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Part 4
.:
(l hour 3 0 mins) has four parts with 40 que stions drawn from -;=yr- which contain approximately 3,000 words in
- ed doze texts with six four-option multiple questions on each. (l mark per question) ~1O:1rz::~idioms,collocations, fixed phrases, complementation, , semantic precision ::::D :J C !, O:I :2
Eight discrete items with a lead-in sentence and a gapp ed response to complete using a given word . (2 marks per question) Test focus: lexical/lexico-grammatical Part 5
Two texts with two comprehension questions on each text and one sum mary writing task using information from both texts. Test focus: awareness of use of language, selection of information, linking, sentence construction (2 marks plus 4 marks for question 44)
PAPER 4 texts from a range of sources, with four-option ice q uestions on each. detail, opinion, main idea, attitude, purpose, (2 marks per question) .::l:I ;; ::.:.:: r ::; ::-l, text organisation features with seven questions. .'ext structure, cohesion, coherence, global meaning (2 marks per question) -
=rom a range of sources, with seven four-option
:c:;;::;;~ !{licequestions. same as Part 2
(2 marks per question)
LISTENING (approximately40 minutes) This paper has four parts with 28 questions. (l mark per qu estion) Part 1
Four short extracts from monologues or texts involving interacting speakers with two three-option multiple choice questions per extract. Test focus: understanding gist, topic attitude or opinion, feeling, purpose Part 2
A monologue, or prompted monologue , with nine sentence
completion questions. Test focus: understanding specific information, stated opinion Part 3
(2 hours) two parts. Each task requires a total of .Ic::I:::::==,ely 300-350 words. Each question in this paper ~marks.
" :':::e C l: C :::J. ulsory contextualised writing task based on :J:IlIi;::Il:OIIDS"
and one short text which may be supported by
pts. . an article, an essay, a letter, a proposal -discursive writing
= - from ::gcs; ;; u :;.
a choice offour. One of the choices is a on each of three set texts. . an article, a letter, a proposal, a review , a report _. description, narrative, evaluating, summarising, etc
A text involving interacting speakers followed by five
multiple choice questions . Test focus: understanding opinion, detail, gist and inf erence Part 4
Matching statements on a text to either of two spe akers or to both when they express agreement. Test focus: recognising stated and non-stated opinion, agreement and disagreement.
PAPER 5 SPEAK ING (approximately20 minutes) This paper contains three parts and is tak en by the candidates in pairs with two examiners present. One of the examiners acts as Inter locutor and the other one as A."SeSSOr . Part 1
R3 -~
'H IN USE (l hour 30 minutes) has five parts with a total of 44 questions.
Conversation between the Interlo cutor and each candidate. Interlocutor encourages candidates to give inf ormation about themselves and express personal opinions. Test focus: using general interactional and social language Part 2
d:oze containing fifteen gaps. grammatical /lexico-grammatical (l mark per question)
2 romaining ten gaps. Wo rds must be formed to complete .::-. using the given "stems" of the missing words. ~: word formation, lexical (1 mark per question) 3
":-:resions made up of three discrete sentences. Each !iii!:!::::Sx:e contains one gap. The gapped word is commo n and :-_- te to the three sentences. 7x:us: lexical (eg. collocation, phrasal verbs, idioms, etc) (2 marks per question)
Two-way conversation between the candid ates based on visual and spoken prompts. Test focus: speculating, evaluating, comparing, giuing opinions, decision making, etc Part 3
Individual long turn by each candidate followed by a discussion on topics related to the long turn. Each candidate is given a written question to respond to. Then candidates engage in a discussion to explore fur ther the long turn wpics. Test focus: expressing and justifying opinions, cW :elopingtopics.
Paper 1 - Reading
(l hour 30 minutes)
For q uestions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B , C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the sep arate answer sheet .
A u s t r a lia n C i n e m a Thirty years ago , the New Australian cinema (1) . the a ttention of th e wo rld with heroic stories se t in the la tenineteenth and earl y-twentieth centuries. They were tales of the formation of a national identity , of th e recent Eu ropean settlers' transactions w ith their strange
new world and its frighten ingly mystical inhabitants. When this vein was (2) , local film makers lef t home or t urned to the problematic present of people living lives of noi sy desperation in the (3) suburbs of t he big coastal cities, home to most Australians. As television series, these cosy, unheroic sto ries (4) worldwide popularity, but relatively few fi lms of this sort have found success elsewhere,
1
A
appropriated
B
captured
C
annexed
D
mastered
2
A
exhausted
B
drained
C
emptied
D
squandered
3
A
lounging
B
stooping
C
stretching
D
sprawling
4
5
A A
reached deeply
B B
achieved heavily
C C
fulfilled highly
D D
managed widely
6
A
sweeps
B
lifts
C
brushes
D
carries
R
ecent archeological studies of th e isolated region have (7) . astounding ev idence of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers a nd even an ar istocratic dynas ty which populated the area duri ng the late Bron ze (8) Thefew ce nturies before the time of Christ saw the area at its most remarkable. Artefacts, relics and the remains of d wellings, bear(9) t o
6
except for a small ha ndful, among which a re these , (5) accomplished and calc ulatedly theatrical f ilms. They are lo ving assemblages of conventions and cliches from musicals of the p ast, produced with n a exuberance that (6) t he audience up in uncritical en joyment.
its i mportance. An ex traordinary sequence of buildings (10) in the erection of a gigantic wooden structure, at least 40 metres in diameter, which was p robably used fo r ceremonial (11) before it was eventua lly burnt to the (12) . and s ubsequently covered over with tu rf to create the huge mound which is still visible today.
7
A
unburied
B
uncovered
C
unfolded
D
unmasked
8
A
Years
B
Period
C
Era
D
Age
9
A
testimony
B
evidence
C
witness
D
proof
10
A
terminated
B
culminated
C
finalised
D
ceased
11
A
aims
B
intentions
C
purposes
D
targets
12
A
surface
B
ground
C
earth
D
field
T LIMITED RISK e believe that there are two :- es of people who w ill take ~e time and (13) . read this adve rtisement. In
5
the f irst category are those unbelievers who, in all likelihood, will thin k to themselves, 'sounds good , but I don't think th is is f or me. I could neve r manage to do
group is ma de up of those people who believe in tak ing (16) but not at the expense of peace of mi nd. These individuals care fully (17) the advantages
that'. They then go back to doing the same (14) . job that they have (15) . been do ing for the past decade or so. Then, there is the second ca tegory. This
against the d isadvantages. You know, those people who look before making the proverbial (18) .
A
exertion
B
effort
C
struggle
0
stress
A
substandard
B
unreliable
C
insufficient
0
unfulfilling
A
distastefully
B
reluctantly
C
hesitantly
0
adversely
A
risks
B
dangers
C
hazards
0
stakes
A
measure jump
B B
weigh vault
C C
compare leap
0 0
count spring
A
-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - you ~re g oing to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with exploration and disco ver y. For questIOns 19-26, choo se the answer (A, B, C or D) wh ich you think fits bes t according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
~.-.-'-[r avelli
Don reckoned a little technology wouldn't hurt,
n g A cros' s the -D ese r' t -
though. 'When I mentioned to my guide, a Tuareg '
Crossing the Sahara is a dangerous business. George-Marie Haardt needed no reminder of this. During the desert leg of his 1924 expedition's 15,000 mile trip, the expedition's eight trucks travelled for 330 miles without finding a drop of water. 'Any breeze there is, becomes a torment ,' the team reported. 'We are suffocated, saturated with dust; we could almost believeourselvesto be
tribesman from Niger, that I had a GPS (global positioning system) receiver to help us navigate, he said he didn't need it,' saysDon. 'I've got TPS,' he told me -
'Tuareg positioning system.' And he
did! He could find hisway anywhere just by seeing ripples in the sand. He was as interested in my world asI was in his,' Don recalls. 'When I showed him a photo of my kids at NiagaraFalls, he wanted to keep it. He thought the kids wen~ sweet -
but
couldn't imagine that much water in the world.' like men turned into red brick.' Writer Donovan Webster confirms this. 'People die all the time,' he says. 'That's why you go with someone you trust.'
A
could not find water.
B
were not to be trusted.
C
didn 't need technological aids.
D
were affected by the climate.
A
was indifferent to other cultures.
B
wanted to visit Niagara Falls.
C
was fascinated by the immense waterfall.
D
wanted to keep a souvenir of his children.
Paper 1 - Reading
Maria Reiche, a German mathematician , devoted f ifty years of her l ife to protecting and studying the Nazca lines of the Inca . Born in Dresden in 1903 , she arrived in Peru , became fascinated by the Inca culture and init ially found archaeological work. It was when, however, she overheard someone discussing giant figures carved into the ground , south of Lima that she found what was to become her life 's work. Instantly mesmerised by these strange objects , she began to study them alone . 'I walked along them to understand thei r meaning,' she said . 'I noticed that they fo rmed figures, a spider , a monkey, a bird. ' After survey ing around 1 ,000 lines, she wrote her boo k Mystery of the Desert , published in 1949. In order to spend more time with the geoglyphs, she set up home on the edge of the desert, living off fruit and nuts and sleeping under the stars . If vandals dared to set foot near
A
immense shapes cut into the earth.
B
a form of rock a rt found in the de sert.
C
vast and mysterious - Peruvian statues.
D
paths left by the Incas.
A
the Nazca: lines are uninterest ing.
B
Maria Reiche belonged to a religious order.
C
D
in the past the lines were not valued. Maria Reiche 's work was not contin ued.
the lines , she shooed them away , so dete rmined that the lines shou ld be preserved that whe n plans were made to flood the a reafor agricu ltural use, she successfully b locked the move. Her tireless work has now resulted in the Nazca lines having been declared a World Heritage Site and she is regarded by some as a national heroine; she is Saint Maria , 'Lady of the Lines '. When she died in 1998 aged 95 , the question arose of who would now protect the lines , which were becoming increasingly threatened by vandals , looters, irresponsible tourists and changing weather patterns. Fortunately,however, the UN 's cultura l agency has recently donated a substantial amount for their long-term conservation.
------------------------Marine
Research
The World Centre for Exploration has been running since 1904. Our international, profession al society has been a meeting point and unifying force for explorers and scientists worldwide. The Explorers Club is dedicated to the advancement of field research , scientific exploration, and the ideal that it is vital to preser ve the insti nct to expl ore. We foster these goals by providing research grants, educational lectures and publications, expedition planning assistance, exciting adventure travel programmes, and a forum where experts in all the diverse fields of science and exploratio n can meet to exchange ideas. M arch will mark the fifth year of the running of the Kosa Reef Protection Project.
A
to provide somewhere to meet.
S
to record the world 's resources.
C
to promote on-site investigations.
D
to support explorers financially.
A
intending to ask for international aid.
S
trying to increase ma rine resources .
C
taking action to prevent damage.
D
observing the condition of the reef.
The project is a joint effort by Kosa Marine resources, an international group of voluntee r divers, and island support staff . Divers prepare fish inventories, photo and video records , and take scientific measurements documenting reef status. For the first time , this year 's team will employ protocols developed by the international organisation 'Reef Check '. The E xplorers Club also offers modest e xpedition grants for expeditions that forge links between space and earth explora tion. Expeditions working in extreme environments or using satellite and space related technologies should contact us at the following address.
B a h a r i y a 's T o m b s er 2,600 years, a desert oasis yield s the long -sought tombs of its le gendary governor and is f amily. The streets of EI Bawiti, the largest town in Bahariya Oasis, are busier now. Hotels ave been built since more than 200 Graeco-Roman mummies were discovered nearby. Yet , EI Bawiti hid an olde r secret. The tombs of Bahariya 's legendary governor , Zed-Khons-uefankh, his father, and his wife were discovered in a maze of chambers beneath local homes. chaeologists had been looki ng for Zed-Khons-uef-ankh
ever since the tombs of three of
e governor's relatives were discovered in 1938. Zed-Khons-uef-ankh ruled Bahariya during Egypt's 26th dynasty , a time when the isolated oases of the Western Desert were strategically important buffers against invaders. Bahariya, with governors who were wealthy en with connections to the throne , flourished at the crossroads of caravan routes. Zedons-uef~ankh, a man whose power to move men and material is most evident in the two mammoth stone sarcophagi that were tran sported across miles of sand and wasteland to is oasis tomb, had a chapel built in a temple nearby, with a relief depicting him as la rge as e pharaoh, a bold assertion from a powerful man we now know better .
A
many Graeco-Romans were buried there.
B
it was well located on a prime trade route .
C
it was the seat of a powerful man.
D
many rich administrators were posted there.
A
extremely confident.
B
remarkably impious.
C
hugely wealthy.
D
very impertinent.
-------------------------
You are going to r ead an extract from a novel. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one ext ra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet .
The small , bright lawn stretched away smoothly to the b ig, bright sea. The turf was hemmed w ith an edg e of scar let geranium and coleus , and cast-iron vases painted in a chocolate colour , standing at intervals along the w inding path tha t led to the sea , looped their garlands of petunia and ivy geranium above the neatly raked gravel.
~I
I
A number of ladies in summer dresses and gentlemen in grey f rock-coats and tall hats stood on the lawn or sat upo n the be nches. Every now and then , a slender girl in starched muslin would step from the tent , bow in hand , and speed her shaft at one of the targets, while the specta tors interrupted their talk to watch the result.
§ ] -
The Newbury Archery Club always held its August meeting at the Beauforts'. The sport , which had hitherto known no rival but croquet , was beginning to be di scarded in fa vo ur of lawntennis. However , the latter game was still considered too rough and inelegant for social occasions, and as an opport unity to show off pretty dresses and graceful attitudes, the bow and arrow held their own .
~ ~ In New York , during the previous winte r, after he and May had settlE )ddown in the new, greenishyellow house with the bow-window and t he Pompeian vestibule, he had drop ped back with relief into the old routine of the office . The renewal of his daily .activities had served as a l ink with his former self.
§]=============
At the Century, he had found Winsett again, and at the Knickerbocker, the fashionable young men
of his own set. And what with hours dedicated to the law and those given to dining out o r entertaining friends at home , with an occasional evening at the opera o r the theatre, the life he was living had still seemed a fa irly real and inevitable sort of business.
@ 2]
~
But the Wel lands always went to Newport , where they owned one of the square bo xes on the cliffs , and their son-in-law could adduce no good reason why he an d May sho u ld not join them there. As Mrs. Weiland rather tartly po inted out , it was hardly worthwhile for May to have wor n herself out try ing on sum mer clothes in Pa ris, if she was no t to be allowed to wea r them; and th is argument was of a kind to which Archer had as yet found no a nswer.
§ ] It was not May 's fault, poor dear. If, now and then, during their travels, they had f allen slight ly out of step, harmony had been r estored by their return to conditions she was used to. He had alway s foreseen tha t she would not disappoint him; and he had been r ight. No, the time and place had been perfect for his marriage .
§ ]------He could not say that he had been mistaken in his choice, for she fulfilled all that he had expected. It was undoubtedly gratifying to be the husband o f one o f the handsomest and most popular young married women in New York, especially when she was also one of the sweetest-tempered and mos t reasonable of wives; and Archer had not been insensible to such advantages.
May herse lf could not understand his obscu re reluctanceto fall in with so reason ableand pleasant a way of spending the summer. She r eminded him that he had always liked Newport in his bachelor days, and as this was indisputable , he could only profess that he was sure he was going to like it better than ever now that they were to be there together. But as he stood on the Beau fortverand ah and looked out on the brightly peopled lawn, it
rooms through which he had passed gave glimpses, between swaying lace curtains , of glassy parquet floors islanded with chintz pouffes, dwarf armchairs , and velvet tabl es covered with trifles of silver.
came home to him with a shiver that he was not going to like it at all.
so completely changed. It was Newport that had first brought home to h im the e xtent of the change.
In addition, there had been the pleasurable excitement of choos ing a showy grey horse for May's brougham (the Wel lands had given the carriage). Then, there was the abiding occupation
Archer had married (as most young men did) because he had met a perfec tly charmi ng girl at the moment when a series of rather aimless sentimentaladventureswere ending in a premature
and interest of arranging his new library , which, in spite of family doubts and disapproval , had been carried out as he had dreamed , with a darkembossed paper , an Eastlake book-case and "sincere" armchairs and tables .
disgust; and she had represented peace , stability, comradeship, and the steadying sense of an inescapable duty.
The next morning Archer scoured the town in vain for more yellow roses . In consequence of th is search, he arrive d late at the office, perceived that his doin g so made no difference whatever to anyone, and was fil led with sudden e xasperation at the elaborate futility of his life . Why should he not be , at that moment , on the sands of St. Augustine with May Weiland? Newland Archer, standing on the verandah of the Beaufort house, looked curiously down upon this scene. On each side of the shiny painted steps , was a large , blue china flow erpot on a bright yellow china stand. A spiky, green plant filled each pot, and below the verandah ran a w ide border of blue hydrangeas edged with mo re r ed geraniums. Behind him , the French windows of the d rawing
Archer looked down with wonder at the fam iliar spectacle. Itsurprised h im that life should be going on in the old way w hen h is own react ions to it had
Half-way betw een the edge of the cl iff and the square wooden house (which was also chocolatecoloured, but with the tin roof of the verandah striped in yel low and brown to represent an awning), two large targets had been placed against a background of shrubbery. On the other side of the lawn, facing the targets , was pitc hed a real tent, with benches and garden-seats about it. Newport, on the other hand , represented the escape from duty into an atmosphere of unmitigated holiday-making. Archer had tr ied to persuade May to spend the summer on a remote island off the coast of Maine (called , appropriately enough, Mount Desert) where a few hardy Bostonians and Philadelphians were camping in native cottages, and whence came reports of enchanting scenery and a wild, almost trapper-like existence amid woods and waters .
~~i~~~D~~
_
You are goin g to read an extract from an article. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B , C or D ) which you think fits best according to t he text.
Wildlife Wars continues where Leakey's memoir One Life left off. It spans a 13-year pe riod, beginning in 1989
Although he made his name with his archeological finds of early humans , Richard Leakey became famous as the conservationist who turned the tide against elephant poaching. Bringing the slaughter of Kenya 's elephants under contro l required a m ilitary solution , and Leakey was not afra id to apply it. Many poachers were killed, giving Leakey a reputation for being a coldblooded obsessive who p ut animals b efore people. Moreover, his ef forts to eradic ate cor ruption in Kenya's
when Leakey became head of the KWS. Then t he elephant slaughter was at its heig ht across Africa; i t is estimated that between 1975 and 1989 the internationa l markets for ivory in Europe , the United States and Asia led to the death of 1.2 m e lephants, slaughtered for their ivory to make piano keys , games and fashion accesso ries. Kenya's her ds were reduced by more than 85 % by armed poachers, who turned their guns on anything and anyone. To sto p this killing required changing the
wildlife management system wo n him man y enemies. But the bi rth of the Kenya Wildl ife Ser vice (KWS), the eradication of el e phant poaching and the ban on th e international trade in ivo ry are his legac y, and they fo rm the basis of Wildlife War s. This surprisingly personal memoir has much to tell abo ut the fragile relationships between conse rvationists and gov e rnments. It is a s tory
perceptions o f ivory use rs so as to elimin ate the marke ts, as well as mounting an armed fo rce aga inst the poachers . With both humour and seriousness, Leakey explains the sacrifices he had to make in order to see his vision succeed. Despite the gravity of the situation, Leakey makes light of the sometimes comical c ircumstances, although it is clea r that his l ife was a t risk many times
not only o f Kenya, but of the contin uing cost of trying to save the wo rld's wildlife from extinction. Life for the ave rage person in Africa is tou gh , and basic needs a re far from being met. Th is is the background against which Leakey fought his war , and he constant ly refers to the threat pove rty poses to the preservation of Africa 's spectacular wildlife. Leakey 's argument, here and in recen t lectures , is that national parks managed exclusively for biodiversity protection must be c reated, and tha t this protection of our wildlife heritage should be funded by in ternational sources. However, in the early 1990s the developmen t agencies favoured "community-based" conservation. Leakey's stand on protection of parks was seen as a lac k of respect fo r local communities, and used aga inst him when he resigned as hea d of the KWS in 1994. Recently donors
and he worked under tremendous pressure. For many, however, the real question is why this paleoanthropologist should risk his life fo r wildlife. The answer may lie in Leakey's own depiction of h imself, although obviously aggressive and driven wh ile run ning KWS, as essentially reflective. Presenting in moving terms his in troduction to elephant emotions and society , he describes his outrage at th e moral and ethical implications of poaching and cull ing for ivory , arguing that elephan ts, apes, whales and dolphins have emot ions so like th ose of humans that they deserve to be tre ated as such. Hard-core wildlife groups sniggered at hi s 'bunnyhugging' tendencies, but they underestimated his impact. It is impossible to put a value on Leakey's work during those ye ars. As the elephant population began to recover, Kenya's tourist industry r evived to become the
and conservationists have co me to recognise the limitations of purely local conserva tion programmes; there is a growing consensus that the poo r are unlikely to manage w ildlife resources wisely for the long term because their needs are immediate.
country's mai n source of revenue. An international awareness cam paign centred on an ivory bonfire, which led to the ban on ivo ry trade and the co llapse of ivor y prices.
Richard Leakey is most well-known for A B
e D -
increasing wildlife budgets. successfully stopping illegal hunting. removing the ban on the ivory trade . helping to identify man's srcins.
In paragraph 3, Leakey ma kes the point that A B
eD
conservation shou ld be a global responsibility. a war must be fought against poverty. Africa's wildlife is an inter national attraction. there is insufficient money to establish parks.
~ It is now becoming accepted that A B
e D
Leakey had no regard for local communities. conservation p rogrammes should be under local control. donors have not yet received sufficient recognition. poverty makes regional conservation programmes unreliable. e writer says that between 1975 and 1989
A B
e D
the pe rceptions of the use of ivory chan ged. elephants were used to make piano keys. the elephant popu lation was dec imated. demand for ivory began to decrease.
eakey considers himself A B
amusing. sentimental.
e
contemplative. obsessive.
D
hat does t he writer imply in the last parag raph? A B
e D
A disease had affected elephants . Leakey's views are overly sentimental. Leakey's success is in doubt. Leakey's wo rk had wide-ranging effects.
his passage is taken from A B
e D
an article about endangered species. a book about Richard Leakey. an artic le about Kenya. a book review.
~riting
1
(2 hours)
You have read the e xtract below as part of a newspaper article on teaching foreign languages in secondary schools. Readers wer e asked to se nd in their opinions. You decide to w rite a l etter responding to the points raised and expressing your own views.
"It isn't enough that our teenagers are constantly bombarded with hours of lectures and reams of homework . Now, they want to ma ke learning a second language compulsory for secondary school students. Some of these child ren will never vis it a foreign country or mix with foreigners, so why should they be forced to pile this extra cou rse on to their academic plates? Whatever happened to teaching the basics and prepa ring our children for the futu re?"
rite an an swer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.
2
A national TV channel has just begun the broadcast of a new soa p opera. You have been asked to write a review of the show fo r a local magazine. Write a revi ew and say why these shows a re so popular with some people and unpopular with others.
3 Your loc al town council has announced plans to upgrade th e town centre. They have invited proposals from interested citizens on how to do this. In your pr oposal, comment on the present condition of the ar ea and make suggestions as to how to improve it.
4
A business magazine has invited readers to contribute an arti cle entitled Why It's Good To Be Your Own Boss. Write an articl e describing what kind of company you wo uld like to s et up and th e advantages and disadvantages of runn ing your own bu siness.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(1 hour 30 minutes)
For qu estions 1-15, read th e text below and think of the word wh ich best fit s each s pace. Use only one w ord in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). W rite your an swers on t he separate answer shee t. Example:
i_ n
~
~
A N IN F L U E N T IA L M A N Bor n (0)
Sw itze r lan d
mot her
(4)
(I)
from
child of a count ry pas tor wit h wani ng rel igi ous conv ic t ions and a
conventional . Th e (2) spiritualist
in 187 5 , Karl Gust av jun g ' s ea rly life was
(3)
co nv erse d
a child . He spen t his life trying
wi th gh os ts
, jung
to under st an d
(5)
felt a lien ated
an d
lon ely
nature of the huma n
psyc he , to pr ob e the huma n mi nd to see wh at lu r ked benea th . (6) he found hel ped fo r m as introve r sion an d t he fou ndat ion s of mode rn ps ych ol ogy , identifying su ch famil ia r con ce pt s extroversion , as (7)
as comp lexe s.jung
o f acce pte d
science . (9) and the eso ter ic liter atu re
o f alc hemy
wen t
(8)
than the ma
and ast rol ogy.
(II)
share . Such f indi ngs
(12)
psy chology , permea t ing
(10)
hav e
ma de
his res ear ch, he dis cove red
of a ' coll ecti ve unco nscious ' , jun g ' s
wo rk inffue ntial
his final wo r k j us t mon ths be fo r e his d ea t h in 196 1. T oday ,jung ian
( 13)
psychol ogical circl es
co nt en tmen t
, attracting
a steady str eam
in fields we ll
an alys is thrive s
of pat ient s se ek ing so l ace from
dif ficul tie s in their live s. Wi th mo r e pe op le tha n (14)
ha ve ne ve r bee n clea rer .
wh ich we
litera tur e , r eligion and cul tur e .
jung co mpleted
t ha t ' success ' often (15)
of
sci ent ific opi nio n , he d elved into anci ent myt hs and re lig ion s
re cu rren t imag es tha t he ar gu ed re ve aled the ex isten ce
th e personal
instream
to bring ha p piness , the imp o r tance
bef or e d
iscovering
of jung ' s eff ort s to find
:or questions 16-25, read the tex t below. Use t he word given in capitals at the end of some of t he lines to form 'ord that fits in the space in th e same line. There is an exa mple at the beginning (0). Wri te your answers on the separate answ er sheet.
0
e _ s _ t _ a b _ ' _ iS _ h _ m _ e _ n _ t
- - -- -
e
Co
istorically a coffee house which served only coffee. The Eng lish term cafe, borrowed from the Fren ch , is ultimately a (16) kahve, meaning coffee. The (17) Europe provided a much-needed
DERIVE
of the Turkish of coffee and coffee drinking
focus for the so cial
(18)
to
INTRODUCE ACT
of the
iddle classes. The f irst cafe is sa id to have opened in 1550 in Constantinople; ring the 17th century, cafes opened throughout after the mid-17th century, the most
(19)
Europe. During the 200 ye ars
ourished in London as meeting po ints for (20) fa est news and for bi tter (21) usiness of buying and sell ing insurance,
PROSPER
coffee houses of Europe discussion
about the
During this time, the lucrative ships, stock and commodities
END AGREE
was
isposed of in coffee houses. They became informal stat ions for the collec tion a d distribution
of packets and letters. By the 19th century, (22) the
ewspaper and the pos tal serv ice had dis placed
these functions.
DAY About the same
. e, the French cafe and restauran t were at their zen ith as (23) laces for artists and (24) portant social institution 2
The cafe contin in Fra nce throughout
.
ued to be an
the 20th century. During the late
h century, as espresso and other various co ffees became popular , many
GATHER INTELLECT
-----------------------For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriatel y
in all three sentences. Here i s an
example (0).
0
26
g_oo_ d
Roger agreed that it was a(n) needed.
_
in
the right direction, but said more progress was
The new bill attempted to unscrupulous
retailers.
consumers w
ith the means to fi ght back against
--------------------------
For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given . Do not change the word giv en. You must use between three and eight words, induding t he word given. Here is a n example (0).
~
a _ r _ e _ s u _ l t _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _r _ o _ m _ o _ t i_ o n
expenses Our other new car.
_
befo
re we decide to buy a
Th ere is tomorrow.
for our picnic
------------------------------------For questions 40-44, read the fol lowing texts about zoos and con servation. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary according to the instructions given. Write your answers to que stions 40-44 on the separate answer sheet .
The role of the traditional zoo, inherited f rom the 19th cent ury, has undergone a dramatic shif t. A growing recognition that zoos ought to be in t he vangua rd of the f ight against the devastation of our natural world has begun a zoolog ical revolution. The change occ urred in the 1960s, when the Jersey zoo was set up to breed endangered species. As a result , the breeding of an imals in captivity has become a complex science, with zoos aro und the wor ld co-ordinating their efforts to avo id the genet ic dangers of in-breeding small populations. The answer to the quest ion of whether zoos can have very much impact on the preservation of endangered species is, probably, minimal. Zoos do not fo cus the ir education ef forts on those people in the strongest positions to aff ect the f uture of the wil dl ife exhibited. For t he mos t part, conservation education is targeted at children and other non-decision makers in a p rocess too slow or too fa r away to address the ex tinction crisis whic h exists now . Furthermore, the ef forts of zoos to inform lawmakers and government authorities are usually low -key or non-existent. Campaigns are more likely to be fo r an animal exh ibit rather than for the existence of the animal itself. Nevertheless, it does not do to address the future from a foundation of pessimism. A v ision of the fu ture is emb raced in which the human popula tion has leve lled off at abo u t 8.8 billion and w herein human effects upon the env ironment have been te thered and co nsiderable wildlife remains. It certainly will not be as r ich or abundant as today 's wildlife, but w ith substantial diversity and numbers of more o r less wild ecosystems, and the zoos ' work, this vision ca n become reality .
41
Explain in you r own words wha t the wr iter means by 'address the future f rom a foundation of pess imism,' (line 14).
When did you last go to a zoo? It 's a fai r bet that many people will reply 'not since I was a chi ld'. Why do so many people stop going to zoos when they reach adulthood, or at least unti l they have chil dren of their own? Maybe it 's unease abou t, or opposition to all those bars . Organisations such as Zoo Che ck have campaigned vocife rously in response to some blatant exampl es of poor animal we lfare. The group 's doggedness has achieved posi tive results, with zoos in the 21st century tak ing stock and question ing what their purpose is. Such p ressure has genera ted a much greate r awareness of the need fo r good animal welf are and a role in conservation. Animals are now kept in as natural conditions as possible and w ith as much space as possible . Improving animal welfa re is one aspect of work driving zoos into the 21st centu ry. But what about their conservation role? Clearly, education is an area to whic h zoos are idea lly suited . An extensive collec tion of the most popular animals ensures a healthy flow of vis itors, while a large presence of less well-known but endan gered species aims to provide conservat ion education. More d irect involvement in conservation involves the captiv e breeding of endangered species, ranging from snails right up to tigers. Unfortunately , the way things are going , with rapid loss of wi ld hab itats, widespread re-release of zoo-bred animals is not go ing to happen. The aim for now is to mainta in stocks of endangered species , breeding them in a co -ordinated way w ith other zoos so as to maintain their numbers and minimise in-breedin g. Some would prefer zoo s to drop the ir captive breeding and to pour their resources back i nto the protection of wild habitats. Captive breeding incurs huge costs and encou nters massive problems with re-introduction. In protecting the natural habitat , the animal , its environment and everything that lives with it is protected. Thankfully, in-situ, or habitat protection , looks set to bec ome a major compo nent of many zoos' work.
In a paragraph of betwe en 50 and 70
words, summarise in your own words as fa r as possible ,
the
information given in the two texts on how effec tive the moder n zoo is lik ely to be in conserving endangered species. Write your summary on the sepa rate answe r she e t.
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four different extracts . For q uestions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what yo u hear. There are two questions for each extract .
I Extract One
1
What does the expert say abou t foliage plants? A
2
They are very versatile.
B
They need litt le attention.
e
They a re cheap and attractive.
The broadcas t is aimed a t people A
who su ffer fr om al lergies.
B
who wa nt backg round plants.
e
who neglect thei r gardens. .
I Extract Two
3
I
The couple bough t the farmhouse because the y thought A
4
I
it was reasonably priced.
B
it was in bad condition.
e
it could be i mproved.
Using recycled wood made the kitchen look A
warm and sunny.
B
more estab lished.
e
ultra modern.
Extract Three
5
6
What does the speaker do? A
She supplies props for TV productions.
B C
She writes scenarios for TV serials. She sells items of stationery.
Her new enterprise turned out to be both A
engaging and meaningful.
B
appealing and profitable.
C
exciting and constructive.
Ex tract Fo u r
7
8
I
I
How did volleyball get its name? A
From a mixture of sources.
B
From the way it is played.
C
From its inventor.
Volleyball's introduction into Europe was A
gradual.
B
unintentional.
C
circumstantial.
---------------------------------You will hear a rep ort on how English has become a global language . For qu estions 9-17, complete th e sentences with a word or sho rt phrase.
_______
0· I~
~Q !J
English first started to spread when explorers made
to the other side of the world.
The influence of Britain in the past and t he influence of American businesses are the
_______________ The num ber of people whose significantly
IJ IJ
which give English its present s ignificance.
I~
I
is English
is
greater in the USA than in the UK.
It is dif ficult to
I
~
the communicative
functions of
English in some coun tries.
It is sometimes
suggested
that Engl ish is
I
~
superior
to other languages.
People tend to judge languages using subjective rather tha n
English sentence structure is
Language success is
I
I~
I
I~ .
~. Q :I] on a variety
of different things.
_ 'n
hear an int erview with Maria Stefanovich, co-founder of a cr eativity group which organises wor kshops tives. For questions 18-2 2 , choose the answer (A, B , C or D) which fits best according to what yo u hear.
porations appreciate
mask-making
workshops
because
no one wants negative faces at the offic e. B
unhappy employees won't come to work.
C
they realise how their employees
D
their employees
see them .
change their approach.
mpanies are turning to creative workshops unproductive S
employees
because they have acknowledged
that
are a financial burden .
the traditional work environment
has its limitations.
e employees at the f irm 'Play' change positions frequently to lessen boredom. have business cards indicating their jobs. dress up l ike comic book characters. do not have ster eotyped
-
e companies
ideas about their jobs .
that sho w most interes t in creative workshops
are supr ising because
hey usually have creative employees to beg in with. eir employees
are the ones who have to present regularly.
there are many other exciting workshops
they woul d prefer.
heir employees should be used to being funny.
~ 'a mentions the traditional : =. I
3
companies
oast about the clients her company
that have held wor kshops has helped .
show that they have a narrow list of cli ents. ownplay the seri ous reputations
of the firms .
oint out the dive rsity of those trying different approaches .
in order to
------------------------You w ill hear two writers, Susan and Edwa rd , talking about the best way to deal with luggage when tra velling. For questions 23-28, decide whether the op inions are expressed by onl y one of th e spe akers, or whether the speakers agree. Write
S
for Susan for Edward
or
E B
for Both
~eaking
(approx. 20 minutes) 'ng test involves two ca ndidates and two exa miners. One examiner, the I nterlocutor, the other, the Assessor, will just listen.
will speak to
Part 1 (3 minutes) be asked questions in tur n about certa in aspects of your personal life; where you are from , what you - -:a li\ing, w here you go to scho ol , your hobb ies and your gener al opinion on certain to pics.
Part 2 (4 minutes) be asked to discuss the p hotographs on page 163 together . There are t wo stages in this part. -:::1-
-= -=
E..rP
=
some photographs depicting people with dif ferent lifestyles. Look at pictures 2 and 4 on page 163 and er about the di fferent ways of life the people shown here might have.
~2
k at all th e pic tures. Imagine these pho tographs will be pa rt of an advertising campaign for a new product. other about the kind of product each o f these photographs could be used to pro mote and selec t the best ,-C;:Jgj'8p,hfor an adve rtising campaign.
Part 3 (12 minutes) _ iU be asked to talk on your own, c omment on what yo ur partner says a nd join in a t hree-way discussion - _'Our partner and th e Interlocutor around a cer tain t heme.
idate w ill be as ked to look at prompt card (a) about it for two minutes. 3 e also some ideas for the candi date to use if _-e ·fishes. e candidate will then be as ked if he/she has o add. e Interlocutor will ask both candidates a such as: , a extent is·tourism promoted in your cou ntry ?
- =
-=
The second candidate is then given prompt card (b) and asked to discuss it for two minu tes. The o ther candi date will then be asked if he/she has anything to add . Then bo th candidates will be asked a quest ion on the subject, such as : • What could be done to attract more tourists?
Prompt Card (b) touri sm im portant
today?
a ional understanding al economies ement of facilities
--:
Why do tou
r ists com e to you r count r y ?
- natural beauty - entertainment - history
-"'- will then be concluded with a n umber of general questions about the topic: egative effe cts might an increase in tourism produce ? " has tourism a ffected the diet of local people? ,'/ successful would eco-t ourism be in your coun try ? -5' -eatures could make an a rea att ractive to visitors?
'--5i
-
Paper 1 - Reading
(l hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-18, read th e three texts below and decide which answ er (A, B, C or D) best fits e ach gap. Mark your an swers on the separate
answer sheet.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS After the war designers could experiment more (1) . with materials once regarded as substitutes - in particular plastics, acrylics and nylon . In 1948 , American architect Charles Eames (2) knowledge gained during the wa r to design the
now ubiqu itous Dar chair - a onepiece moulded plastic seat ,
visit the cinema and as a result the film industry was struggling. By
(3) by wire legs . However, in this era of optimism there were a few casualties . The BBC had extended its service with outside broadcasts of major sporting events, plays , gardening and children's programmes. With such delights on (4) . in their homes , people we re increasingly (5) to
contrast, the music industry was on th e up . 'Micro-groove' seveninch records, made of unbreakable vinylite, had begun to be produced and for the first time , consumers could choose from a (6) . range of equipment on which to play them.
1
A
copiously
B
freely
C
loosely
0
2
A
exerted
B
allotted
C
applied
0
practised
3
A
held
B
shouldered
C
supported
0
sustained
B
show
C
sale
0
approval
B
displeased
C
disconnected
0
disinclined
B
lavish
C
plentiful
0
excessive
4
A
offer
5
A
disappo
6
A
wide
inted
ira
Kurosawa 's
1954 classic
~ own-on-their luck warriors who agree to defend a sma ll village from a band of thieves in (7) fo r three meals a day and much honour . Since Kurosawa's (8) influence was the epic Westerns of John Ford , it is ironic that in 1959 Hollyw ood thought Samurai would make a good cowboy film - and The Magnificent Seven appeared on the screen. Originally, Yul
after much (9) , director John Sturges took the helm. Aside from Broadway actor , Eli Wallach, Brynner was the only famous name in the movie ; Charles Bronson, Robert Vaugha n and James Coburn got the ir career changing roles by (10) of mouth. Now , in th is digitally rejigged (11) , you can f ind out what happened on the action - filled se t via an e xclusive new documentary and see how the fi lm nearly did not become the (12) classic
Brynner was to direct the remake but
it is today .
Seven Samurai is about a bunch of
7
32
A
8
A
9
A
10
A
11
A
12
A
wildly
trade
C
exchange
0
B
major
C
large
0
most
B
combat
C
brawling
0
jostling
reciprocity
B
deep argument talk edition idolised
substitute
B
speech
C
word
0
claim
B
recital
C
variety
0
version
B
revered
C
sacred
0
worshipped
Paper 1 - Reading
Leontes
UNUSUAL
in Sha kespeare's
The
their subject. Thomas Dormandy,
Winter's Tale was a 'case stu dy' in
a consultant
pathological jealousy. Monet and
exception to th e ( 17)
He
Turner achieved their great wo rk
argues in his very (18)
book
because of (14) making things (15)
eyes ight, blur red,
that dur ing the 19th and much o f
r erature, I used to be annoyed by "he way my father , a doctor , would (13) the inspi ration for great
and so on . I real ise now that such thinking is characteristic of the
formative influence on art, music and literatu re.
literature
(16)
INSPIRATION hen I was a teenager studying
to various
illnesses.
pathologist is no
the 20th century, tuberculosis was a
that doctors have for
13
A
credit
B
ascribe
C
account
0
suggest
14
A
contracting
B
failing
C
deficient
0
short
15
A
hardly
B
slightly
C
barely
0
narrowly
16
A
passion
B
vigour
C
fury
0
emotion
0 0
rule instructed
17
A
law
B
principle
C
ethic
18
A
informative
B
knowledgeable
C
informed
------------------------
You are going to rea d fou r extracts which are all con cerned
in some way w ith marriage and weddings. For
questions 19-26, choose the an swer (A, B, C or D) which you th ink f its best accor ding to the tex t. Mark your answers on the se parate answ er sheet.
--_.. '~ . W : e d d i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s Royal Lily Weddings ex ists to provide you and your dear ones with a professional w edding co-ordination
~ - : : : ~ ~: n; ~m :g~: f f i : ~ ; e ~ e~ ~~ :l~f;o;; ,- - l write the book. T he tradit ional Christian vow ma de by a w ife to he r
husband
has largely
been
abandoned, and in it s wake, personalised vows
service.
have come to t he fore .
We can attend to all aspe cts of the event. Rest
Seating at the reception, as at t he church, can be a
assured no detail will be di sregarded by us.
problem.
Not everyone gets married in church these days. Even the traditional sometimes choose other venues they consider more romantic or fitting - a b eautiful
We will
unintentionally
li aise between you and any
difficult family members o r friends
using t act and dis cretion to preserve the harmony on the day as we ll as in the years to follow.
garden for instance, or a b each, or a mo untain top even a bus shelter.
Whatever format you choose, do come to Royal Lily Weddings to make s ure i t all adds up to a day
Choice regarding the dress too, has become fa r wider. If you don't want to be married in white, dare to be bo ld. We offer adv ice and access t o select cou turiers and fashion de signers.
A
wish to preserve customary styles.
B
lack knowledge of wedding procedures.
C
only want something different.
D
want their wedding day to be perfect.
A B
accommodating forbearing
C
patronising
D
demanding
you will remember for t he rest of your lives.
An important role of the church is to remind us of the moral concerns con fronting society. Recently we have been reminded of that role in a speech ,....---------------, given by the archbishop, who lamented the high rate of d ivorce and linked falling fertility rates to the collapse of t raditional family life. He p redicted that the lower birth rate would have serious social
1lJ T
II
contractual. punitive.
C
rewarding.
o
understanding.
0
I"
LIFE
A
exceededhis role.
B
overemphas ised the individual.
C
acted in accordance with his position.
o
paid too much attention to divorce.
of those contemplating divorce. Marriage is not 'the only co ntract that
p eople ca n walk away from without a penalty' as he s uggested, because
TE F S Y L' A MIL
It is unl ikely, however, that imposing a 'divorce tax' on se parating couples, or reintroducing fault as an e lement in determining cus tody and p roperty settlements, as he suggested, will do much
B
E
I/ 1 It
consequences in the future and suggested the that tax system beusedto reward couples who stay together and havechildren. L...-
A
to keep families together. Using the tax sys tem or custody laws to discipline co uples whose marriages fail, will only add to the s tress and hardship
cou du --
'
divorce itself can be a great penalty for those affected by it. Keeping ples together by ress is not the best way to strengthen mar riage. How to nurture the
i ndividual desire for growth and fulfilment, while strengthening family life is a great cha llenge for all of society. The archbishop is to be congratulated for re-opening the debate.
-
----------------------
Mehndi Mehndi is de eply ingrained
in th e
Indian tradition. Although applied on other occasions as well, it is an integral part of the weddi ng ceremony and is almost synonymous with marriage. A spec ial time is set aside for the application of mehndi to the hands and feet of the bride-to -be, and the ceremony _generally takes place on the night before the actual wedding. In the past , when almost all the women in any give n household were proficient in this art , the most talented relative or friend was usuall y designated to perfo rm this dut y. Now that this art is get ting lost in the race for urbanisation, special beauticians or artists have to be hired for the purpose and mehndi parlours are springing up in larg e cities .
The mehndi ceremony
is a special
one for the bride . She is surrol,lnded by all the female members of th e household, as well as the fri ends she has grown up with and close relatives who have come to attend the wedding . There will be much singing and dancing interspersed with bouts of teasing the bride . They have a captive audience in her, since she has to sit st ill for at least five to six hours while the mehndi is being applied. Like most customs and traditions that surround a wedding , there is an atmosphe re of jo viality and nostalgia , with a tinge of sadness .
the mehndi ceremony may repla ce the marr iage ceremony. the growth of big citie s is causing all traditional practices to disap pear. changes in liVing patterns have caused new type s of bus inesses to appea r. the art of applying mehndi is learnt by the majority of women. 24
The writer gives the impre ssion that, on the who le , the mehndi ceremony is A
a chance to review the past.
S
a time of regret.
e
a time for celebration .
o
a daunting experience.
O u ts id e th e
R e ~ s tr y O ffic e
And then she saw the Registry Office and a s mall crowd chatting on the pavement in front of the entrance. Like a visitor from another planet, she saw her pub lisher and her agent a nd her poor father's crazy vegetarian cousin and several of her friends and q uite a few neighbours. And she saw Penelo pe, animated, her red hat attracting the a ttention of one or two of the photographe rs, conversing with the best man and Geoffrey. And then she saw, in a flash, but for all time, the totality of his mouse-like seemliness. Leaningforward, in a condition of ex treme calm, she said to the driver, "Would you take me on a little further please? I've changed my mind." "Certainly, Madam he r eplied, thinking she was one o f the guests. "Where would you like to go?" "Perhaps round the park?" she suggested. As the car pro ceeded smoothly past the Registry Office, Edith saw, as if in a still photograph, Penelope and Geoffrey, staring, their mouths open in horror. Then the scene became slightly more animated, as the crowd began to straggle down the steps, reminding her of a sequence in some early masterpiece of the cinema, now preserved as ar chive material.
A S
th e wed ding of a fr iend . a relative 's ho us e.
e
her own wed ding.
o
an officia l rece pt ion .
A
cut off fro m the s cene.
S
dist urb ed by wha t she sees .
e o
impr essed
by t he immob ility of t he peop le .
the onse t of old age .
-----------------------You are going to read an extract from a book about India. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the e xtract. Choose from paragraphs A-H t he one which fits each gap ( 27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do no t need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. ~
<~ -
• ~
~
.•..•_~.~ ~-.._.
~
_
_
~~~~
~-.-~:'Eo~
~~~~~~~~......_;:
•
~~_=_~~~~
..•
RAJASTHAN One evening, by the light of an elec tric bulb we sat out with the villagers in the main street of a 'model village' of the comma nd area . The street was unpaved, and the villagers , welcoming us , had quickly spread cotton rugs on the grou nd that had been softened by the morning 's rain, half hardened by the afternoon's heat, and then trampled and manured by the village cattle returning at dusk. The women had withdrawn, we were left with the men and, until the ra in came roaring in again, we talked .
§ ] ~ -
~ ~ The problems of the irrigation project the commissioner was directing we re not only those of salinity o r the ravines or land levelling.The problem as he saw it, was the remaking of men. And this was not simply making
They were far removed from the commissioner's anxieties, from his vision of what could be done w ith their land. They were , really, at peace with the world they knew . Like the woman in whose yard we sat. She was friendly, she had dragged out string beds for us from her little brick hut; bu t her manner was
men want something; it meant in the first place, bringing them back from the self-wounding and the special waste that come with an established destitution.
slightly supercilious. There was a reason. She was happy, she considered herself blessed. She had had three sons, and she glowed with that ach ievement.
§ ] ~ -
Their mock aggressiveness and mock exasperation held little of real despair or rebellion. It was a ritual show of deferenceto authority, a demonstration of their complete dependence on authority. The commissioner smiled and listened and heard them all ; and their passion faded.
~ ~ -
§J
_
But if i n this model vill age - near Kotah Town, which was fast industrialising - there had been so me movement, Bundi, the ne xt day , seemed to take us backward. Bundi and Kotah; to me, until this trip, they had only been beauti ful names , the names of r elated but distinct schools of Rajasthan painting. The artistic glory of Bundi had come first in the late seventeenth century.
Men had retreated to their last, impregnable defences: their knowledge of who they were , their unshakeable place in the scheme of things ; and th is knowledge was like their knowledge of the seasons. Rituals marked the passage of each day , rituals marked every stage of a man's life. Life itself had been turned to ritual; and everything beyond th is complete and sanctified world was vain and phantasmal.
~I
§ ] ~ ~
Old wars ; bravely fought but usually little more had
But to those who embraced
been at s take other than the honour and local glory of one particular prince. The fortifications were now useless, the palace was empty. One dark, dusty room had old photographs and remnants of Victor ian brica-brac. The small formal garden in the courtyard was in decay; and the mechanical, decorative nineteenthcentury Bundi m urals around the courtyard had faded to blues an d yellows and greens. In the inner rooms, hidden from the sun , brighter colours survived, and some panels were exquisite. But it all awai ted ruin.
distress, India also offered an enduring security, its equilibrium. Only India with its great past, its civilisation, its philosophy , and its almost holy poverty, offered this tru th; India was the trut h. And India, for all its surface terro rs, could be proclaimed , without disingenuousness or cruelty, as perfect. Not only by pauper but by p rince.
its philosophy
of
e were, as the commissioner said, among men who until recently , cut only the ve ry tops of sugar cane and left the rest of the p lant, the substance of the crop, to rot . So the present concern, here i the model village, about fertilisers and yields as an immeasurable advance. Kingdoms, empires, projects like the commissioner's; they had come an d gone. The monuments of ambition and restlessness littered the land , so man y o f them abandone d or destroyed, so ma ny unfinished, the work of dynasties suddenly supplanted . India taugh t the vanity of a ll act ion; and the visitor cou ld be appalled by the waste, an d by all tha t no w appeared to threaten the co mmissioner's enterprise. So handsome, these men o f Rajasthan, so self-possessed; it took time to understand that heir concerns were limited. The fields , water, crops, cattle: that was where concern began and ended. They we re a model village, and so hey considered themselves . There was little more t hat they needed , and I bega n to see my own ideas of vi llage improvement as f antasies. othing beyond food - and s urvival - had, as yet, become an object o f ambition. All vitality had been s ucked up into tha t palace on the hill; and now v itality had gone o ut of Bundi. It sho wed in the run down tow n on the hillside below the pal ace; it showed in th e ields; it showed in the people, more beaten down than at Kotah Town just si xty mil es away , less amenable to t he commissioner's ideas, and more full of complaints. They complained even when they had no cau se; and it seemed hat they com plained because they felt it was expected of them.
All the chival ry of Rajas than had been reduce d here to noth ing. The palace was empty; the petty wars of p rinces had been absor bed into legend and c ould no lon ger b e dated. Al l that remained was what the visito r could see : small poor fields, ragged m en, huts, monsoon mud. But in that very abje ctness lay security. Where the world had shrunk, and ideas of hum an possibility had be come extinct, the world could be seen a s complete. The Prince's state, or what had been his state, was wr etched; just the palace and the peasants. The developments in w hich he had invested hadn't yet begun t o show. In the morning, in the rain, I saw young child labourers using their hands alone to shov el grav el onto a waterlogged path. Groundnuts were the only sourc e of protein here; but the peasants preferred to sell their crop, and the children were stunted. And after the flat waterlogged fields, pallid paddy thinning out at time s to mar shland, after the desolation of the road from K otah, the flooded ditches, the occas ional cycle-rickshaw, the damp groups of bri ght -turbaned peasants waiting for the bu s, Bundi Ca stle on its hil l was startling, its great walls like the wo rk of giant s, the extrava gant creation of men wh o had once had much to defend. Later we s at with the 'vi llage leve l' workers in the shade of a small tree in a woma n's yard. These officials were the last in the c hain of command; on th em mu ch of t h e success of the sch eme depended. There had b een evidence duri ng the morning's tour that th ey hadn't all been doi ng their jobs . But they were n ot abas hed; instead, sitting in a line on a string bed, dressed like officials in t rousers and shirts, they spoke of their need for pr omotion and status.
------------------------------You are going to r ead an extract from an ar ticle on Marco Polo . For que stions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B , C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate
answer sheet.
were translated from language to language, the opportunities for er ror mult iplied; one te xt fr om the ea rly 16th century is a Tuscan translation of a L atin translation "Here begins the introduction of thi s book , which is called 'The Desc ription of the World.' Lords, Emperors, and Kings, Dukes, and Marquesses , Counts, Knights, and Burgesses, and all people who wish to know the different generations of men and the diversities of the different regions of the world, then take this book and have it read and he re you wi ll find all the greatest marvels and the great dive rsities ..."
of an earl ier Tuscan translation of the original F rancoItalian language. Although we have no co nfirmation of the Marco-Rus tichello collaboration other than the boo k itself, Marco Polo seems to have app roved of at least some of its versions, for in 1307 he prese nted a French translation of it to a n envoy of Charles of Valois.
So begi ns Marco Polo 's book, 'The Description of the World,' as presented in Arthur Christopher Moule's masterful Engl ish translation of a version of Ma rco Po lo's book known to scholars as th e 'F' text. The storied Venetian trader escaped bandi ts, pirates, rampaging rivers and sandstorms on h is epic eastbound journey. Sailing the treacherous coasts of Sout heast Asia and India, Marco Polo returned to Venice in 1295 , after 2 4 years, rich in gems , and w ild tales of unimagined lands. Shortly after his retu rn to Venice, Marco Po lo was captured at sea , possibly by pi rates. One t radition suggests he was imprisoned in Genoa's Palazzo and that he devoted his prison t ime to comp osing his book. On his deathbed in 132 4, the legendary adventurer reflected that he had many more stories to tel l.
The second g roup of manuscripts, known as the 'B' group, provides some provocative mater ial not found in the 'A' texts. F rom this 'B' group, for e xample, we learn that the people around Yarkand in western China suf fer from goitre - a p roblem for them even today . Until the 1930s the only examples o f 'B' texts wer e.a f ew odd bi ts of manuscript and a printed te xt by Giambatt ista Ramus io that appeared in 1559, two years after his death. Ramusio tells his reade rs that his Italian version was produced 'with the help of d ifferent copies.' The fou ndation of his wo rk appears to be a L atin text dating from before 1320, with influences from other ident ifiable versions. What is distinctive about Ramusio 's work is that about twenty per cent of it was , until 1932, considered unique. That twenty per cent is though t to have come fr om anothe r early Lat in text, which may have been destroyed in a 1557f ire. In any event, the source has neve r been f ound.
'The Descript ion of th e World, ' the o riginal product of Marco Polo 's col laboration with a romance wr iter name d Rustichello has been lost , and so scholars are lef t to sift through the some 150 ve rsions known to exist, no two exactly alike. Sc holars divide the 150 versions into two groups, labeled 'A' and 'B'. The 'F' text, which falls into the 'A' group, is housed in the Bib liotheque Nationale in Paris. Considered one of the best and very close to the
A second version co ntaining much of Ram usio's srci nal material sur faced in Toledo, Spain in 1932 . Most of this Latin manuscript agrees with the 'F' manuscript, but it also contains some 200 passages no t found in 'F'. About 120 of those , however, are found in Ramusio 's book. Because the remaining 80 o f fer valuable historical a nd geographical material and even help to c larify som e obscure passages of 'F', this ma nuscript is thought to be
srcinal , it is written in a Franco -Italian language described by one scholar as 'uncouth French much mingled with Ital ian.'
a copy of something that was very close to an srcinal.
Some of these 'A' texts are notorious for vari ations that show the biases, mistakes and editorial judgments of their copiers. For e xample, when some t ranslators were presented with the news that the t hree Magi we re buried at Saveh in Pe rsia ra ther than in Colo gne, they inse rted that the peop le of Saveh tell many lies. As thes e books
In sorting this o ut, scholars have come to co nclude that Marco Polo probably wrote two ve rsions of his boo k. The second version, represented by the 'B' texts, may have been a revisi on and e xpansion done for a sel ect group of readers who h ad already made their way through the fi rst boo k. It is unlikely that we will ever know exactly wha t form the firs t book took, but the versions we have still ma ke for a very good read.
A cording to the introduction to the book, readers can expect to A S C D 35
learn about Marco Polo 's life. learn about differences among generations. travel to far regions of the world. read descriptions of places.
According to the second paragraph, stories about Marco Polo's life A S
are well-supported . ar e al l imaginary.
C D
take place at sea . are somet imes unreliable.
36 What is the 'F' text? A S C D
The authentic text written by Ma rco Polo and Rustichello. The script with the greatest aff inity to the srcinal source . Not one of the 150 vers ions of Marco's original book. A good version of t he '8' texts written in Franco-Italian.
37 What is one of the main problems with the ' A' texts? A S C D
All translators manipulated the truth. Editing is now difficult and unreliable. The early versions were remote from the original text. Later translations distorted the srcinal.
38 The '8' group of manuscripts
A S C D
contained previously undocumen ted information. were compilations of manuscripts printed by Ramusio. dealt with health and culture in Ch ina. were published two years after Ramusio's death.
39 What was found in Spain in 1932? A S C D
o
A Latin version containing valuable information about Ramusio. A text which was very close to the 'F' manuscript. A man uscript of 200 passages that do not appear in the 'F' text. The src inal book written by Marco Polo.
In relation to the book, 'The Descr iption of the Worl d, ' the author suggests that A S C
despite its uncertain origins, it is a fascinating piece of literature. scholars sho uld discover who the true author was. Marco Polo wrote many versions of the same book.
D
Marco Polo intended h is srcina l book for an elite readership.
~
1
P a p e r 2 - W r it in g
(2 hours)
A proposal has been made b y an international retail group of companies to buil d a large shopping complex, complete with r estaurants and leisure facilities in a co untr y area close to your town. This is likely to cause disruption to the area with new road and rail link s and reloc ation of local residents. The f ollowing comments were made at a public meeting to di scuss the si tuation.
------
---"
~-~-
What about t he noise an d polluti on fr om the traff ic?
- - - - It will
) I
---
bring ne w')
life to the area!
/
~
Your local newspaper has publi shed an editorial and invited readers to expre ss their views, to be brought up at the next public meeting. You decide to write a letter to the edi tor to state your point of view. Write your letter. Do not write any postal addresses.
answer to one of the questions 2-5 in this part . Write your answer in 300-350 words in an ~ _ ~ate style.
~-o are employed by a local magazine and have be en asked b y your editor to write a review of a new hotel . h bas recently opened in th e town. Describe the f acilities available. Give your impression of the ::t- rio decorations, courtesy of the sta ff , and value for money and say whether you would recommend it :-not.
·ou are a member of a group that i s involved in a campaign to encourage people to help the en vironment. ·ou have been a sked to contribute an article for a local magazine , describing how you became interested protecting the environment and explaining how groups such as yours can help .
The company for which you work is planning to renovate and e xpand its present premises. Staff have been ed to give in propo sals on how thi s can be st be do ne. In your proposal, comment on th e present • remises and make proposals for improving and extending them.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(l hour 30 minutes)
For qu estions 1.15, read the text below and think of the word which best fit s each space. Use o nly one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers on the separate Example:
'o _ n _ g
~
answer sheet.
_
IQ TESTS Psychol ogis ts have (0)
!.9X!g
been in t erested in ( I )
str angers . Now sci enti st s have desi gned tests
were vide otap ed
(4)
shown
an sw ering
to groups
to ge t (3)
tho ug ht - pr ov ok ing
intelligence . At the (5)
cues . Next the j udge s
time , eac h stud en t
an d
the
were
vide os
to ass ess the studen ts' phys ica l were asked to rate the stude nts ' required
to sit a
clos ely than
othe rs .
(6 )
wa s
cues help
wrong. High school
qu estio ns
of judges ' who were asked
typ e and moni tor a variety of behavioural
int ell igenc ;e in
try to discover which
(2 )
pe op le to judge IQ acc ura tely , and wh ich ca use them pu pils
we judge
standa rd IQ test .
cues ma tch ed
Certain (8)
of the IQ tests
(7)
the
speak ing qui ckly , using
und er stand ing
ca used the j udg es
was ref lecte d in the IQ t est s, impression
of
intelligence
(II)
cues seemed
(1 2)
ease (9)
as dull were factors
to view stude nts as bri ght
o f the se
.
.
to give the judges
mea sured by the IQ test
or slang. Cues that led judges
pr op er En glish . (15)
or displaying
to rat e the studen ts' intel ligenc e hig hly (10) ,
the cues that led judge s to assess stud ents speech
a lot of words
more
an entirely false
. (1 3)
(1 4)
. as using halting
incl uded tal king lou dly and usi ng
trait s cor r elated with mea su red
IQ , however.
For questions 16-25, read the texts below. Use the word given in capi tals at the end of some of the lines to fo rm a \ ord that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answers on the se parate answer sheet.
~~
a _ p _ p _ e e_ a __r _ a c_ n
_
EINino Over the years the ( 0) (16)
remembered
0P.P.~0~.0 .~.~.~ .. of La Ni na thantha
has been mo re
t of EI Nino; its pat terns are not yet full y
break through
in that fo r the
first time scientists were able to pred ict (19)
populations
PREDICT
for more than just a litany of d isasters. The 1997-98
EI Nino marked a (18)
and droughts
APPEA R
flooding
months in adva nce, allowing time for (20) to pr epare. At the very least , preparation
lives. Even in regions affected by ( 21) (22)
systems and stockpiling
hundreds o f lives. Forewa rning
brought (23)
HISTORY NORMAL .
THREAT
can save
, constructing emergency i
supplies saved nternational
POOR DRAIN TIME
aid to such places as Pap ua , New Gu inea, where highland populations were f aced with (24) to destroy (25)
a
fter frost and drough t combined crops.
STARVE SUBSIST
----------------------------
For questions 26-31, think of one word only whi ch can be used ap propriately
in all three sentences. Here is an
example (0).
~
d
_ gO_ O _
The recent economic
_
downturn
has meant tha t more work ers can e xpecttobe
int
next few months.
Susan returned from the meeting protect the environmen t.
wi th new en thusiasm to do what she could to
he
The children mad!
about which TV channel
to watch all the t ime. It's driving their mo ther
-----------------------For questions 32-39, complete th e second sentence so that it has a s imilar meaning to the first sentence , using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use bet ween three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) .
liJ
C l _ f e _ S _ u _ lt_ o _ f_ m _ y _ p _ fo _ m _ o t_ io _ n
_
Myneighbour whenever he likes.
himtousemylawnmower
~~tBB
_
For questions 40-44, read the follow ing texts on o ffice techno logy and ergonomics. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or s hort phrase. You do not need to write co mplete sentences. For quest ion 44, write a summary according to the instructions given. Write your answers to questions 40-44, on the sepa rate answer sheet.
Thirty years ago, the TV series UFO envisioned 1999 as an e ra when space fighters were la unched from submarines, the world was unde r threat from alien invaders - an d everyone carried a slide rule in a holste r on their belts. Even as the programme was being made, pocket calculators were coming onto the market . There was a lesson about the f uture: it will overtak e your wildest imaginings. If you focus on how e xisting technologies will develop, you miss the real ch anges - and threats. This a utumn sees the changeover from keyboards and mice to using the human voice to dictate directly on to the screen, and to command the computer. Wonderful, you may think. A cu re for repetitive strain in jury (RSI), caused by repeated ph ysical actions. Except that it will not be. It will transfer RS I from the wrist to the throat. The voice box is a ve ry delica te instrument and we are no t used to speaking all the time. Even 200 words (taking a little over a m inute to say) l eaves us clearing our t hroats and sipping a drink. There w ill be catastrophes u nless we lea rn how to use our voices safely. Stud ents who get up on the morning of an essay deadline to compose 4,000 words on a voice-operated computer could permanently damage their voices. Each new technological development ten ds to b ring problems with it. Nobody had heard of RSI until word processors exploded onto the mar ket. Long hou rs spent staring into a co mputer monitor led to complaints of eyestrain, backache and even w orries about radia tion leaks from the sc reen. Repetitive computer related tasks are such a common feature o f modern wor k that ma ny companies are calling in ergonomic consultants to recommend ways to avo id RSI conditions such as ca rpal tunnel syndrome, a wrist c ondition commonly found in peop le who use keyboard s. Companies found that by following their advice, claims fo r injury o r illnesses suf fered by employees were greatl y diminished.
Certain characteristics of the wo rk setting have been associated with injury. These characteristics are known as task physical , or pr imarily, interaction between the worker and the work setting, and en vironmental, or primarily, interaction between the worker an d the en vironment. Task physical characteristics in a workplace such as a mode rn office are l ikely to be related to posture, repetition, duration and recovery ti me. Environmental characteristics may be r elated to hea t or cold s tress, lighting and mo re rarely, noise. Posture is the posi tion of the body wh ile pe rforming work activities. Awkward posture is associated with an increased risk o f injury. It is gener ally cons idered that the moment a joint dev iates from the na tural position, the greate r the risk of i njury and there a re spec ific postures which have been assoc iated with certain types of injur y, for e xample, to the wr ist while bending it up and do wn or from side to side . The neck can be injured by bend ing it f orward or to the back , or side bendi ng as when holding a telephone to the shoulder . Back injuri es may occu r when bending at the waist or twis ting. With industrialisation, the rend regarding lighting has been to provide higher light ing levels . This has p roven hazardous within certain work settings such as in offices in whi ch pro blems of gl are and sigh t problems have been associated with bright lighting. The current recomme nded trend is for low-level background light coup led with non-glare task lighting which can be con trolled. oise is unwanted sound and can ca use many pro blems in an industrial setting. In an office, however, noise evels that are well below thresholds that cause hea ring loss ma y int erfere with the ability of some people to concentrate, as indeed, can othe r factors such as me ntal lo ading, decision making o r invari ability of tasks. Ergonomic solutions to these p roblems may include providing chairs with wrist and foot rests, moving 'IOrk stations to min imise glare wi thout shutting out daylight and providing window coatings and blinds o further reduce gla re in some a reas. These are on ly a few of the ways to ensure that workers can be ore comfortable at their jobs and will be able to spend more time at their wor kstations. Injuries would e r educed and there would be a com mensurate reduction in workers' compensation costs.
In a par agraph of betw een 50 and 70
words, summarise in your own words
given in the te xts in wh ich employers
and e mployees
echnological advances in modern off ices. rite your summary on the separa te answ er shee t.
as fa r as possi ble , the ways
could so lve the problems
brought abou t
by
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four different extracts. For q uestions 1-8, choose the a nswer (A, B or C) whi ch f its best accordin= to what y ou hear. There are two quest ions for eac h extract.
I
Extract One
1
How does he feel about the estate where he lived? A
2
I
He thinks too much importance was attached to housing needs.
B
He feels fortunate to have grown up there.
C
He resents the lack of play facilities for children.
How did he and his fr iends feel about having to make their own entertainment? A
They didn 't like being left to their own devices.
B
They went ahead and enjoyed themselves anyway.
C
They were too busy working to think about it.
Extract Two
3
I
What do they disag ree about? A
4
I
That it is the pa rents' responsibility to ensure regular attendance at school.
B
That it is better to stay at school to gain qualifications.
C
That the young man is at least getting work experience.
What is the woman's opinion regarding her son's truancy? A
She f ully supports her son since he works for himself.
B
She doesn 't condone it, but feels powerless to stop it.
C
She does n't want to be prosecuted because of her son.
ct Three
I
--e
speaker says tha t many different birds can be pe rsuaded to com e if you
3
visit an are a regularly.
put out water for wi ld birds.
provide a variety of foo dstuffs .
-ne speaker says that in order to choose an obs erva tion point you should visit it as o ften and as regularly as possible. 3
find somewhere
in you r neighbourhood.
look for an area
that has ever ything
e t Four
I
at was t he ' disastrous accidents
birds need.
start' referred to by the speaker?
involving two horses
B
riders having to aban don their horses
C
the bad condition
of the course
at do show organisers
hold responsible for
the poor conditions?
A
the limited amount of water lying on the su rface
B
the building mater ials used in making the course
C
the extremely muddy ground
---------------------------------You will hea r a radio programme
about a family who gave up the ir s uburban lifestyle for a life in the country.
For questions 9-17, complete th e sentences with a word or sho rt phra se.
_ _ _ _ _ _ Their ho use has
0 .
1
~ [tO J
Their main priority is to make themselves
views of the count ryside.
IT D
I
before putting their own produce on the market .
________
IJIJ ·
For the time being Nina is sta rting to mak e a(n)
Many people like them , who are
1 2 !J .
1
I~
I~
with the ir jobs,
have moved to the count ry.
They invested in a TV set fo r the
I
~of
The cou ple find th eir ne w way of li fe extremely
This kind of life i s demanding
____________ ___
[1"6].
1
so it is impo rtant to b e
C !D
their daught er.
to make it work .
'ou will hear an interview with Haile Gebrselassie who recently won an O lympic gold med al. For questions 18-2, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which b est fits what yo u hear.
18
Runners from Ethiopia and o ther Rift Valley countries have an advantage A B
19
their bodies have ada pted to their environment.
D
they were bor n with unusua l physical attributes.
Runners from other countries may suffer
B
due to bad circulation. when they leave high altitudes. due to
insufficient training.
Haile is par ticularly good a t distances o f 10 kilometres because A B
he was obliged to run to school and bac k. he was
taught to run at school.
e
school in Asela had ma ny long-distance
D
his running style was influenced b y carrying books.
Altitude plays a part in prod ucing A
22
during training in the mountains.
e D
21
they t rain from an ea rly age.
e
A
20
because
Ethiopians like running for its own sa ke.
that children are encou raged
athletes.
top athletes, but ano ther factor involved is to run by th eir parents.
B
that running is their only means of getting around.
e
the influence of the
D
the lo ng d istances between places.
Haile and his equipment A B
Ethiopian attitude to life.
sponsor established
the Global Adidas ru nning club because
they wanted to recruit more athletes in Ethiopia. they wa nted to inv est money in the s port in Ethiopia.
e
they wanted to see more runners in th e hills.
D
they wanted to b ring athletes from Asela to Addis Ababa.
---------------------------------You will hear two critic s, Pam and Oliver, talking about an actress who has recently died. For questions 23-28, decide whet her the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the Write
or
P
for Pam
o
for Oliver
B
for Both
speakers agree.
er 5 - Speaking
(approx. 20 minutes)
-' g test involv es two c andidates and two examiners. One examiner, the Interlocutor, Lbe other, the Asse ssor, will just listen.
will speak to
Part 1 (3 minutes) be asked questions in turn about where you live and wher e you are from, your wo rk, studies and _ ~= and your views on cer tain things.
Part 2 _
(4 minutes)
ill be asked to d iscuss the p hotographs on page 164 together. There are two stages in th is part . ome pho tographs which show anima ls in the wild and in some fo rm of captivit y. Look at pictures 1 and 2 64 and discuss the di fferences in the ways the animals live.
g to a group which wishes to promote better treatment of animals. Discuss how these images might help
-= ~ campaign.
Select two pictures which show two strongl y contrasting images o f animals.
Part 3 (12 minutes) be asked to ta lk on your own, co mment on what your part ner says and join in a three -way discussion UI partner and th e Interlocutor around a certain theme.
idate will be asked to look at prompt ca r d (a) about it for two min utes. -== ;;; e also some ide as for the candidate to use i f -,;:;-,·shes. -
: ~e
candidate will then be asked if he /she has a add. e Interlocutor will ask both candida tes a such as: uch stress are p eople in the co untr y likely to -=' ( om compared to those who live in cities?
The seco nd candidate is then gi ven promp t card (b) and asked to discuss it for two minutes. The ot her candida te will then be asked if he/she has anything to add. ThEmboth candidates will be asked a question on the subject, such as: • To what extent do you fe el an onl y child will grow up spoiled and l acking in socia l skills?
Prompt Card (b) t Card (a)
p o r tant is soc ial status to p eo p le to day?
- - _ 3a Sed demands - -:; ass media
_
-t
To w hat exte n t w ere your gra ndpare nts h ap p ier in th eir eve ryday l ives than your parents?
- the rat rac e - health and education - mate rialism and gr eed
will then be concluded with a num ber of gener al questions about the to pic:
-aare the ad vantages of rejecting the modern lifestyle and returning to the past?
people sacrificed personal happiness in their fight to 'keep up with the Joneses'? -- '. at extent do you think people get what they w ant in life? a: are the advantages and disadvantages of living in an extended family environment? -
0
Paper 1 . Reading
(l hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decid e which answer
CA,
B, C or D) bes t fits eac h gap.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
T H E R O T H S C H IL D S When, in the 18th century, Mayer Anscher Rothschild (1) his studies to join a banking firm in his native Frank furt, he took the first steps towards creating one of the most successful,and most influential banks. For nearly two centuries , the
fortunes of the British Govern ment and those of the ba nk were fundamentally (2) Thanks to the Rothschilds, the Duke of Wellington wasab le to pay his army in 1814-15 (theban k received a two per cent commission on the deal). Ten years later , the Rothschilds again came to the (3) when 145 British banks failed, helping prevent the (4) of the whole UK banking system.
1
A
abdicated
B
abandoned
C
absconded
0
discarded
2
A
bound
B
fastened
C
bonded
0
linked
3
A
deliverance
B
rescue
C
salvation
0
relief
4
A
subsidence
B
descent
C
collapse
0
demolition
5
A
observed
B
beheld
C
saw
0
watched
6
A
ranks
B
classes
C
ranges
0
D
own by the rive r lie the cu rrant and gooseberry bushes - l iterally the fruit of the potter 's field - for the loam there is (7) with Roman pottery. Just abov e, the bit of str aight - or the army path as the Sa xon farmers called it - (8) past towards the coast. The heights are crowned with m ill sites and within the village proper there exists an empty secondary horse village, a deserted (9) of packways, stab les, harness rooms and tackle. Nothing has contributed more to the sw ift destruction of the ol d
58
The 19th centur y Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli (5) one of his great coups as buying enough shares in the Suez Canal to secure Britain a controlling interest - again thanks to a £4 million Rothschild lo an. Today, the company (6) among the world's largest privately-owned banks, with 40 offices in 30 different c ountries.
positions
---
pattern of life in Suffolk than the death o f the horse. It (10) with it a quite different conception of time. The old farmsteads ride high on the hills. They must remain remote unless some huge (11) project thrusts up to meet them. And this is no t likely. Akenfield i tself has no development plans and even if Ipswich's overspill e ver threatened it, it is doubtful if any preservationist society would launch an (12) t o save it . It is no t that kind of village .
7
A
splashed
B
spattered
C
littered
0
8
A
shoots
B
bolts
C
dashes
0
hurls
9
A
scheme
B
collectivity
C
entirety
0
complex
10
A
drew away
B
carried away
C
made away
0
ran away
11
A
housing
B
sheltering
C
accommodating
0
dwelling
12
A
attack
B
effort
C
appeal
0
order
dispersed
Paper 1 - Readi ng
Style is now more important than substance or at least
employees project and how it compares to the one a wouldbe employer wants to promote . It is now more impor tant to employers that their employees (15) the lifestyle being sold by the restaurant, cafe or
(16) part of managemen tleveljobs, bu t this concept has (17) to jobs such as shop assistants and waiters. Employers now rely more on appearance and accent than on qualifica tions. So is getting
more important than skills; that is the message of a report (13) last month in Br itain that questions the ( 14) .
shop in wh ich they work, than _have technical skills. The idea that wor kers personify a company has long been an
a job all a (18) of style? At many coffee houses and restaurant chains, the answer would seem to be yes.
NOTHING BUT STYLE
13
A
14
A
impression
B
image
C
picture
D
notion
15
A
reflect
B
expose
C
feature
D
flaunt
16
A
exceptional
B
accepted
C
expressed
D
observed
17
A
soaked down
B
C
filtered down
D
leaked down
18
A
C
concern
D
matter
taken out
business
B
B
caught out
dripped down subject
C
worked out
D
brought out
------------Part 2 Yo u are gomg . to rea d four e xtracts which are all con . For questions 19-26, choose the answer ( A B C 0 D)ce~e~ m so~e way with chi ldren and their developmen t answers on the sepa rate answer sheet. " r w Ie you Ihmk f ils best according to the lext . Mark you;
. ~ ~ "". : . , ' f e a r s '
" an d
, '.
~ F e a r~ s ~ '
quite a soci able chi ld. What I had f a iled to appreciate, tho ugh, was the strong sense of
~ "·".t.
.
.
.
placeyo ung children possess.To my daughter, what mattered, perhaps more than anything
Like many parents I had not fully appreciated the emotional upheaval going to sc hool for the first ti me involves for a chi ld. I had ten ded to foc us on my own feelings, and notwithstanding my aw are ness
else, was the shiftto a new, possibly threatening environment. Perhapsit is impossible for adults, with
our acceptance of the transience
of
everything in the modern wor ld, to understand
that this was a major step i n my daughter's life, my
how primitive small children still are in th e their
own reluctant
reactions to t he world around the m. Th e world is
acceptance of this as a rit e of
passage which signalled the end of babyhoo d, had preoccupied me to the exclusion of all else. Never once did I imagine s he would have any objections. To be fair to myself, this was par tly because, having gone bac k to wor k relatively soon after she was
unchanging,
permanent
attempts to leave her at n ursery school were greeted with heart-rending screams which left me shaken and shamefaced as I slunk awayto my office.
born, I had had to leave her at home in th e care o f a childminder from a very early ag e, so she was
19 What had the writer no t expected her child to do on the fir st day of schoo l?
A B
Go willingly to school. Feel comfortable in new su rroundings.
C
Get o n with the othe r children.
D
Rebel at her new situation.
A
guilty.
B
relieved.
C
startled.
D
unconcerned.
and any a lteration
represents an enormous tragedy. At any ra te, my
Early Literacy Development This grea t resource gives the latest information You will get fa cts and background development
information
on eme rging
the stages of lit eracy
as well as strategies to facilitate them for future academic
about the characteristics
and factors that promote
or inh ibit reading
writing development. This resource covers: •
stages in early reading and writ ing
•
characteristics
•
reading and writing facilitation
•
reading and writing skills.
to hel p you identify
of delay and 'at risk ' factors strategies
literacy activities
•
suggestions
•
lists of picture books
for working with parents and fami lies
A
They are now appearing at a later stage .
B
They slow lat er progress at school .
C
They are not always easy to acqui re.
D
Parents should not be involved
A
parents.
B
educators.
C
booksellers.
D
children.
in developing them.
success . acquisition
Learn and
-
--------------------
G row in g u p
My friends were quite envi ous of my hav ing famous parents. That set me ap art in a strange way . At ot her times though , I could be terribly embarrassed by the fact that my parents weren't the same as everyo ne else's parents. I think that when you are growing up you want to fit into some pattern, but you don 't see a big enough picture to know what that patte rn really is . You just see a very narrow social pattern into which you have been pu t and if you a re spilling out over tha t in some way , it can be very embarrassing for a child . I would love ch ildhood to mean a sort o f free growing, but in reality it never is because all children, no ma tter what their background, have dar k corners which they
23
keep to themselves. There is never that openness - i t's just the na ture of the beasts, both parents and ch ildren. The one cannot actually see li fe from the pe rspective of the othe r, and so the 'dark corners' become caverns of misunders tanding at times. It's only when you 're gro wn up that you can ac tually come to terms with th ose misunderstandings and see your parents as they really are . Similarly, parents loo king at children see them as people they love, people they have to protect from the world (probably quite wrongly) and peo ple for whom they have their particulare xpectations. There are of course marvellous momen ts of great happiness; but there are also inescapable pains a nd disappointments.
In the firs t paragraph, the write r implies that ch ildren are usually A
ashamed of their pare nts.
B
jealous of each other .
C
conformists.
o
adventurous.
A B
are in need o f parental p rotection. cannot regard the ir parents as ind ividuals.
C
need to be open with their pa ren ts.
o
have high e xpectations of their pare nts.
P o s t -T r a u m a tic S t r e s s ~'1ild maltreatment is a major health problem in the United States, with, according :'0
1 million theabuse U.s. Department HumanSer vices, mor e than of ~1i1d documentedofin Health 1994. and It is well establ ished that exposure tocases t rauma ~ eatly increases an individual's long-term vulnerability to psychiatric problems. Besides being linked to the development of po st-traumatic str ess disorder, it has een f ound that a high level of adult patients suffering from major depression, panic disorder and personality disorder were abused, either physically or psychologically, as ildren. Clarifying what follows from trauma and classifying the various types of abuse may p rovide pertinent information which could lead to better means o f 1:-reatmentfor those individuals who w ere maltreated as children.
A B C D
A B C D
can no longe r be properlyhelped. are likely to have mental problems in later life. will all need psychiatric help when they grow up. will be depressed a great deal of the time.
when the victim has reached adulthood. after it is learned how the child suffered. by giving the victim certain facts . by the sufferer's personality type .
~E~I~B
_
You are going to read an article about the Spanish treasure fleets. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not ne ed to use . Mark your answers on the sep arate a nswer sheet.
Gold eawest rringsofhung with, one pearls sanmany k withwrecked a Spanish galleon Havana of the by pirates, storms and treacherous reefs. Thes e and other artefacts offer a wealth of clues about the history of Cuba 's golden past. A glittering fortune in gold and silver has been recove red fro m the sea floor. Treasures including luxuries such as ra re wood and exotic f eathers were shipped from the New World to Seville by way of Cuba .
@J
_
In a typical year , the fi rst of the two annual treasure fleets left Spain in spring and entered the Caribbean near the island of Margarita, off Venezuela - a source of pearls and a frequent target of pirates . Here the flotil la usua lly split in two , following courses that touched much of the Spanish New World. One convoy stopped at por ts along the Spanish Main , as
the called theisnorthern coast of South America andEngli the sh Caribbean lands. Colonists, forbidden to manufacture anything, had to buy even such ordinary items as cutlery , tools and religious medals from the convoy.
§]=============
In late summe r, the merchant ships and war ships sailed to Havana's well-fortified harbour to form the treasure fleet. Theoretically, the capta in general and his warsh ips defended all the me rchantmen against pirates. In reality, storms frequently scattered the flotilla making individualships vulnerable. Pirateschose these loners to attack and loo t. But Piet Heyn , to the Spanish a pirate , to the Dutch a fabled admiral , was not satisf ied with picking off the stragglers. He wanted the whole treasure .
left for Havana to linkspotted up w iththe theDutch rest o f the flotilla Spanish scout vessels and sent swift. courier ships to Veracruz to warn Juan de Benavides , captain general of the treasure fleet . But, unknown to the Span ish, Heyn had captu red one of the courier ships. Now aware that h is prey would soon arrive off Cuba, Heyn waited to pounce .
§ ] ------Finally in August, he set sail again . As he neared Matanzas Bay, about 50 miles east of Havana, he saw more than 30 Dutch warships bearing down on him . 'I continued my course, resolved to die ,' Benavides bravely wrote in a letter to the king . But another officer later testified that Benavides had foolishl y led the fleet in to the bay . In his panic, he grounded his own ship and all that followed.
~ ------'I jumped into a boat,' Benavides later recounted,
claiming he had arranged in vain for his ship to be se t afire in his absence. Leoz , seeing his ship boarded by the Du tchmen, ran below , changed into the clothes of an ordinary sailor, and s lipped in among the crewmen who already had la id down their muskets.
§ ] -
That done, Heyn put h is men aboa rd the si x looted galleons, along w ith three o thers, and sent the m o ff to the Netherlands in the wake of the n ine he ha d captured earlier. Benavides' flagship, so jammed with cargo that the cannon po rts were obstructe d, had 29 guns; Leoz's had 22 . Neither had fired a shot .
§ ] ~ -
The story of Heyn 's triumph and Benavides' death is
~ ------Officials in Havana , who feared this legendary figure more than any other foe , kept watch for him , especially when a treasure fleet was about to sa il f or Spain. On August 4 , 1628, Heyn and his ships layo ff Cuba, not sure whether the treasure fleet 's Mexican component (the Dutch cal led it the silver fleet) had
preserved in the General Arch ives of the Indies in Seville, Spain. Treasure searchers begin here , sifting through the volum inous records that officials kept o n every flotilla, on every sh ip and every cargo. Eve n though the locations are somet imes imprecise, the searchers press o n, going from document to hunch , from the shelves in Sev ille to the waters off Havana .
Their pursuers rapidly closed in , anchored or grounded their ships, boarded boats manned ith musketeers and headed for the hapless Spanish ships. The Dutch swarmed aboard Benavides' ship and the ship of Admiral Don Juan de Leoz, second in command of the flotilla . Spain's long reign in the New World is chronicled in archives, tucked away in endless shelves in the vaulted , echoing halls of a stately 17th century building. Included in these archival treasures are intr iguing charts and maps from the 16th and 17th centu ry, vividly portraying the harbour of Havana . Here historians and treasure hunters plou gh through documents which bear witness to Spain 's and Cuba 's turbulent marine history. The Netherlands hailed Heyn as a hero and cast a commemorative medal from the silver . ong afterward children sang a song - 'He has won the Silver Fleet , hurrah, hurrah, hurrah!' Benavides and Leoz returned to Spain in disgrace. Leoz was impr isoned for life. Benavides was tried , not for loss of the treasure fleet but for cowardice, and later executed. Heyn did not last long as a hero . In 1629, while attacking pirates in the English Channel , he was killed by a cannonball. Other ships carrying similar cargoes sailed into Cartagena, Colombia, and then west to Portobelo, Panama, the co llecting point for th e silver that flowed in from the m ines of Peru. One day, a Dominican friar in Portobelo counted 200 mules laden with s ilver, which was stack ed in the marketplace 'like heaps of stones in the s treet.' E
Flushed with a pr evious success - they had already captured nine ships of the silver fleet - Heyn and h is men seized half a dozen Spanish ships and put the Spaniards ashore . In the days tha t followed, the Dutch sailors inventoried and transferred the 'large amount of plunder present,' which included 46 tons of silver. Hundreds of ships sank in Cuban waters , victims
of pirates , war , storms or bad naviga tion. These are the sh ips sought today in t he hope of finding the richest prize in th e Cuban seas : ships of the Spanish treasure fleets, the flotillas which carried New World gold, silver and gems to the royal court of Spa in . The floti llas, first sailed into history in the 16th century when Spain's powerful Casa de Contratacion (House of Trade ) ordered merchant ships to tra vel in convoy, guarded by armed warships . As a young privateer in Spanish waters, he had been captured and sentenced to be a gall ey slave. Freed in a prisoner exchange , he returned to sea and sought vengeance . In 1623 and 1626, as a Dutch admiral f ighting against Spain for his homeland, he led rampages against Spanish America, sacking the Cuba n port of Matan zas and cap turing many ships . Scion of a wealthy fam ily of shipbuilders, Juan de Benavides was an admi ral who had never fought a sea battle. He got his appointment through influence, not skill . Benavides, shepherding about 20 ships, had left Veracruz for Havana in July, but was forced back to port because of what he described as 'an emergency' that had dismasted his flagship.
------------------------------------You are going t o read an article about lenses used in pa inting. For questions 34-40, choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on th e separate answer sheet.
David Hockney's breakthrough work on the u se made by the old mas ters of m irrors and lenses is be coming
perfect perspective. The answer is in fact the new lenses that spread from the Low Countri es to Florence and then the r est of Italy.' Lenses show movement; the projections, hundreds of years ago , are f ar be tter than high-definition television.
well known. Though ther e are carpers and hecklers, it has leapt from hunch, through the ory, to a ccepted fact, in a remarkably short time. His basic idea, that th e use of lenses - effectively photography without th e chemical fixing - spread throughout European painting fr om the Renaissance onwards, alters forever our own per ception of some of the greatest artists in h istory. Two years ago, Hockney was at the National Gallery's Ingres show i n London. He was gr ipped with curiosity at the speed, accuracy and odd certaint ies of Ingres ' extraordinarily fas t portrait sketches done in Rome and thought Ingres might have used an optica l device called a camera lucida. Hockney obtained one an d , with its help, was soon a lso doing very fast, accurate pencil portraits. The more paintings Hockney studi ed, the m ore evidence he f ound that lenses were used. T his is not to say that the great n ames in Western art were cheating. Why is usi ng a lens che ating, any more than us ing a
In clarity and colour, they are amazing, but they could not be preser ved, except by drawing. They we re living projections. There is no dou bt th at painters saw colour images, optical projections which loo k like paintings, and they made paintings which look like optical projections. The old masters saw moving colour pictures. Hockney pursued the the ory with a rt historians and friends. From eve rywhere, the evidence accumulated. A mere artist, a hand , brush and pencil man, seemed to have spotted what the combine d intellects of academic art history had m issed. It soun ds, at first hearing, a complex theory. But here is the simp le version. Think of three periods of art his tory, all defined by ph otography. First, the use of lenses from th e Renaissance to the midnineteenth century. A trick of the art ist's trade, not much talked about t o lay men. Second, the arrival of chemically fixed photography, which immedia tely th reatens the painters' trade. A rtists r espond by either trying to turn
plumb line? Bu t they were certainly being helpe d ... with photography. When I met Hockney in his Lond on studio, he was flinging out i deas. 'The photograph is far , f ar olde r than we think. It's just that they didn 't have the chemica l fixative un til the nineteenth century,' he says. 'It frees us. It makes the a rtists of th e past much closer. They wer e marvellous a rtists and their techniques have a gre at deal to teach the artists of today.' Hockney created a massive ga llery of photos and postcards of paintings on a wall of his Californian studio, running from t he 1300s to the la st century, divided into Northern a nd Southern European, a long wh ich breakthroughs in realism become strikingly obvious. Each, he th inks, corresponds to a new techno logical breakthrough in le ns making, with the f irst around 1420. That is well known a nd much discussed. But why did it happen? Hockney chuckles in de rision; 'Oh, they say, suddenly in 1420 everyone could draw bett er. From that moment you never see a badly d rawn basket again in Western art. They are suddenly all perfectly woven, in
back to the pr e-lens era or by emphasising an antiphotographic style of p ainting.The third phase, through which we are living today, is that of the computer. The computer allows the manipulation of the photographic image. Chemical photography gives way to digital technology, which can be infinitely manipulated and manipulation means drawing. Since photographs are going to be increasingly mad e by drawing, the photograph has really lost its veracity. Here, triumphantly, the Hockney case that th e great masters used lenses comes full circle, returning us in 2001 to the r evival of d rawing, another life-long passion. 'For 400, nearly 500 year s, the hand w as involved with the camera. Artists were using th e l ens. Then for 160 years, you had chemical photography . But that has now come to an end, and with d igital photography, you hav e got the hand back in the camera. This is why photography is changing and ac tually moving back t owards drawing and painting.' And Hockney leans b ack and laughs. As well he m ight.
e result of David Hockney's work is that B C D
the theory has been accepted too quickly. it is no longer understood how these artists painted. the work of wel l-known artists has been discredited. the artists' works must be viewed differently.
35 The writer takes pains not to suggest that the painters were cheating because A B C D 36
Hockney could do f ast, accurate pencil drawings using lenses. he cons iders the use of lenses an accep table technique. as the paintings were studied, it became clear that lenses were used. modern day a rtists use photography to help them.
Hockney considers that drawing became better in 1420 because A B C
the improvement corresponded with the first improvement in lensmaking. the depiction of objects suddenly gained greater importance in art. each breakthrough in r ealism corresponded with a breakthrough in lens making.
D
new types o f lenses spread across Italyfrom then onwards.
37 The old masters used lensesto A B C D 38
copy paintings . keep a record of the image. see coloured images. improve on their abilities.
How did artists r eact when fixed photography was introduced? A
They at tempted to paint their subjects more r ealistically.
B C D
They responded by using lenses themselves to paint. They turned to a mo re abstract style. They began us ing computers instead of a camera.
39 What does the writer mean when he says that photography has 'lost its veracity'? A B C D 40
Digital technology is increasingly being used in photography. Artists are us ing computers to produce their work instead of brushes. Photographs cannot be r elied upon to produce a true image. Digitaltechnology allows images to be changed by hand.
What does the writer mean in paragraph 7 by 'the Hockney case ... comes f ull circle'? A B C D
Artists are reverting to an older style of painting. Photography now involves earlier techniques. Artists are increasingly using lenses again. Painting and drawing have been superseded by photography.
~
1
P a p e r 2 - W r itin g
(2 hours)
You have read t he extract below as part o f a newspa per ar ticle on recent legislation intended to ens ure citizens' safety. Wri te a letter to the newspaper in response t o the article, co mmenting on the points raised and giving your views.
"I have neve r understood why the government feels it is its job to tell people how to live their l ives. Why should motorcyclists be f orced to wear helmets ? Why should motorists wear seatbelts? Why s hould people be for bidden to smoke in some areas? If people wa nt to do dangerous things, then that is up to the individual not the govern ment."
-;i e an answer to one of the question s 2-4 in this part . Write your answer in 300-350 words in an _. ropriate style.
2
You are employed as the activ ities co -ordinator at the local leisure centre. Your manager has ask ed you t o write a proposal on h o w to attr act more people in the c ommunity to th e c entre. In your pr oposal you hould include ideas on what activities may be organised and how the y would be beneficial to th e ommunity.
3
Your school or univer sity magazine is running a series of articles on how film and /or TV can influence attitudes. Write an article for th e magazine briefly describing an appropriate film and /or TV programme and explain to what extent your own attitudes have been influenced.
Several schools in your area have closed recently as they were no longer need ed. You have been asked to \\Tite a proposal on what should be don e with the sports fields that are no w redundant. In your proposal you should include ideas that would benefit the local communit y.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(1hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-15, read the text b elow and think of the word which best fits each space. Use on ly one wor each space. There is an example at the be ginning (0). Write your answers on the separate answer sheeL Example:
0
of
_
B AZAA R S A bazaa r was src ina lly spread
a publ ic market
R L .. a Persian town . From Persia the
dis t r ict (0)
to Arabia , Turk e y, an d Nor th Afric a. In India it ca me to (I)
shop ; and in cur ren t Engl ish u sage it r efe rs to (2) mis cellane ous
art icles and to a fair at (3)
The fami liar baz aar
o f the
anc ient
applied
: a single shop su ch m
(7) (8)
(6)
Islami c nat ion s is vi vidly de scr ibed
all the purve yors
(9) na r row str eet
the baz aar
of
or concess ion sel ling
(4)
the
is a dist inct qua
whi ch is forb idde n after su ndo wn
the qui eter res ide nti al qua
to a single
iscel lany is sold , of ten for c ha r ity .
traditi onal folktal es of The Thous and and One Ni gh t s' . (5) town , ac cess
ter m
r ter of t he
, bu stling an d no isy by day
r ter s. Such a baz aar may be div ide d int o dis tricts,
of one type of mer ch and ise in sma ller towns is
gr oup ed tog ether .
of
(10)
stalls , in larg er cities such as Istanbu l it i s by
(I I)
a single
mean s simpl e,
co nsisting of many mil es of such passage ways . Some baz aars , such as t he (12) at S as ha n an d Isfah an in Ir an in t he 17 th centur y , were de sign ed integ rity. The y wer e us ual ly ro ofed
( 14)
(13)
for protection
built
wi th gr ea t a r chitectura l the ho
t desert
su n,
with a single roof of indiv idua l vaul ted dom es or · wit h awni ngs . Mos t of these
an cient ba za a r s hav e gra dua lly be en mod e r nized
(15)
the cent urie s.
,
-
uestions 16-25, read the tex t below. Us e the word given in ca pitals at the end of some o f the lines to form
_
ord that fits in the space in the sa me line. There is an example at the beg inning ( 0). Write your answers on e eparate answer sheet.
~
o_d
m _ e _ s t _i c _ a _ t _ e _ d
_
The Cat -h Ie
(0) d omest icated
ca t , more common Iy re f erre d t 0 as the oh use ca t ,
is the smallest member of the (16)
have s
treamlined
of the cat as
wild, are renowned f or the ir acute sense of balance, amazing (19)
.
in the sense that they have never (21)
AGILE GRACE
movements.
In contrast to m an's b est friend the dog , cats are not considered animals
CHARACTER
bodies,
tails an d specially evolved teeth and claws.
All of these physical attributes contribute to the (18)
and lithe, (20)
EXTEND
feline family. Like their wild
ousins, house cats (17) classically shaped skulls, elongated
DOMESTIC
to be soc ial
travelled in packs
or adopted leaders. Dogs, o n the other hand, which have alw ays been soc ial (22)
, seem to have been better suited for the fireside hea rth as t hey
CREATE
-----------------------For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be u sed appropriately in all three sentences. Here i s an example (0).
0
g_o_o d
_
hough the cast le buildings are closed dur ing the wee k, the
are op en to the public'
I om 9 to 5 eve ry day.
Since all possible p roblems have bee n fo reseen, there should be no
for any
complaint.
Tina was emp loyed two years ago on a
basis and has since
found a permanent
position in the marketing depa rtment.
Such a(n)
style of d ress is not acceptable
in su ch a p rofessional
working
environment.
The government period.
i sfully
to any dangers the count
ry might enco unter
in the coming
----------------------------------For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a s imilar meaning to the first sent ence, using the word given. Do not change the word giv en. You must use bet ween three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
~
a _ f_ e _ s u _ lt _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _ f _ o _ m _ o _ ti _ o n
The book novelist.
_
it had be en written by such a goo
36
If anyone can g et lost, he wil l. depended He
37
getlost
.
Philip rarely bot hers about what oth er people
think.
takes Philip
38
whatoth
er people th ink.
Protective clothing must be worn when entering this are a . forb idd en It
39
There w ill be no progre ss until we have fully understood
prote
ctive clothing.
the problem .
full Notuntilthere is
beanyprogress.
•... _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ For q uestions 40-44, read the following texts about comedy. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or s hort phrase. Y ou do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, w rite a summary according to t he instructions given. Write your answers to questions 40-44 on the separate
answer sheet.
The American public has never bee n qu ite comfortable in the presence of comedy. The calculated ridicule and the relentless exposure of ten seem c ruel or unfair to a democ ratic public. If all men are created equal, then it ill becomes anyone to laugh at follies that are l ikely to be shared, given the common background of soc ial opportunity and exper ience of t he ge neral public. There is an insecurity in the mass aud ience that is not compatible with the h igh self -assurance of comedy as i t judges between the wise and the fool ish of the worl d. The cr itical spirit of comedy has neve r been welcome in American literature; in both fiction and drama, humour, not come dy , has rais ed the laughter. Amer ican literature can boast a n honourable tradition o f humorists, from Ma rk Twain to James Thurber, but has p roduced no genuinely comic w riter. As Amer ican social a nd moral tenets were sub jected to increasing critical scrutiny from the la te 1960s onwa rd, however, there were some striking achievements in comedy in var ious media: Edward Albee 's American D ream and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? on the stage; novels such as those of Saul Bel low and Joseph Heller's Catch-22; and films such as Dr. Str ange/ave. This last e xample is remarkable, because comedy in the medium of film in America had been conceived as entertainment and not mu ch mo re. That is not to say tha t film come dies lacked style. The best of them always d isplayed verve and poise and a thoroughly professional knowledge of how to am use the public without troubling it.
'i -
line 17
European film makers produced comedies of considerable stature owing to the old and intellectual tradition of comedy available to them . Among Fre nch direc tors, Jean Renoir, in his The Rules of the Game, conveyed a moving human drama and a prof ound ly serious vision o f French life on the eve of World War II in a form , deriving f rom the theatre, that blends the comic and the tragic . Though not generally regarded as a comic artist, the Swedish film maker Ingmar Be rgman p roduced a masterpiece of film comedy in Smiles o f a Summer Night, a wise , wry accou nt of the i ndignities that must sometimes be endured by those who have exaggerated notions of the ir wisdom o r virtue. The f ilms of the Italian director and write r Fellini represent a comic vision worth y of P irandello. La Dolce Vita is a luridly sa tiric vision of modern decadence, where ideals are tr avestied by reality, and everything is illusion and disillusionment. 8% and Juliet of the Sp irits are Fellini 's most br illiantly inventive films, but their technical exuberance is controlled by a profoundly serious comic purpose . The principals -in both films are see king - through the phantasmagor ia of their pas t and p resent, of their dreams and their delusions, all of wh ich seem hope lessly mixed with their real aspirations - to know themselves.
44
In a para graph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in you r own words as fa r as possible , American and European attitudes to comedy d iffer. Write your summary on the sepa r ate answ er sheet .
how,
line 11
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four d ifferent extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answe r (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear . There are two ques tions for eac h extract.
I
Extract One
1
2
The teacher says that haiku A
has a deceptively simple form.
B
is limited because of its length .
C
contains two simila r ideas.
The teacher desc ribes haiku as 'active' because A
it has a strong rhythm.
B
it makes the reade r work.
C
it is s till a popular art form.
I Extract Two
3
4
I
I
The couple agree A
on their son's ability to make good decisions.
B
that their son shou ld be self-sufficient.
C
on their son's need for formal qualifications.
Compared to the man, the woman is A
conservative.
B
realistic.
C
naive.
c t Three
I
Total colour blindness A
is more common
B
is a he reditary condition.
in men than in women .
e
affects fewer people than partial colour blindness.
Colour blindness
7
8
A
can exempt the s ufferer from some types of employment .
B
affects many aspects of the suf ferer's life.
e
means sufferers are obliged to undergo tests.
According to the lecture many people lef t their homes due to A
the large number of roads and rai lways.
B
their inability to find wo rk.
e
the l ack of land available.
The speaker believes that people's attitudes to work were based on A
their backgrounds.
B
a desire for profit.
e
market forces.
-----------------------------------will hear a radio r eport about a species of shark called a Great White. For questions
9-17, complete the
Y ~) U
sentences with a word o r short phrase.
_ _ _ _ _ _0
Sharks need deep water to giv e them
I~
~
to
attack a seal.
Jumping out of the water is possibly a way of
I~
Sharks turn over whe n they breach because their
IJ ::!J I
seals.
@]
at the front.
Sharks have been
1
The number of sharks has
The shark's
[1 3 ]
I~
~
I
A shark produces
the same for millions of years.
~ very few young when it
enormously
is a p rized ingredient for certain dishes.
1
____________
recently.
[iS ] . ~~that
'ou will he ar an in t erview with Marion D'Souza about homes exchanged for ho lidays. For questions 18-22, -' DOse the answer (A, B , C or D) w hich best fits what you hear.
18
Marion feels that 'Ho useswaps A
9
S
by carefully vetting its clients .
C
by finding out about a client 's home.
D
by checking available accommodation .
Subscription A
20
aIJ
to be too high beca use
do not ha ve to pa y for t he exc hange.
S
of the cost of keeping records up to date. damage insurance is included in the price.
D
they issu e three cata logues
per year .
~
Marion believes that the area s visited wi ll gain because people will spend more mone y on accommodat ion.
S
families generally prefer home exchanges .
C
people will ha ve mor e money to spend when on ho liday.
D
home exch anges are popular with pro fessional
people.
C § ]
Marion says tha t Ana from Spain was A
extremely envious.
S
always enthusiastic .
C
never satisfied.
D
22
charges are not considered
subscribers
C
A
21
UK ' provides safeguards
by its mere existence.
initially dubious.
Marion thinks that pro spects for 'Houseswaps' A
getting better all the time.
S
not very good in Spain .
C D
~
are
better in Europe than elsewhere. poor in tou rist areas.
C § 81
----------------------------
You will hear two doctors, Simon and Liz, talk ing about a new theory of autism. For questions whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the spea kers, or whether the speakers agree. Write or
S
for Simon
L
for Liz
B
for Both
23-28, decide
Paper 5 - Speaking
(approx. 20 minutes)
~ e . peaking test involves two candidates and two ex aminers. One examiner, the Interloc utor, will speak to hile the ot her, the Assesso r, will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes) ·ou will be asked quest ions in turn about certain aspects of your personal life; where you are fro m, what you o for a living, w here you go to sc hool, your hobbie s and your gener a l opinion on certain topics .
Part 2 (4 minutes) You will be aske d to discuss the photographs on p age 165 together. There are two stages in this pa rt. Stage 1 ere are some phot ographs of different types of tec hnological advances . Look at pictures 1 and 3 on page 165 and /k together about what life was like befo re these e xisted. Stage 2 ow look at all the pic tures. Imagine you are a member of a government committee appointed to invest money in ne of the aspects of prog ress shown. Talk together about which would be the be st investment and why the others '1ould be less advantageous.
Part 3 (12 minutes) You will be as ked to talk on you r own, com ment on what your partner says and "ith your partner and the Inter locutor around a certain t heme.
join in a thr ee -way discussion
Work and the work place One candidate will be asked to loo k at prompt card (a) and talk about it for two m inutes. here are also some ideas for the candidate to use i f e/she wishes. The other candidate will then be as ked if he/she has anything to add. Then the Interlocutor will as k both candidates a question such as: • Should people be forc ed to retire at a certain age ?
The second candidate is then g iven prompt card (b) and asked to discuss it f or two m inutes. The other candidate will then be as ked if he/she has anything to add. Then both cand idates will be asked a question on the subject, such as: • How far would you agree that new father s should be granted pate rnity leave f rom their jobs ?
Prompt Card (a)
Prompt Card (b)
How do yo u think the wor k place wil l cha nge in t he nex t 50 years?
To what extent do you think job s th ey do ?
- working week - robotics - gender roles
- athletes/entertainers - the developing world - qualifications
peop le are fair ly paid fo r the
The test will then be concluded with a numbe r of general questio ns about the topic : • • • •
Should people be free to cr oss inte rnational borders in search of em ployment? To what e xtent should the state pro vide employment for people who have been made redundant? Should the state pr ovide pensions for all ? How great a threat i s unemployment?
Paper 1 - Reading
(1hour 30 minut es)
For questions 1.18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
FARADAY AND
- including the principle of the electric motor, the transformer and the dynamo, work that (3) . the way for the development of
L IG H T H O U S E S
technologies on for electricity. The researchbased he did Trinity House was far less excit ing . Over the years, he experimented with different oils, looking for one that would burn brighter and more (4) He checked out new designs of lamps and made
Faraday was (1) adviser to Trinity House in 1836 , a job he held for a lmost 30 years. By the 1830s, he had alread y made the greatest (2) of his career
1
A
applied
B
positioned
C
appointed
D
allotted
2
A
breakthroughs
B
breakdowns
C
breakouts
D
breakaways
3
A
set
B
established
C
made
D
paved
4
A
efficiently
B
competently
C
capably
D
effectually
5
A
encased
B
housed
C
sheltered
D
accommodated
6
A
fading
B
lessening
C
dimming
D
shading
stronomers may have t aken a step towards understanding the origins of Earth's oceans - thanks to a (7) comet. All the evidence suggests that when the Earth was formed it was too hot to (8) water. So, astronomers (9) that the oceans came fro m comets bombarding Earth shortly after its formation. However, (10) show that these icy celestial ob jects contained too much 'heavy' water (one hydrogen
A
84
improvements to the opti cs. Lighthouse keepers had a lot of problems with water. One which constantly arose was the amoun t of condensation that ran down th e windows of the room at the top of the tower that (5) theoi l lamps. Condensation reduced th e intensity of the light beam and in cold weather the water froz e, (6) the light s till more.
atom in the water molecule contains an additional neutron) to be (11) for Earth's oceans . Further progress was not made until comet Linear fel l to pieces during late July, 2000 and released more than three billion kilograms of wa ter in to space. Chemical analyses suggest this comet probably contained the right elements for Ea rth's oceans. Astronome rs are now searc hing for more comets like Linear to (12) their ideas.
7
A
decomposing
B
disintegrating
C
dismantling
D
disentangling
8
A
enclose
B
hold
C
embody
D
carry
9
A
proposed
B
recommended
C
stipulated
D
specified
10
A
examinations
B
reviews
C
dissertations
D
studies
11
A
responsible
B
liable
C
answerable
D
accountable
12
A
ratify
B
confirm
C
certify
D
resolve
CADET SCHOOL The Director nodded , 'Yes. Well, we've (13) our system over a long pe riod of time, and we 've found that home v isits just don 't fit into the picture until the cadet is tho roughly oriented
to our (14) of doing things. We say a year merely as a general gu ide. Sometimes it's longer than that . Parents can vis it here at (15) times.' The Director (16) . enquiringly a t Mr Holston, who tried to think of some mo re questions but could not . 'Actually,' the Direc tor continued,
13
A
written ou t
B
worked out
C
14
A
usage
B
process
C
way
'the cade ts seem to prefer it this way, once they get started . What we're (17) , Mr Holston, is to motivate them to achieve success, which means success in becom ing a fu lly oriented membe r of this community and you can see ho w home visits might cause a lit tle (18) in the process.'
phased out
0
brought out
0
custom
15
A
specific
B
distinctive
C
characteristic
0
distinguishing
16
A
leered
B
gazed
C
ogled
0
gaped
17
A
standing for
B
looking for
C
hunting for
0
making for
18
A
distortion
B
disorganisation
C
disruption
0
distinction
--
------------------
You are going to read fou r extracts whic~ are al l concerned in some way with precious stones. For quest ions 19-
26, choose the answer ( A, B , C or D) whIch you thin k fits best according to the te xt.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
First,a diamond possessesextraordinary powers of light reflection. When properly cut, it gathers light within itself, reflecting it back in a shower of fire It is perhaps difficult to believe that diamond, like graphite and charcoal, is a form of
carbon.
and brilliance. Second, it is the only gem mineral composed of a single, unadulterated element,
Diamond crystallises in cubic form, at enormous pressures and high temperatures over the course of millions of years (much diamond occu rs aswellformed crystals, most commonly as octahedral or eight-sided crystal). The process hasbeen imitated under laboratory conditions and then applied industrially to create artificial diamonds. These
making it the purest of earth's gemstones. Thirdly, it is the hardest transparent substance know n to man. Steel, f or example, of which most machine tools are made, cannot cut diamond. The only material that can cut diamond
is... another
diamond! Therefore, for that purpose, the industry uses,'industrial grade', usually black, diamonds.
have proven to be mainly of either industrial, plain quality or very small in size. The diamond's exceptional
properties arise from the cr ystal
structure, in which the bonding between the carbon atoms is immensely strong and uniform.
A
its ab ility to withstand division.
B
the fact that it consists of carbon.
e
its inherent composition .
D
the way it is cut .
A
their physical characteristics.
B
the fact that they are natural stones.
e
the fact that they cannot be easily changed.
D
their being difficult to make.
It is fitting that the purest and most brilliant of all the world's
stones should also be the most
enduring one. These qualities make a diamond the perfect symbol of engagement and love.
An Unusual Stone In the latter pa rt of the 19th century, the jewel lery profession was st rictly confined to prec ious stones. No so -called fancy stone s were on sale in any jew ellery store in the countr y ; one could scarcely find them in a lap idary shop, yet, revi ew ing the beautiful min erals that I had gath ered during my min eralogical inv estigations, it seemed to me t hat many women , even t hose who could afford the ge sture of a diamond tia ra and pearl choker , would be
happy to array
themselves in the end less gorgeous colours o f these gems. So one day , armoured in youthful enthusiasm, I wrapped a tourmal ine in a b it of g em paper , swung on a ho rse car , and all the way to my destinat ion rehearsed my a rguments. Arrived there, I was fina lly received by th e managing head of w hat was even then the largest jewe l lery establishment
in the world an d
showed him my dr op of gr een light. I explained - a very little; the g em itself was its own best argument. Tiffany bought it - the great dealer s in precious stones bought th eir first tourmal ine from me. The cheque, which crinkl ed in my po cket as I w alked home
in the late afternoon,
stargazing, tripping over curbs, meant very l ittle in comparison with the fact that I had interested the foremost jeweller of that t ime in my revolutionary theo ry and made the acqu aintance of a man who was later to become my clo se fr iend.
A
He was too nerv ous to say muc h.
B
His conci se arguments persuaded the jeweller .
C
The stone's potential was obv ious to the jewe ller.
o
The jeweller didn 't have time to spare .
A
He had profited from the sal e of his humble gem .
B
He had d eveloped an important relationship.
C
He had sold h is gem to a
o
He had succe ssfully challenged a bias.
conservative jeweller.
------------------------DIAMONDS ARE A GIRL'S BEST FRIEND 'A kiss on the hand may be quite continental, but diamonds are a girl 's best friend,' professed a Marilyn Monro e showered with the brilliant jewels. Composed of pure carbon, the rock is not the rarest of gems but found in abundance the world over. However, every time one of the stones is purchased, a credulous public is buying into a cunning marketing campaign conceived by the De Beers ' cartel - a company that almost since its begi nning in the late 19th century has attempted to e xclusively control the world's diamond supply . After the Great Depression, as Europe was preparing for another devastating world war , Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, then owner of the diamond empire, needed another market for his ware s. As a result , he sent his son Harry from Johannesburg, South Africa, to New York. The objective was to transform America 's taste
A
for small low-quality stones into one which would open its wal lets to the h igher-quality gems no longer selling in Europe . Into the hands of the N. W. Ayer advertising agency came the challenge . The American attitudes towards gift giving and romance were researched extensively, resulting in an enduring advertising campaign. Without ever mentioning the De Beers name, 'A Diamond is Forever ',was the slogan used to establi sh a tradition aimed at capturing hearts and loosening purse str ings. Men, women, children - no one was spa red. Diamond rings became the best way to declare one's eternal love. The bigger the rock, the greater the devotion . Furthermore, one's salary could be ostentatiously flaunt ed on a woman 's finger. Having permeated American cul ture, De Beers set out to eventually manipulate the perceptions of the rest of the world .
change Americans' attitudes towards buying presents .
B
inform the public of a d iamond's rarity.
C
create a need for more expensive sto nes.
D
ensure that all types of people wer e in p ossess ion of a diamond.
A
cunning.
B
selling.
C
enduring.
D
loosening .
Jade The track leads down to a sma ll encampment. As the sun's f irst glow appears, its aura illuminates a Yunnan t rader preparing for the day ahead. With a watchmaker's precision, the possess ions in his thly onto world aarmule's e gathered together placed into burlapallsacks. These ar e then strear apped saddle, a s toneand picked up from the nearby river helping to balance the load. He sets off in the misty light just before dawn, slowly working his w ay alongside a small river snaking through the valley bottom. The su rrounding jungle pushes in everywhere, clothing all in a sticky green glow.Each step a ma rk of patience - down the track, into the sunlight... into history ... into immortality ... for the rock on the mule's back is no ordinary stone. Burma's jade mines are on t he brink of discovery. In the same remote corner of the planet, yesteryear's idyll is today broken. Across the naked earth crawl thousands of human ants, prying boulders loose from the compact brown soil. As a boulder is turned over, it is qUickly examined,then discarded, along with the mounds of dirt that surround it. The operation is a study in patience. The construction of Egypt's Great Pyramids was a similar study in patience but with one important difference. That in Upper Burma consists of deconstruction, the dismantling o f entire mountains, one pe bble at a t ime. All involved share a singleminded devotion to the task. Patience, patience - those who hurry lose, they miss something, they don't go to hea ven.Those who hurry don't find j ade.
A B
e D
A B
e D
entirely unintentional. a histo rical event. a difficult achievement. shrouded in greed.
is a laborious process. leads to a virtuous life. jeopardises the workers' lives. is a spiritual experience.
----------------------------------------You are going to read an extract from an article about rock paintings. Seven par agraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A-H the one whic h fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet .
All eyes are on the shaman: arms outstretched , head back, her face hidden beh ind a mask . She wears a long, tapering cap, and clutches a short wand in each hand . There are tassels at her h ips and elbows, and these jump as she beg ins to move . The cro wd around her watches, spellbound, as she emb arks upon her journey to the sp irit world .
§J~
_
The suggest ion that thi s rock a rt may be the oldest known depi ction of a shama nistic ritual comes from a gro up o f researchers led by Per Michaelsen, a geologist at James Cook University in Queensland. They argue that the se anc ient paintings ma y represent not only ea rly religious p ractices but perhaps also a cu ltural her itage common to all humans. Such daring new theor ies do not go down well wi th the rock art establ ishment. But regardless of whi ch ideas prevail, the controversy is certain to attract attention to an astonishing record o f a vanished people .
§J
_
Michaelsen estimates th at there may be as many as 100,000 Bradshaw 'galleries' tucked under rock overhangs along the region's major rive r sys tems. Many of the pa intings have neve r been studie d. But observations made by o ther researchers over the past few decades reveal several d istinct ar tistic styles. Researchers recogn ise at least four major periods which they can place in chrono logical o rder by looking at patte rns of weathering and instances where one style is super imposed upon anoth er .
~ ~ ~
The subje cts' dress changes over time, as does the style of the pa intings themselves. The next oldest figures are no table for the sashes aroun d their midriffs. These sash fig ures still have armbands , but not the prom inent tassels .
§J
_
There are also so-called elegant action figures of people running and hun ting, which are dif ficult to date because none is superimposed on a painting from another p eriod. However, the abstract style suggests that they were created some t ime after the tassel and sash figu res.
§ ] In 1997, a group le d by Richard Roberts, now at the University of Melbourne, u sed a te chnique known as lumine~cence dating to assign a minimum age of 17,000 years to one o f the younger paintings. The second study, also published in 1997 , used radiocarbon dating and ca me up with a much younger estimate : about 4,000 years. Its author, Alan Watchman, believes the Bradshaw culture might date ba ck from bet ween 5 ,000 and 6,000 years, but rejects the idea that it could be 17,000 years old or more.
§ ] ~ -
Either way, the Bradsha w people were not the srci nal inhabi tants o f the Kimberley. Their paintings have little in co mmon with the crudely rendered animals of the region's oldest art. Archaeological evidence suggests the first settlers of the Kimberley arrived at least 40,000 years ago. They wou ld have found a region o f open tro pical forest and woodlands where they seem to ha ve flourished for 10,000 years. Then things began to cha nge.
§ ] Intriguingly, one of the Bradshaw paintings shows a boat with ups wept prow and stern, and multiple paddlers. It r aises the possibility that the artists were originally a seafarin g people. The id ea that the Bradshaw people came fr om Indonesia or further afield has a long pedigree in Australian anthr opology, but there is no hard e vidence to su pport it.
Both researchers stand by their results . Roberts spects that Watchman 's radiocarbon samples might have bee n contaminated by traces of younger carbon. Watchman thinks that the ainting dated by Roberts was , in fact, preBradshaw. Despite their differences of opinion, e two are currently working together and expect o present new results before the end of the year. e Bradshaws, as the paintings are collectively own, were first noted by Europeans in 1891 and take their name f rom Joseph Bradshaw, the ancher who described them. They are found in a egion known as the Kimberley, a remote place even by Australian standards. It is a rugged sandstone landscape of plunging canyons and - eacherous swamps. Younger than the sash and tassel ed figures , the o hes-peg figures are much more highly stylised. e older paintings tend to show profiles . but " ese are frontal portraits. Gone is the anatomical etail, and many figures assume aggressive "a ces and carry multi-barbed spears and spear owers.
The others are skeptical. Grahame Walsh, author of the most comprehensive book on the Bradshaws to date, is critical of the newcomers ' lack of e xperience. He says that there are many people beginning to enter the Kimberley rock art scene and set themselves up as experts. He has so far found nothing that indicates shamanism and warns that one has to be extremely cautious in attempting to link such prehistoric ar t with comparatively modern art in distant countries. All these paintings provide a wealth of detail about the material culture of the Bradshaw people. Yet, despite this, nobody knows when the Bradshaw culture developed or where it came from. Only two groups have attempted to date the paintings directly, and their results are widely different. The oldest and largest paintings, which are up to 1.7 metres tall, are known as the tasseled figures. They are the most realistic of the images and show figures in static poses in what appears to be ceremonial dress. The figures are character ised by tassels attached to the upper arms, elbows , hips and knees .
e Ice Age brought cooler temperatures, strong • 'nds and lower rainfall to northern Australia. The sea level dropped, and at times, during the glacial aximum. it was up to 140 metres below its esent level. The coastline was as much as 400 'Iometres further to the north-west . Australia was nected by land to New Guinea and separated om Southeast As ia by just a narrow chan nel. uld the Bradshaw culture have arrived in stralia at this time?
That is one possible interpretation of a scene recorded thousands of years ago on a remote rocky outcrop in north-west Australia. The painting is part of a vast collection that opens a window on an ancient. hunter-gatherer society that may date back to the last ice age. Despite the quality and e xtent of this record , much about the paintings remains a mystery. Who were the artists? When were the paintings done - and what ciQ,\.""~\.l"m.~'6-~"
~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - You are going to read part of an article on advertising. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B , C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate
answe r sheet.
The average citizen is bombarded with TV commercials, posters and newspaper advertisements wherever he goes. Not only this , but promotional
a purely ph ilanthropic gesture on the part of the companies concerned, the othe r side of the coi n is a pervasive commercial presence in the classroom , where textbooks and resou rce books are increasingly like ly to bear a company logo.
material is consta ntly on v iew, with every available public space from shop to petrol station covered with advertising of some kind. People who are fo olish enough to drive with their windows open are likely to have leaflets advertising everything and anything thrust in at them . The amount of adver tising to whi ch we a re exposed is phenomenal , yet adver tisers are being hurt by their industry 's worst recession in a de cade and a conviction that is in many respec ts more frightening than the booms and busts of cap italism: the belief that advertising can go no fu rther . Despite the ingenuity of the advertisers, who , in their need to make their advertisements as visually attractive as possible, often totally obscure the message , the consumer has become increasingly cynical and simpl y blanks out all but the subtlest messages. The advertising industry has therefore turned to a more vulnerable target: the young.
This marked sh ift in adver tising perceptions also means that a grea t deal of supposedly adult advertis ing has an infantile appeal, inasmuch as adult products can be pres ented within an anecdote or narrative, thus making the message mo re accessible to young teenagers and smaller children. Children obviously cannot buy these things for themselves; what is behind these advertisements is more subtle. Advertisers have come to recognize that if ch ildren can successfully pester their parents to b uy them the lates t line in tra iners, then they can a lso in fluence their paren t's choice of ca r or cred it card, and so ch ildren become an adv ertising tool in themselves. There are many , on all sides of the ideologica l spectrum, who would argue tha t advertising has litt le influence on children, who are e xposed to such a huge variety of visua l images that adver tisements simply
The messa ges specifically aimed at children are for toys and games - whose promotional budgets increased fivefold in the 1990s - and fast food , which dominates the ch ildren's advertising ma rket. However, the main t hrust of adv e rtising in this area is no longe r towards traditional children 's products. Advertisers acknowledge that the commerc ial pressures of the 1990s had an e xtraordinary effect on childhood: it is now generally believed that the cut-o ff po int fo r buying toys has been fallin g by one year every five years. Research suggests that while not so many years ago children were happy with Lego or simil a r construction games at ten or eleven , most of today 's children abandon them at six or seven. In effect , the result is the p remature ageing of childre n. There is nowhere where the advertising indust ry's latest preoccupation with the you ng is so evident as in schools. Increasingly low budgets have left schools
become lost in theparents, crowd. who Rather, theywish would that it is the indulgent do not theirargue childre n to lac k for any thing, who boos t sales figures. While there may be a great dea l of truth in this, it would seem t hat to deny tha t advertising influences at all because there is so muc h of it , while accepting that other aspects of l ife do have an effect, is a little disingen uous . In fact, the advertising industry itself admits that since pee r pressure plays such an important role in children 's lives, they are not d ifficult to persuade. And of cou rse, their minds are not yet subje ct to the advertising overload their pa rents suffer from. The question that arises is whe ther indeed, we as a soc iety can accep t that children , far from being in som e sense p rotected from the my riad of pressures, decisions and choices which impin ge on an adult's life, should now be expo sed to this influ ence in all asp ects of their lives , in wa ys that we as a dults have no cont rol ove r. Or do we ta ke the atti tude that,
vulnerable to corpo rate funding and sponsorship schemes in order to provide much needed equipment , such as com puters, or to enable them to run literacy schemes. While on the face of it th is would seem to be
as with every thing else f rom crossing ci ty stree ts to the intense competition of the modern world , children will have to learn to cope , so the soone r they are e xposed the better?
• a does the writer say abou t advertising in the first paragraph? B C
Capitalism has led to the dem ise of advertising. We should have a cyn ical vie w of advertisers. Advertising is facing new chal lenges these days.
o
The industry has run out o f new ideas. e bombardment of advertisements has led to
A B C
children taking more notice of them . greater diff iculty in attracting consumers' attention. more appealing advertisements.
o
people be ing less likely to spe nd money.
ow have children changed during the past de cade? A 8 C
o
They have become consumers. They are grow ing up more quickly. They are becoming c leverer. They are not playing as much . at does the w riter imply in the th ird paragraph?
A B C
o
Advertising agencies need to preserve their reputations. Schools welcome aid from big busi ness. There are restr ictions on how fina ncial aid may be used . Companies expect nothing in return for thei r help. w have children changed the face of advertising?
A
Children are in fluencing the pu rchases of adult products.
B C
They are now the adver tising industry's sole ma rket. More products have to be sold to child ren . Children have b ecome more selective in their choices.
o
at does the writer s uggest in the last pa ragraph? A B C
o
Adults feel inc reasingly threatened by advertising. Children are unlikely to be in fluenced by their friends. Parents avo id s pending too much mone y o n their children. Children have a less sheltered existence than they used to.
In the text as a wh ole, the w riter's purpose is to A B C
o
explain the inspiration for adve rtisements. expose the exploitation of children. deter parents from g iving in to adv ertisers. prevent advertisers from infiltrating schools.
~riting
1
(2 hours)
Your school or college has been allocated a large grant from the gov ernment. It has unveiled a plan t o use the money to re novate the library. However, the fo llowing rema rks were ma de at the last st udent council meeting to discuss this pla n.
What about the condition of the buildings? Bring them into the 21st century!
Th e old library is still perfectly suited to our needs. What our school/college really needs is better sports facilities.
It's a disgrace that there is no properly equipped auditorium fo r music and drama performances.
The student council has asked people to submit proposals in which they express the ir views on the school /college's plan and comm ent on o ther people's suggestions.
an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part . Write your answer in 300-350 words in an ropriate style.
-" ';-a
2
A magazine has asked its r eaders to contribute to a special edition it is bringing out entitled 'Childhood to Adulthood'. Readers are invited to send in articles in which they describe childhood experiences which had a great influence on their lives.
3
You work for the newly set up local tourist board of a previously undeveloped part of your country. The board is trying to prom ote the area as a destination for summer and winter holidays. You have bee n asked to visit some local place s of interest to assess their value in attracting tourists.
The restaurant of a successful chain has just received a new area supervisor . As manager of the restaurant, ou are aware of the main problems of its employees : Write a report for the new sup ervisor summarising the complaints, identifying the most urgently needed changes and making recommendations for achieving these.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(l hour 30 minut es)
For questions 1-15, read the t ext below and thi nk of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There i s an ex ample at the beg inning (0). Wr ite your answers on the separate Example:
n i_
~
answer sheet.
_
A L L W ORI( A N D N O P L A Y Unive rsal ly, wor k has been ( I)
.!n
a centra l focu s poin t (0)
' real wo r k'. T his is , in fact , a very subjecti ve
is the que stion of what con stitute s
quest ion inde ed . (2)
socie ty. As o ld as the idea of work
yo u to ask a miner , or an y" lab our er for tha t matter, what real
work is, he woul d pro babl y reply th at real work ent ail s work i ng (3)
yo ur ha nds and ,
in t he proce ss , gett ing them dirt y. To the avera ge blue -col lar worker , white- coll ar worke rs are thos e peop le wh o sit in their offic es da y (4) of act ual work . By (6) (7) ad am an tly
This idea
, if you approac hed
so rt with the same qu estio ma intain
intell ectual contributi on is ref fec ted
subjects . Words
a whit e-c oll ar worker
(I I)
(12)
(10) the voc abul a
career, voc ation
(9)
work stat ion o r assembl y line ta sk .
of
their in
. valuable
r y us ed to describe wor k and its related an d p r ofe ssion
learne d perso ns sittin g at desks and usin g their gre y matter
fin an cial , legal or me d ica l mat te r s, (15)
or a pro fessi onal
things.
elevate d con not ati on tha n the sim ple t erm 'job' . T he (14) the idea of
in the line
n , yo u ca n rest assu red that they (8)
tha t the wo rld wo uld stop revolving to the scheme
o r (5)
day doing little
a car ry (13)
.
thr ee lexical items con vey to solve matters
the hu mbl e slave awa y
involving
at some mundane
- ~ q estions 16-25, read the t ext below. Use the word gi ven in capitals a t the end of some of t he lines to for m _ 'ord f at fits in th e space in the same line. There is an example at th e beginning (0). Write your answers on eparate answer sheet.
~
o_ncsmit_pois
_
Pop Musi ca ls rd Andrew Lloyd Webber, a man who se (0) rks, helped (16)
compositions. CO , eclectic rock based
British and American
(17)
OS MP
E
theatre VITAL / MUSIC
he late 20th century. As a st udent at Oxford University(18) , a
PARTNER
" as founded between Webber and Timo thy Rice to put on dra matic productions. eir first (19) echnicolor
successful ventu
re was 'Joseph and The Amazing
Dreamcoat', a pop orat orio for children that ear ned world-wide
accla im.
as followed by the rock opera , 'Jesus Christ Superstar', an ex tremely popular , ough (20)
work that blended classical forms
. h Rice wa s on 'Evita'. 'Cats' was his nex t major produc tion,
to tell the story of
in which he set to
sic verses from a children's boo k by T.S. Eliot. With two (23) arles Hart and Richard Stilgoe , he then composed
CONTROVERSY
,
a hugely successful version
'The Phantom of the Opera '. yd Webber's best works were fla shy spectacles that fea tu red vivid melodies forceful and dramatic staging. He was able to bl end such varied and 24)
genres as rock and roll, English music-hall song, and
SIMILAR
25)
forms into music that had a wide mass appeal.
OPERA
-------------------------------
For q uestions 26-31, think of one word only w hich can be use d appropriately in al l three sentences. Here is an example (0).
~
g_O_O_ d
Stephen blamed the
_
in his
flat on th e fact tha t he co uld find no one to help with the
housework.
Since he was constantly
misinformation
by those around h im, he was never aware
of the real situation.
Children who are not .
on plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables are generally he althier than those
Brian deals mainly with the co mpany's
cl ients, while Mary handles the financial
of
hings.
Julie had to behaviour.
the impulse to answer ba ck when she was reprimanded
for her
-----------------------------------For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a simi lar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not chan ge the wo rd given . You must use between three and eight words, including the wor d given. Here is an exa mpl e (0).
~
a _ r _ e _ s u _ l t _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _ r _ o _ m _ o _n_to_i
_
The plans for a new sports centre are ........................................
Lack of adeq uate collateral may him a loan.
.
unless the cost is r educed.
.
The company's mismanagement.
the owner's
-------------------------------
For questions 40-44, read the fo llowing texts on dyslexia For question s 40-43, answer with a word or shor t phrase. You do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summar y according to the instructions given. Write your answers to quest ions 40-44 on the separa te answer she et .
There is no avoi ding the fact tha t in today's institutes of lea rning, from primary to te rtiary level, it is impossible to absorb and inte rp ret the bulk of the subject ma tter taught w ithout competent reading skills. Moder n schooling assumes l iteracy and numeracy skills and childr en need to be able to read and spell correctly, and also to communicate clearly in w riting. In this educational climate, dyslexic children are at a huge disadvantage . Dyslexia is a co ndition which can aff ect much more than merely the ability to read: the re may be difficulties in pro blem solving or in organising work and time , there may also be pro blems with concentration or remembering pieces of inf ormation long enough to use them. If the child is allowed to work at his ow n pace and level, th en results can be achieve d, but if the cond ition is not picked up it is n ot unusual for the dyslexic child to fin d that school is a peculiarly hostile env ironment, since such a chi ld is a ll too often labelled , by peers and teachers alike, as laz y and uncooperative or simply of low intelligence . This pe rception of the chil d will almo st ce rtainly result in it rejec ting the institution, and disru ptive behaviour and an endu ring sense of failure are th e mos t common results. It is therefore vital that the teache r should be aware of w hat const itutes dyslexia and shou ld be able to counter any feeling in th e child tha t it is inadequate. The teacher must be abl e to provide a classroom situation in which all the childr en, whatever their difficulty, should feel secu re, and through positive reinforcement make it possible for the dyslex ic child to unde rstand tha t he or she can do as
line 11 line 12
well as his or he r peers.
41
In your own wor ds explain what make s teac hers th ink that dysl exic children are 'lazy ' or 'of low intelligence ' (lines 11 and 12) .
:Jyslexia is a disorder that affects millions of peo ple all ove r the wo rld. It is one type of specific earning disability that affects lite racy and wh ich can man ifest itself in a nu mber o f ways. In adults, dyslexia may not have been identi fied and individuals often be lieve t hey have a literacy roblem or related diff iculties which make it ha rd for them to function efficiently in t he workplace. An i dication of whether these p roblems are d ue to dys le xia or to other reasons can be gained by running through an adu lt dys lexia checklist, followed by an initial interview to gain background i formation about the ind ividuals and their educational history. If a n adult is assessed as dyslexic , a report would then provide a full description of the individual's strengths and weaknesses and offer recommendations for action. The conc rete evidence of the presence of dyslexia provided in the report can be us ed in a vari ety of ways, for e xample, when apply ing for suppor t on cou rses and receiving appropriate support within the workplace. =xperience suggests that the majority of dysl e xic adults are re lieved to disco ver their dyslexia. It enables dyslexic adults to unde rstand their educational history and put past e xperiences into context; this re lieves some of the fru stration they will inevitably have fel t . When dyslexic adults nderstand their dyslexia, they are able to part icipate in continuing education and succeed in the areas of their choice ; some people will need spec ific details about dyslexia and advi ce on how t hey can i mprove their skills effectively . In a sympathetic env ironment, dyslexic adults a re able to f ulfil . eir potential.
In a paragraph of betwe en 50 and 70
words, summarise in your own wor ds as f ar as poss ible, how,
according to the pass age, adults and childr e n can benefit from recognition of their problem.
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four di fferent extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the an swer (A, B o r C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are tw o questions for each extract.
I
Extract One
1
How does she feel about most of her fellow students? A
2
Scornful.
B
Nostalgic.
e
Charitable.
The woman 's job at the book-binding company was A
I
I
exceedingly bor ing.
B
potentially dangerous.
e
intellectually challe nging.
Extr act Two
3
The quarrel described in the text begins because A
the husband has had a stressful day.
B
his wife is a bad cook.
e 4
I
the couple can 't agree on financial matters.
Quarrelling A
is often prevented early .
B
leads to further bitterness.
e
can be humorous.
'T ac t Three
I
e speaker says that the fire was A
set deliberately.
8
hampered by high win ds .
C
put out tw ice.
e speaker comments that as a re sult of the fire A
the layout of Lon don 's streets was radi cally changed .
8
St. Paul's Cathedral was built as a me mo rial.
C
a large edifice now stands near to wh ere the fire began.
According A
to the spe aker , the Angu s South Course
caters for professional
B
has knowledgeable
C
has changed its name.
golfers.
employees .
he speaker feels that A
both courses are well-designed .
8
each cou rse caters for d iffe rent skills.
C
both courses have been extremely success ful.
----------------------------
You will hear part of a ra dio talk about an anc ient Mesoamerican
city and the dis coveries that were made there.
For q uestions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or s hort phrase.
The Azte cs believed tha t Teotihuac
Teotihuac
n
n had been constructed
I
by
~~
r than many
limits our
of how people lived in the city .
Bones dis covered
in 1989 seem to have belo nged to
________________
The archeologist of an
was bigge
~[2D
Our inability t o read the 1 knowledge
0.
1
~~
compares the construction
buried with the
o f Mesoamerican
ir weapons.
pyramids to tha t
@].
I
_ _ _ _ ___
DI C -----@ ]
If the skeleton had sha rpened teeth and precious jewellery, this would indicate
In orde r to sh ed more l ight on th e city and its civ ilization, further ______________
~
must be d o ne.
I
I~.
, ar an interview wi th Jack Brown, the creator of the ver y popular car toon character, Arthur. ._="'·ons 18-22, choose the answer (A , B, C or D) which best fits what you hear .
• =
-::t
is bemused by his character's
popularity
because
he never tho ught Arthur would be attractive to adu lts. aardvarks aren't particularly
lovable.
Arthur has drawn so man y families closer together. Arthur is rather old.
O!!J
rding to Jack, Arthur's character came to him , as he w as read ing to h is child. developed slowly over a period of time . was meant to ch eer up his re cuperating
son.
was meant to mirror an act ual person.
-
~
ording to Jack, Arthur made him wealthy when he firs t appeared.
B
has appeared in children's theatre .
C
is still impo rtant in his son's life . was so pop ular that he co ntinued
creating stories.
~
ack says he stopped touring when
A
a book was wr itten about Arthu r.
S
he met Carol Greenwold
C
Arthur happened to be discovered.
D
he was asked to app ear on a TV pr ogramme .
after a TV broa dcast .
~
e Arthur cartoon series seems to ha ve
A
enjoyed incredible success from the outset .
S
exhausted its possibilities,
C
not don e very we ll in a popularity
0
been used as a vehicle for ad ve rtising
po ll. goods.
DE] 107
-----------------------------------You will hear two theatre cri tics talking about modern the atres.
For questions 23-28, decide whether
opinions are expressed by only one of the speaker s, or whether the speakers agree. Write
or
S
for Stephen
L
for Lucy
B
for Both
the
Paper 5 - Speaking
(approx. 20 minutes)
peaking test involves two ca ndidates and two exa miners. One examiner, the Interlocutor, wllile the other, the Ass essor, will just listen.
will speak to
Part 1 (3 minutes) -
\\ill be aske d questions in turn about where yo u live and where you are fro m, your work , studies and "'::-e ts. and your views on certain things.
Part 2 (4 minutes) illbe asked to discuss the photographs
on page 166 together. There are two s tages in this part.
_e 1
e some photographs which show the way in which today 's young people express themselves . Look at "C:Jt;jlap,hs 1 and 2 on page 166 and discuss how the images relate to the lifestyle of young people today .
at all the pictures . Imagine these photographs are being used b y parents' groups to demonstrate to the
'es the need for more facilities and activities fo r the youth of your town . Discuss what eac h image shows about how young people 's energies can be cha nnelled in a positive way.
Part 3 (12 minutes) be asked to talk on your own, comment on what y our partner says a nd join in a three-way discussion ur partner and th e Interlocutor ar ound a certai n theme.
i ate will be asked to look at prom pt
ca rd (a )
about it for two m inutes. '= ' ;;ore also some ideas for the cand idate to use if es. ~ candidate will then be asked if he/she has o add. ~ Interlocutor will ask both candi dates a s ch as: , extent does fashion playa role in your daily
The second candidate is then given prom pt
car d (b)
and asked to discuss it for two minu tes. The othe r candidate w ill then be asked if he/she has anything to add. Then both candidates will be asked a question on the subject, such as: • Why do people feel the need to conform to the standards set by society ?
Pr om pt
Ca rd
(b)
Is m od ern life m ore d em anding than it used to - f ear of rejection - peer pressure - image enhancement
: ',rillthen be concluded with a number of gene ral questions about the topic: the media influence our ideas on fash ion ? iety got t he right to dictate what people wear? other areas of li fe does fashion playa role ? o you think people should be follo wers of fash ion?
be
?
Paper 1 - Reading
(l hour 30 minu tes)
For questions 1-18, read the thr ee texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C o r D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
fire at night , the ha rd-working Indians could be transported to another world through the talent
FOLKLOR E
Folktales have always been a (1) of the social a nd cultural lif e of American Indian and Inuit peoples regardless of whether they were seden tary agriculturalistsor nomad ic hunters. As they (2) around a
of good storytelle r. Thef efrom fect wasa no t only (3) the novelty of the tale itsel f but also from the imaginative sk ill of the narrator, who often added gestures and so ngs and occasionally adapted a pa rticular tale to (4) a specific culture. One a daptation frequently
advertising.
1
A
section
B
part
C
portion
D
2
A
joined
B
merged
C
gathered
D
united
3
A
derived
B
issued
C
stemmed
D
ensued
4
A
connect
B
blend
C
suit
D
compare
5
A
peculiar
B
certain
C
typical
D
positive
6
A
planted
B
allocated
C
assigned
D
trapped
A
lmost every culture throughout history has valu ed gold in its various (7) and sought i t as a precious ma terial, either to worship or (8) in. A symbol of power and success, the desire to own it tends to provoke greed and lust. Itsvery p resence can make or brea k a nation. The esteem associated with it has (9) . mankind to grea t lengths to obtain it and th the great go ld rushes of the 19 century saw hu ndreds of thousands die in thei r
110
used by the s toryteller was the repetition o f incidents. The description of an incident would be repeated a (5) . number o f times. This type of repetition was very effective in oral communication, for it firmly (6) the incident in the minds of the listeners, much in the same manner that repetition is used today in r adio and television
piece
attempt to (10) it rich. Despite declining gold prices and uncertainties in the market, as countries such as Australia and the UK sell off lar ge (11) of their gold reserves, the desire to f ind gold is as strong as ever . Inthe US , panning f or gold has become a huge le isure industry, where once men (12) and s laved for the gli tter of gold , families now take their gold pans and p icnics f or a day out. However, for most, gold is s till onl y the stuff of dreams.
7
A
kinds
B
forms
C
states
D
8
A
bargain
B
engage
C
trade
D
handle
9
A
sent
B
thrown
C
forced
D
driven
10
A
hit
B
discover
C
strike
D
make
11
A
helpings
B
fractions
C
portions
D
servings
12
A
exerted
B
toiled
C
strained
D
ground
designs
Pap er 1 - R eadin g
EARS
Wyoming . He has fo und that
of poss ible explanations of how
bears wake up raring to go afte r
bears
their winter sleep. 'After 130 days
strength during hibernation. One
of hibernation, a bear can come
possibility is that bears sacrifice
re heads, at least according • pular(13)
.
eone who'd dis agree with Il-t)
is Professor
their
o ut of its d en and
their less essential muscles to
climb a mountain,' he says. His
keep 'fight or f light' muscles up to
(15) _ are famous for wa king up
(1 7)
team is investigating how bears
(18)
manage to (16)
this
idea for anyone trying to get back
trick, in th e hope of helping
to normal after a plaster cast i s
humans
removed.
with
muscle-wasting
w hich i s a useful
conditions. There are a number
"-Harlow of the University of
knowledge
B
belief
C
jUdgement
0
awareness
pledge
B
fallacy
C
claim
0
avowal
away
B
pull off
B
far set of f
C
clear
0
straight
C
take off
0
start off
C C
hoard score
0 0
uphold mark
keep scratch
B B
maintain level
-
--------------
You ~re going to read four extracts which are all con cerned
in som e way with labour -savin g questIOns 19-26, choose the answ er (A, B , C or D) which you thin k fits best according to the text Mark your answers on the separate answer sh eet. .
out of his ow n need, for he was employed as a janitor in a d epartment
store and used a bro om and carpet
sweeper in h is dai ly work. Spang ler was apparently Jim Kirby was an inventor for most of his ad ult life. After seeing his father work too hard for too little, he decided early on that he wou ld not spend his lif e as a salaried worker. Instead, he started his own business designing
gadgets for a fee. Best known
for t he
vacuum cleaner that bears his name , his goal in life was to reduce or eliminate
drudgery
wherever
it
existed. His first cleaner, invented in 1906, used water for dirt separation. In 190 7, displeased with the unpleasant task of disp osing of dirty water, he went back to work and designed a system that used a spinning and cloth developed
to filter
the dirt .
numerous
Over
innovative
action
the years, vacuum
he
cleaner
designs. Over 200 patents, along with a ho st of products being used today, are a tribute to Jim K irby's success. In 190 7, another
man, Jam es Mur ray
Spangler also
built a machine f or cleaning carpets. The device grew
A
become prosperous businessmen .
B
make manua l labour easier .
C
become famous designers.
o
to experiment with new ideas.
A
bore the inventors ' names.
B
were not an instant success .
C
removed grime from carpets .
o
worked on the same principle .
familiar with the then new id ea of usi ng suction to remove dust and di rt from ca rpets. It occurred to h im that carpets could be mor e easily cleaned
with the
sweeping action used in the carp et sw eeper. Using tin and woo d as materials and a pillow case for a dust bag, h e combined machine and although device,
it
worked.
th e two
ideas in a single
it wa s a crud e and clumsy
Spangler
lacked
the
manufacturing capacity and m erchandising
cap ital, experience
to market his new machine, so he contact ed a boyhood friend, William H . Hoover to try to interest him in th e project. Hoover perceived th e possibilities of th e ne w device, and a company was form ed in 1 908 t o begin the manufacture of the machine. Three years lat er, th e company started trading under the name of 'Ho over', which remains even today a hous ehold word for vacuum cleaners.
Until the 1920s, domestic servants were ommon in Europe and any easing of their lot was frowned on. It was not until after the First orld War, which d rained economies and ~emporarily obstructed affluent society, that omestic life in Europe started to change. Women were emancipated, domestic labour less easily available and items previously reserved only fo r the wealth y were now available to all. In America, however, things had been different; the rapidly expanding western frontier had meant hard work and long hours.
Combined with high wages and a labour shortage, this had presented a particularly receptive market for mass p roduced labour saving devices of all kinds. When the Second World War came, it crippled Europe but left the American economy relatively unscathed, with the result that America took the lead in the production and marketing of household appliances. By the latter part of the century though, the rest of the world had caught up. Since then, consumers' expectations have risen as technological improvements have resulted in a bewildering array of products. 'State of the Art' is now a 21st century catchphrase.
A
lesstime being available for housework.
B
the women's liberation movement.
e
the extravagant lifestyle in Europe.
D
people's unwillingness to do household chores.
A
when technology advanced.
B
prior to their availability in the US.
e
in the ea rly part of the 21s1 century.
D
comparatively late.
•••
------------
WRINKLES
AND
For centuries, ironing gar ments and household linen to free them of wrinkles and c reases has been a n ever-present chore, and sti ll is even in today's societies where ironed garments continue to be a sta ndard desired in many par ts of the world. In th e past be fore ironing boards , irons and ironing machines, the Ch inese stretched their garments across bamboo poles as a way of smoothing their garments free of w rinkles. The Greeks folded their garments in chests devise d with weights, to free them of creases . The Romans used wooden mallets in order to beat garments into smoothness and late r invented the first press to serve that purpose. Other devices were undoubtedly used, all of which ce rtainly employed weight or f riction as a method of reducing the wrin kles found in linen and othe r fabrics af ter washing. In the Middle Ages , it was discove red that cloth pressed while being steamed wou ld hold th e shape into wh ich it was moulded. Numerous devices were invented by which hea t and pressure could be applied to mo istened garments.
Iron was t he
heaviest
CREASES
available at that time and was a good conductor of hea t without being destroyed by its application. Hence the name we stil l use today. Triangles of various shapes and sizes which were hea ted from the outsid e were used for the purpose of smoothing linens. Many o f these triangular irons were wrought in artistic styles, even being veneered on th e outs ide with embossed silver, making them heavy and cumbersome . By the end of the eleventh century, smoothing irons were pa rt of Fr ench househo ld equipment. Itwa s soon recognised that if the irons could be he ated from the inside then the labour involved in heating the iron would be reduced. Accordingly, some irons were invented which were heated by p lacing burning charcoal or a pie ce o f red ho t iron inside the iron. A much la ter model was heated by gas , and even tually around the 1900s, an iron was developed using an electric cur rent which heated the iron from the inside. This type of iron ca n still be fo und today in many homes around the world.
materia l
stretched before being ironed . weighed down and then wash ed . ironed while st ill damp . smoothed out with an electric iro n. 24
According to the te xt, iron was used to smooth ou t materials becaus e it was made in a ttractive fo rms. could easily pass hea t from one surface to ano ther. did not destroy the delicate cloth ing mate rials. could hold heated materia l.
W a s h in g D a y I remembe r when I was youn g how laborious washing days were for my mothe r. In those days we had no running water, and even the simp lest handwashing used staggering amounts of time and labour. S he used to fill buc kets from a communal pump in the villa ge square and haul them back to the house where each one was heate d in a tub over a gas stove. My mother spent wha t seemed like an etern ity on rubbing, wringing and lifting wat erladen clothes into a second t ub to be rinsed. Large a rticles like sheets , table cloths a nd my father's heavy work clothes played havoc with her arms and wrists, and the w hole process exposed them to the cau stic soap then used. How my mot her would envy tho se neig hbours who were lucky enough to have running water and e lectricity, not to men tion the privileged few who owned w hat was then know n as a clothes washer. She consoled he rself with some thing she'd read somewhe re, that this type of washer was a dea th trap . She migh t have been right, too; the motor which rotated t he tub in the machines was completely unprotected, so wate r often dri pped i nto it, causing shor t circuits and jolt ing shocks. Apa rt from possibly electrocuting the user, it very often left the clothes in shreds. All this made me de termined to buy m y mother a clothes washer, the pe rformance of which had greatly improved, of course , and which bore very li ttle relation to the srcinal , being now fully auto matic with different speeds fo r different textiles, as well as bei ng equipped with what seemed like a tho usand different but tons to co n trol water temperature, rinsing, spinning, and wha tever else the manu facturers could imagine could be do ne to clean on e's clothes! This model , the ultim ate of its kind, was the one I eventually longed to buy. The on ly trouble was, my mot her's chicks had a ll flown the nest and the need fo r this modern contraption was now beyond her comprehension. She declined the o ffer graciously, although I can't imagine life withou t it.
A B C D
resented those w ho had mode rn appliances. was less well off than some o thers. helped her mother with househo ld chores. had never heard of a washing machine .
A B C D
has no need of a clothes washe r. has bough t her mother a wash ing machine. has f ulfilled her chi ldhood dream. does no t have to wash by hand.
-------------------------------You are going to read an extract from an article about 19th cen tury London. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from p aragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do no t need to use. Mark your answers on the separ ate ans wer sheet.
When Booth conducted hi s survey, he ha d no precedents to guide him e xcept occas ional reports from factory inspectors, royal commissions, the census and other statistical surveys . There had been no inquiry into poverty in general , no breakdown of income and classes. In attempt ing to deal with just these problems through his own observations, Booth, despite the defects of his methods, was a pio neer.
over it, even attempt ing to de-c lass himself, and always questioning his r elatedness because of the strain of trying to relate.
~ -
Yet once he encountered the poor , his compassion was nevert idy or priggish; it was what motivated him to keep on learning and writing. Booth did no t attempt to render poverty in its most existential terms. P robably he would have found such efforts contemptible, for he truly believed that between himself and the poor there was an unbridgeable gap of class and culture . But by forcing himself to live among the poor , to make a confrontat ion with their lives, h~ac hieved a human recognition. His writing is never so opinionated that it does no t ref lect this.
@ ] -------
There is an openness to reality , a willingness to look at squalor without coating it over with moralistic language, and a humility be fore the pl ight of some of the poor , which give the w riting a literary distinctiveness truly reminiscent of Or well's own efforts to assert dece ncy. It is journalistic without seeming callous and sensationalist. 'Here in Ferdinand Street,' he writes of one packed block of houses, 'not an inch was lost , and the fingers of any one might have.' tapped at any window or doorpasser-by as he passed along
§J
_
He has a remarkably good ea r for common speech and an eye for tel ling details . One pictures hi m tall, stooped, notebook in han d, intent upon his subject, asking frequent questions, at times a tr ifle self-deprecating, but neve r so awa re of his posture as to lose sight of his inquiry. Booth was, apparently, courteous almost to a fault , and his prose is a perfectly unaffected vehicle fo r such decorum. Sometimes we are hardly consc ious of the intrusion of his style . To judge from his frequently tortured letters of self-doubt to his wife and other collabo rators, his control was a ca refully contrived pe rsona, yet the ease w ith which Boo th is able to maintain the illusion is st riking.
@ !J
_
Booth's study of the poor also achieved its firs t objective: it gave the public some idea of the dimensions ofclasses pove rtybee in Lond onin. Never beforeand hadmeaning the middle n told such harrowing detail about the effects of moral decay and destitut ion, about the do mestic lives of the poor, about the oppression of wo rk, the condition of women workers, the practice of sweating, about the new immigrants .
§ ] -----
He now found that the propor tion in East London was close to thir ty-five per ce nt; that of the 900 ,000 people in the dis trict, 314,000 were poor; that of these far more than half (185,000) belonged to families earning less than e ighteen shillings a week; and that mo re than half of these in turn (over 100,000) suffered from acute 'distress'.
§ ] ~ -
Booth's evidence thus demo lished the middle-
~I
-
Whether Booth's manner, which lends so much dignity to the poor wi thout s pecial pleading , would be as approriate to writing about them today is worth consider ing. Nowadays the writer about poverty is l ikely to make mu ch of his own motivations, to assert his involvement, or to agonise
class myth that poverty resulted from personal failure, vice or improvidence. Despite himself, he implicitly lent suppo rt to the argument that pover ty was a col lective, not an individual, responsibility.
Booth uses metap hor and figu rative language sparingly. There is a deliberate no-nonsense quality to the prose which may be a tri fle offputting to tho se accustomed to learning of poverty through the lyricism of a Jam es Agee or the rhetorical indignation of James Baldwin. But, though Booth's primary aim was not to create literature but to describe reality, it is difficult to read his writings today without reflecting on the l iterary strengths of suc h a method. And if the writing, like the thought, never manages to encompass the total reality behind London poverty, it doe s manage to convey strength, resilience, patience, and a certain toughn ess of observation which seems wholly pertinent to the harsh realities he was called upon to observe. He is ha rdly ever censorious, never contemptuous and often gently humorous. Booth made a second important discove ry. On the basis of information received from 4 ,000 poor people, he con cluded that the cause of poverty in about eighty-five per cent of the cases was either 'employment' (both lack of work and low pay) or 'circumstances' (large family and sickness). 'Habi t' ('idleness, and thriftlessness') acounted for only abo ut fiftee en percent. Booth's wanderings among the habitations of the poor on Chester, Eldon, Ferdinand and Dutton streets, his tough -minded, empirical descriptions of housi ng, styles of dress , eating habits, shops and employment , may recall George Orwell's visits nearly fifty years later among the poor of Wiga n Pier. E
Politically and administratively, London had scarcely advanced beyond the Middle Ages . In the 1880s wit h a population of ove r four million, it still lacked a water, sanitation and public health system; it sti ll suffered from periodic plagues of typhus and cholera; and its poor laws were as archai c and oppres sive as eve r. Ther e was no central government to speak of. Not until 1888 was a Cou nty Council established to assume overall responsibility
for education, sewage disposal, housing and hospitals. Booth's dry statistical da ta furnished incontestable proof that previo us writers had been in er ror; they had actually seen only a fraction of Lond on poverty. In the Pall Mal l Gazette of 1885, the Social Democratic Federation had contended that twenty-five per cent of the work ing class was poor, a statis tic that Booth had then condemned as shockingly high. Stripped of abstractions, except for an occasional epithet which temper or compassion provokes, it describes a reality only to be found on the st reets of London. As Boo th himself pointed out in a letter to his assistant Ernest Aves, 'I am afraid we are sure to shock ver y many good people in the conclusio ns - the danger of hurt ing is ra ther to be fo und in th e details necessary to support these conclusions . It cannot be entirely avoided, but must never be wanton.' Booth's prose shows none o f the strains of such an engagement. No doubt he wa s inspired to begin his researches chiefly because - like many other Englishmen of his class and era - he felt vagu ely threatened by the presence of so much poverty and wished to spe cify the problem in hopes of finding the most app ropriate solutions to it.
------------------------------------You are go ing to read part of an autobiography. For q uestions 34-40, choose the a nswer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the te xt. Mark your answ ers on the separate ans wer sheet.
It was t rue I read a lot , but by now I had g raduated to adult reading. Dickens had my f ull a ttention, for su rely in
genuinely pitied a woman who had no sta tus , but they also tr anslated this lac k of status as failure in the world 's terms. What distinguished my mothe r was a fo rm of guilelessness which they had, regretfully, laid aside. This is
those novels he was telling the same story o f travail and triumph. The additional benefit, apar t from the eccen tric characters with thei r eccentric names , was that many o f these travails were undertaken by young men of peerless disposition. This was welco me proof that such life experiences were universal, and, more impor tant, could be, and usually wer e, brought about whi le suffering an initial handicap - wicked s tep-parents, or an indigent family - which the hero (for David Copperfield and Nic holas Nickleby were undoubted he roes) could manage with little more tha n his own blamelessness to guide him. This struck me as entirely beau tiful and convinced me that one must emulate their efforts , that one must never be discouraged by the unhelpfulness of others. Not that I had ever e xperienced such an obstacle at close quar ters; what I took for wic kedness was in fa ct worldliness, as my mothe r explained to me. The unapologetic presence of o ur visitors, their peculiar blend of restlessness and complace ncy, which was discordant, was essentially harmless, though it occasionally sought relief in imprecations, in disapproval of others, principally of my mother and myself . I saw - in Nancy's hoarse smoker 's laugh, in M illicent's delicate hand smoothing her hair - a qual ity that was alien to our own lives, faintly undesirable. Somet imes my moth er's eyes had a loo k of tiredness, and she was obliged to turn her head away for a b rief moment, as suggestions fo r improvement, or rathe r self-improvement, came her way. These visi ts, which I now s ee were under taken for mo re merciful reasons than mere curiosity, were in essence a form o f female solidarity before that condit ion had been politicised. They were concerned for any woman, living on her own with only a child for company . At the same time , they were fea rful that such ivory tower isolation might be catching. They wanted my mother to be reinstated in
what I saw: they had e xchanged o ne pos ition for anothe r and may not have been en tirely compensated. My mother was their crusade ; they also usefully saw her as a pupil . When they rose to leave, the frowns disappeared from their faces, the concern evapo rated, and their embraces were genuine. They were glad to ge t back to their own orbit, with its comp rehensible distractions, glad to have done their social du ty, even if the resul ts were so sadly lacking. My mothe r, shaking cushions afte r their departure, would be more silen t than usual , and I somehow knew I should not in trude on her thoughts. I reflected that Nancy and Mi llie were characters, no less and no more, and that any confrontat ion - but none had taken place nor would take place - would be unequal: my mother was bound to succeed , for she was untainted by the wo rld's corruption and thus qualified for remission. I comforted myself that even Dav id Copperfield had had moments of downheartedness. On the whole, I was happy . I liked my school , I liked my friends; I liked the shabby charm o f my flat from which a light sho ne out in winte r to guid e me home . I liked our silent s treets, the big windows of the houses in whi ch artists had once lived . I liked its emanations o f the nineteenth century. That we were somewhat on the margin of things did not disturb me , although the girls making their way by car from Kens ington, complained of the distance , as if they had been oblige d to cross a frontie r, or to go back in time. It is tr ue that our su rroundings were a little mournful, perhaps unnaturally so to those hab itual shoppers. I, on the o ther hand , cherished them as a place of safety. The street lamp that shone ou tside my bedroom window I accepted as a ben ign gestu re on behal f of the town council, the man who swept the leaves in autumn as a gua rdian of our decency . I was hardly aware of the sound of cars , f or fewer people drove then . Evenfootfalls
society for their sakes as
sounded discreet and distan t.
much as he r own. They
hat does t he wri ter say abou t Dickens' novels? A B C D
She has al ways foun d them to be i ntriguing. They often portrayed hard w ork and succe ss. They were unequ alled by other novels of t hat time. The main characters were invariabl y impoverished orphans. e writer's mother see med to
A S
enjoy Nancy and Millicent's visits. disapprove of Nancy and Millicent.
C D
tolerate the remarks they made. become visibly angry when they spo ke.
ccording to the writer the visi tors were A S C D
persistently critical. extremely sensitive. fundamentally supportive. utterly contemptuous.
ancy and Millicent regarded the writer 's mother as A S C D
someone to be en vied. someone they could conf ide in. someone who cou ld give them sta tus. someone who disregarded their advice.
In paragraph 3, how does the writ e r react after the visitors leave ?
39
A
She fee ls happy the visi t was b rief.
S C D
She tries to lift her mother's spirits . She hopes they will not visit again . She reflec ts that others have felt the same .
To the writer, her neighbourhoo d A S C D
40
is
a place where ar tists gather. too far away from her frie nds. a refuge from the world . a depressing, r undown area.
The writer gives th e impression o f having been A S C D
always happy during childhood . lonely because she was an only c hild. protected from the ou tside world. thankful to have over come life's hardships.
~riting
1
(2 hours)
You have read the extract below as part of an article on the employment sit uation. Readers were asked to send in their opinions. You decide to send in a letter responding to the points raised and g iving your own views.
The job market has become so competitive that applicants are even being asked to sing, dance, or act out a sketch when they go for an interview. There are now so many well-qualified people looking for jobs and so few positions available that soon there will be thousands of young people hanging around doing nothing. What effect will this have on the future? How can young people today think of se ttling d.own if they can't earn a living? Surely, this must be one of the biggest problems we face today?
answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part . Write your answer in 300-350 words in an ri te style.
You belong to a gr oup responsible for collecting mone y to support voluntary organisations such as aid organisations of various kinds . You and your colleague s have collected a large amount of mo ney and di tributed it. Write a report saying how the money was coll ected and whic h organisations it was given to. Giye reasons for your choice.
Your local mus eum is holding an exhibition entitled 'The Way We Used To Live ', depicting scenes and di playing artif acts from the earl y 19th century. Write an article describing how our lives a re diffe rent with the modern conveniences we take for gran ted nowadays and how your life would change witho ut these.
Recently, you took advantage of a package holiday that was being offered by a well -known tourist agency. The trip was not what you had expected and although you feel tha t the company was not to blame, you consider that holiday makers need to be aw are of potential problems. Write a letter to the news paper that had advertised the holiday describing the problems you encountered , saying how these could be dealt with or avoided.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(l hour 30 minutes)
For q uestions 1-15, read the text below and think o f the word which best fits e ach space. Use only one wo rd in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). W rite your answers on the s eparate answer sheet . Example:
b _ e _t_ w _ e _ e _n
~
_
TH EA TRE DES I G N Bu ilt (0)
~~~~~!!. ... c. 350 and
(I)
c. 33 0
at E pida ur us
Be, the se mi -circu lar thea tre
ha s
been bett er ed . Its aco ustics are ne ar pe r fect, its de sig n an d na tur al se tting
breathtaking . Y et , has thea tre des ign rea lly go t anyw her e since Epi dau r us? In toda y' s wo rld , (2)
remains
mi nde d au di enc es an d (3)
to know qui te (4) or perman ent l y
(5)
to be - a group
ca se , go ing to see a pl ay is (7)
audi ence par ti cipation promo ted
quite (9)
each other
date , have appeal ed
similari ty betwee n
by other the atre grou ps ; t he tw o ex per ien ce s
centuri es. (12)
of the cul tu r e of the rel ative ly homog eno us
a mirror
theat re has be en a qu ixotic qu est for
cre ate d it, Epi daur us was per fec t in i ts t ime. In tod ay' s fa r (13) though , direc tors can har dly exp e ct to find eas y sol utions ha ve strugg led wi th
of
Epidau r us.
.
audie nces.
(II)
sto ne seat s
ar e
sett ings a nd , (10)
Fin din g an ide al arc hitectu ral s etting
pred ecessor s
playe r s
going to the cinema : ac t or s
, r equir e diffe rent archi tect ural
to different
of wandering
bui lding s?
play on a distan t stage frame d by hea vy cu rtains . There is (8) this and the
of tr aditionally-
of invent ive theat r ical compa nie s , with no one seeming a theatre
ho us ed in magni ficent
In the (6)
a divide betwee n the expect ati ons
(15)
to some thing
soc iety
t ha t
incl usive soc ieties , that(14)
since anc ien t aud iences
aban done d
. t he
;,.testions 16-25, read the text bel ow. Use the wo rd given in capitals at the end of some of th e lines to form _ 'ord that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beg inning (0). Write your answers on €
separate answer sheet. ~~
G 1 _ s _ s _ is _ t _ G 1 _ n _ c _ e
_
'Wit h Many Thank s M any peop eave I h
. (0) g iven
that I am most deeply (16) (17)
. the wn mg 't' me dunng
0f
t h'IS
DEBT
for her lo yalty and
during the fou r years the project lasted . She gave her time
and advice (18)
in order for this work
both moral and (19) conditions the project (20) sustained me in m y (21) (22)
assis tance to
what enab
to be completed,
support for the leng
givi ng
thy research into social
Her assurance and encou ragement that this was valuable work and it was led me to co n tinue in the face of of ten
DEVOTE STINT PRACTICE NECESSARY BELIEVE DOUBT
in all my efforts and who spent long hours in libraries and on tra ins to dist ant parts of the country in search of mat erial . I know tha t he will say that he enjo yed it, but without his (24)
enthusiasm
th
is book would never have
been written. Finally, I would like to thank my fr iends and family, who have had to put up with what must have seemed to them an (25)
EXCEPT
----------------------------
For q uestions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in a ll three sentences . Here i s an example (0).
~
g_oO _ d
_
Even though she left the are a many years ago ,she still has a on here.
inte
rest in what goes
----------------------------------For questions 32-39, complete the seco nd sentence so th at it has a s imilar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word give n. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
~
_
_a
re _ s _ u _ lt _ o _ f_ m _ y _ tJ _ ro _ m _ o t_ io _ n _ _
er friends still hadn't arr ived by 9 o'clock so He len went to the party alone . sign There
6
9 o'clock, so He len w ent to th e party alon e.
It doesn't look as t hough John wa nts to buy tha t house after all . decided John
7
buy
ing that house after all .
More spic es would mak e this di sh taste much better . greatly Morespices
38
thi
s dish.
She's not very good at arrang ing flowers. fl air She
39
arrangingfl
owers.
My salary never la sts bey ond the end o f the month . short I
the end o
f the month .
-----------------------For questions 40-44, read the following texts o n homes and ho using. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not need to write complete sentences . For questio n 44, write a summary a ccording to the instructions given. Write your answers to questions 40-44 on the separate
answe r sheet.
Have you talked to you r neighb our today? This wee k? People dise nchanted with isolated homes could consider co-housing, a concep t of collabora tive housing designed and r un by residents who want their own priva te space, but wish to ope rate as a commun ity that wor ks better when looking after dependants, for example . This kind of living emphasises community care and welfa re. It relies on a pa rticipatory process in which the residents design the community, which is buil t on a neig hbourhood model: there are private houses or flats for families or ind ividuals, but also co mmunal facilities such as loun ges, meeting rooms and child ca re areas. The facilities are run by loca l people and there is a nonhierarchical organisation: different individuals lead on different areas of act ivi ty, but the re is no overall leader. It is not a commune , however, and operates on a so und f inancial and lega l basis, enabling residents to buy la rge properties whose value quickly appreciates, and whic h they could not otherwise have a fforded. One successful scheme in Britain is the Community Pr oject in East Susse x. Three la rge buildings have been conve rted into 1 7 family houses, and fo ur new houses are to be built there shortly. Some 23 acres of land and other buildings provide communal facilities for the adults and children in the group. The project is a company whic h owns the freehold of all land and buildings, and comm unity members purchase individual properties on a leas ehold basis , giving them r ights to the property
line 1
according to the terms of the lease . Each leaseholder then bec omes a d irector of the company . This structure optimises the f inancial position for the co mpany and g ives it legal sa nctions against any community member failing to meet commu nity obligations - a standard procedure for co-housing groups.
line 18 line 19
The whole ethos of soc ial housing , which was o nce to prov ide pleasant thriving communities for people who had been marg inalised by the high -earning house-buying populace , is finally coming to fruition. Social housi ng has fina lly started to challenge the traditional s tereotypes and is se eking to restore a hum an scale and a sense of pla ce to council owned proper ties. It is ty p ified by contemporary design, energy e fficiency and 'flexible living ' (the buzzwords of mode rn architecture) within a high qua lity environment. The change is social as well as archi tectural; social housing is no longer segregated off on estate s and counc il houses are dotted in among p rivate homes. At the Greenwich Millennium Village, social housi ng w ill eventually make up 20 % of the properties. Inside the houses , everything is built arou nd an open plan design to accommodate tenants 'changing needs th roughout their lives . There are wide corridors and doorw ays to allow for whe elchairs, and a rubber-floored toilet downstairs, plumbed to take a shower if the grou nd floor needs to be conv erted o include a bed room. Heating bills are lo w , thanks to good insulation, energy efficient appl iances and low cost electricity from a comb ined heat an d power plant . On London estates , tenants onsulted about new bu ilding plans rejected more dense , high rise designs and voted for less open space but more houses , and so t he tower blocks are gradually being replaced by low r ise homes and apartments in a va riety of styles, going back to the old concept of a c lose-knit neighbourhood. Perhaps some of the post- war mista kes on council estates are fina lly be ing co rrected .
."...
In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in you r own words which people can bene fit from the typ es of housing described in the text . Write your summary on the se parate ans wer sheet.
as f ar as pos sible, the ways in
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will he ar four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose t he answer (A, B or C) which fi ts bes t according to what you hear . There are two qu estions for each extract .
I
Ex tract One
1
The woman decided to work with victims of leprosy because A
2
she was ru nning away from her previous life.
B
she happened to be in the valley.
C
she was moved by their plight.
People who ge t the disease often delay treatment A B C
because they think they will be s hunned. they think leprosy is incurable. because treatment is too expensive for them.
I Extract Two
3
4
I
I
According to the wo man, A
education and training is part of the rehabilitation process.
B
the young people need to be treated more harshly.
C
the young people do not need to be educated.
The man expresses the opinion that A
the young people brought misfortune upon themselves.
B
the young people need to be given a sense of self-esteem.
C
the young people should be punished mor e.
ccording to the man he A
was impressed by the capabilities
S
was baf fled by the comp lexi ty
C
needed a co mputer
of the machine.
of the machine.
for his work.
e man gave up us ing the comp uter because his daughter wanted the machine for herself . 3
because he di d no t know how to con nect all the compo nents. because he believed his typewriter was more reliable.
-<:>~
does the archaeologist
say abo ut the e xistence of the ancient c ities up till now?
was widely believed that they exis ted. ere was not much concrete proo f that they e xisted. Some ruins proved that they exis ted.
oes th e archaeologist
say abou t the discove ries
beneath the sea?
ey are well preserved due to their location. ater pollution has caus ed them some damage. is difficult to rem ove them w ithout damaging them.
-------------------------------,
You will hear a radio documentary
about myths. For qu estions 9-17, complete the sentence
short phrase.
Myths were created as a mea ns of explaining
0 ].
1
Man expressed his feelings about himself and h is world _____________
~
in stories with
that we call my ths.
_________ _ ____ Man's fate wa s controlled
by a group of
I
~c:!I J
from
C EJ .
The Gree ks used the behaviour of the gods to s how them the way to ha ve a
[13].
1
The
I
~
Because of its ab ility to giv e life , Earth was rep resented
of the world thought nothing existed
as
-------~ .
Only later did
I
Names of my thological
I~
gods appear.
figures still familiar today were discovered wri tten on
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ .
You ",ill hear an int erview with Margery Paige, a specialist in alternative medicine. For qu estions 18-22, choos e the answer (A, B , C or D) which best fits what you hear.
18
Margery tells us that the convention was held because A
19
B
more illnesses had come to light in the recent past.
C
an international meeting was long overdue.
D
alternative medicine had been slow to catch on among lay people.
According to Margery, what was different about this particular event? A
It was more widely adver tised.
B
Members of the public were able to attend.
C
People from opposing schools of thought were welcome.
D
20
21
Medical practitioners were barred.
The f act that non-specialis ts were present meant that A
more money was collec ted in registration fees.
B
no one could be recogn ised as being an expert.
C
the proceedings were more interesting.
D
clarity be came indispensable.
The response received by the ideas presented at the convention was A B C D
22
previous events had been too informal.
too enthusiastic. rather subdued. generally favourable. very sceptical.
Margery's conclusion was that the convention had been A
an ind ication of a smaller gap between traditional and alternative views.
B
a way of improving the p rofessional standing of alternative healers.
C
an exe rcise in public relations.
D
important in strengthening international collaboration.
----------------------------------
You will hear two self -employed people discussing changes in employment patterns. For question s 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers , or whether the speakers agree. Write or
C
for Cecil ia
W
for Wi ll
B
for Both
: - Speaking
(approx. 20 minutes)
g tes t involves two c andidates and two examiners. One examiner , the Interlocutor, e other, the Ass essor, will just listen.
will speak to
Part 1 (3 minutes) ked questions in turn a bout where you live and whe re you are fr om, your work, studies and d your views on certain things.
Part 2 (4 minutes) ked to discuss the photographs
~= -:;
= -
_=.
on page 167 t ogether. There are t wo stages in thi s part .
me photographs which show different forms of success. Look at photographs 1 and 3 on page 167 and ~.a~ difficulties these people might have had to face on th eir road to success.
at all the pictures. Imagine these photographs are illustrating a lecture on how to achieve success. - ,'; the att itudes of the people sho wn might lead to thei r success or failure.
Part 3 (12 minutes) , e asked to talk on y our own, co mment on what yo ur partner says and join in a three-way discussion - artner and the In terlocutor aro und a certain theme.
ate will be asked to loo k at pr ompt card (a) ut it for two minutes. = - :;-<> also some ideas for the candida te to use if ~ es. -- - :;- c andidate will then be asked i f he/she has -.;;: add. 3nterlocutor will ask bot h candidates a ~~ s ch as: -_ ~a change affected your own life ?
-- =
The second candidate is then given pr ompt card (b) and as ked to disc uss it f or two minutes. The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has anything to add . Then both candidates will be as ked a question on the subject such as: • How do you think learning a foreign language can help bring about changes?
Pro mpt Card ( b) What role do you th in k technologic in chang ing socie ty?
- gender roles - info rmation - the fa mily
ill then be co ncluded w ith a number of gen e ral questions about the topic:
--
, a extent is it im portant to avoid change? u think that there is a place for tradition in today 's ever-changing world? -2: ave been the mos t significant changes in recent years ?
-::;" can one balance cult ural values w ith the challen ges of the fu ture?
al adv anc es ha v e p la y ed
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C o r D) best fit s eac h gap. Mark your answers on the s eparate
answer sheet.
A new system has recently been installed which should make a great dea l of (1) to future test cr icket matches. The system has been dubbed 'Hawkeye' and is a go od e xample of how military technology has been used for
peaceful purposes. Based on missile tracking technology, si x digital cameras placed around the (2) w ill tra ck the path o f
have difficulty following the ball with the (4) eye. New software predicts with an accuracy of 5mm whet her the ball
the ba ll and help the ump ire when he makes Ibw decisions, (for non cricketers Ibw = leg before wicket, when the umpire must (3) . whether the ball wou ld have hi t the stump s had the ba tsman's leg not got in the way ). Modern bowlers deliver the ball at such incredible speeds that umpires
would have go ne on to hit th e stumps. At the same time , the system collects statistical data, including the height it (5) . and the speed it travelled at. Since Ibw decisions are often (6) . disputed, this system w ill greatly help umpires.
1
A
contrast
B
difference
C
variance
0
2
A
land
B
ground
C
soil
0
earth
3
A
describe
B
infer
C
evaluate
0
determine
4
A
naked
B
exposed
C
bare
0
uncovered
5
A
managed
B
increased
C
reached
0
ranged
6
A
fierily
B
smoulderingly
C
blazingly
0
hotly
nthe household of th e Notch he found warmth and simplicity of feeling and the w isdom o f New England , which the fa mily had gath ered from the mountains and valleys and b rought to the ve ry (7) of their home . He had travelled far and wide. His whole life, indeed, had been a lonely path ; for with the pride of his ( 8) , he had (9) himself apar t from those who might othe rwise have been his
companions. The fam ily, too, though so kind and friendly, had a feeling of (10) among themselves and separation from the wor ld. But this evening, the re fined and educated youth (11) out his heart before the simple mountaineers. The secret of the young man 's character was a (12) ambition. He could have borne to l ive an ordinary l ife, but not to be forgotten in h is grave.
I
136
diversity
7
A
root
B
kernel
C
essence
0
heart
8
A
nature
B
trend
C
mood
0
temper
9
A
shut
B
taken
C
kept
0
backed
10
A
individuality
B
entity
C
personality
0
unity
11
A
poured
B
drained
C
streamed
0
flowed
12
A
glowing
B
swollen
C
inflamed
0
burning
A SPECIA L BREED OF DOG The Greenland dogs are a (13) version of the Inuit dog, the srcinal work ing dog of the North. Though not fast, they are true cargo dogs - good at pulling sleds over vast distances in (14) conditions. They are the (15) type of dog
for Arctic exploration, but they became increasingly hard to get, as the expeditions of the 'Heroic' Age' (roughly 1850 - 1910) (16) supplies. The Greenland dog has been described as 'a wolf in dog's
Eastern and North Western . Greenland where the (17) of the breed is protected by law. It is (18) to import, or keep dog breeds other than police dogs in those districts. A measure of the value placed on the dogs
clothing' and sled in fact , purists believe this dog is a descendant of the wolf. Today the dogs are to be fo und only in designated sled-dog regions in
can be fou ndof in Greenland statistics. The population is currently 60,000 people (mostly Inuit) and 30,000 sled dogs!
13
A
healthy
B
powerful
C
potent
D
resolute
14
A
profound
B
excessive
C
extreme
D
unnatural
15
A
flawless
B
ideal
C
sound
D
impeccable
16
A
depleted
B
dissipated
C
consumed
D
spent
17
A
purity
B
clarity
C
innocence
D
cleanliness
18
A
disallowed
B
proscribed
C
restricted
D
prohibited
-
Io0o-
_
You are goir ig to re ad four ex tracts which are a ll con cerned in some way with food and cooking. For que_ . 19-26, choose the ans wer (A, B, C or D) which y ou thi nk fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
and mushrooms are just some free-glutamate rich foods, long prized for their taste and flavour Good food is one of life's pleasuresand more than
enhancing qualities. Free glutamate content increases during ripening, bringing out a fuller
1,200 years ago, oriental cooks knew that certain
taste in many foods and is made as a flavour
foods tasted better when prepared with a s oup
enhancer by a f ermentation pr ocess, commonly
stock made from a type of seaweed. But it was
using sugar beet or sugarcane, similar to that used
only in 1908 that Japanesescientists identified the
for making soy sauceand vinegar.
ingredient responsible for enhancing flavour.
People have long known about the four basic
That ingredient is best known today by its scientific name, monosodium glutamate. It is often referred
tastes- sweet, sour, salty and bitter. But now a fifth
to as MSG and is an amino acid found i n both its
This is imparted to foods by glutamate and is
basic taste called umami has been recognised.
forms, free and bound, in virtually all foods. The
responsible for the savoury taste of m any foods,
bound form is linked to other amino acids in
such as tomatoes and cheese, broccoli and other
proteins and is manufactured in the human body.
vegetables, as well as milk. If it didn't taste good,
The free form of glutamate (not linked to protein)
babieswould not want to feed.
in foods enhancesfoodlavours. f Tomatoes,cheese
A
from mature fruit and vegetables.
B
from fermenting soy sauce and vinegar.
C
from sugar beet or sugar cane.
D
from a type of Japanese seaweed.
A
All food would be taste less and bland without it.
B
It should be added to a ll foods to improve the taste.
C
It is a basic food taste.
D
It is an entirely natural ingredient.
Organic Food
& Business!
Organic farmers pride themselves on fos tering Ea rth-friendly sustainable agriculture, but it remains to be see n if the organic food indus try's rapid g rowth is equally sus tainable. One challenge facing the industry is to b ring the price of organic products more in line with those of conventional food products. The price of organic i ngredients is improving over time, but demand still outpaces supply in many case s. However, supply issues are overshadowed by the fact that the organ ic foods segment continues to g row faster than the foo d industry as a whole, fundamentally due to th e natu ral alliance between organic crops and proce ssed foods. For one thing, organic fruit and veget ables earmarked for proc essing do no t have to be as cosmetically perfect as the ir fresh counterparts. In add ition, freezing or tinning organic products reduces many of th e s helf-life problems associated with fresh produce. It was only a question of tim e before mainstream food companies woke up to these synergies. The pionee rs of the organic food industry view the growing presence of majo r food companies in their markets as a mi xed blessing. Many smaller companies fear that the philosophical ideals of organic agriculture will be co mpromised by b usiness interests. Others think major food companies will only help t he organic cause; many consumers who are reluctant to buy organic products may be te mpted to actually tr y them if they see a name they trust.
A
organic products last longer
B
the range of p rocessed foods is still lim ited.
C
the appe arance of f ood used in processing i s unimportant.
D
A
than p rocessed foods.
fraud has entered the orga nic food industry.
Brand loyalty .
B
An d i ealistic a ttitude.
C
Consumer awareness.
D
Larger farms .
---
------------
CHILLI Capsicums, com monly known as chillis , come in all dimensions and colours from the tiny, pointed, extreme ly hot, bird's eye chilli, to the large, mild, fleshy peppe rs like the Anaheim. Indigenous to Central and South America and the West Indies, they were cultivated there long before the Spanish conquest, which eventually was the cause of their introduction to Europe, whe re, along with tomatoes, avocados, vanilla and chocolate, they changed the flavours of the known world. Today, there are in all likelihood 400 different varieties of chillis grown. They are as easy to cult ivate as tomatoes and are one of the world's most widely distribute d crops, available for sale at most food outlets.
In 1902, a method was developed for measuring the strength of a given variety of capsicum , giving it a ranking on a predetermined scale. This originally meant tasting the peppers, but nowadays it can be done more accurately with the help of computers to rate the peppers in units to indicate parts per million of capsaicin. This potent chemical not only causes the fiery sensation, but also triggers the brain to produce endorphins, natural painkille rs that promote a sense of well-being.
are closely related to tomatoes and other fruit. all have a hot, burning taste . seem to be adaptable plants. will only grow in selected areas.
contain a pain-killing ingredient. are automatically graded by strength. cause a physical reaction when eaten. are measured according to variety.
W r it in g a b o u t C o o k in g Two cookery writers are often credited with the present revival of interest in food and cooking. Elizabeth David discovered her taste for good food when she lived with a French family for two years. After returning to England she learnt to cook so that she could reproduce some of the food that she had come to appreciate in France. Her first book appeared when r ationing was sti ll in force after the war and most of the ingredients she had so lovingly described were not available. At the time her book was read rather than used, and created in it s readers a yea rning both for good ingredients and for a way o f life that saw more in food and cooking than mere sustenance, but her later books confirmed her position as the most inspirational and influential cookery writer in the English language. She shared with Ja ne Grigson, an equally influential writer, an absorbing interest in the literature of cooker y, as well as the practical side. Jane Grigson was brought up in the north-east of England, where there is a strong tradition of good ea ting, but it was no t u ntil she began to spend three months of each year in F r ance that she became really interested in food. She was renowned for her fine writing on food and cookery, often catching the imagination with a deftly chosen fragment of history or poetry, but never failing to explain the 'why' as well as the 'how' of cookery, winning herself a wide audience because she was, above all, a friendly writer.
A B C D
were written in France . were enjoyable to r ead. co ntained basic, wholesome recipes gave them instant r ecogni tion.
A B C D
simplifie d the art of cooking. co mbi ned their ideas on French cooking . improved people 's ability to cook . altere d the way we eat today .
.
_ •... _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - You are going to rea d an extract from a novel . Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A -H the one which fi ts each ga p (27-33). There is one extra pa ragraph which you do n ot need to use. Ma rk your a nswers on the separate answer sheet.
'I'm sorry,' said Oliver d ryly. 'I suppose s he goes back to schoo l shortly?' 'No, she was - we were asked to r emove her. She ran away from school, you know, last term. Not in this direction.' 'Who enticed her ? Where did she go? ' 'I don't know ,' said Hen ry. 'You should fin d out. What will she do no w?' Henry looked vague and began to move a way from the gate. 'Nobody seems to know . I bel ieve she 's quite clever. The school seemed to think so , before al l this trouble,' 'Isn't it time ,' said O liver professionally, 'she was making her mind up? '
@ ] -
One gets sore . Of course, she thought, hating her father now, too, for betraying her too casually ; of course, I'm silly. I know I'm silly, I know this s tage will pass. But meanwhile, until I'm not silly, there's nothing. One is t rapped in one 's own silliness, quite as much as in love. Pr obably more.
§ ] -
Here she we nt out into the city to loo k at it, there was nothing she could do that da y, it was Sunday, nothing was ever do ne on a Sunday. She climbed up onto the wal ls, with her suitcase knocking against her knees, and walked bris kly round them, looking out brightly at roofs and sloping grass ramparts. Just not to be at school was a release, to be do ing something on he r own, was to be ligh t and sing ing.
~ -
She walked a long way in this indecision, and in the end, when it was already da rk, she came bac k to the s tation and sat on he r suitcase, staring miserably at the bulk of the Station Ho tel. She was very tired and there was a f ine rain falling.
§ ] ------Finally, she walked into the f irst house she came to - a s ma ll Victorian tenement house , painted an uneven chocolate brown, with narrow, dirty windows and a hand painted notice in r ed ink. Bed and Breakfast. Her room was ho rrid - a sl op ing attic with frosted glass at the window, and grey, limp curtains and sheets, which seemed slightly greasy to the touch. The bed was cas t iron and rattled. There was no mir ror, only a huge wash stand with a bowl of wate r, f ilmed over with dust.
@! J ~
_
And then failure set in. Looking bac k, Anna cou ld still not und erstand i t, and jibbed, so painful was the r emembering, at trying to do so. She hadn 't known, when she got there , quite what she meant to do, but there seemed, from the garden , to have been so many things.
§ ] ---At first, she had been fi lling a putative 'waiting time' and later s he could not think of anything else to do . When she had visited all the cinemas , and her money was running out , she packed her suitcase, paid the la ndlady and spent her last shillings on a ticket back to school.
§]-----------When she a rrived late at nigh t, she was hustled crossly into the sick -room, isolated and allo wed to speak to no o ne. In a day's tim e, Henry appeared and told her sh e was to go and pack her trunk, they were going home, now. Anna, who ha d spent her period of isolation sitting on the bed and looking out o f the window, had not got up when he came in; now she loo ked up at him an d sa id, 'Why? When'm I coming bac k?' 'You aren't,' Henry said. 'I've been as ked to remove you.'
She could have got a job. She coul d have sa t, alternatively, in the Minster, which was oeautiful, and have thought out what she , anted. She cou ld have wo rked all day and itten th e novel at night . But she had gone to : e pictures, afternoon and evening, sitting in : e red warmth, in the cheapest seats , sometimes seeing t he whole prog ramme .hrough twice. In the evening she bega n walking from hotel to hotel, hesitating at ever y f ront door, afraid to go in. She felt that inside , under bright lights . porters and rec eptionists would immediately see that she wa s in s ome way a fraud. They would know she was out w ithout leave from somewhere where she should have been shu t up, and they wou ld find out from her where it was, and make telephone calls. 'I don't want to ,' said Anna. She added , unwillingly, exposing herself, 'It's not as though it made any real d ifference to anyone whether I was there or not .' 'Ah, I see ,' said Oliver, as th ough she had offered him an impo rtant conf idence. He seemed to think that she had given h im the right to settle in; at least , he drew forward one of Jeremy's boxes from the wal l , dusted it , and sat on it , facing her. She had been qu ite calm over all th is at the time, as th ough mesmerised by h er daily routine, cold breakfast, cold early lunch, the cinema, supper, the cinema and cold b ed, into thinking not that this course of ac t ion was inevitable, it was no thing as forceful as that , but that all her ac tions had no we ight and no importance, that she was living in a vacuum , and might as we ll do anyone thing as an y other. It had been a running down , an unwinding, and when her mind was moving slowly enough, she saw, in bli nkers, no road except this. So, with th is curious calmness, she went back.
She fel t suddenly and finally trapped - when she pushed up the window wi th a great deal of effort to look a t the sky , she was confronted by a blank wall and a dar k window. Once up, the window would not close again, and the draught sucked directly across the bed. Anna slept badly. Anna saw them for a momen t and then heard them weaving back as they had COr! :..9, between the t rees, o ne behind the othe r. They said something indistinguishable and then Henry's voice reached her for a moment, 'She'll grow out of i t ,' and then she heard the creak of the gate into t he garden. Grow out of it, she thought . Of course I'l l grow out o f it. I'm growing out of it no w , that's what hu rts. I'm growing out of every thing, all the time, too quickly. Looking back at this time from the garden Anna told herself that there was no reason to be afraid, no reas on at all , th at she had behaved extremely stupidly - and, nevertheless, she shuddered, remembering th e heavy street , and the cold gas lamps , the sudden g rim and oppressive northernness of the city that had been by day so lig htly poised , and carved, a nd clean. And they had broken her mood, obtruding things she was del iberately not thinking of, her future and, worse, her abort ive attempt to escape, which she would have preferred to forget altogether. She had left quietly one Sunday morning whilst the other girls were putting on the ir Sunday hats for chur ch and had taken the train north as far as the largest city, which was York .
------------------------------------You ar e going to r ead part of the introduction
to a book of Welsh short stories. For questions 34-40, choose the
answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best accor ding to the text. Mark your' answers on the s eparate an swer shee t.
It was an Am erican wit who listed one of man 's greatest virtues as the art of making the l ong story sho rt, but he was sayi ng nothing about the short stor y , which has its own necessary length, neither too long no r too short , and is at its best whe n it presents a reveal ing insight into a person in a pa rticular situation. What interests me most is bei ng at the core of ano ther life , seeing new light thrown upon it through the mind and world of the central character. It is a he lp if I am so involved at the outset that my at tention does not wa nder and that my sympathies are immed iately engaged, but ultimately , I must know more at the end than I did at the beginning . Now and again, let it al so be stated , I can certainly do with a smile . These stories have been chosen to fulfil such requirements where they can be met, but they are in addition, of a place and a time. The place is Wales and the time is the twentieth century, since the short story is a comparatively new arrival here. They r eflect Wales, not always flatteringly, as i t is and has been. English writers , it has been said , are often refugees from society, but almost all the stor ies in thi s book written by Wels h men and women show a concer n
of language can be detected in other literatures, some o f them colonialist , and it is perhaps the inevitable consequence of the dominance of a distant metropolis. Having said that , it is onl y fair to note tha t many of the short s tory writers who write in English received their first encouragement in England, and indeed some of the m, like Alun Lewis , represented here by an almost unknown story of army l ife, are at their bes t away from home . In his case, he was probab ly more search ing as an observer with a f oreign eye and his stor ies dealing with English l ife were perhaps more acutely observed than those dealing with his na tive South Wales . There is an abund ance of riches from which the anth ologist may choo se and my task has been made easier by the selections of other editors whose choices I have tried no t to duplicate whe re possible. I have said that these stories were chosen because they please one reader and are of a place and time, bu t I have also had a number of other conside rations in mind and I have tried to represent all Welsh writers , including those whose work belies the concept of Wales as a homogeneous society, some who write in Eng l ish and others who wri te exclusively in Wel sh and fo r whom Welsh is the first language . All arguments about degrees
for a pa rticular landscape or community . It is as if Welsh writers cannot escape this involvement , and often there is also a sense of chara cters off stage, present bu t unseen at the storyteller's elbow. Perhaps the reason for this awareness of others is that so many of us have lived in crowded places , and, while it is not always healthy , it is a part of the Welsh experie nce which is very different from that of our neighbours . I have n ot otherwise been able to define a specific characteristic of the Welsh story which makes it immediately identifiable , save for the nationality or place of residence of the writer , but it should be pointed out th at some Welsh writers writing in Engl ish have faced particular difficulties when they have fe lt the need to emphasise their difference from English counterparts . Often this need has led to stereotyped patterns of speech , the whimsical ity of which often gives a false impression . At the back of it, one suspects the seductive pressures of
of Welshness I find to be fru itless; for me, the story is the thing, although on re-reading so many sto ries in preparing this volume , I could no t help but detec t the security of so many w riters in the Welsh language , which has freed them from painful at tempts to emphasise the ir nationality, a st rain which affected the work of the i r counterparts writing in English for a time. Ironically, this freedom seems to be in dang e r of ending and , judging by some of th e stor ies made a vailable in translation, appears to have been replaced by the aim of poli tica l conversion, to the detrimen t, in my view , of the storyteller's art. However, the representat ion of writers in the Welsh language , translated here , is varied enough to warrant a further anthology comp rised solely of stor i es translated from the or iginal. It is my hope that the Wales of the past and the present is well represented in this volume, together with the world of work and workmen in some of our mo re ravaged terrains , an aspec t which has
those who like their also Welshmen clo wns or 'characters', butto it see sh ould be saidasthat many Welshmen have woven myths about themselves and the ir country with mischievous delight , and one doub ts if they needed much encouragement . Of course , this forced use
tended to be neglected in the past .
34
What does the writer say is esse ntial when he reads a short story? A B
e D 35
It should be the correct length for a short story . The story should be an amus ing one. It should deepe n his understanding of human nature . It should hol d h is attention from the star t.
In the second paragraph the writer says the sto ries show A B
how English writers reso rt to escapism . real life in Wales in the past and in the present.
e D
a new form of wri ting. . the best aspec ts of Welsh life .
36 The writer suggests that, unlike English writers, Welsh writers A B
e D
have a strong sens e of place. become closely involved with the characters they write about. only wr ite about densel y populated areas. avoid writing about spe cific people or places .
37 Some writers in English make their stor ies identifiable as Welsh by A B
e D 38
portraying Welsh characters in a comical way . deliberately using dialect forms . observing life in Engl and from a We lsh point of view. bowing to pressure from the ir Welsh readers.
What does the writ er say helped him choose the stories in the book? A B
e D
He could initially ignor e a number of stories . The large number of Welsh stor ies to choose from. Many writers lived outside Wales . Their popu larity with the reading public.
39 The stories in the book A B
e D 40
are all translations from the srci nal Welsh langu age. put across the idea th at all Welsh people are the same . represent a wide variety of Welsh authors . have a tendency to accentuate the author 's origins.
What does the w riter say about the writ ers who write in Welsh today ? A B
e D
They represent Wales throughout its history. Writing a good story may not be their main purp ose. They have less skill than write rs using English. The translations of their work are not alw ays accu rate.
~
P a p e r 2 - W r it in g
1
(2 hours)
You have read the extract below as part of a newspaper ar ticle about genetically modified foods. Readers were asked to se nd in their opinions. You decide to write a letter responding expressing your ow n views.
Scientists are making hugEr advances in food production. We have seen c loned sheep, possibly soo n we will have cloned chickens an d cows. Now, fruit and vegetables are the targets - scientis ts can alter their gene tic structure to mak e them bigger or sma ller , a darker colour or a lighte r colour and o f course resistant to disease . They claim that this will put an end to world hunger , but is it sa fe to change our food in this way? Are we putting our healt h in danger?
to th e points raised and
nt an answer to one of the questions 2-5 in this part . Write your answer in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.
2
You are a m ember of a town plann ing committee. You have been asked to write a p roposal on what to do with a disused factory site in your town . The option s include : - tur ning the site into a p ark. - using the site a s an a d venture playground. - renovating the building and conv erting it to small work shops for r ent. In your proposal you shou ld in clude the advantages and di sadvantages of each option and recommend the option that will be most suitable.
3
A magazine ha s asked its readers to exchange information about the kind of film s and books the y like most and least. Write a review of t wo book s you ha ve read , or two film s you ha ve seen, giving reason s why the one appeals to you an d the other do es not .
4
There has been a proposal that a zoo and an aquarium should be established in your town or city and a large area of land has been set asid e for this pu rpo se. Regular shows for the public ha ve been suggested as a means of funding these, with some of the animal s, such a s seals, dolphins and tiger s, being trained to tak e part . A local new spaper has in vited readers to contribute article s on their experiences of zoos and aquarium s and their views on anima ls being used for ente rtainment.
Paper 3 - Use of English
(I hour 30 minutes)
For qu estions 1-15, read the text b elow and think of the word which best fits each space. Use o nly one wo rd i n each space. There is an exa mple at the beginning (0) . Write your answers on the se parate answer sheet . Example:
~I
s _ a
_
CH A NG I NG S EA S ONS 0.L
If we measu r e the se as on s , (0)
na tur al even ts su ch as t he depa rture
(2)
spr ing now begi ns
may se em occurs autumn
but the
,
of migrat ing bird s or the appe ara nce
in Nov em be r an d a utumn ends in
an un likel y sit uat ion to us , but in (4)
is arr iving (6)
of t he first f lowe r ,
December.(3)
in Br itain. Taken (8)
fact , data sh ows tha t sp r ing now
to
t mea (n9)
received w isdo m f r om ecolo gy is ab out i nter co nnectedness (10) .
,
,
with
in wint er , some spe cies wil l b r eed ea r lier and the n find th at thei r food source wint er finally arrives. Co
m pe tition for win ter food will
inc rea se too , as bir ds st op mi g r ating so uth in winter, as ha s (12)
probably
happened
in a
o f cases. it is oft en dif fic ult
to be cer t ain t hat sea sona l t rend s a r e prog r essi ve and not
cyclical , thos e invol ved in ana lysing the informa tion
(15)
tha t
of t he timing of na t ur al event s - goes (7)
isolation , ph enologi ca l d at a may no
has be en des troyed (I I)
( 14)
.
.
on phe nol ogy - the study
hig her temp era tur es
(13)
by or dina r y
ten to thir ty days ear lie r than it d id , while r ecen t resear ch bea rs (5)
Trad itional data 1736
in t he pas t t he y hav(I)e
this blurring
of
the seasons ' edges.
see the finge
r pr ints
of
global warmi ng
For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at th e end of some of the lines to form 'ord that fits in the space in the same line. There is a n example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answers on the separate answer sheet.
~
t r _ a _ d _ ; t _ io _ n _ a _ I
_
Winter Walking in Britain owadays, there is a huge range of clo thing designed for winter outdoor p ursuits. e (0) t~ .C :l.q .i.~ !Q .n Q .l . wax jac ket and rubber boots ha ve largely been su perseded
by
an-made fabrics such as 'Gortex' and designer h iking boots. (16) (17) :
use the (18)
of your preference in clo thing on your winter walks, the main
PRIOR
is to kee p you wa rm and dry. To this end, the old adage technique s till app lies. Thermal underwear and soc ks,
'opped with an o uter shell o f jackets and ov e rtrousers hich keep out the w ind and (20)
in (19)
RESPECT
fabrics
and are also 'breathable', keep yo u
LAYER PERMEATE MOIST
arm and dr y. For wet weather or shore walking , rubber boots are bes t, but these are (21)
for real walking. This will requ
hese days a re sturdy and light. Boots designed
ire proper hiking boots, which
(22)
for hiking have a
SUIT SPECIFIC
stiff insole and p rovide good ankle suppo rt as well as g iving good trac tion on (23)
surfaces. A small rucksack of 15-25 litre cap acity is s uitable for short
alks, but the mor e intrepid h iker wil l p robably need (24) a
l
arger
ackpack of around 25 - 40 Iitres. Hiker's rucksacks have been co nsiderably (25) even lighter.
over the las t few years an d new fabric technology
w ill make them
SLIP SUBSTANCE
--------------------------------For questions 26-31, think of one word only which c an be used appropriately example (0).
~
d _ o o _ g
_
in all three sentences. Here is an
here have been complain ts
by residents living on the outskirts of the city of att ac ks by a
................. of stray dogs .
You should be a bit more suspicious! finish.
That story is obviously a
o
f lies from s tart to
----------------------------------For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to t he first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the w ord giv en. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
~1
C 1 _ r_ e _ s _ u l _ t_ o _ f_ m _ y _ p _ ro _ m _ o _ t_ io _ n _ _
The failure of negotiations
~
to the crisis meant collapsed.
If in 1995.
I was the one who started this project
------------------------------------For qu estions 40-44, read th e following texts about 'dangerous sports'. For quest ions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary acc ording to the instructions given. Write your answers to ques tions 40-44 on th e separate answer sheet.
Hang gl iding and hang gliders have been por trayed by the media as a dangerous occupation whose practitioners have a death w ish. Nothing is fu rther from the truth. What is true is that y ou are taking far greater risks d riving to a fly ing site than in flying. When flying a hang glider , pilots are more in control of their fate than at any oth er t ime that they are in motion. Hang glider p ilots' constant ref rain is that they love life fa r more than the ear th-bound can even start to appreciate, and they can state that they will no t have an accident flying a h ang gl ider with the same certa inty that they can say th ey will not break thei r necks walking down the stairs. There are only five cri teria that must be me t if there is to be a safe fl igh t, however. Having good equipment is one, along w ith the follow ing learned skills: the pilot can laun ch pe rfectly and can make the gl ider go whe re he or sh e wants it to, the cond itions are well wi thin an envelope of safety (learned with guidance and caution) and he or she can land saf ely . That's it. There is no mys ticism, no magic , just solid learned skills and the wisdom to fly in predictably safe, carefully co ntrolled conditions. Good instruction , a lot of flying and wo rk are th e key i ngredients in learn ing to fly safely. A good instructor is an active hang glide r pilot. His or her rating is not as importan t as the ability to 'get inside your head' and find the best wo rds for the most complete understand ing of wha t you are supposed to do and wh y you are supposed to do i t. A good instructor is a cost effect ive investment. Finally, fear of he ights and of fall ing is natura l. Hang gliders fly and the pilot is in control. Falling is not an issue and altitude is a friend. Paradoxically, the highe r you go , the sa fer it gets and shou ld you make a mistake, you will have more t ime to corr ect it . Bear in mind that today 's hang glid er has fantastic po tential. There is one 400 foot site that regularly allows pilots to reach cloud base and , not long ago , a pilot reac hed 12 ,000 f eet in New York. In many places, pilots fly with oxygen as a ltitude gains regularly put them very h igh indeed. Hang gliders are not toys, they are really neat, sop histicated aircraft .
-
line 10
_ ~<: iration for bungee jumping has its roots , so to speak , in the South Pacific village of Bunlap _- :"",~~ecost Island. Legend has it that a village man name d Tamalie treated his wife so bad ly that away and climbed a banyan tree, then tied liana v ines to her an kles. When Tamalie climbed ~. er, she jumped and so did he , except that he wasn't attached to any vine s. He died and she d the men of Bunlap began to practice land diving so that if the s ituation arose again, they e ready. Eventually, the sport evolved into a ritual , from which women were excluded , meant • e ure a rich harvest of yam s and later a rich harvest of tou rists. Just before they launch --e s !ves, the men stan d on 80 foot tall wo oden platforms and make spee ches compla ining about es. Then they swan dive on to a softened landing-area whe re the ir heads t hump the dirt just ::.::. e carefully measured vines become taut.
line 7
:. far as anyone can tell, the high-tech evolution of the leash-diving concept was realised on April I's Day 1979 by th e Oxford Dangerous Sports Club, a group of B ritish daredevils who clipped - emselves to ela stic bungee cords and stepped off the 245 foot h igh Clifton Bridge in Bristol, not ~ yams and not in mem ory of a fa llen comrade , but for pure excitement. The same men leapt off .r. e Golden Gate B ridge and then , in 1980 , jumped over Colorado's Royal Go rge, o ne of them falling a feet on a 415 f oot bungee cord and setting a record that was on ly to be broken much later .
=
one of this is as dead ly as it soun ds . In all the years that they have been carrying on this c ustom, not one of the land divers of Pente cost Island has ever been killed. Bungee jumpi ng cannot claim quite the same spotless record, but done with the right , experienced people, it too, is a lot safer than it looks.
44
In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in you r own words bungee jump ing and hang gl iding can be prac tised safely. Write your summary on the s epar ate answer sheet .
as fa r as possibl e,
how
Paper 4 - Listening
(approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four different extracts. For q uestions 1-8, choose the answer C A , B or C) w hich fits bes t according to what you hear. There are two q uestions for eac h extract.
Extract One
1
2
What does the spea ker say about the names of Indian restaurants? A
Most names are unique.
B
There is a l imited choice of traditional names.
C
Confusion of names can easily occur.
How does the speaker feel about the food served at the two restaurants? A
It represents the full range of Indian cooking.
B
Indian cuisine has been simpl ified.
C
He thought it could have been cooked better.
Extract Two
3
4
I
I
What conclusion about success does the book suggest? A
Talent is enough to secure a directing job.
B
Most directors lack the necessary dedication.
C
Directors run into diff iculties along the way.
It is implied that inexperienced directors are A
arrogant.
B
dependent.
C
creative.
Three
I,;t
0
I
speaker values the turns in the road because they make the journey enjoyable. are full of interesting surprises. arrant cautious driving.
oes the speaker compare
the appearance
of the tortoise to a privilege?
was unexpected. 3
was touching. I was rare.
n
ecame a 'born again biker ' because
8
. reminded
e wanted to travel to Africa. him of hi s you th.
is children thought he was going through a mid-l ife crisis.
e
he entered Spain, he wa s su rprised that car number plates had changed.
8
he had become tired of his mo torcycle. e was not stopped at the border .
-----------------------------
You will he ar a rad io featur e where a woman talk s about how she copes w ith her migraine attacks . For questio ns 9-17, complete th e sentences with a word or sh ort phrase.
The two most usual kinds of migraine are known as
1~
~0
migraine.
__ ______
preceded by
Q IJ .
I
The speaker feels
C §]
I~
~
during an attack and
has problems expressing herself clearly.
@ ] . It is an upsetting a nd
I
A variety of things can
~
I~
I
Slump migr aine can occu r when a source o f anxiety is
The speaker's attacks are less
I
experience.
a migraine.
I
~ ~
now than before.
.
~ an interview with Dr T imothy Cowey, a prominent paleontologist,
who is d iscussing a forthcoming
= :e::f::i i~ ? ~ questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B , C or D) whi ch best fits w hat you hear.
- ::- 0 the
-
following facts about the Gobi Desert is fa lse?
e desert is located in M ongolia. a y mines can be found there.
--
ontains areas rich in fossils. is home to the Nemegat Basin.
-
~
are 'The Flaming Cliffs' at their most beautiful? uring the nigh t.
3
I the light of t he rising sun.
nytime during the day. When they catch the setting sun.
~
rding to Dr Cowey, there are more dinosaur eggs to be f oun d.
S
there is nothing more to be learn t about birds.
C
animals developed flight to survive.
D
fossils show birds in flight.
2
~
e excavation
A
is not restricted to experts.
S
is only f or professionals.
C
is th e best in the world.
D
is difficult to find.
ongoryn El s A
was th e site of one previous excavation.
S
is close to the sea.
C
is a potenti ally va luable site.
D
is of no particular interest.
DID
-----------------------------------You will hear two c o mputer
analysts talking abo ut problems b uying computers. For q uestions 23.28, decide
whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speaker s agree. Write
W
for Wen dy
or
M B
for Bo th
for Ma rk
aper 5 - Speaking
(approx. 20 minutes)
speaking test in volves two candidates an d two exami ners. One examiner, the Interlocutor, will speak to ~ whil the other, the Assessor, will just listen.
~--'1
Part 1
(3 minutes)
\\ill be asked questions in turn about where you live and where you are from, your work, studies and - - r t. and your views on ce rtain things. r
. l
Part 2 \,ill be asked to discuss the pho tographs
(4 minutes)
on page 168 tog ether. There are two stages in this par t.
ge 1 -5-e are some photographs which show situations which could be stressful. Look at photographs
1 and 3 on page
and discuss to what degree you wou ld find these situations stressful. ge 2 " look at all t he pictures. Imagine you a re giving a talk concerning the effec ts of stress on our every day lives. uss what advice you would give these people to help them control the pressures in their own lives .
Part 3 (12 minutes) -ou will be asked to t alk on your own, com ment on what your partne r says and join in a t hree-way discussion ih your partner and the Interlocutor around a ce rtain theme.
e candidate will be asked to look at prompt c ar d (a) alk about i t for two minutes . ere are also some ideas for th e candidate to use if e she wishes. e other candid ate will then be asked if he /she has ything to add . en the Interlocutor will ask both candi dates a estion such as: • How well do you think you r educational choices have prepared you for life?
The second candidate is the n given pr ompt card (b) and asked to discu ss it for two minute s . The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has anything to add . Then both candidates will be asked a question on the subject, such as : • Whatprogramme should parents who are teaching their own child ren at home use?
Pr ompt C ar d (b) What have been some of the gr eatest inf lu ences on yo ur edu cation al c hoices?
How do you think being educa ted at hom e by his /her par ents , as op pose d to be ing sent to a tr adition al sc hool , would affect a ch ild ?
- f amily - f riends - job prospects
- qualifications - soc ialisation - academic achievement
e test will then be concluded with a n u mber of gene ral questions about the topic : • • • •
In what ways do you think school facilities can be imp roved? Do you think that schools should be accountable for the fact that children fail to lear n ? What kind of s ubjects should be compulsory ? Should schoo ls offer a general education or concentra te on preparing children for a career?
r o c lic lo r th eT r e v i sI ed
V is u o l M o te r io l fo r th e S p e o k in g P u p e r
DI I l RL . . . ~_a_k_i_ng
_
-----------------
~ ================= == = == = o === = = ======: ; : : : : : ; : : : ; ====
== = = = = == ====" ' " " " " ' -
~ :n g = = = = = ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m rD II
·Paper 5 -
.0
Speakin g
a set of six co m plete pr ac 'ce P r otsfic iewrin ctten y P rina c tiline c e Twit e s hts th eis spec tes if ica tions for the r e vise Cambr idge Pr ofic ienc y examinat ion (intr oduct ion De ce m be r 2002). This set of tests , written by an experience d EFL a uthor . pro vi des comprehens ive co ve r age of t he ty pe of language points and i ndividual skills focuses targeted in the exam ina '0 and , taken toget her , offers t horo ugh prac tice in th e tasks conta in ed in eac h of the five papers.
K e y f e a t u r e s o f S tu d e n t' s B o o k : • • • • • •
Six full prac tice tes ts for the revised CPE exam ina tion In tr oductory sect ion prov idin g a c omp r ehe ns iv e overv ie w of each of the five papers W ide r ange o f a uth entic texts d r awn from a varie ty of so ur ce s in lin e with CPE specificatio ns Thor ough cover age of d isc r e te lang uage and sk ills focuses targeted in th e exa m in ation a cr oss the six tests. Full c olour visual prompts f or each Pa pe r 5 A udio CDs/casset tes con taining a ll Paper 4 m ate rial in tes t sim ulation forma t
K e y f e a t u r e s o f T e a c h e r 's B o o k : • • •
At-a-g lance overprinted answer ke y In tr oductory sect ion proVidi ng a com ple te teacher 's overview of t he focus of each par t of each paper Mode l answe r s to a ll Pape r 2 , Pape r 3 (Part 5) w r iting questio ns and Paper 5
C o m p o n e n ts : • •
Student 's Bo ok Teac he r 's Book (ov erpr inte d)
• •
Cl as s Aud io Cas se ttes (set of six) Class Aud io CDs (set of six) I SBN 1 - 84325- 513- 8
~
Exp ress P ubli shi ng
1 1 11 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
9 781843
255130
