Obligations and Contracts – Lecture Notes General Provisions Article 1156 An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. Q: What is an Obligation? A: It is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do Failure ailure to compel compel with the juridica juridicall necessity necessity will subject the debtor to a sanction 4 essential elements of an obligation: ! Acti" Acti"e e subject subject # credi creditor tor or oblig obligee ee$$ person person who who can demand the ful%llment of an obligation &! 'assi"e assi"e subje subject ct # debt debtor or or or obli obligor gor (! Objec Objectt or presta prestatio tion n # object object is any of of to gi"e) gi"e) to do or not to do 4! *+cie *+cient nt caus cause e # judic judicial ial tie tie or or "incul "inculum um *,ample: - agreed to gi"e his car to . Acti"e # . 'assi"e # Object # obligation to gi"e the car *+cient cause # agreement /i"ing 0as prestation1 2 3alled led re real ob obliga igatio tion 2 & type types s of real eal obli obliga gati tion on specifc o o o gi"e or deli"er a determinate ting 0e,! 5. car1 generic o to gi"e or deli"er a indeterminate ting 0e,! A car1
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6inds of Obligation: 7iewpoint of 8anction a! 3i"il 3i"il oblig obligatio ation n # can be obtained obtained in court court b! 9atural 9atural oblig obligatio ation n # action action has has alread already y prescri prescribed bed but but credito creditorr failed failed to demand demand within within the prescri prescripti"e pti"e period! period! espite espite the prescri prescriptio ption) n) debtor debtor "oluntar "oluntary y deli"ered payment! In this case) debtor cannot get bac; what he paid c! 5ora 5orall obli obliga gatio tion n # e,! e,!
Q: What is the importance of di=erentiating a speci%c and generic obligation? A: *=ects of the laws for the two obligations are di=erent! In case of fortuitous e"ent 0those which cannot be foreseen or can be foreseen but are ine"itable1) liability to deli"er speci%c obligat obligations ions are e,tingu e,tinguishe ished! d! nilater >nilateral al # only only party party has has an oblig obligatio ation n to perfor perform m b! ila ilate tera rall # & part partie ies s has has an oblig obligat atio ion n to perfo perform rm!! *,ample: contract of sale 0buyer and seller1
Article 115! Obligations arise from: (1) Law; () !ontracts; (") #uasi$contracts; (%) Acts or omissions &unis'ed by law; and () #uasi$delicts.
9ote: numbers (2@ are also pro"ided by law Article 115" Obligations derived from law are not &resumed. Only t'ose e&ressly determined in t'is !ode or in s&ecial laws are demandable, and s'all be regulated by t'e &rece&ts of t'e law w'ic' establis'es t'em; and as to w'at 'as not been foreseen, by t'e &rovisions of t'is *oo+. *oo+. st source # LA# 2 ho hose der deri" i"ed ed fr from law law sho should uld not be 'B*8>5* 2 hus) hus) you ha"e ha"e to poin pointt out out a speci speci%c %c pro pro"is "ision ion of the the law 2 his his is pro pro"i "ide ded d by the the 3i"il 3i"il law law and and 8pec 8pecia iall aw 08 08 should pre"ail in case of conCict1 Article 115$ Oblig Obligati ations ons arisin arising g from from contra contracts cts 'ave 'ave t'e forc force e of law law betw betwee een n t'e t'e cont contra ract ctin ing g &art &artie ies s and and s'ould be com&lied wit' in good fait'.
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8ources of Obligation 0@1 2 he he list list is e,c e,clu lusi si"e "e!! hus hus if if the sou sourc rce e is not not one one of the @) then there is no Obligation to spea; of ! aw &! 3ontracts (! Quas Quasi2 i23 3ontr ontrac acts ts 4! Acts Acts or omission omissions s punish punished ed by law law 0delicts 0delicts11 @! Qua Quasi2 si2e elic licts