INGENIERIA DE INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS ALIMENTARIAS ALIMENTOS
QUIMICA DE
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JOSE FAUSTINO FAUSTINO SANCHEZ CARRION
FACULT ACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CIE NCIAS AGRARIAS E INDUSTRIA INDU STRIA ALIMENTARIA ESCUELA ACÉDMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA EN INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS ASIGNATURA
QUIMICA DE ALIMENTOS
:
TEMA
:
PARDEAMIENTO ENZIMATICO
DOCENTE
:
Ing. Jorge Danton MIRANDA CABRERA CABRERA
ALUMNOS
:
ALUMNOS
: FALCON POMA, Mercedes Sofía
DE LA CRUZ SILV SILVA O!ar TRUJILLO ARROLLO J"nn#or. ZEVALLOS MEJIA M#$er
CICLO
:
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INGENIERIA DE INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS ALIMENTOS
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HUACHO - PERÚ 2012
Pardeame!"# E!$m%"&# INTRODUCCI'N E( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o -PE e/t& re(a,#ona*o ,on (a a,t#0#*a* *e (a en+#!a )o(#1eno( o2#*a/a -PPO 3"e ,ata(#+a (a o2#*a,#4n a *#1erente/ ,o!)"e/to/ 1en4(#,o/ ,on (a ,on/e,"ente tran/1or!a,#4n a )#g!ento/ o/,"ro/ no *e/ea5(e/ )ara (a ,a(#*a* #n*"/tr#a(. E/te tra5a6o ,ontr#5"7e a (a ,ara,ter#+a,#4n *e( PE en )a)a/ nat#0a/ -Solanum tuberosum //). andigenum a tra08/ *e (a *eter!#na,#4n *e (a 0ar#a5#(#*a* a(8(#,a *e (o/ gene/ *e PPO (a a,t#0#*a* en+#!&t#,a re(a,#ona*a 7 (a re/"(tante ,a(#*a* #n*"/tr#a( )or !e*#o *e )ar&!etro/ ,"a(#tat#0o/. En (o/ 9' genot#)o/ e/t"*#a*o/ /e en,ontraron *#1eren,#a/ /#gn#:,at#0a/ en (a a,t#0#*a* *e PPO 7 e( ;n*#,e o2#*at#0o -IO (o 3"e )er!#t#4 *#/t#ng"#r #n*#0#*"o/ ,on !e6or ,o!)orta!#ento 1rente a( PE. A/#!#/!o /e o5/er04 0ar#a5#(#*a* gen8t#,a en (a/ reg#one/ a!)(#:,a*a/ *e (o/ gene/ *e PPO #*ent#:,&n*o/e < )o/#5(e/ 0ar#ante/ a(8(#,a/. Ha/ta e( !o!ento no /e )"*o e/ta5(e,er a/o,#a,#4n entre 5an*a/ 7 (a a,t#0#*a* *e PPO o IO )o/#5(e!ente *e5#*o a 1a,tore/ a!5#enta(e/ 3"e )"*#eron =a5er #n,#*#*o *"rante e( *e/arro((o *e( ,"(t#0o 7>o a( n?!ero re*",#*o *e genot#)o/ e/t"*#a*o/ a (a 1e,=a.
O()ETI*OS:
Deter!#nar e( e1e,to *e( ,a(or 7 PH en (a/ rea,,#one/ *e )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o. Deter!#nar e( e1e,to *e (a a*#,#4n *e *#1erente/ ,o!)"e/to/ en e( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o.
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FUNDAMENTO TE'RICO: E( )ar*e!a#ento en+#!&t#,o e/ (a Rea,,#4n *e Ma#((ar*. Lo/ )ro*",to/ #nter!e*#ar#o/ *e e/ta rea,,#4n )"e*en /er e( *#42#*o *e ,ar5ono 7 e( ag"a (o/ )ro*",to/ :na(e/ /on )o(;!ero/. E( )ro*",to *e (a rea,,#4n *e Ma#((ar* a1e,ta a( ,o(or a( a0or 7 a otra/ )ro)#e*a*e/ 1;/#,o3";!#,a/ *e (o/ a(#!ento/. E( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o e/ )ro*",#*o )or "na/ en+#!a/ )re/ente/ en e( 0egeta( *eno!#na*a/ )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a/ 3"e en "n a!5#ente =?!e*o )ro*",en (a o2#*a,#4n *e (o/ )o(#1eno(e/ #n,o(oro/ en "na )r#!era eta)a a ,o!)"e/to/ ,o(orea*o/ a!ar#((o/ *eno!#na*o/ teaa0#na/ )ara ,on,("#r en tearr"5#g#na/ *e ,o(ore/ !arrone/ 7 ro6o/ E( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o e/ "na rea,,#4n *e o2#*a,#4n en (a 3"e #nter0#ene ,o!o /"5/trato e( o2;geno !o(e,"(ar ,ata(#+a*a )or "n t#)o *e en+#!a/ 3"e /e )"e*e en,ontrar en )r&,t#,a!ente to*o/ (o/ /ere/ 0#0o/ *e/*e (a/ 5a,ter#a/ a( =o!5re. En e( =o!5re e/ (a re/)on/a5(e *e (a 1or!a,#4n *e )#g!ento/ *e( )e(o 7 *e (a )#e(. En (o/ ,e1a(4)o*o/ )ro*",e e( )#g!ento *e (a t#nta 7 en (o/ artr4)o*o/ )art#,#)a en e( en*"re,#!#ento *e (a/ ,"t;,"(a/ *e( ,a)ara+4n a( 1or!ar 3"#nona/ 3"e rea,,#onan ,on (a/ )rote;na/ #n/o("5#(#+&n*o(a/. En (o/ 0egeta(e/ no /e ,ono,e ,on )re,#/#4n ,"&( e/ /" )a)e( :/#o(4g#,o. E( en+#!a re/)on/a5(e *e( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o re,#5e e( no!5re *e )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a 1eno(a/a o t#ro/#na/a en e/te ?(t#!o ,a/o e/)e,#a(!ente ,"an*o /e =a,e re1eren,#a a an#!a(e/ 7a 3"e en e((o/ (a t#ro/#na e/ e( )r#n,#)a( /"5/trato. Ta!5#8n /e =a "t#(#+a*o e( t8r!#no ,re/o(a/a a)(#,a*o a (a en+#!a *e 0egeta(e/. Se *e/,"5r#4 )r#!ero en (o/ ,=a!)#one/ en (o/ 3"e e( e1e,to *e )ar*ea!#ento tra/ "n *ao !e,&n#,o ,o!o e( ,orte e/ !"7 e0#*ente. En e( ,a!)o *e (o/ a(#!ento/ e( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o )"e*e /er "n )ro5(e!a !"7 /er#o en 1r"ta/ ,=a!)#one/ )atata/ 7 otro/ INGENIERO% MIRANDA CABRERA DANTON
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0egeta(e/ 7 ta!5#8n en a(g"no/ ,r"/t&,eo/ e #n,("/o en (a #n*"/tr#a *e( 0#no a( )ro*",#r a(tera,#one/ en e( ,o(or 3"e re*",en e( 0a(or ,o!er,#a( *e (o/ )ro*",to/ o #n,("/o (o/ =a,en #na,e)ta5(e/ )ara e( ,on/"!#*or. E/ta/ )8r*#*a/ /on !"7 #!)ortante/ en e( ,a/o *e (a/ 1r"ta/ tro)#,a(e/ 7 *e (o/ ,a!arone/ )ro*",to/ tra/,en*enta(e/ )ara (a e,ono!;a *e !",=o/ )a;/e/ )o,o *e/arro((a*o/. A )e/ar *e( no!5re gen8r#,o *e )ar*ea!#ento -5ron#ng en #ng(8/ (o/ ,o(ore/ 1or!a*o/ /on !"7 0ar#a5(e/ !arrone/ ro6#+o/ o negro/ *e)en*#en*o *e( a(#!ento 7 *e (a/ ,on*#,#one/ *e( )ro,e/o. En a(g?n ,a/o ,o!o en (a/ )a/a/ otra/ 1r"ta/ /e,a/ (a /#*ra e( t8 o e( ,a,ao e( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o ,ontr#5"7e a( *e/arro((o *e (o/ ,o(ore/ ,ara,ter;/t#,o/ *e e/to/ )ro*",to/ a"n3"e ,o!o /e =a #n*#,a*o en otro/ !",=o/ ,on/t#t"7e "n )ro5(e!a gra0e. A*e!&/ *e (a a(tera,#4n *e( ,o(or (o/ )ro*",to/ 1or!a*o/ )"e*en rea,,#onar ,on (a/ )rote;na/ #n/o("5#(#+&n*o(a/. Por otra )arte )"e*e )ro*",#r/e ta!5#8n "na )8r*#*a n"tr#,#ona( 7a 3"e a"n3"e (a )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a no o2#*a *#re,ta!ente a( &,#*o a/,4r5#,o e/ta 0#ta!#na )"e*e *e/tr"#r/e a( rea,,#onar ,on #nter!e*#o/ *e (a rea,,#4n.
La rea&&+! de ,ardeame!"# e!$m%"&#
E( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o e/ "n ,on6"nto ,o!)(e6o *e rea,,#one/ 3"e /e #n#,#a )or (a o (a/ rea,,#one/ ,ata(#+a*a/ *e 1or!a en+#!&t#,a. La )r#!era *e e((a/ ,"an*o e( /"/trato )re/ente e/ "n !ono1eno( e/ /" tran/1or!a,#4n en *#1eno(. La /eg"n*a (a tran/1or!a,#4n *e( *#1eno( en 3"#nona. En e( ,a/o *e (a t#ro/#na -!ono1eno( /e 1or!a )r#!era!ente (a *o)a -*#1eno( 7 ("ego (a *o)a3"#nona -3"#nona. A )art#r *e (a 1or!a,#4n *e (a 3"#nona (a rea,,#4n )rogre/a *e 1or!a e/)ont&nea. La/ 3"#nona/ /e )"e*en ,on0ert#r en tr#1eno(e/ )or rea,,#4n ,on e( ag"a 7 )o/ter#or!ente o2#*ar/e a =#*ro2#3"#nona/. To*a/ e/ta/ /"/tan,#a/ /on !"7 rea,t#0a/ *an*o ("gar a )o(;!ero/ 7 rea,,#onan*o ,on otra/ /"/tan,#a/ )re/ente/ en e( a(#!ento e/)e,#a(!ente )rote;na/. Lo/ )ro*",to/ :na(e/ ((a!a*o/ !e(an#na/ /on *e ,o(or !"7 o/,"ro o negro e #n/o("5(e/ en ag"a. E/to/ )o(;!ero/ t#enen )ro)#e*a*e/ ant#!#,ro5#ana/ 7 )o*r;an /er "n !e,an#/!o *e *e1en/a *e (o/ 0egeta(e/ ,ontra #n1e,,#one/.
C#!"r# de a rea&&+! de ,ardeame!"# E( ,ontro( nat"ra( *e (a a,t#0#*a* *e (a )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a /e )ro*",e 1"n*a!enta(!ente !e*#ante (a ,o!)art#!enta(#+a,#4n *e (o/ /"/trato/. E( en+#!a /e en,"entra en (o/ )(&/t#*o/ 7 ,(oro)(a/to/ -en (o/ 0egeta(e/ /")er#ore/ 7 ta!5#8n en e( ,#to)(a/!a ,e("(ar !#entra/ 3"e (o/ ,o!)"e/to/ 1en4(#,o/ 3"e )"e*en /er0#r *e /"/trato/ /e a,"!"(an en 0e/;,"(a/. C"an*o /e ro!)e (a ,o!)art#!enta(#+a,#4n )or "n *ao !e,&n#,o ,o!o e( tr#t"ra*o ,orte o ,onge(a,#4n 7 *e/,onge(a,#4n (a rea,,#4n *e )ar*ea!#ento /e )"e*e )ro*",#r. Ta!5#8n /e )ro*",e (a #n=#5#,#4n *e( en+#!a )or (o/ )ro*",to/ *e (a rea,,#4n.
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A*e!&/ *e !anten#en*o (a ,o!)art#!enta(#+a,#4n (a rea,,#4n *e )ar*ea!#ento /e )"e*e 1renar a,t"an*o /o5re *#1erente/ 1a,tore/% E0#tan*o e( ,onta,to *e( o2;geno ,on (a /")er:,#e *e ,orte Ba6an*o a( te!)erat"ra Re*",#en*o e( )H De/nat"ra(#+an*o e( en+#!a Genera(!ente e/to/ 1a,tore/ a,t?an *e 1or!a ,o!5#na*a. A/; e( *e/,en/o *e )H )"e*e a,t"ar #n#,#a(!ente re*",#en*o (a a,t#0#*a* *e( en+#!a -/" )H 4)t#!o e/t& entre 7 )ero ta!5#8n /# e/ /":,#ente!ente 5a6o *e/nat"ra(#+&n*o(a *e 1or!a #rre0er/#5(e. Lo/ re*",tore/ )"e*en a,t"ar *e 0ar#a/ 1or!a/ entre e((a/ re0ert#en*o (a rea,,#4n *e 3"#nona/ a 1eno(e/. Ta!5#8n )"e*en a,t"ar *#re,ta!ente /o5re e( ,entro a,t#0o *e( en+#!a tran/1or!an*o e( ,o5re 9 en ,o5re @ 3"e /e *#/o,#a !&/ 1&,#(!ente. E( /"(:to 7 (a ,#/te;na a*e!&/ *e rea,,#onar ,on (a/ 3"#nona/ re*",#8n*o(a/ a *#1eno(e/ #na,t#0an e( en+#!a. Lo/ /"(:to/ )re/entan e( )ro5(e!a *e /" to2#,#*a* *#1eren,#a*a )ara a(g"na/ )er/ona/ "n )e3"eo )or,enta6e *e (o/ a/!&t#,o/ 3"e )"e*en /"1r#r ,r#/#/ /e0era/ ,on ,ant#*a*e/ #n,("/o #n1er#ore/ a (o/ (;!#te/ (ega(e/. Con/e,"ente!ente e2#/te "na ten*en,#a a re*",#r (a "t#(#+a,#4n *e /"(:to/ a"n3"e no /#e!)re e/ )o/#5(e. Un #n=#5#*or !"7 e:,#ente (a a,t#0#*a* *e (a )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a *e (o/ ,r"/t&,eo/ e/ e( &,#*o 54r#,o a"n3"e a,t"a(!ente e/t& )ro=#5#*o /" "/o *a*o/ (o/ r#e/go/ *e to2#,#*a*. E( &,#*o a/,4r5#,o e/ "n #n=#5#*or *e (a rea,,#4n !"7 e:,a+ en )r#n,#)#o a( re,on0ert#r (a/ 3"#nona/ en 1eno(e/ )ero (a #n=#5#,#4n e/ /o(a!ente te!)ora( a( agotar/e e( &,#*o a/,4r5#,o ,on e( tran/,"r/o *e (a rea,,#4n. A*e!&/ )o/ter#or!ente )"e*e o,a/#onar )ro5(e!a/ 7a 3"e e( *e=#*roa/,4r5#,o 1or!a*o )"e*e *ar ("gar a "na rea,,#4n *e )ar*ea!#ento e/)e,;:,a. De)en*#en*o *e (a/ ,on*#,#one/ *e "/o e( &,#*o a/,4r5#,o )"e*e ta!5#8n *e/tr"#r e( en+#!a a( !o*#:,ar (a/ =#/t#*#na *e( ,entro a,t#0o )or rea,,#one/ !e*#a*a/ )or ra*#,a(e/ (#5re/. Lo/ agente/ 3"e(ante/ ,a)a,e/ *e e(#!#nar (o/ &to!o/ *e ,o5re *e( ,entro a,t#0o *e( en+#!a 7 ,on/e,"ente!ente #na,t#0ar(a /on #n=#5#*ore/ !"7 e:,#ente/. P"e*en "t#(#+ar/e e( EDTA )#ro1o/1ato 7 e/)e,#a(!ente e( &,#*o ,;tr#,o 3"e ,o!5#na e( e1e,to *e (a a,#*e+ ,on (a ,a)a,#*a* /e,"e/trante *e !eta(e/. A(g"na/ otra/ /"/tan,#a/ ,o!o e( &,#*o 5en+o#,o 7 otro/ ,o!)"e/to/ aro!&t#,o/ a,t?an re*",#en*o (a a,t#0#*a* *e( en+#!a a( ,o!)et#r ,on (o/ /"/trato/. )or /")"e/to (a *e/nat"ra(#+a,#4n t8r!#,a )or e6e!)(o !e*#ante e/,a(*a*o ,on 0a)or e/ "n /#/te!a !"7 e:,a+ ,"an*o )"e*e "t#(#+ar/e.
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MATERIALES . REACTI*OS Ma"erae/: M"e/tra% Man+ana (#!one/ ,",=#((o ta5(a *e )#,ar 0a/o L#,"a*ora ,o,#na o((a
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DISEO EPERIMENTAL: E,erme!"# N3 1: Perdme!"# e!$m%"&# de a ma!$a!a
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DISCUSIONES: Lo/ ,r#ter#o/ 3"e e!)(ear;a!o/ )ara "n trata!#ento 3"e 0a /er0#r )ara #n=#5#r en )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o% La te,no(og;a *e/arro((a*a e/ #nno0a*ora )or3"e )er!#te ,o!5#nar trata!#ento/ 3";!#,o/ ,on !8to*o/ 1;/#,o/ )ara ,ontro(ar (a/ rea,,#one/ *e *eter#oro *e (a a(,a,=o1a *"rante /" )ro,e/a*o 7 ,on/er0a,#4n. E/ta ,o!5#na,#4n *e trata!#ento/ a*e!&/ *e #n=#5#r (a/ rea,,#one/ *e )ar*ea!#ento )er!#te o5tener a(,a,=o1a/ 1re/,a/ ,orta*a/ 3"e ,on/er0an to*o e( 0a(or n"tr#t#0o *e( )ro*",to 1re/,o a*e!&/ *e !antener /"/ )ro)#e*a*e/ organo(8)t#,a/. En ,a!5#o (o/ e(a5ora*o/ *e a(,a,=o1a *#/)on#5(e/ =a/ta a=ora en e( !er,a*o /on ,onge(a*o/ en ,on/er0a o )re,o,#na*o/ 3"e na*a t#enen 3"e 0er ,on e( )ro*",to 1re/,o. O)era,#one/ ta(e/ ,o!o e( )e(a*o 7 (a re*",,#4n *e ta!ao )er!#ten 3"e (a/ en+#!a/ -,(oro:(a/a )ero2#*a/a )o(#1eno(o2#*a/a 7 (o/ /"/trato/ entren en ,onta,to )r#n,#)a(!ente en (a /")er:,#e *e (o/ )ro*",to/ or#g#nan*o rea,,#one/ en+#!&t#,a/ re(a,#ona*a/ a( *eter#oro *e ,o(or. E( e/,a(*a*o en 0a)or /at"ra*o *e/tr"7e en+#!a/ #na,t#0a a(g"no/ !#,roorgan#/!o/ 7 /en/#5#(#+a (o/ !#,roorgan#/!o/ re/tante/ a (o/ otro/ 1a,tore/ *e ,on/er0a,#4n
CONCLUSIONES:
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Con,("#!o/ 3"e )ara #n=#5#r (a/ en+#!a/ ,a"/ante/ *e( )ar*ea!#ento en+#!&t#,o /e (ogra 5a6an*o e( )H *e( a(#!ento a 9. a)ro2. o /o!et#en*o e( a(#!ento a "na te!)erat"ra a(ta 7 )or "n ,orto t#e!)o. Con,("#!o/ 3"e (a a*#,#4n *e ,o!)"e/to/ 3";!#,o/ ta!5#8n e/ e:,a+ /o(o 3"e =a7 3"e tener en ,"enta (a ,o!)o/#,#4n *e( a(#!ento )ara 3"e no =a7a a(g"na rea,,#4n *e/1a0ora5(e a*#,#ona(.
CUESTIONARIO: 14- 5C6%e/ /#! a/ e!$ma/ ,re/e!"e/ e! &ada 6!a de a/ m6e/"ra/ em,eada/ e! a ,r%&"&a7 Ha8a 6! /"ad# de a/ e!$ma/ !a"6rae/ 96e ,6ede! e!&#!"rar/e e! #/ ame!"#/7 La en+#!a )re/ente en (a )a)a e/ (a K*#=#*ro2#1en#(a(an#na -*o)a )ar*ea!#ento *e (a )atata. Se 1or!a a )art#r *e (a t#ro/#na. La en,#!a )re/ente en (a !an+ana e/ (a Polifenoloxidasa En (o/ a(#!ento/ en,ontra!o/ *#1erente/ en+#!a/ ,o!o (a/ 3"e /e *e/,r#5en a ,ont#n"a,#4n%
Od#rred6&"a/a/: Po(#1eno( o2#*a/a/ )ero2#*a/a/ (#)o2#gena/a/ a/,or5#,o2#*a/a/. E/ta/ e/t&n )re/ente/ en 1r"ta/ 7 =orta(#+a/.
Hdr#a/a/: Protea/a/ (#)a/a/ a!#(a/a/ en+#!a/ )8,t#,a/ ,(oro:(a/a/. E/ta/ e/tan )re/ente/ en ,erea(e/ -*"rante (a ger!#na,#4n (a/ en+#!a/ )8,t#,a/ 7 ,(oro:(a/a/ /on #!)ortante/ en 1r"ta/ 7 =orta(#+a/.
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24-E,96e a !6e!&a de a "em,era"6ra ; e ,H e! e ,ardeame!"# e!$m%"
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