Principios de Perforacion de Rocas

UNIVERSIDAD ANDRÉS BELLO

FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA INGENIERÍA CIVIL EN MINAS

“PRINCIPIOS DE PERFORACION DE ROCAS ”

PATRICIA PATRICIA ARANCIBIA SIM SIMPERTIGUE PERTIGUE

PROFESOR: EDUARDO BERGER  ASIGNATURA:  ASIGNATURA: TECNOLOGIAS TECNOLOGIAS DE EXCAVACION EXCAVACION DE DE ROCAS

VIÑA DEL MAR  ABRIL 2016

PRINCIPIOS DE PERFORACION DE ROCAS Perforación para excavación por voa!"ra Esta e!"!#$ e %e&e%e$"!a se '"()a )a%a *a )e%&'%a"!#$ e %'"a s!e$' (t!*!+aa )a%a e* )%')#s!t' e *a e,"a-a"!#$ e %'"a e$ "a$te%as . )%'.e"t's e "'$st%(""!#$ )'% /e!' e -'*a(%as Ot%'s t!)'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ "'/' "'$ a"e!te . a(a *a e,)*'%a"!#$ . e,)*'ta"!#$ e /!$e%a*es est3$ e,"*(!'s E* *e"t'% se a ($a 4%e-e e,)*!"a"!#$ e *'s /5t''s e )e%&'%a"!#$ )%e'/!$a$tes ($t' "'$ ($a !$t%'(""!#$ a *as t5"$!"as e -'*a(%a . *a !$te%%e*a"!#$ e )e%&'%a"!#$ . -'*a(%a Ta/4!5$ se !s"(te$ *'s )%!$"!)a*es )a%3/et%'s 7(e !$te%-!e$e$ e$ *a )*a$!&!"a"!#$ . ee"("!#$ e *a )e%&'%a"!#$ e 4a%%e$'s e$ "a$te%as . )%'.e"t's e !$e$!e%8a "!-!* La a/a e )%'("t's e At*as C')"' "'$ %e&e%e$"!as e$ *'s s!t!'s 9e4 e At*as C')"' se )%ese$ta$ . !s"(te$ /e!a$te *a "'/)a%a"!#$ e s( !'$e!a . )%'("t!-!a es)e%aa %e*a"!'$aa "'$ ($a se*e""!#$ e a)*!"a"!'$es Est(!'s e "as' e$ *'s *(a%es e t%a4a' e t'' e* /($' %es(*ta$ !$te%esa$tes . 4e$e&!"!'s's es)e"!a*/e$te e$ *a )*a$!&!"a"!#$ . *a se*e""!#$ e /5t''s . e7(!)'s )a%a a)*!"a"!'$es e )e%&'%a"!#$ e 4a%%e$'s  A4%!% a(e%'s t!e$e "!e%tas "a%a"te%8st!"as $!"as e !/)'%ta$tes Est's s'$: !3/et%' e* a(e%' *a )%'&($!a *a !%e""!#$ . *a %e"t!t( La )e%&'%a"!#$ )%'("e ($ a(e%' "!%"(*a% e$ *a %'"a "(.a %es!ste$"!a e4e se% s()e%aa )'% *a ;e%%a/!e$ta e )e%&'%a"!#$ De)e$!e$' e )%')!eaes e *as %'"as ;a. -a%!as /a$e%as e *'%a% est' "'/' se /(est%a e$ e* s!(!e$te a%t8"(*'

Perforación ro#a#oria La )e%&'%a"!#$ %'tat'%!a se )(ee s(4!-!!% e$ "'%te %'tat!-' . t%!t(%a"!#$ %'tat'%!a E* "'%te %'tat!-' "%ea e* a(e%' )'% &(e%+as e "!+a**a/!e$t' %es!ste$"!a a *a %'t(%a a *a t%a""!#$ e *a %'"a La 4%'"a est3 e7(!)aa "'$ )*a"as e "'%te e a*ea"!'$es e /eta* (%' . *a e$e%8a )a%a %'/)e% *a %'"a es )%')'%"!'$aa )'% e* )a% e %'ta"!#$ e$ *a 4a%%a e )e%&'%a"!#$ Esta t5"$!"a se *!/!ta a *a %'"a "'$ ($a 4aa %es!ste$"!a a *a t%a""!#$ "'/' *a sa* *!/' . )!e%a "a*!+a 4*a$a 7(e $' "'$t!e$e /!$e%a*es e "(a%+' a4%as!-'s La t%!t(%a"!#$ %'tat'%!a %'/)e *a %'"a )'% *a "a%a e a*t' )($t' *'%a' )'% ($a 4%'"a e$taa 7(e se e/)(a ;a"!a a4a' "'$ %a$ &(e%+a E* 4!t )'% se% e t!)' %'!**' t%!"'$e est3 e7(!)a' "'$ 4't'$es e "a%4(%' e t($ste$' se ;a"e !%a% e &'%/a s!/(*t3$ea . *as -!%(tas e ta*a%a' se e*!/!$a$ e *a )a%te !$&e%!'% e* a(e%' )'% s')*a' e a!%e "'/)%!/!' a t%a-5s e *a 4%'"a L's e7(!)'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ (t!*!+a's )a%a *a )e%&'%a"!#$ %'tat'%!a s'$ %a$es . )esa's E* e/)(e ;a"!a a4a' se "'$s!(e (t!*!+a$' e* )es' e *a )%')!a )*ata&'%/a e )e%&'%a"!#$ . *a %'ta"!#$ a t%a-5s e ($ /'t'% ;!%3(*!"' ' e*5"t%!"' a)*!"a' e$ e*

e,t%e/' e *a t(4e%8a e )e%&'%a"!#$ L's !3/et%'s e '%!&!"!' "'/$/e$te 's"!*a$ e$t%e < = 1>? )(*aas @200 a 0 // . *a ($!#$ e *'s )esa's t(4's e )e%&'%a"!#$ s(e*e se% e$'%%'s' ae/3s *'s e7(!)'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ e 4a%%e$'s (t!*!+a$ /3st!*es *a%'s . t(4e%8as )a%a a"'/'a% *a )e%&'%a"!#$ e ($ s'*' )as' e ($ /3,!/' e 20 / @6? )!es La e$e%8a e*5"t%!"a se e*!e e$e%a*/e$te )a%a *'s %a$es e7(!)'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ /!e$t%as 7(e *as )*ata&'%/as /3s )e7(eas s'$ a /e$(' !/)(*saas )'% /'t'%es !5se* Las -e*'"!aes e %'ta"!#$ -a%8a$ e ?0 a 120 %e-  /!$ . e* )es' a)*!"a' a* 4!t -a%8a e 0? t  )(*aas e$ e* !3/et%' e *a 4%'"a e$ %'"a 4*a$a .  t  )(*aas e$ e* !3/et%' e *a 4%'"a e$ %'"a (%a Re"!e$tes a-a$"es te"$'*#!"'s !$"*(.e$: ($a /a.'% "'/'!a e$ *a "a4!$a e* ')e%a'% "'$t%'* a(t'/3t!"' . a(ste e *a &(e%+a e a-a$"e #)t!/' -e*'"!a e %'ta"!#$ a *a e'*'8a t!)' e 4!ts . !3/et%' )%e'/!$a$te ae/3s e *a !$"'%)'%a"!#$ e *a *t!/a te"$'*'8a e$ s!ste/as e a""!'$a/!e$t' e*5"t%!"'s e ;!%3(*!"'s La )e%&'%a"!#$ %'tat'%!a s!(e s!e$' e* /5t'' /3s '/!$a$te e$ *as %a$es /!$as a "!e*' a4!e%t' s!$ e/4a%' t!e$e *!/!ta"!'$es .a 7(e *'s e7(!)'s $' s'$ *'s /3s ae"(a's )a%a *'s a(e%'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ -e%t!"a* E$ *a te'%8a . *a )%3"t!"a *a -'*a(%a ;a e/'st%a' 7(e e$ e$e%a* es 4e$e&!"!'sa )a%a !sea% . %ea*!+a% *as e,)*'s!'$es e *as )!stas e 4a$"' e$ ($ 3$(*' e a)%',!/aa/e$te e 1< %a's %es)e"t' a *a -e%t!"a*

Perforación por perc"$ión La )e%&'%a"!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ %'/)e *a %'"a a '*)e e !/)a"t's e /a%t!**' t%a$s&e%!'s ese *a )($ta e *a 4%'"a e *a )e%&'%a'%a e$ *a )a%te !$&e%!'% e* a(e%' La e$e%8a $e"esa%!a )a%a %'/)e% *a %'"a es e$e%aa )'% ($ ta*a%' e %'"a $e(/3t!"' ' ;!%3(*!"' U$a )%es!#$ es a"(/(*aa as8 "(a$' se *!4e%a !/)(*sa *'s )!st'$es ;a"!a e*a$te L's ata7(es e )!st#$ e$ e* aa)ta'% e -3sta' . *a e$e%8a "!$5t!"a e* )!st#$ se "'$-!e%te e$ ($a '$a e te$s!#$ 7(e -!aa a t%a-5s e *a sa%ta e )e%&'%a"!#$ a *a )a%te !$&e%!'% e* a(e%' C'$ e* &!$ e '4te$e% *a /e'% e"'$'/8a e )e%&'%a"!#$ t'' e* s!ste/a e )e%&'%a"!#$ e %'"a e4e a%/'$!+a%

On!a !e e$f"er%o Te#%!"a/e$te *a '$a e te$s!#$ t!e$e ($a &'%/a %e"ta$(*a% "(.a *'$!t( es e* '4*e 7(e *a e* )!st#$ /!e$t%as 7(e *a a*t(%a e)e$e e *a -e*'"!a e* )!st#$ e$ e* /'/e$t' e* !/)a"t' . s'4%e *a %e*a"!#$ e$t%e e* 3%ea e se""!#$ t%a$s-e%sa* e* )!st#$ . e* e *a 4%'"a e a"e%' Pa%a e* "3*"(*' e *a )'te$"!a e sa*!a '4te$!a e ($ ta*a%' e %'"a *a e$e% 8a e '$a se /(*t!)*!"a )'% *a &%e"(e$"!a e !/)a"t' e* )!st#$ . )'% *' e$e%a* se !$!"a e$  D!sea'%es e ta*a%' e %'"a 4(s"a$ e$"'$t%a% *as /e'%es "'/4!$a"!'$es e !-e%s's )a%3/et%'s ta*es "'/' *a e'/et%8a e* )!st#$ *a -e*'"!a e !/)a"t' . *a &%e"(e$"!a

P'% *' ta$t' 's )e%&'%a'%as e %'"a 7(e t!e$e$ *a /!s/a )'te$"!a $'/!$a* )'%8a$ te$e%  )%')!eaes /(. !&e%e$tes Las '$as e ";'7(e 7(e se e$e%a$ )'% ta*a%'s ;!%3(*!"'s . $e(/3t!"'s s'$ s!$!&!"at!-a/e$te !&e%e$tes Las 4a%%as e )e%&'%a"!#$ (t!*!+aas "'$ ta*a%'s e %'"a ;!%3(*!"a $'%/a*/e$te /'st%a%3$ -!a e se%-!"!' s(sta$"!a*/e$te /3s *a%' e$ "'/)a%a"!#$ "'$ *'s ta*a%'s e %'"a $e(/3t!"'s e4!' a* /a.'% $!-e* e est%5s '4te$!' "'$ e* )!st#$ $e(/3t!"' a""!'$a' La %a+#$ es *a se""!#$ t%a$s-e%sa* /3s %a$e "'/' sea $e"esa%!' "(a$' se ')e%a a )%es!#$ s(sta$"!a*/e$te !$&e%!'% 7(e es e 6=< 4a%es e$ "'/)a%a"!#$ "'$ *'s 1?0=2?0 4a%es (t!*!+aas "'$ *'s s!ste/as ;!%3(*!"'s S! *a &'%/a e* )!st#$ es /3s e*aa /e$'% se%3 e* $!-e* e est%5s La a/)*!t( e *a '$a e est%5s ' e ";'7(e /3s 4a' se '4t!e$e "'$ e* *a%' e* )!st#$ e*a' e t%a4a' a a*ta )%es!#$

La eficiencia & a$ p'r!i!a$ La '$a e ";'7(e )!e%e a*' e 6=10H e s( e$e%8a )a%a "aa a"')*a/!e$t' a!"!'$a* a /e!a 7(e -!aa a *' *a%' e *a sa%ta e )e%&'%a"!#$ Esta )5%!a se e4e e$ )a%te a *a !&e%e$"!a e$ 3%ea e se""!#$ t%a$s-e%sa* e$t%e *a -a%!**a . e* /a$(!t' . e$ )a%te e4!' a* "'$ta"t' !/)e%&e"t' e$t%e *as "a%as e *a 4a%%a C(a$t' /3s )'4%e es e* "'$ta"t' /a.'% es *a )5%!a e e$e%8a "(a$' *a '$a e ";'7(e a*"a$+a e* 4!t 7(e es &'%+a' "'$t%a *a %'"a a)*asta$' e esta /a$e%a *a /!s/a La e&!"!e$"!a e$ e* 4!t $($"a a*"a$+a e* 100H .a 7(e )a%te e *a e$e%8a se %e&*ea "'/' ($ )(*s' a *a t%a""!#$ C(a$t' /3s )'4%e es e* "'$ta"t' e$t%e *a 4%'"a . *a %'"a /3s )'4%e es *a e&!"!e$"!a Pa%a ')t!/!+a% *a e"'$'/8a e )e%&'%a"!#$ *'s )a%3/et%'s )a%a *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ &(e%+a e a-a$"e . *a %'ta"!#$ e4e$ a%/'$!+a%

Pre$ión !e perc"$ión C(a$t' /a.'% sea *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ /a.'% se%3 *a -e*'"!a e* )!st#$ . e$ "'$se"(e$"!a *a e$e%8a C(a$' e* 4!t est3 e$ 4(e$ "'$ta"t' "'$ *a %'"a (%a . "'/)ete$te *a e$e%8a e '$a e ";'7(e se )(ee (t!*!+a% a s( /3,!/' A *a !$-e%sa "(a$' e* 4!t t!e$e ($ /a* "'$ta"t' *a e$e%8a $' )(ee sa*!% e *a "ae$a L e %!* . %e-!e%te ;asta *a sa%ta e )e%&'%a"!#$ "'/' ($a '$a e te$s!#$ Es s#*' "(a$' *a )e%&'%a"!#$ e$ %'"a s(&!"!e$te/e$te (%a 7(e *a e$e%8a /3,!/a )'% '*)e )(ee se%  (t!*!+aa E$ %'"a 4*a$a )a%a %e("!% *a e$e%8a %e&*eaa *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ . )'%  *' ta$t' *a e$e%8a te$%3 7(e se% %e4aa' Pa%a "(a*7(!e% )%es!#$ aa e$ )e%"(s!#$ . a/)*!t( )'% *' ta$t' *a te$s!#$ e$ e* a"e%' e )e%&'%a"!#$ se%3 /3s a*t' "'$ ($a se""!#$ t%a$s-e%sa* %e("!a e *as 4a%%as e )e%&'%a"!#$ Pa%a '4te$e% ($a -!a e se%-!"!' /3s *a%a )'s!4*e a )a%t!% e *a "aa aa)ta'%es . -a%!**as es !/)'%ta$te ase(%a%se e 7(e *a )%es!#$ e t%a4a' se ;aa "'!$"!!% "'$ *a sa%ta e )e%&'%a"!#$ e$ t'' /'/e$t'

F"er%a !e avance E* )%')#s!t' e *a a*!/e$ta"!#$ es *a e /a$te$e% *a )($ta e 4%'"a e$ est%e";' "'$ta"t' "'$t%a *a %'"a S!$ e/4a%' e* 4!t t'a-8a e4e se% "a)a+ e !%a% La &(e%+a e a*!/e$ta"!#$ s!e/)%e e4e "'!$"!!% "'$ *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$

Ro#ación E* )%')#s!t' e *a %'ta"!#$ es "'$-e%t!% *a )($ta e 4%'"a a ($a $(e-a )'s!"!#$ ae"(aa )a%a e* s!(!e$te '*)e E$ e* (s' e 4%'"as e 4't'$es *a )e%!&e%!a se !%a ($'s 10 // e$t%e '*)es E$ "'$se"(e$"!a *a -e*'"!a e %'ta"!#$ se !$"%e/e$ta "'$ ($a a*ta &%e"(e$"!a e !/)a"t' . *a %e(""!#$ e !3/et%' e *a 4%'"a Ut!*!+a$' *'s 4!ts e !$se%"!#$ *a -e*'"!a e %'ta"!#$ %e"'/e$aa es 2?H /3s a*t'

Confi("ración !e par)*e#ro$ E$ *a )%3"t!"a e* )e%&'%a'% "'*'"a *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ 7(e )(ee ;a"e% &%e$te a *a %'"a . a "'$t!$(a"!#$ esta4*e"e *as %e-  /!$ "'$ %es)e"t' a *a &%e"(e$"!a e )e%"(s!#$ . e* !3/et%' e *a 4%'"a C(a$' se !$!"!a *a )e%&'%a"!#$ *a a*!/e$ta"!#$ se a(sta )a%a '4te$e% *a %'ta"!#$ ($!&'%/e . *!sa E$ "as' e 7(e est' $' se *'%e se /'st%a%3 e$ *a "'%ta -!a e* -3sta' aa)ta'% . *a )%es!#$ e )e%"(s!#$ )(ee %e("!%se )%'%es!-a/e$te ;asta 7(e se a*"a$"e *a %'ta"!#$ ($!&'%/e . *!sa La te/)e%at(%a e* /a$(!t' e &!a"!#$ se )(ee "'/)%'4a% )a%a ase(%a%se e 7(e *'s )a%3/et%'s e )e%&'%a"!#$ se ;a$ esta4*e"!' "'%%e"ta/e$te I$/e!ata/e$te es)(5s e *a )e%&'%a"!#$ *a te/)e%at(%a e4e se% e 60=>0 %a's )a%a )e%&'%a"!#$ e$ se"' . a)%',!/aa/e$te a 0 %a's )a%a *a )e%&'%a"!#$ ;/ea L's )%'4*e/as e )e%&'%a"!#$ est3$ )%!$"!)a*/e$te %e*a"!'$aas "'$ a"')*a/!e$t's s(e*t's *'s "(a*es )(ee$ )%'("!%se sea "(a* &(e%e *'s )a%3/et%'s 7(e se (t!*!"e$ C'$ e* &!$ e a)%eta% *'s a"')*a/!e$t's (%a$te *a )e%&'%a"!#$ *a &%!""!#$ e *a 4%'"a "'$t%a e* &'$' e* a(e%' t!e$e 7(e !% a(/e$ta$' Est' )(ee ;a"e%se /e!a$te e* a(/e$t' e *a a*!/e$ta"!#$ e* a(/e$t' e *a -e*'"!a e %'ta"!#$ ' e* "a/4!' e *a 4%'"a

Barri!o L's %e"'%tes e )e%&'%a"!#$ se e*!/!$a$ e *a )a%te !$&e%!'% e* a(e%' a *a s()e%&!"!e )'%  s')*a' e a!%e ' e es"a%a e a(a A /e!a 7(e *a )'te$"!a e sa*!a e %'"a ta*a%'s a(/e$ta a"'/)aaas )'% ($a /a.'% tasa e )e$et%a"!#$ e* 4a%%!' es e&!"!e$te . se -(e*-e %a(a*/e$te /3s !/)'%ta$te E* /e!' e *a-a' es $'%/a*/e$te e a!%e )a%a )e%&'%a"!#$ e s()e%&!"!e . a(a )a%a )e%&'%a"!#$ s(4te%%3$ea La -e*'"!a e es"a%a %e7(e%!a e)e$e%3 e: e* /ate%!a* )'% %a-ea es)e"8&!"a 7(e t!e$e ($a e$s!a e 2 t  "( / %e7(!e%e a* /e$'s 10 /  se /!e$t%as 7(e e* /!$e%a* e ;!e%%' )'% ee/)*' 7(e t!e$e ($a e$s!a e  t  "( / %e7(!e%e ($a -e*'"!a e a!%e e 2? a 0 /  se ta/a' e )a%t8"(*a = *as /3s %a$es e *as )a%t8"(*as *a -e*'"!a e es"a%a /3s e*e-aa %e7(e%!a &'%/a e *as )a%t8"(*as = )a%t8"(*as es&5%!"as %e7(!e%e$ /3s -e*'"!a 7(e *as )a%t8"(*as e$ &'%/a e es"a/as e$ &'%/a e ;'a

La pro!"c#ivi!a! & a *e#o!oo(+a D(%a$te e* s!*' )asa' ;a ;a4!' ($ a(/e$t' %3)!' e !/)%es!'$a$te e$ *a e&!"!e$"!a . *a )%'("t!-!a e$ %e*a"!#$ "'$ /a%t!**' e )e%&'%a"!#$ s()e%!'% A )a%t!% e ($ a"e%' 7(e '*)ea4a /a$(a*/e$te /e!a$te ($ /a%t!**' ;a"e 100 a's ;asta /a%t!**'s a""!'$a's

;!%3(*!"a/e$te e ;'. e$ 8a (t!*!+a$ *a te"$'*'8a /3s %e"!e$te Caa /5t'' e )e%&'%a"!#$ t!e$e s(s )%'s . "'$t%as ;a"!e$' ($a "'/)a%a"!#$ '4et!-a 4asta$te e$'%%'sa F!$a*/e$te *a e*e""!#$ e* /e'% /5t'' e )e%&'%a"!#$ e)e$e e* ta/a' e* a(e%' . e* t!)' e a)*!"a"!#$