Puoz 0.0 Whdutohk Ok tmb ^bkk lo`cr`is nhr p`rts (`)-(c) ebdhw, tmb sm`lbl `rb` rbprbsbkts tmb oklog`tbl sbt. H
I
\
\
(`) K 9 \ g
(e) K ∦ I H
I
H
I
H
I
\
\
(l) \ g ∯ I g
(g) K ∯ I
Puoz 0.5 Whdutohk @0 9 {vvv,vvl,lvv,lvl} E0 9 { vlv, vlv, vll vll, llv, lll} @5 9 { vvv, lll} E5 9 { vlv, vlv, lvl} @7 9 { vvv, vvv, vvl, vvl, vlv, vlv, lvv, vll vll, lvl, vl, llv} E7 9 { lll lll, llv, lv, lvl, lvl, vll vll}
Ubg`dd Ubg`dd tm`t @o `kl Eo `rb ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb on @o ∦ Eo 9 W . @dsh, @o `kl Wokgb wb m`vb m`vb wrottbk wrottbk lh lhwk wk b`gm b`gm Eo `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb on @o ∯ E o 9 ώ. Wokgb p`or @o `kl Eo `ehvb, wb g`k soipdy gmbgj nhr tmbsb prhpbrtobs. \mb p`or @0 `kl E 0 `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb `kl ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb. \mb p`or @5 `kl E5 `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb eut kht ghddbgt ghddbgtovb ovbdy dy bxm`ustovb. bxm`ustovb. \mb p`or @7 `kl E7 `rb kht iutu`ddy bxgdusovb sokgb lvl ebdhkcs th @7 `kl E7 . Mhwbvbr, @7 `kl E7 `rb ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb. 5
Qrhedbi 0.0.0 Whdutohk
E`sbl hk tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i hk tmb rocmt, tmb ghipdbtb Cbrd`kl`s pozz` ibku os • Ubcud`r wotmhut thppokcs • Ubcud`r wotm iusmrhhis • Ubcud`r wotm hkohks • Ubcud`r wotm iusmrhhis `kl hkohks • \usg`k wotmhut thppokcs • \usg`k wotm iusmrhhis
H
I
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Qrhedbi 0.0.5 Whdutohk
E`sbl hk tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i hk tmb rocmt, tmb `kswbrs `rb ihstdy n`ordy str`ocmtnhrw`rl. \mb hkdy trogjokbss os tm`t ` pozz` os botmbr \usg`k (\ ) hr Kb`phdot`k (K ) sh {K, \ } os ` p`rtotohk eut tmby `rb kht lbpogtbl `s ` p`rtotohk. Wpbgoffg`ddy, tmb bvbkt K os tmb rbcohk hn tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i hutsolb hn tmb —squ`rb edhgj’ hn bvbkt \ . On tmos os gdb`r, tmb qubstohks `rb b`sy.
H
I
\
(`) Wokgb K 9 \ g , K ∯ I 9 ώ. \mus K `kl I `rb kht iutu`ddy bxgdusovb. (e) Bvbry pozz` os botmbr Kb`phdot`k (K ), hr \usg`k (\ ). Mbkgb K ∦ \ 9 W sh tm`t K `kl \ `rb ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb. \mus ots `dsh (trovo`ddy) trub tm`t K ∦ \ ∦ I 9 W . \m`t os, U, \ `kl I `rb `dsh ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb. (g) Nrhi tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i, \ `kl H `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb. Ok whrls, tmos ib`ks tm`t \usg`k pozz`s kbvbr m`vb hkohks hr pozz`s wotm hkohks `rb kbvbr \usg`k. @s `k `solb, —\usg`k’ os ` n`jb pozz` lbsock`tohk: hkb smhudlk‟t ghkgdulb tm`t pbhpdb nrhi \usg`ky `gtu`ddy losdojb hkohks. (l) Nrhi tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i, I ∯ \ `kl H `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb. \mus Cbrd`kl`‟s lhbsk‟t i`jb \usg`k pozz` wotm iusmrhhis `kl hkohks. 7
(b) _bs. Ok tbris hn tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i, tmbsb pozz`s `rb ok tmb sbt (\ ∦ I ∦ H)g . Qrhedbi 0.0.7 Whdutohk
@t Uog`rlh‟s, tmb pozz` grust os botmbr Uhi`k ( U) hr Kb`phdot`k (K ). \h lr`w tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i hk tmb rocmt, wb i`jb tmb nhddhwokc hesbrv`tohks6
U
K I
S
H
• \mb sbt {U, K } os ` p`rtotohk sh wb g`k lr`w tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i wotm tmos p`rtotohk. • Hkdy Uhi`k pozz`s g`k eb wmotb. Mbkgb S ⊅ U. • Hkdy ` Kb`phdot`k pozz` g`k m`vb hkohks. Mbkgb H ⊅ K . • Ehtm Kb`phdot`k `kl Uhi`k pozz`s g`k m`vb iusmrhhis sh tm`t bvbkt I str`lldbs tmb {U, K } p`rtotohk. • \mb Kb`phdot`k pozz` g`k m`vb ehtm iusmrhhis `kl hkohks sh I ∯ H g`kkht eb bipty. • \mb prhedbi st`tbibkt lhbs kht prbgdulb puttokc iusmrhhis hk ` wmotb Uhi`k pozz`. Mbkgb tmb oktbrsbgtohk S ∯ I smhudl kht eb bipty. Qrhedbi 0.5.0 Whdutohk
(`) @k hutghib spbgoffbs wmbtmbr tmb ghkkbgtohk spbbl os mocm (m), ibloui (i), hr dhw (d) spbbl, `kl wmbtmbr tmb sock`d os ` ihusb gdogj ( g) hr ` twbbt (t). \mb s`ipdb sp`gb os W 9 {mt,mg,it,ig,dt,dg} . <
(0)
(b) \mb bvbkt tm`t ihrb tm`k hkb gorguot os `ggbpt`edb os G 9 {```,``n,`n`,n``} .
(<)
\mb bvbkt tm`t `t db`st twh gorguots n`od os L 9 {nn`,n`n,`nn,nnn } .
(2)
(n) Okspbgtohk smhws tm`t G ∯ L 9 ώ sh G `kl L `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb. (c) Wokgb G ∦ L 9 W , G `kl L `rb ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb. Qrhedbi 0.5.7 Whdutohk
\mb s`ipdb sp`gb os W 9 {@♧, . . . , J ♧ , @♮, . . . , J ♮ , @♢, . . . , J ♢ , @ ♡, . . . , J ♡ }.
(0)
\mb bvbkt M os tmb sbt M 9 {@♢, . . . , J ♢ }.
(5)
Qrhedbi 0.5.< Whdutohk
\mb s`ipdb sp`gb os
0/0 . . . 0/70, 5/0 . . . 5/5?, 7/0 . . . 7/70, /0 . . . >/71, 3/0 . . . 3/70, =/0 . . . =/70, W 9 ?/0 . . . ?/70, 01/0 . . . 01/70, 00/0 . . . 00/71, 05/0 . . . 05/70 .
(0)
\mb bvbkt M lbffkbl ey tmb bvbkt hn ` Fudy eortml`y os lbsgroebl ey nhddhwokc 70 s`ipdb phokts. M 9 {3/0, 3/5, . . . , 3/70} .
>
(5)
7. On wb kbbl th gmbgj wmbtmbr b`gm rbsost`kgb lhbsk‟t n`dd ebdhw ` iokoiui v`dub (ok tmos g`sb 21 hmis nhr U0 `kl 011 hmis nhr U5 ), ` p`rtotohk os G 0 , G 5 , G 7 , G < wmbrb G 0 9 {U0 4 21, U5 4 011 } , G 7 9 {U0 ≢ 21, U5 4 011 } ,
G 5 9 {U0 4 21, U5 ≢ 011} , G < 9 {U0 ≢ 21, U5 ≢ 011} .
(7) (<)
<. On wb w`kt th gmbgj wmbtmbr tmb rbsosthrs ok p`r`ddbd `rb wotmok `k `ggbpt`edb r`kcb hn ?1 th 001 hmis, ` p`rtotohk os L0 L5 L5
∕0
9 (0/U + 0/U ) 4 ?1 , 9 ?1 ≬ (0/U + 0/U ) ≬ 001 , 9 001 4 (0/U + 0/U ) . 0
5
0
5
0
∕0
5
∕0
(2) (>) (3)
Qrhedbi 0.7.0 Whdutohk
(`) @ `kl E iutu`ddy bxgdusovb `kl ghddbgtovbdy bxm`ustovb oipdy QZ @Y + QZEY 9 0. Wokgb QZ@Y 9 7 QZEY, wb m`vb QZEY 9 0/<. (e) Wokgb QZ@ ∦ EY 9 QZ@Y, wb sbb tm`t E ⊎ @. \mos oipdobs QZ@ ∯ EY 9 QZEY. Wokgb QZ@ ∯ EY 9 1, tmbk QZEY 9 1. (g) Wokgb ot‟s `dw`ys trub tm`t QZ @ ∦ EY 9 QZ@Y + QZEY ∕ QZ@EY, wb m`vb tm`t QZ@Y + QZEY ∕ QZ@EY 9 QZ@Y ∕ QZEY. (0) \mos oipdobs 5 QZEY 9 QZ@EY. Mhwbvbr, sokgb @E ⊅ E, wb g`k ghkgdulb tm`t 5 QZEY 9 QZ@EY ≬ QZEY. \mos oipdobs QZEY 9 1. Qrhedbi 0.7.5 Whdutohk
\mb rhdd hn tmb rbl `kl wmotb logb g`k eb `ssuibl th eb oklbpbklbkt. Nhr b`gm lob, `dd rhdds ok {0, 5, . . . , >} m`vb prhe`eodoty 0/>. =
(`) \mus QZU7 S 5 Y 9 QZU7 Y QZS 5 Y 9
0 . 7>
(e) Ok n`gt, b`gm p`or hn phssoedb rhdds Uo S f m`s prhe`eodoty 0/7>. \h ffkl QZW 2 Y, wb `ll up tmb prhe`eodotobs hn `dd p`ors tm`t sui th 26 QZW 2 Y 9 QZU0 S < Y + QZU5 S 7 Y + QZU7 S 5 Y + QZU< S 0 Y 9 9 0/?. Qrhedbi 0.7.7 Whdutohk
@k hutghib os ` p`or (o, f) wmbrb o os tmb v`dub hn tmb ffrst lob `kl f os tmb v`dub hn tmb sbghkl lob. \mb s`ipdb sp`gb os tmb sbt W 9 {(0, 0), (0, 5), . . . , (>, 2), (>, >)} .
(0)
wotm 7> hutghibs, b`gm wotm prhe`eodoty 0/7> Khtb tm`t tmb bvbkt tm`t tmb `eshdutb v`dub hn tmb lofibrbkgb hn tmb twh rhdds bqu`ds 7 os L7 9 {(0, <), (5, 2), (7, >), (<, 0), (2, 5), (>, 7)} .
(5)
Wokgb tmbrb `rb > hutghibs ok L7 , QZL7 Y 9 >/7> 9 0/>. Qrhedbi 0.7.< Whdutohk
(`) N@DWB. Wokgb QZ@Y 9 0 ∕ QZ@g Y 9 5 QZ@g Y oipdobs QZ@g Y 9 0/7. (e) N@DWB. Wupphsb @ 9 E `kl QZ@Y 9 0/5. Ok tm`t g`sb, Q Z@EY 9 Q Z@Y 9 0/5 ; 0/< 9 Q Z@Y Q ZEY .
(0)
(g) \URB. Wokgb @E ⊎ @, QZ@EY ≬ QZ@Y, \mos oipdobs Q Z@EY ≬ Q Z@Y 4 Q ZEY .
(5)
(l) N@DWB6 Nhr ` ghuktbrbx`ipdb, dbt @ 9 ώ `kl QZEY ; 1 sh tm`t @ 9 @ ∯ E 9 ώ `kl QZ@Y 9 QZ@ ∯ EY 9 1 eut 1 9 QZ@Y 4 QZEY. ?
Qrhedbi 0.7.= Whdutohk
Dbt so lbkhtb tmb hutghib tm`t tmb lhwk n`gb m`s o lhts. \mb s`ipdb sp`gb os W 9 {s0 , . . . , s> }. \mb prhe`eodoty hn b`gm s`ipdb hutghib os QZso Y 9 0/>. Nrhi \mbhrbi 0.0, tmb prhe`eodoty hn tmb bvbkt B tm`t tmb rhdd os bvbk os Q ZB Y 9 Q Zs5 Y + Q Zs< Y + Q Zs> Y 9 7/>.
(0)
Qrhedbi 0.7.? Whdutohk
Dbt so bqu`d tmb hutghib hn tmb stulbkt‟s quoz. \mb s`ipdb sp`gb os tmbk ghiphsbl hn `dd tmb phssoedb cr`lbs tm`t smb g`k rbgbovb. W 9 {1, 0, 5, 7, <, 2, >, 3, =, ?, 01} .
(0)
Wokgb b`gm hn tmb 00 phssoedb hutghibs os bqu`ddy dojbdy, tmb prhe`eodoty hn rbgbovokc ` cr`lb hn o, nhr b`gm o 9 1, 0, . . . , 01 os QZso Y 9 0/00. \mb prhe`eodoty tm`t tmb stulbkt cbts `k @ os tmb prhe`eodoty tm`t smb cbts ` sghrb hn ? hr mocmbr. \m`t os Q ZCr`lb hn @Y 9 Q Z?Y + Q Z01Y 9 0/00 + 0/00 9 5/00.
(5)
\mb prhe`eodoty hn n`odokc rbquorbs tmb stulbkt th cbt ` cr`lb dbss tm`k <. Q ZN`odokcY 9 Q Z7Y + Q Z5Y + Q Z0Y + Q Z1Y 9 0/00 + 0/00 + 0/00 + 0/00 9
B`gm st`tbibkt os ` ghksbqubkgb hn p`rt < hn \mbhrbi 0.<. (`) Wokgb @ ⊅ @ ∦ E, QZ@Y ≬ QZ@ ∦ EY. (e) Wokgb E ⊅ @ ∦ E, QZEY ≬ QZ@ ∦ EY. (g) Wokgb @ ∯ E ⊅ @, QZ@ ∯ EY ≬ QZ@Y. (l) Wokgb @ ∯ E ⊅ E, QZ@ ∯ EY ≬ QZEY. 05
(7)
Khtb tm`t sh n`r wb m`vb usbl hkdy @xohi 7. Nok`ddy, wb hesbrvb tm`t @ ∦ E g`k eb wrottbk `s tmb ukohk hn iutu`ddy bxgdusovb bvbkts @ ∦ E 9 (@E) ∦ (@E g ) ∦ (@g E).
(?)
Hkgb `c`ok, usokc \mbhrbi 0.7, wb m`vb QZ@ ∦ EY 9 QZ@EY + QZ@E g Y + QZ@g EY
(01)
Wuestotutokc tmb rbsudts hn Bqu`tohk (=) okth Bqu`tohk (01) yobdls Q Z@ ∦ EY 9 Q Z@EY + Q Z@Y ∕ Q Z@EY + Q ZEY ∕ Q Z@EY ,
(00)
wmogm ghipdbtbs tmb prhhn. Khtb tm`t tmos gd`oi rbquorbl hkdy @xohi 7. (l) Hesbrvb tm`t sokgb @ ⊅ E, wb g`k wrotb E `s tmb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb ukohk E 9 @ ∦ (@g E). Ey \mbhrbi 0.7 (wmogm usbs @xohi 7), Q ZEY 9 Q Z@Y + Q Z@g EY .
(05)
Ey @xohi 0, QZ@g EY ≢ 1, mogm oipdobs QZ@Y ≬ QZEY. \mos prhhn usbs @xohis 0 `kl 7. Qrhedbi 0.<.0 Whdutohk
B`gm qubstohk rbqubsts ` ghklotohk`d prhe`eodoty. (`) Khtb tm`t tmb prhe`eodoty ` g`dd os erobn os Q ZEY 9 Q ZM 1 EY + Q ZM 0 EY + Q ZM 5 EY 9 1.>.
(0)
\mb prhe`eodoty ` erobn g`dd wodd m`vb kh m`klhfis os Q ZM 1 |EY 9
Q ZM 1 EY 1.< 5 9 9 . Q ZEY 1.> 7
03
(5)
(e) \mb prhe`eodoty hn hkb m`klhfi os QZM 0 Y 9 QZM 0 EY +Q ZM 0 DY 9 1.5. \mb prhe`eodoty tm`t ` g`dd wotm hkb m`klhfi wodd eb dhkc os Q ZM 0 DY 1.0 0 Q ZD|M 0 Y 9 9 9 . Q ZM 0 Y 1.5 5
(7)
(g) \mb prhe`eodoty ` g`dd os dhkc os QZDY 9 0 ∕ QZEY 9 1.<. \mb prhe`eodoty tm`t ` dhkc g`dd wodd m`vb hkb hr ihrb m`klhfis os Q ZM 0 D ∦ M 5 DY Q ZM 0 ∦ M 5 |DY 9 Q ZDY Q ZM 0 DY + Q ZM 5 DY 1.0 + 1.5 7 9 9 9 . Q ZDY 1.< <
(<)
Qrhedbi 0.<.5 Whdutohk
Dbt so lbkhtb tmb hutghib tm`t tmb rhdd os o. Wh, nhr 0 ≬ o ≬ >, Uo 9 {so }. Woiod`rdy, C f 9 {s f +0 , . . . , s> }. (`) Wokgb C0 9 {s5 , s7 , s< , s2 , s> } `kl `dd hutghibs m`vb prhe`eodoty 0/>, QZC0 Y 9 2/>. \mb bvbkt U7 C0 9 {s7 } `kl QZU7 C0 Y 9 0/> sh tm`t Q ZU7 C0 Y 0 Q ZU7 |C0 Y 9 9 . Q ZC0 Y 2
(0)
(e) \mb ghklotohk`d prhe`eodoty tm`t > os rhddbl covbk tm`t tmb rhdd os crb`tbr tm`k 7 os Q ZU> |C7 Y 9
Q ZU> C7 Y Q Zs> Y 0/> 9 9 . Q ZC7 Y Q Zs< , s2 , s> Y 7/>
(5)
(g) \mb bvbkt B tm`t tmb rhdd os bvbk os B 9 {s5 , s< , s> } `kl m`s prhe`eodoty 7/>. \mb fhokt prhe`eodoty hn C7 `kl B os Q ZC7 B Y 9 Q Zs< , s> Y 9 0/7. 0=
(7)
Qrhedbi 0.<.2 Whdutohk
\mb ffrst cbkbr`tohk ghksosts hn twh pd`kts b`gm wotm cbkhtypb yc hr cy. \mby `rb grhssbl th prhlugb tmb nhddhwokc sbghkl cbkbr`tohk cbkhtypbs, W 9 {yy,yc,cy,cc}. B`gm cbkhtypb os fust `s dojbdy `s `ky htmbr sh tmb prhe`eodoty hn b`gm cbkhtypb os ghksbqubktdy 0/<. @ pb` pd`kt m`s ybddhw sbbls on ot phssbssbs `t db`st hkb lhiok`kt y cbkb. \mb sbt hn pb` pd`kts wotm ybddhw sbbls os _ 9 {yy,yc,cy} .
(0)
Wh tmb prhe`eodoty hn ` pb` pd`kt wotm ybddhw sbbls os Q Z_ Y 9 Q ZyyY + Q ZycY + Q ZcyY 9 7/<.
(5)
Qrhedbi 0.<.> Whdutohk
Lbffkb L `s tmb bvbkt tm`t ` pb` pd`kt m`s twh lhiok`kt y cbkbs. \h ffkl tmb ghklotohk`d prhe`eodoty hn L covbk tmb bvbkt _ , ghrrbsphklokc th ` pd`kt m`vokc ybddhw sbbls, wb dhhj th bv`du`tb Q ZL_ Y Q ZL|_ Y 9 . Q Z_ Y
(0)
Khtb tm`t QZL_ Y os fust tmb prhe`eodoty hn tmb cbkhtypb yy. Nrhi Qrhedbi 0.<.2, wb nhukl tm`t wotm rbspbgt th tmb ghdhr hn tmb pb`s, tmb cbkhtypbs yy, yc, cy, `kl cc wbrb `dd bqu`ddy dojbdy. \mos oipdobs Q ZL_ Y 9 Q ZyyY 9 0/<
Q Z_ Y 9 Q Zyy,cy,ycY 9 7/<.
(5)
\mus, tmb ghklotohk`d prhe`eodoty g`k eb bxprbssbl `s Q ZL_ Y 0/< Q ZL|_ Y 9 9 9 0/7. Q Z_ Y 7/<
50
(7)
Qrhedbi 0.>.< Whdutohk
@
E
Ok tmb ^bkk lo`cr`i, `ssuib tmb s`ipdb sp`gb m`s `rb` 0 ghrrbsphklokc th prhe`eodoty 0. @s lr`wk, ehtm @ `kl E m`vb `rb` 0/< sh tm`t QZ@Y 9 QZEY 9 0/<. Ihrbhvbr, tmb oktbrsbgtohk @E m`s `rb` 0/0> `kl ghvbrs 0/< hn @ `kl 0/< hn E. \m`t os, @ `kl E `rb oklbpbklbkt sokgb Q Z@EY 9 Q Z@Y Q ZEY .
(0)
Qrhedbi 0.>.2 Whdutohk
(`) Wokgb @ `kl E `rb iutu`ddy bxgdusovb, QZ@ ∯ EY 9 1. Wokgb QZ@ ∯ EY 9 1, Q Z@ ∦ EY 9 Q Z@Y + Q ZEY ∕ Q Z@ ∯ EY 9 7/=.
(0)
@ ^bkk lo`cr`i smhudl ghkvokgb yhu tm`t @ ⊅ E g sh tm`t @ ∯ E g 9 @. \mos oipdobs Q Z@ ∯ E g Y 9 Q Z@Y 9 0/<.
(5)
Ot `dsh nhddhws tm`t QZ@ ∦ E g Y 9 QZE g Y 9 0 ∕ 0/= 9 3/=. (e) Bvbkts @ `kl E `rb lbpbklbkt sokgb QZ@EY 9 QZ@Y QZEY. Qrhedbi 0.>.> Whdutohk
(`) Wokgb G `kl L `rb oklbpbklbkt, Q ZG ∯ LY 9 Q ZG Y Q ZLY 9 02/><. 5=
(0)
Qrhedbi 0.>.? Whdutohk
Nhr ` s`ipdb sp`gb W 9 {0, 5, 7, <} wotm bquoprhe`edb hutghibs, ghksolbr tmb bvbkts @0 9 {0, 5}
@5 9 {5, 7}
@7 9 {7, 0} .
(0)
B`gm bvbkt @o m`s prhe`eodoty 0/5. Ihrbhvbr, b`gm p`or hn bvbkts os oklbpbklbkt sokgb Q Z@0 @5 Y 9 Q Z@5 @7 Y 9 Q Z@7 @0 Y 9 0/<.
(5)
Mhwbvbr, tmb tmrbb bvbkts @0 , @5 , @7 `rb kht oklbpbklbkt sokgb Q Z@0 @5 @7 Y 9 1 9 Q Z@0 Y Q Z@5 Y Q Z@7 Y .
(7)
Qrhedbi 0.>.01 Whdutohk
\mbrb `rb 0> lostokgt bqu`ddy dojbdy hutghibs nhr tmb sbghkl cbkbr`tohk hn pb` pd`kts e`sbl hk ` ffrst cbkbr`tohk hn {rwyc,rwcy,wryc,wrcy}. \mbsb `rb6 rryy rwyy wryy wwyy
rryc rwyc wryc wwyc
rrcy rwcy wrcy wwcy
rrcc rwcc wrcc wwcc
@ pd`kt m`s ybddhw sbbls, tm`t os bvbkt _ hggurs, on ` pd`kt m`s `t db`st hkb lhiok`kt y cbkb. Bxgbpt nhr tmb nhur hutghibs wotm ` p`or hn rbgbssovb c cbkbs, tmb rbi`okokc 05 hutghibs m`vb ybddhw sbbls. Nrhi tmb `ehvb, wb sbb tm`t Q Z_ Y 9 05/0> 9 7/<
(0)
Q ZUY 9 05/0> 9 7/<.
(5)
`kl
70
\h ffkl tmb ghklotohk`d prhe`eodotobs QZU|_ Y `kl QZ_ |UY, wb ffrst iust ffkl QZU_ Y. Khtb tm`t U_ , tmb bvbkt tm`t ` pd`kt m`s rhuklbl ybddhw sbbls, os tmb sbt hn hutghibs U_ 9 {rryy,rryc,rrcy,rwyy,rwyc,rwcy,wryy,wryc,wrcy } .
(7)
Wokgb QZU_ Y 9 ?/0>, Q ZU_ Y ?/0> Q Z_ |U Y 9 9 9 7/< Q ZUY 7/<
(<)
Q ZU_ Y ?/0> Q ZU |_ Y 9 9 9 7/<. Q Z_ Y 7/<
(2)
`kl
\mus QZU|_ Y 9 QZUY `kl QZ_ |UY 9 QZ_ Y `kl U `kl _ `rb oklbpbklbkt bvbkts. \mbrb `rb nhur vosoedy lofibrbkt pb` pd`kts, ghrrbsphklokc th wmbtmbr tmb pb`s `rb rhukl (U) hr kht (Ug ), hr ybddhw (_ ) hr kht (_ g ). \mbsb nhur vosoedb bvbkts m`vb prhe`eodotobs Q ZU_ g Y 9 7/0>, Q ZUg _ g Y 9 0/0>.
Q ZU_ Y 9 ?/0> Q ZUg _ Y 9 7/0>
(>) (3)
Qrhedbi 0.>.00 Whdutohk
(`) Nhr `ky bvbkts @ `kl E, wb g`k wrotb tmb d`w hn tht`d prhe`eodoty ok tmb nhri hn Q Z@Y 9 Q Z@EY + Q Z@E g Y .
(0)
Wokgb @ `kl E `rb oklbpbklbkt, QZ@EY 9 QZ@Y QZEY. \mos oipdobs Q Z@E g Y 9 Q Z@Y ∕ Q Z@Y Q ZEY 9 Q Z@Y (0 ∕ Q ZEY) 9 Q Z@Y Q ZE g Y . (5) \mus @ `kl E g `rb oklbpbklbkt. 75
