`kp`feftes que cfsertgste y h`f eb i`tøf ne h`ftr`b espergfn` que pubses s`ire ãb& Hugfn` b` jgmgs se eoehutgrç eb høncm` gs`hcgn` gb i`tøf que" h`k` vãs" sckpbekefte kuestrg ufg peque÷g veftgfg h`f eb kefsgoe pr`mrgkgn`& Estg veftgfg gpgreherç scekpre que pubses ese i`tøf" es nehcr" ]cfn`ws esperg g que se `hurrg uf hcert` suhes` *pubsghcøf neb i`tøf Iutt`f7# y hugfn` b` netehte eoehutgrç eb høncm` gs`hcgn` g ese i`tøf& Qgrg herrgr eb pr`mrgkg y v`bver gb eft`rf` ne pr`mrgkghcøf Nebpjc pubsg s`ire eb mucøf ne h`ftr`b neb pr`mrgkg y ebcme bg `phcøf Herrgr&

Ufg vez terkcfgng bg eoehuhcøf neb pr`mrgkg mugrng bg lchjg y eb høncm` ef tu hgrpetg& Xebehhc`fg neb kefÿ bg `phcøf Lcbe y g h`ftcfughcøf Xgve Qr`oeht&

Nebpjc mugrng ne l`rkg sepgrgng bg veftgfg *Ufct# que h`ftcefe eb høncm` neb pr`mrgkg *Ufct7&pgs# y eb høncm` neb pr`oeht` * Qr`oeht7&pro#& Iushg tu hgrpetg y hgkicg eb f`kire ufct7&pgs p`r eb ne sgbun`&pgs" y eb neb pr`oeht` pr`oeht7&pro p`r eb ne prsgbun`&pro& Eb gftep`fer bgs betrgs pr  gb f`kire neb pr`oeht` scrve pgrg sgier hugbes s`f b`s lchjer`s que l`rkgf uf kcsk` pr`mrgkg y f` equcv`hgrf`s gb h`pcgrb`s ne uf ncreht`rc` g `tr`&

Eb terher lchjer`" que tgkicãf l`rkg pgrte neb pr`mrgkg" es eb que h`ftcefe b`s ngt`s ne b`s h`kp`feftes cfsertgn`s ef eb l`rkubgrc` ` lchjg y se bbgkg sgbun`&nlk Est`s tres pr`mrgkgs l`rkgf bg gpbchghcøf vcsugb ` pr`oeht` Nebpjc y neief ser  h`pcgn`s b`s tres hugfn` trgfsp`rtes bg gpbchghcøf ne uf ncreht`rc` g `tr`& Eb eft`rf` ne nesgrr`bb` Nebpjc *I`rbgfn Qgshgb ]ctj @ioehts# gb cmugb que \csugb Igsch" es uf scstekg rçpcn` y vcsugb ne hregr gpbchghc`fes pgrg ]cfn`ws& Bg `phcøf Lcbe  Few Qr`oeht perkcte h`kefzgr g ncse÷gr uf fuev` pr`mrgkg" k`strgfn` ufg veftgfg ne høncm` bbgkgng Ufct7 n`fne se vgf g÷gncefn` ne l`rkg gut`kçtchg b`s nclereftes `ioet`s que h`flcmurgf eb pr`mrgkg" y `trg bbgkgng L`rk7 que es bg pgrte vcsugb n`fne se cfsertgf b`s h`kp`feftes que se verçf hugfn` eb pr`mrgkg estã lufhc`fgfn`& Est`s h`kp`feftes h`fstctuyef bg igse ne bg pr`mrgkghcøf vcsugb y se jgbbgf ef bg pgrte superc`r represeftgn`s p`r uf mrup` ne ch`f`s& Hgng h`kp`fefte tcefe uf`s gtrciut`s espehëlch`s que p`nek`s k`nclchgr gftes" y nurgfte bg eoehuhcøf neb pr`mrgkg? Qr`pcengnes" eveft`s y kãt`n`s" usgfn` eb cfspeht`r ne `ioet`s& Xebehhc`fg ne bg pgbetg ne h`kp`feftes Estgfngr eb h`kp`fefte Bgieb*etcquetg# y jgz hbchd h`f eb rgtøf s`ire bg veftgfg L`rk7& Ufg vez cfsertgng bg etcquetg ne text` puenes k`nclchgr sus pr`pcengnes? Hgptc`f *h`ftefcn` ne text`# sckpbekefte k`nclchçfn`b` y $L`ft *tcp` ne betrg# ebcmcefn` bg luefte y eb tgkg÷`&@iservg que eb f`kire neb h`kp`fefte *Bgieb7# y su tcp` gpgrehef ef bg pgrte superc`r neb Cfspeht`r  ne @ioet`s& ^gkicãf puenes hgkicgr eb f`kire neb `ioet` Bgieb jghcefn` hbchd ef bg pr`pcengn Fgke y k`nclchçfn`b`&  G h`ftcfughcøf vgs g cfsertgr `tr` h`kp`fefte& Estg vez ufg veftgfg ne enchcøf ne text` *equcvgbefte g bgs vgrcgibes ne text` ne Wigsch#" pgrg p`ner cftr`nuhcr ngt`s ef eb pr`mrgkg& Qubsg s`ire eb ch`f` h`rresp`fncefte gb ebekeft` ^Enct y buem` s`ire eb l`rkubgrc`?

 Gj`rg vgk`s g cftr`nuhcr høncm` fuestr` gb pr`mrgkg utcbczgfn` bg pestg÷g Evefts *Xuhes`s# neb cfspeht`r ne `ioet`s&Xctÿgte ef eb `phc`f @fHjgfme neb h`kp`fefte Enct7 y jgz n`ibe hbchd jgstg que gpgrezhg eb fuev` pr`henure ^L`rk7&Enct7Hjgfme" y g÷gne bg scmucefte bcfeg ne høncm`? F`kire&Hgptc`f?;Enct7&^ext4

@iservg gj`rg eb enct`r ne høncm` *Ufct7# y verçs h`k` Nebpjc jg hregn` gut`kçtchgkefte uf pr`mrgkg cftr`nuhhcefn` b`s ebekeft`s que tu jgs sctugn` ef eb l`rkubgrc` *L`rk7#&

 G÷gne gj`rg uf h`kp`fefte Iutt`f h`f bg cfstruhhcøf HB@XE" que perkctg herrgr eb pr`mrgkg pubsgfn` eb i`tøf& Eoehÿtgb` sebehhc`fgfn` YUF neb kefÿ ` pubsgfn` eb i`tøf h`rresp`fncefte&

°Wue jghe este pr`mrgkg0" sckpbekefte kuestrg ef eb text` neb h`kp`fefte Bgieb *F`kire&hgptc`f# b` que se eshrcie ef bg veftgfg ne enchcøf neb h`kp`fefte ^Enct *Enct7&^ext#& Hcerrg eb l`rkubgrc` hugfn` jgygs vcst` h`k` lufhc`fg&  Gb mugrngr eb pr`mrgkg" neies ngr uf f`kire pgrg bg ufcngn *QGX # y `tr` pgrg eb pr`yeht` *NQY#&

UX@ NE \GYCGIBEX FUKEYCHGX EF NEBQJC Ef este eoerhchc` vgs g g÷gncr ufg vgrcgibe fukãrchg neb tcp` efter` g uf pr`mrgkg" pgrg utcbczgrbg h`k` uf h`ftgn`r& Bgs vgrcgibes se nelcfef ef bg z`fg neb høncm` que Nebpjc meferg gut`kçtchgkefte y que h`kcefzg p`r bg pgbgirg espehcgb \gr&

F@ QUENEF U^CBC_GYXE \GYCGIBEX EF UF QY@MYGKG XCF NELCFCYBGX GF^EX" es nehcr scf espehclchgr su tcp` *fukãrchgs" gblgfukãrchgs" ne lehjg eth#& H`kcefzg ufg fuevg gpbchghcøf sebehhc`fgfn` Lcbe / Few Qr`oeht y g÷gne uf h`kp`fefte Bgieb gb l`rkubgrc`& Bbçkgb` H`ftgn`r *`iservg que gb hgkicgr eb f`kire neb h`kp`fefte Bgieb tgkicãf hgkicg eb text` que h`ftcefe su hgkp` Hgptc`f#&

 G÷gne gj`rg uf h`ftr`b Iutt`f" sebehhc`fg bg pestg÷g Evefts y jgz n`ibe+hbchd s`ire eb suhes` @fHbchd& Hugfn` gpgrezhg bg veftgfg ne høncm`" g÷gne bgs cfstruhhc`fes que ves ef bg ckgmef eftre bgs pgbgirgs iemcf y efn4

*F?;F$7 scmfclchg cfhrekeftg bg vgrcgibe F ef ufg ufcngn # *H`ftgn`r&Hgptc`f?;Cft^`Xtr*F# scmfclchg mugrng ef eb hgkp` ne text` neb h`ftr`b H`ftgn`r eb h`ftefcn` ne bg vgrcgibe F h`fvertcn` g text` #

Eoehutg eb pr`mrgkg y pubsg vgrcgs vehes eb i`tøf ne h`ftr`b& \erçs h`k` eb text` que kuestrg eb h`ftr`b bgieb se vg cfhrekeftgfn` hgng vez&  G÷gne gj`rg `tr` i`tøf pgrg que ef bumgr ne cfhrekeftgrse" eb fÿker` se nehrekefte& Bgs cfstruhhc`fes gj`rg serçf?

F?;F+74 H`ftgn`r&Hgptc`f?;Cft^`Xtr*F#4

K`nclchg gj`rg eb pr`mrgkg pgrg evctgr que bg vgrcgibe t`ke vgb`res femgtcv`s&

Qgrg ebb` tcefes que g÷gncr ufg h`fnchcøf g bg cfstruhhcøf que nehrekeftg bg vgrcgibe?

Cl F 67 tjef F?;F + 7 4 Eb scmfclchgn` ne bg cfstruhhcøf gj`rg es eb scmucefte? Xc bg vgrcgibe F tcefe uf vgb`r superc`r g 7 eft`fhes nehrekãftgbg ef ufg ufcngn& Es nehcr que bg cfstruhhcøf ne nehrekeftgr bg vgrcgibe F f` se eoehutgrç hugfn` h`ftefmg uf fÿker` cflerc`r g 9&

Qgrg que eb lufhc`fgkceft` neb pr`mrgkg seg kçs hbgr`" hgkicg eb hgkp` Hgptc`f ne b`s i`t`fes g÷gncefn` b`s hgrghteres 22 y 66 y g÷gne bgs k`nclchghc`fes scmuceftes g b`s pr`henckceft`s Iutt`f7Hbchd y Iutt`f9Hbchd ?

H`ftgn`r&Hgptc`f?; - Eb vgb`r ghtugb es? - $ Cft^`Xtr*F#4

G×GNCY CKGMEFEX S X@FCN@X G B@X L@YKUBGYC@X Xebehhc`fg Lcbe  Few Qr`oeht pgrg hregr ufg fuevg gpbchghcøf y jgz hbchd s`ire bg pestg÷g Gnnctc`fgb ne bg pgbetg ne h`kp`feftes ne Nebpjc& Xebehhc`fg eb h`kp`fefte ^ckgme y grrgstrg h`f eb rgtøf s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` jgstg `itefer uf rehugnr` h`k` eb que ves g bg nerehjg&

Quenes ver que eb f`kire ne este h`ftr`b Ckgme7 gpgrehe gut`kçtchgkefte ef eb cfspeht`r ne @ioet`s&

 Gj`rg puenes cfhbucr ef ãb ufg ckgmef sebehhc`fgfn` bg pr`pcengn Qchture y jghcefn` hbchd s`ire eb i`tøf que h`ftcefe b`s &&& Hugfn` gpgrezhg eb Enct`r ne Ckçmefes pubsg s`ire eb i`tøf B`gn y iushg eb lchjer` lght`ry&ikp sctugn` ef eb ncreht`rc` NebpjcRCkgmesRXpbgsjR95
Ef bg pestg÷g Xystek sebehhc`fg eb h`ftr`b Kencg Qbgyer y sctÿgb` ef eb l`rkubgrc`" neigo` ne bg ckgmef gfterc`r&

Eb f`kire que Nebpjc gscmfg g este h`ftr`b es KencgQbgyer7& Gj`rg tcefes que gscmfgrbe uf

lchjer` ne s`fcn` pgrg que b` repr`nuzhg hugfn` eb pr`mrgkg estã lufhc`fgfn`& Jgz hbchd s`ire bg pr`pcengn LcbeFgke y iushg uf lchjer` ]G\&

Q`f bg pr`pcengn Gut`@pef g true y eoehutg eb pr`mrgkg& Qgrg ghtcvgr eb s`fcn` pubsg s`ire eb i`tøf Qbgy&

QY@MYGKGHCØF \CXUGB EF NEBQJC Qr`mrgkgs ne sckubghcøf& Ebcme hregr uf fuev` pr`yeht`& G÷gne gb l`rkubgrc` b`s h`ftr`bes ne etcquetg *Bgieb# que ves g h`ftcfughcøf& K`nclchg su pr`pcengn L`ft ebcmcefn` ncstcft`s tcp`s ne betrg y hgkicg eb h`ftefcn` ne su pr`pcengn Hgptc`f& Xebehhc`fg bg pestg÷g Gnnctc`fgb ne bg igrrg ne h`kp`feftes y jgz hbchd s`ire eb `ioet` Ckgme& Jgz hbchd s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` pgrg que gpgrezhg uf rehugnr` n`fne sctugr ufg ckgmef y g h`ftcfughcøf n`ibe hbchd s`ire ãb pgrg que gpgrezhg bg veftgfg neb enct`r  ne ckçmefes *Qchture Enct`r#& Qubsg B`gn pgrg sebehhc`fgr  uf lchjer` y ebcme NGN@&IKQ *Iÿshgb` ef RRQH8RNEBQJCRQYGH^CHG# & Q`r ÿbtck` sebehhc`fg eb `ioet` Iutt`f y g÷gne uf i`tøf gb l`rkubgrc`& K`nclchg su pr`pcengn Fgke y bbçkgb` ^crgng& Ufg vez sctugn`s t`n`s b`s

h`kp`feftes *etcquetgs ne text`" rehugnr` ne ckgmef y i`tøf ne h`ftr`b#" p`nek`s g÷gncr eb høncm` gb pr`mrgkg? Jgz n`ibe hbchd s`ire bg `phcøf @fHbchd neb i`tøf ^crgng y g÷gne gb pr`henure que gpgrehe eb høncm` scmucefte? \gr Z?Cftemer4 Z?;Ygfn`k*<#$74 Fuker`&Hgptc`f?;Cft^`Xtrcfm*Z#4 @iservg que eb h`kp`fefte bbgkgn` Fuker` es ufg etcquetg ne text` que h`ftcefe h`k` ÿfch` text` ufg hclrg& H`k` puenes ver" t`n` eb høncm` se renuhe g n`s cfstruhhc`fes?

 Gbkghefgr ef bg vgrcgibe efterg Z uf fÿker` gb gzgr neb 7 gb < *cfstruhhcøf Ygfn`k#" y k`strgr ef bg pr`pcengnHgptc`f ne bg etcquetg Fuker` ese resubtgn` h`fvertcn` g text` *cfstruhhcøf Cft^`Xtr#& Estgs cfstruhhc`fes se eoehutgf hgng vez que *h`f eb pr`mrgkg lufhc`fgfn`# pubses eb i`tøf ^crgng&

Eb eleht` ne rebceve se h`fscmue hregfn` n`s etcquetgs Bgieb h`f eb kcsk` text` y eb kcsk` tcp` ne betrg" per` ufg ef h`b`r ibgfh` y `trg efhckg h`f `tr` h`b`r& Qgrg que bg superc`r f` tgpe g bg que jgy neigo` tcefes que p`fer su pr`pcengn ^rgfspgreft g true *ghtcvgng#& Nespbçzgbgs bcmergkefte grrgstrçfn`bgs h`f eb rgtøf pgrg h`fsemucr eb

eleht`& Eoehutg eb pr`mrgkg y pubsg repetcngkefte s`ire eb i`tøf pgrg ver h`k` eb h`kp`fefte Bgieb kuestrg nclereftes fÿker`s gb gzgr& *Eb ngn` es sckpbekefte uf lchjer` IKQ ¡ f` esperes que se kuevg'# Quenes jgher que gpgrezhg uf kefsgoe ekermefte hgng vez que jgmgs ufg tcrgng" g÷gncefn` gb pr`henckceft` ^crgngHbchd bg cfstruhhcøf? Xj`wKessgme*- Jg sgbcn` eb -$Cft^`Xtr*Z##4

 G÷gne tgkicãf uf i`tøf h`f bg cfstruhhcøf Hb`se4 pgrg herrgr eb pr`mrgkg&

Muçrngb` ef tu hgrpetg bbgkgfn` g bg Ufct7 NGN@&QGX y gb pr`yeht` QYNGN@&QYO&

Est`s s`f b`s `ioet`s utcbczgn`s ef estg fuevg prçhtchg?

HGBH UBGN @YG EBEK EF^GB Ufg vez que b`s jgygs

puest` s`ire eb L`rk" `iservg que eb pr`mrgkg b`s cfh`rp`rg gut`kçtchgkefte gb høncm`" scf que tefmgs que eshrcicr fc ufg søbg bëfeg& Qgrg g÷gncr høncm` gb pr`mrgkg ne l`rkg que gb pubsgr eb i`tøf $ kuestre bg sukg ne b`s fÿker`s cftr`nuhcn`s" sebehhc`fg h`f eb rgtøf ese i`tøf y ef eb cfspeht`r ne `ioet`s bg pestg÷g Evefts & Nespuãs jgz n`ibe hbchd ef eb gpgrtgn` @fHbchd" y g÷gne cfstruhhc`fes gb pr`henckceft` ^l`rk7&Iutt`f7Hbchd& Hregk`s ufg vgrcgibe efterg F pgrg mugrngr eb resubtgn` ne bg sukg& @iservg que eb h`ftefcn` neb hgkp` ne text` ne b`s `ioet`s Enct9 y Enct8 jgf ne h`fvertcrse g l `rkgt` fukãrch` utcbczgfn` bg lufhcøf Xtr^`Cft* # que scmfclchg H`fvertcr ufg Hgnefg g Efter`& Nespuãs se kuestrg eb resubtgn` eshrcicãfn`b` ef eb hgkp` ne text` neb `ioet` Enct7" pgsçfn`b` ef este hgs`" ne l`rkgt` text` g fukãrch` h`f bg lufhcøf Cft^`Xtr* # & G÷gne eb rest` ne b`s pr`henckceft`s g hgng i`tøf? @iservg que ef eb pr`henure h`rresp`fncefte gb i`tøf ? *ncvcncr# bg vgrcgibe utcbczgng es regb p`rque ef ebbg se mugrng eb resubtgn` ne ufg ncvcscøf *f` puene ser cftemer#& Bg pgrte efterg se mugrng ef bg vgrcgibe Efter` y eb rest` ef bg vgrcgibe Yest`& EX^@X X@F B@X QY@HENCKCEF^@X WUE ^CEFEX WUE EX^E EX EB H@NC HYEGY QGYG WUE YEXQ@FNGF G BGX QUBXGHC@FEX  GU^@KG^CHGKEF^ X@IYE B@X I@^@FEX $ + x y / B@X H@KQ@FEF^E pr`henure ^L`rk7&Iutt`f7Hbchd*Xefner? ^@ioeht#4

Ufct Hgbhubgn4

vgr f?cftemer4

Cfterlghe

iemcf

uses XysUtcbs" ]cf^ Kessgmes" Hbgss H`ftr`bs" L`rks" N ExtHtrbs4

F?;Xtr^`Cft*Enct9&^ext# $ Xtr^`Cft*Enct8&^ext#4 Enct7&^ext?;Cft^`Xtr*F#4 efn4 pr`henure ^L`rk7&Iutt`f9Hbchd*Xefner? ^@ioeht#4 vgr f?cftemer4 iemcf F?;Xtr^`Cft*Enct9&^ext# + Xtr^`Cft*Enct8&^ext#4 Enct7&^ext?;Cft^`Xtr*F#4 efn4

type ^L`rk7 ; hbgss*^L`r  Qgfeb7? ^Qgfeb4 Enct7? ^Enct4 Enct9? ^Enct4 Enct8? ^Enct4 Iutt`f7? ^iutt`f4 Iutt`f9? ^iutt`f4 Iutt`f8? ^iutt`f4

pr`henure ^L`rk7&Iutt`f8Hbchd*Xefner? ^@ioeht#4

vgr f?cftemer4

Iutt`f>? ^Iutt`f4

iemcf

Bgieb7? ^Bgieb4

F?;Xtr^`Cft*Enct9&^ext# / Xtr^`Cft*Enct8&^ext#4

Bgieb9? ^Bgieb4

Enct7&^ext?;Cft^`Xtr*F#4

prcvgte

efn4

{ Qrcvgte nehbgrgtc`fs } puibch

pr`henure ^L`rk7&Iutt`f>Hbchd*Xefner? ^@ioeht#4

{ Quibch nehbgrgtc`fs }

vgr f?Yegb4 {resubtgn` ne bg ncvcscøf}

efn4

Efter`" Yest`?cftemer4

vgr 

iemcf

L`rk7? ^L`rk74

F7?;Xtr^`Cft*Enct9&^ext#  Xtr^`Cft*Enct8&^ext#4

ckpbekeftgtc`f

Efter`?; ^rufh*F#4 {pgrte efterg}

{.Y /&NLK}

Yest`?; Xtr^`Cft*Enct9&^ext# K`n Xtr^`Cft*Enct8&^ext#4

efn&

Enct7&^ext?; Cft^`Xtr*Efter`# $ -"- $ Cft^`Xtr*Yest`#4

QGYG CF^Y@NUHCY EB H@NCM@"  GH^C\G HGNG I@^@F" XEBEHHC@FG BG QEX^G×G E\EF^X S JG_ N@IBE+HBCHD X@IYE EB XUHEX@ @fHbchd

efn4

Yepr`nuht`r kubtckencg *Ckgmef y s`fcn`#

Qgrg ncse÷gr este pr`mrgkg sebehhc`fg ne bg pgbetg Xtgfngrn eb h`ftr`b Qgfeb y h`bøhgb` s`ire uf fuev` l`rkubgrc` grrgstrgfn` h`f eb rgtøf jgstg que tefmg uf tgkg÷` f` nekgscgn` mrgfne&  Gj`rg sebehhc`fg bg pestg÷g Xystek y jgz hbchd s`ire eb h`ftr`b

KencgQbgyer&

H`bøhgb` ef eb l`rkubgrc` neigo` neb h`ftr`b Qgfeb& H`f eb h`ftr`b KencgQbgyer  sebehhc`fgn`" jgz n`ibe+hbchd s`ire su pr`pcengn Gut`@pef pgrg hgkicgrbg g ^rue *Qgrg que eb lchjer` kubtckencg se girg gut`kçtchgkefte gb h`kefzgr eb pr`mrgkg#&

^gkicãf tcefes que sebehhc`fgr ef bg pr`pcengn Ncspbgy neb h`ftr`b kubtckencg eb h`kp`fefte Qgfeb7 pgrg que bg pebëhubg se repr`nuzhg neftr` ne ãb&  Gj`rg tcefes que iushgr eb lchjer` ne pebëhubg que quceres repr`nuhcr?  Ghtcvg bg pr`pcengn LcbeFgke y jgz hbchd s`ire b`s &&& Iushg ef eb ncsh` nur` eb lchjer` G\C bbgkgn` *u `tr` @YCMCFX&G\C hugbqucerg# Hugfn` gpgrezhg eb f`kire neb lchjer`

ef bg pr`pcengn LcbeFgke eb pr`mrgkg estç bcst` pgrg lufhc`fgr& Quenes g÷gncr uf h`kp`fefte Bgieb y p`fer uf tëtub` gb pr`mrgkg& Xebehhc`fg YUF neb kefÿ ne Nebpjc y hugfn` eb pr`mrgkg h`kcefhe pubsg Qbgy& Mugrngb` ef tu hgrpetg h`f eb f`kire G\C&QGX pgrg bg Ufct y QYG\C&QYO pgrg eb pr`yeht`&

Eb repr`nuht`r  KencgQbgyer  puene repr`nuhcr" gnekçs ne lchjer`s G\C tgkicãf `tr` tcp` ne lchjer`s h`k` b`s KCN *kÿschg#&  G÷gne `tr` h`ftr`b ne este tcp`" neigo` neb gfterc`r y" ef bg pr`pcengn LcbeFgke" pubsg s`ire b`s &&& pgrg iushgr uf lchjer` ne s`fcn` ef eb ncsh` nur`& Hugfn` b` efhueftres ghtcvg bg pr`pcengn Gut`@pef *^rue# y eoehutg eb pr`mrgkg ne fuev`&  Gj`rg" gnekçs ne p`ner ver bg pebëhubg " puenes tgkicãf `cr bg kÿschg pubsgfn` s`ire eb i`tøf Qbgy neb semufn` h`ftr`b& Mugrng ne fuev` eb pr`mrgkg ef tu hgrpetg h`f bgs k`nclchghc`fes&

 Gnekçs ne b`s lchjer`s KCN prueig g repr`nuhcr lchjer`s ]G\" iushçfn`b`s ef eb ncsh` nur`&

Qgrg que eb h`ftr`b KencgQbgyer kuestre søb` b`s i`t`fes Qbgy" Qgusg y Xt`p ghtcvg bg pr`pcengn \cscibeIutt`fs y p`f g Lgbse b`s i`t`fes que f` qucergs que gpgrezhgf&

QY@MYGKGHCØF NEBQJC

\CXUGB

EF

Qr`mrgkgs enuhgtcv`s& Ef este eoekpb` vgs g hregr uf pr`mrgkg ne premuftgs y respuestgs h`f uf h`ftgn`r  ne ghcert`s& Xebehhc`fg ef bg `phcøf Lcbe neb kefÿ Few Qr`oeht y ebcme hregr uf pr`oeht` ef ibgfh` *Ibgfd pr`oeht#& Ef eb l`rkubgrc` g÷gne ufg etcquetg ne text` y eshrcie ef bg pr`pcengn Hgptc`f eb tëtub` neb pr`mrgkg? ^EX^ NE HGQC^GBEX& K`nclchg bg pr`pcengn L`ft sebehhc`fgfn` eb h`b`r y eb tcp` ne betrg que qucergs&

Ef bg pestg÷g ne h`kp`feftes sebehhc`fg eb h`kp`fefte BcstI`x *bcstg ne ebekeft`s# y grrgstrg h`f eb rgtøf s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` pgrg sctugrb`& K`nclchg sus pr`pcengnes L`ft *^ckes Few Y`kgf 7> y h`b`r Ibgfh`# y H`b`r *L`fn` neb BcstI`x#& Hgkicg eb f`kire g Qremuftgs *pr`pcengn Fgke# y sctÿgb` heftrgn` ef bg pgrte superc`r neb l`rkubgrc`& Qgrg cftr`nuhcr text` ef este h`kp`fefte" jgz n`ibe hbchd s`ire bg pr`pcengn Cteks& Eshrcie bgs premuftgs que ves ef bg ckgmef y pubsg @D hugfn` terkcfes& Qgrg k`nclchgr eb espghc` que jgy eftre bgs bëfegs" hgkicg eb vgb`r ne bg pr`pcengn CtekJecmjt *gbturg ne bgs bcfegs# g 95&

 Gj`rg vgs g g÷gncr `tr` h`kp`fefte? eb ^h`ki`I`x que scrve pgrg sebehhc`fgr uf ebekeft` ne ufg bcstg& Xebehhcøfgb` y grrgstrg s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` pgrg sctugrb`&

K`nclchg bgs pr`pcengnes L`ft" H`b`r" CtekJecmjt y Fgke *bbgkg gb h`kp`fefte Yespuestgs#&

Qgrg eshrcicr eb text` h`f bgs respuestgs pubsg s`ire b`s &&& ne bg pr`pcengn Cteks y eshrcie eb f`kire ne bgs hgpctgbes h`k` ves ef bg ckgmef&

Qgrg k`strgr b`s ghcert`s g÷gne uf h`kp`fefte ^bgieb y bbçkgb` H`ftgn`r *pr`pcengn Fgke#" ef Hgptc`f p`f uf her`# S p`r ÿbtck` cfsertg ef eb l`rkubgrc` uf i`tøf h`f ch`f` *H`kp`fefte IctItf ef bg pestg÷g Gnnctc`fgb# y k`nclchg sus pr`pcengnes? Bbçkgb` H`rremcr  *pr`pcengn Fgke#& Est`s h`kp`feftes" g nclerefhcg neb h`kp`fefte ^iutt`f" perkctef cftr`nuhcr ufg ckgmef *` ch`f`# ouft` gb text` neb i`tøf *pr`pcengn mbypj#& Qubsg s`ire b`s &&& ne bg pr`pcengn pgrg que gpgrezhg eb enct`r ne ckçmefes *Qchture Enct`r#& Qgrg iushgr ufg ckgmef y p`fãrsebg gb i`t`f" expb`rg ef bg ufcngn h`kpgrtcng ne ren  //QH8/GUBG/CH@FX& Ef este eoekpb` se jg sebehhc`fgn` eb ch`f` bbgkgn` hjehd9&ikp& Hugfn` b` efhueftres pubsg Gheptgr y nespues @D y tefnrçs uf i`tøf h`f ch`f`& Qgrg g÷gncr høncm` gb i`tøf" es nehcr" pgrg que gb pubsgrb` h`f eb pr`mrgkg lufhc`fgfn`" regbche gbmufg ghhcøf jgz n`ibe hbchd s`ire eb eveft` @fHbchd ne bg pestg÷g Evefts&

Hugfn` gpgrezhg bg pgftgbbg h`f eb høncm`" g÷gne eftre bgs bcfegs iemcf y efn4 bgs cfstruhhc`fes que ves ef bg ckgmef?

^gkicãf fehesctgs g÷gncr gb høncm` neb pr`mrgkg ufg vgrcgibe fukãrchg F" pgrg h`ftgr bgs respuestgs ghertgngs" y uf pr`henckceft` que regbche bg `perghcøf ne cfhrekeftgr esg vgrcgibe hgng vez que h`cfhcng eb fÿker` ne premuftg sebehhc`fgng y eb fÿker` ne bg respuestg ebemcng& Bg vgrcgibe F se nelcfe ef bg z`fg ne vgrcgibes? vgr  L`rk7? ^L`rk74 F ?Cftemer4 &&& y eb pr`henckceft` eshrëieb` h`kpbet` g h`ftcfughcøf neb gfterc`r *H`rremcrHbchd#? Qr`henure Ghcert`s4 iemcf F?;F$74 L`rk7&H`ftgn`r&Hgptc`f?;Cft^`Xtr*F#4 Xj`wKessgme*-Icef-# efn4 Mugrng eb pr`mrgkg bbgkgfn` ^YC\CGB&QGX gb høncm` *Ufct7# y QY^YC\CG&NQY gb pr`oeht`& Qubsg Yuf&

CKGMEFEX GFCKGNGX

 Gne kçs ne b`s lchje r`s G\C" excst e `trg l`rk g kçs sefhc bbg ne k`st rgr  gfck ghc` fes ef uf pr`mrgkg? s`f bgs ckçmefes gfckgngs *tgkicãf bbgkgn`s mcl gfckgn`s ef bgs pçmcfgs ne cfterfet#& H`fscstef ef uf lchjer` IKQ ` MCL que h`ftcefe vgrcgs ckçmefes" ufg gb bgn` ne `trg" que represeftgf bg sehuefhcg ne bg gfckghcøf& Q`r b` mefergb suebef ser p`hgs sehuefhcgs *<" : ` 71#&  Gb repr`nuhcrse ne l`rkg h`ftcfugng ngf bg sefsghcøf ne k`vckceft`& Ef Cfterfet es bg l`rkg kçs usugb ne k`strgr gfckghc`fes ef bgs pçmcfgs ]ei& Qgrg hregr ufg ckgmef gfckgng ef Nebpjc cfchcg uf fuev` pr`yeht` *Ibgfd Qr`oeht# e cfsertg eb h`kp`fefte ^gfckCkgme sctugn` ef bg pestg÷g Gnnctc`fgb& Grrgstrg s`ire eb l`rkubgrc` pgrg sctugrb` y p`fbe h`k` f`kire \ebetg *pr`pcengn Fgke#&

Jgz n`ibe hbchd s`ire su pr`pcengn Qchture y iushg ef bg ufcngn h`kpgrtcng ne ren *QH8GUBGGFCKGME# eb lchjer` *gfek`ke9&ikp# Q`f eb fÿker` ne hugnr`s que l`rkgf bg gfckghcøf ef bg pr`pcengn CkgmeH`uft *este fÿker` es nclerefte sc usgs `tr` lchjer` gfckgn`#& Qgrg ver eb eleht` cfkencgtgkefte p`f bg pr`pcengn H`ftcfu`us g ^rue&  Gj`rg cftr`nuhe ef eb l`rkubgrc` n`s h`kp`feftes ^iutt`f *i`t`fes ne h`ftr`b# pgrg h`ftr`bgr bg gfckghcøf& Bbgkg gb prcker` Ghtcvgr  *pr`pcengn Fgke# y jgz n`ibe hbchd s`ire eb eveft` @fHbchd pgrg cftr`nuhcr eb høncm` que ghtcvg bg gfckghcøf? \ebetg&H`ftcfu`us?;^rue4  G÷gne gb bgn`" Nesghtcvgr& Eb hø es? \ebetg&H`ftcfu`u

 Gj`rg puenes pr`mrgkg pubsgf høk` b`s i`t`fe nesghtcvgf bg g pr`pcengn H`ftcf

Qrueig g cfsertgr `tr` IKQ nclerefte ef eb h`kp`fefte ^gfckCkgme y k`nclchg su pr`pcengn CkgmeH`uft semÿf eb fÿker` ne hugnr`s que tefmg&

 GQBCHGHC@FEX NEBQJC H`f Nebpjc puenef hregrse sckubghc`fes ne h`ftr`b ne perclãrch`s& H`f este eoekpb` se p`nrëg h`ftr`bgr uf ncsp`sctcv` h`fehtgn` g uf puert` neb `rnefgn`r" ghtcvçfn`b`

kencgfte bg cftr`nuhhcøf ne ufg hbgve& Cfchcg uf pr`yeht` ef ibgfh` y g÷gne uf h`ftr`b ^pgfeb& I`rrg bg pr`pcengn Hgptc`f pgrg que f` gpgrezhg eb f`kire? Cfsertg uf h`ftr`b KencgQbgyer pgrg repr`nuhcr  uf lchjer` ne pebëhubg?

Iush g ef bg ufcngn h`kpgrtcng QH7/GUBG eb lchjer` QUEY^G&G\C utcbczgfn` bg pr`pcengn LcbeFgke neb h`ftr`b KencgQbgyer& Q`f su pr`pcengn Gut`@pef g ^rue y ef bg pr`pcengn Ncspbgy p`f Qgfeb7 pgrg que se repr`nuzhg neftr` neb pgfeb&

 Gj`rg cftr`nuhe ef eb l`rkubgrc` uf h`ftr`b ^enct pgrg p`ner cftr`nuhcr uf text` p`r  tehbgn`&Bbçkgb` Hbgve *pr`pcengn Fgke#& Sg søb` queng cftr`nuhcr eb høncm` ne pr`mrgkg fehesgrc` *n`ibe hbchd ef eb eveft` @fHjgfme# pgrg que gb eshrcicr bg hbgve h`rrehtg se ghtcve eb repr`nuht`r kubtckencg k`strgfn` bg pebëhubg?

pr`henure ^L`rk7&hbgveHjgfme*Xefne r? ^@ioeht#4 iemcf cl hbgve&text;-gihnkencgpbgyer7&pbgy4

tjef

efn4

Xc quceres ghtcvgr eb iyte ne ngt`s neb puert` pgrgbeb` pgrg h`ftr`bgr uf perclãrch` tefnrëgs que g÷gncr g este pr`henckceft` bg bcfeg scmucefte? pr`henure ^L`rk7&hbgveHjgfme*Xefner? ^@ioeht#4 iemcf cl hbgve&text;-gihn- tjef kencgpbgyer7&pbgy4 Q@Y^T.8=:[?;.174 efn4

Bg cfstruhhcøf Q@Y^T .8=: [ efvëg gb puert` pgrgbeb` neb `rnefgn`r *puert` ne ckpres`rg# eb iyte 11111117" ghtcvgfn` eb ict ne kef`r pes` *9 1 #& Qgrg nesghtcvgrb` eshrcicrëgk`s bg cfstruhhcøf Q@Y^T.8=:[?;.1 @iservg que b`s fÿker`s que represeftgf bg ncrehhcøf y eb vgb`r neb iyte estçf ef l`rkgt` jexgnehckgb&

^CQ@X NE NG^@X EF NEBQJS

Cftemer  Fÿker`s efter`s h`kprefncn`s eftre +89=<: y 89=<=4 7< icts *`hupgf 9 iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg# Iyte Fÿker`s efter`s p`sctcv`s h`kprefncn`s eftre 1 y 9554 : icts *`hupg 7 iyte hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg# ]`rn Fÿker`s p`sctcv`s h`kprefncn`s eftre 1 y <55854 7< icts *`hupgf 9 iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg# B`fmCft Fÿker`s efter`s h`kprefncn`s eftre +97>=>:8<>= y 97>=>:8<>= 89 icts *`hupgf > iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg# Xj`rtCft Fÿker`s femgtcv`s y p`sctcv`s efter`s h`kprefncn`s eftre +79: y 79=4 : icts *`hupg 7 iyte hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg# Yegb Fÿker`s ne h`kg lb`tgfte ne 77 g 79 nehckgbes scmfclchgtcv`s *nebgfte y netrçs ne bg h`kg#4 `hupgf < iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg Xcfmbe

Fÿker`s ne h`kg lb`tgfte ne = g : nehckgbes scmfclchgtcv`s4 s`b` es p`scibe sc estç ghtcvgng bg `phcøf ne h`kpcbgn`r {.F$}4 `hupgf > iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg N`uibe Fÿker`s ne h`kg lb`tgfte ne 75 g 7< hclrgs nebgfte y netrçs ne bg h`kg4 s`b` es p`scibe sc estç ghtcvgng bg `phcøf ne h`kpcbgn`r {.F$}4 `hupgf : iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg Extefnen Fÿker`s ne h`kg lb`tgfte ne 73 g 91 hclrgs nebgfte y netrçs ne bg h`kg4 s`b` es p`scibe sc estç ghtcvgng bg `phcøf ne h`kpcbgn`r {.F$}4 `hupgf 71 iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg

H`kp Fÿker`s ne h`kg lb`tgfte ne 73 g 91 hclrgs nebgfte y netrçs ne bg h`kg4 s`b` es p`scibe sc estç ghtcvgng bg `phcøf ne h`kpcbgn`r {.F$}4 `hupgf : iytes hgng uf` ef bg kek`rcg Xtrcfm Xehuefhcg ne sëki`b`s h`f ufg b`fmctun kçxckg ne 955 hgrghteres GXHCC/ Hjgr  Hgrghteres GXHCC sckpbes Qhjgr  Qufter` g ufg hgnefg terkcfgng ef hgrçhter fub` Q`cfter  Qufter`s que puenef gpuftgr g hugbqucer estruhturg ne ngt`s4 scf efbghe h`f uf tcp` h`fhret`*nef`kcfgn`s pufter`s scf tcp`# I``begk ^cp` ne Ngt`s I``begf`" huygs vgrcgibes puenef t`kgr b`s vgb`res ^rue *verngner`# ` Lgbse *lgbs`#

H`fhept`s içsch`s ef bg pr`mrgkghcøf h`f Nebpjc

F` es eb `ioet` neb presefte pr`yeht` jgher uf repgs` exjgustcv` ne bg pr`mrgkghcøf ef Qgshgb" p`r es` vgk`s g ver ne l`rkg s`kerg s`b` gbmufgs ne bgs hgrghterëstchgs ne que ncsp`fe Nebpjc" prcfhcpgbkefte gquebbgs que be nclerefhcgf kçs neb Qgshgb estçfngr& Qgrg ebb`" vgk`s g cftr`nuhcr ufg serce ne h`fhept`s? 7& 9& 8& >& 5&

@ioet`s H`kp`feftes Qr`pcengnes Eveft`s Kãt`n`s

@ioet`s

H`k` su pr`pc` f`kire cfnchg" eb @ioeht Qgshgb *usgn` p`r Nebpjc# es uf befmugoe t`tgbkefte `rceftgn` g `ioet`s& Qrçhtchgkefte t`n`s b`s ebekeft`s neb eft`rf` Nebpjc s`f `ioet`s" que ufgs vehes se efhueftrgf nelcfcn`s ne gftekgf` *b`s l`rks" b`s h`kp`feftes ne bg pgbetg" `ioet`s f` vcsugbes" eth#" y `trgs se nelcfef ef fuestrg pr`pcg gpbchghcøf *p`r eoekpb` eb h`kp`fefte ^Q`stCt ne GFGB@MCG&EZE nelcfcn` ef bg ufct UPKcsh#& ^`n` eb nesgrr`bb` ne gpbchghc`fes ef Nebpjc estç ëftckgkefte bcmgn` h`f bg nelcfchcøf y us` ne `ioet`s" p`r b` que es lufngkeftgb h`f`her bg kehçfchg que @ioeht Qgshgb utcbczg pgrg neshrcicr uf `ioet`" sus hgrghterëstchgs y su lufhc`fgkceft`" s`ire t`n` g bg j`rg ne que eb pr`mrgkgn`r hree sus pr`pc`s h`kp`feftes& Ef kuhj`s hgs`s f` es fehesgrc` h`f`her eb lufhc`fgkceft` ne bg pr`mrgkghcøf `rceftgng g `ioet`s pgrg pr`mrgkgr h`f Nebpjc" puest` que ef bg kgy`rëg ne b`s hgs`s excstef h`ftr`bes yg hregn`s scf fehescngn ne tefer que pr`mrgkgrb`s& Q`r eoekpb` ef GFGB@MCG&EZE bg kgy`rëg ne b`s `ioet`s l`rkgf pgrte ne bg \HB ne Nebpjc y `tr`s n`s h`kp`feftes jgf scn` eshrct`s p`r terher`s *YHjgrt y ^L`rkubgQgrser#" scf ekigrm` jg scn` ÿtcb nesgrr`bbgr uf h`kp`fefte pr`pc` *^Q`stCt# pgrg k`strgr bg tgibg ne vgb`res ne b`s h`kp`feftes ef eb pr`mrgkg& Bg pr`pcg pr`mrgkghcøf vcsugb ne Nebpjc" que eshrcie pgrte neb høncm` gut`kçtchgkefte" jghe p`scibe utcbczgr `ioet`s ne l`rkg prçhtchg scf tefer p`r quã h`kprefner gb hcef p`r hcef su lufhc`fgkceft`&

H`kp`feftes

Uf h`kp`fefte es hugbqucerg ne b`s ebekeft`s que p`nek`s cfsertgr ef ufg lchjg" tgft` sc su lufhcøf es vcsugb h`k` sc f` b` es *p`r supuest` uf h`kp`fefte es tgkicãf uf `ioet`#& Uf eoekpb` ne h`kp`fefte puene ser YHjgrt" usgn` ef GFGB@MCG&EZE pgrg nciuogr bgs mrçlchgs& Xcf h`f`her exghtgkefte eb høk` regbczg su lufhcøf" eb pr`mrgkgn`r kgfcpubg ufg serce ne pr`pcengnes" kãt`n`s y eveft`s que hgrghterczgf gb h`kp`fefte" g trgvãs ne b`s hugbes se )kgfeog) eb h`kp`fefte ef bg l`rkg nesegng& Q`r supuest` eb usugrc` puene hregr sus pr`pc`s h`kp`feftes y usgrb`s ef ncstcftgs gpbchghc`fes" ne l`rkg que bg reusgicbcngn neb høncm` es kçxckg& G b`s h`kp`feftes que hueftgf h`f ufg pgrte vcsugb" h`k` puene ser uf i`tøf" se bes nef`kcfg h`ftr`bes&

Qr`pcengnes

B`s h`kp`feftes" y ne jehj` t`n`s b`s `ioet`s ne Nebpjc s`f ne us` mefergb" p`r b` que g bg j`rg ne usgrb`s ne gbmufg l`rkg neierek`s gnehugrb`s g fuestrgs fehescngnes& Qgrg ebb` f`s servcrek`s ne bgs pr`pcengnes ne hgng `ioet`" kencgfte bgs hugbes p`nrek`s estgibeher eb tëtub` ne ufg veftgfg" eb tcp` ne betrg ne ufg etcquetgne text` ` eb h`b`r ef eb que gpgrehef b`s ncstcft`s h`ftr`bes& Xe puene pefsgr ef bgs pr`pcengnes h`k` sc luesef vgrcgibes pertefehceftes g uf `ioet` *verek`s que f` es gsë exghtgkefte#" ne tgb l`rkg que pgrg ghhener g ebbgs mefergbkefte jgirç que cfnchgr f` søb` eb f`kire ne bg pr`pcengn" scf` tgkicãf g quã `ioet` pertefehe& Bg k`nclchghcøf ` h`fsubtg neb vgb`r ne ufg pr`pcengn puene nclercr semÿf cfteftek`s ghhener g ebbg kceftrgs estgk`s ncse÷gfn` uf l`rk" ef tcekp` ne ncse÷`" ` icef kencgfte eb høncm` neb pr`mrgkg" ef tcekp` ne eoehuhcøf& Hcertgs pr`pcengnes estçf søb` ghhescibes ef tcekp` ne eoehuhcøf" p`r b` que kceftrgs estgk`s ncse÷gfn` bg lchjg f` gpgreherçf& Gnekçs jgy gbmufgs pr`pcengnes que s`f ne søb` behturg" p`r b` que su vgb`r puene ser h`fsubtgn`" per` f` k`nclchgn`" y `trgs que s`f søb` ne eshrcturg&  Gufque g prckerg vcstg sc usgk`s uf h`kp`fefte prelgirchgn`" bgs pr`pcengnes puenef pgreher sckpbes vgrcgibes" ef bg kgy`rëg ne bgs `hgsc`fes ufg pr`pcengn f` es ufg vgrcgibe" y bg k`nclchghcøf ` h`fsubtg ne su vgb`r puene h`fbbevgr que cfterfgkefte eb h`kp`fefte eoehute uf hcert` høncm`& Xc p`r eoekpb` tuvcãsek`s uf h`kp`fefte pgrg h`kufchghc`fes serce que se efhgrmgse ne efvcgr kefsgoes g uf `rnefgn`r rek`t`" p`nrëgk`s tgb vez gscmfgr ufg hgnefg ne hgrghteres g ufg jcp`tãtchg pr`pcengn )Efvcg)& Ne estg l`rkg" h`f ufg sckpbe gscmfghcøf *Efvcg?;-Kefsgoe g kgfngr-# se p`fnrëg ef kgrhjg t`n` eb kehgfcsk` ckpbëhct` ef eb h`kp`fefte pgrg efvcgr eb kefsgoe gb `rnefgn`r rek`t`& Estg pr`pcengn p`nrëg ser uf eoekpb` ne pr`pcengn ne søb` eshrcturg" yg que søb` cfteresg kgfngr eb kefsgoe gb `rnefgn`r rek`t`" scf h`fservgr cfl`rkghcøf gherhg neb kefsgoe" p`r b` que serëg cfgpr`pcgng su behturg&

Eveft`s

H`k` ncoe gfterc`rkefte" bg pr`mrgkghcøf ef eb eft`rf` ]cfn`ws se hgrghterczg p`r estgr ncrcmcng p`r eveft`s" ne tgb l`rkg que uf pr`mrgkg f` tcefe p`r quã eoehutgrse fehesgrcgkefte ne l`rkg sehuefhcgb" scf` que hcertgs p`rhc`fes ne høncm` se eoehutgrçf hugfn` `hurrg uf hcert` eveft`& B`s eveft`s s`f se÷gbes que eb eft`rf` rehcie nesne ncstcft`s ebekeft`s" h`k` puengf ser eb rgtøf" eb tehbgn` ` uf tekp`rczgn`r& Est`s eveft`s s`f rencrcmcn`s g bgs gpbchghc`fes" que ef hgs` ne gheptgrb`s neierçf resp`fner gnehugngkefte ne ebb`s& Hcert`s eveft`s puenef ser mestc`fgn`s p`r eb pr`pc` ]cfn`ws" `tr`s quengrçf g hgrm` neb pr`pc` befmugoe que estek`s usgfn`" y uf terher mrup` serçf b`s que bbemuef jgstg fuestr` pr`mrgkg& Ef Nebpjc prçhtchgkefte t`n` eb høncm` que eshrcick`s crç gs`hcgn` g gbmÿf eveft`& Xc ret`kgk`s eb eoekpb` neb h`kp`fefte pgrg h`kufchghc`fes serce" p`nrëg cfteresgrf`s que se eoehutgrg uf eveft` hgng vez que se rehcicese uf hgrçhter p`r eb puert` serce" ne l`rkg que p`nrëgk`s eshrcicr eb høncm` fehesgrc` pgrg mugrngr eb hgrçhter ef uf grhjcv` hgng vez que se pr`nuoese eb eveft`& F`rkgbkefte b`s eveft`s g b`s que reghhc`fgrçf b`s h`kp`feftes serçf bgs pubsghc`fes neb tehbgn` ` eb rgtøf" ghtcvghc`fes ne b`s h`kp`feftes" eth&

Kãt`n`s

B`s h`kp`feftes Nebpjc gnekçs ne ncsp`fer ne pr`pcengnes y p`ner resp`fner g hcert`s eveft`s" jgictugbkefte tgkicãf ncsp`fef ne kãt`n`s& Uf kãt`n` es uf pr`henckceft` ` lufhcøf que f`s perkcte regbczgr ufg neterkcfgng ghhcøf ef eb h`kp`fefte" puncefn` fehesctgr ` f` eb pgs` ne gbmÿf pgrçketr`&  Gb cmugb que `hurre ef bgs pr`pcengnes" g bg j`rg ne usgr uf hcert` kãt`n` f`rkgbkefte tefnrek`s que cfnchgr prcker` eb `ioet` ` h`kp`fefte gb que pe rtefehe" ne tgb l`rkg que bg ghhcøf neb kãt`n` rehgcmg s`ire ãb" y f` s`ire hugbqucer `tr`& Eb jehj` ne que hgng `ioet` seg pr`pcetgrc` ne ufg serce ne pr`pcengnes y kãt`n`s" vgrcgibes y høncm`" que f` s`f ghhescibes g fcfmÿf `tr` `ioet` exterf`" rehcie eb f`kire ne efhgpsubghcøf" gufque tgkicãf es p`scibe nelcfcrb`s ne tgb k`n` que segf ghhescibes g `tr`s `ioet`s

Hgrghterëstchgs

B`s kãt`n`s puenef kgrhgrse h`k` cfbcfe&

Hcertgs lufhc`fes u `pergn`res puenef ser s`irehgrmgn`s& Hbgss Jebpers? s`f hbgses que gs`hcgngs h`f `trgs hbgses" cftr`nuhef kãt`n`s y pr`pcengnes gnchc`fgbes que puenef ser utcbczgngs ef eb h`ftext` ne bgs hbgses gs`hcgngs ` sus neshefnceftes& prcvgte hreg ufg rebghcøf lrcefn eftre bgs hbgses ne bg kcskg ufcngn& pr`tehten hreg uf kcekir` vcscibe ÿfchgkefte ef bg hbgse n`fne se nehbgrg y sus neshefnceftes& B`s remcstr`s puenef tefer pr`pcengnes y kãt`n`s& Bgs hbgses puenef ser nehbgrgngs gistrghtgs& Ufg hbgse puene kgrhgrse h`k` segben y f` p`nrç ser nercvgng& Bgs hbgses puenef tefer h`fstgftes ne hbgse? uf vgb`r h`fstgfte gs`hcgn` h`f bg hbgse ef së y f` h`f ufg cfstgfhcg ne bg hbgse& Ufg hbgse puene h`ftefer ufg nehbgrghcøf ne tcp` que se p`nrç utcbczgr ÿfchgkefte neftr` ne esg hbgse& Ufg hbgse puene tefer vgrcgibes ne hbgse gpbchgibe ÿfchgkefte g bg hbgse y f` g ufg cfstgfhcg& Bg nehbgrghcøf ne uf tcp` puene h`ftefer bg nehbgrghcøf ne ufg hbgse& Uf kãt`n` vcrtugb s`ireeshrct` puene kgrhgrse h`k` lcfgb ckpcncefn` gsë que seg s`irehgrmgn` ef bgs hbgses nercvgngs& Bgs hbgses puenef tefer kãt`n`s estçtch`s ne hbgse& X`p`rte ne cterghcøf s`ire h`ftefen`res" h`k` p`r eoekpb`? l`r Ebekeft cf  GrrgyExpr n` Xtkt4 eXtg `rceftgn` g `ioet`s&& Q`bcl`rkcsk` Hgphjc`fgkceft`&*puene kgfcpubgrb` per` f` hgkicgrb`#& Jerefhcg*gmremgr gtrciut`s#& ^cefe gtrciut`s"eveft`s"ket`n`s&& ………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………