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
0'"$G %1L"&$G MNO PQ NR J3864<797 73 "3944<=: C/(/ *-$=&:41( 4$ ,&D-( /3(-0&*E/,1&$%- '& ./ 3(F*%1*/ / (&/.1@/(G &= $&*&=/(1- '-,1$/( .-= 54$'/,&$%-= 2 =1:$151*/'- '& .-= *-$*&3%-= ,F= ?F=1*-= A4& =& '&51$&$ / %(/0B= '& ./ $<:S5<49 -AF?<49G A4& &= (/,/ '& ./ A4;,1*/ A4& &=%4'1/ &. /0/$*& '& ./= (&/**1-$&= A4;,1*/= A4;,1*/= *-$ (&=3&*%- /. %1&,3- 2 / ./ . / 5-(,/ &$ A4& -*4((&$"
→
#$ 3(1,&( .4:/(G '&?&,-= '&51$1( D3864<797 73 ;3944<=: '& ,/$&(/ *-$*(&%/" C/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ *4/.A41&(/
/H I ? J I""""" * K I ' 7 RRRR 7 RRRR
L!M
T32<: 89 D3864<797 73 ;3944<=: B3 3V@;3B9: 3: 46:43:5;94<=:W5<3?@6U X3:3;98?3:53 0WBR
= − ∆∆[]
C-( &D&,3.-G *-$=1'&(& ./ (&/**1+$
CHNC→CHCN ∆[∆]] − − ∆[CHCH∆tNC] = − (0.0031480800000−0. − 00165 ) =1.67×10 . CHCN, ∆[∆]]
./ *4/. /0/$@/ *-,- =& 0& &$ ./ =1:41&$%& %/?./W 8/ 0&.-*1'/' '& *-$=4,- '&. (&/*%10 (&/*%10-*4/$'- E/$ 3/=/'- XYYY = =&(F
Z 3/(/ &. ,1=,- 1$%&(0/.- '& %1&,3-G B=%/ =&(F ./ ,1=,/ 0&.-*1'/' '& /3/(1*1+$ '&. G 2 ./ ,1=,/ 0&.-*1'/' 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ (&/**1+$ ! G 34&= %-'-= .-= *-&51*1&$%&= ?/./$*&/'-= =-$ 4$-"
K-,- ./= 0&.-*1'/'&= (&./%10/= 2 ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ =&
*/.*4./$ 3/(/ 4$ 1$%&(0/.- '& %1&,3-G =& .&= *-$-*& *-,- 0&.-*1'/'&= 3(-,&'1-" 1Y3;4<4<6 N* /V #<3.1A4& *./(/,&$%& A4B &= 4$/ 0&.-*1'/' (&./%10/ 2 A4B &= ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$" ?V[K4F.&= 34&'&$ =&( -%(/= 4$1'/'&= '& ! =&:\$ ./ &*4/*1+$ U!V] 8/ &*4/*1+$ U!V &= =&$*1../ '& 1$%&(3(&%/(W =1 *-$-*&,-= *+,- 0/(;/ ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& *4/.A41&( &=3&*1& A4;,1*/ &$ 54$*1+$ '&. %1&,3-G &$%-$*&= 3-'(&,-= -?%&$&( 1$,&'1/%/,&$%& ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$" ^1$ &,?/(:-G 4$/ *-=/ &= ./ J3864<797 ;3895
./= 3-'&,-= 1.4=%(/( ,&D-( *-$ &. =1:41&$%& &D&,3.-G A4& ,4&=%(/ '/%-= *1$B%1*-= 3/(/ ./ E1'(+.1=1= '&. *.-(4(- '& $` ?4%1.-G KabcK.U.VW
KabcK.U.V I b`bdU.V→ KabcdbU/*V I bK.U/*V 8/ &0-.4*1+$ %&,3-(/. '& ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& *.-(4(- '& ?4%1.- / 3/(%1( '& 4$ %1&,3- # $ Y 2 4$/ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ 1$1*1/. Y"!YYY % =& (&*-:& &$ ./ =1:41&$%&= e/?./ ! 2 Q1:4(/ !W e/?./ ! T956B 4<:S5<46B @9;9 89 [<7;=8
YY"Y Y"Yfac !"66 < !Y`a aYY"Y Y"YaaX !"Y! < !Y`a fYY"Y Y"Y>hX Y"XY < !Y`a XYY"Y Y"Y6YY Y"fhY < !Y`a Y !YYY"Y
∆[∆]. =− =− []
C-( 4$ ./'-G ./ J3864<797 ;3895
C-( &.
"K./(/,&$%&G
J3864<7973B > 3B53EA<6?35;F9 K4/$'- .-= *-&51*1&$%&= &=%&A41-,B%(1*-= $- =-$ 4$-G ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ $- &= ./ ,1=,/ 0&.-*1'/' '& *-$=4,- '& .-= (&/*%10-= - '& 5-(,/*1+$ '& .-= 3(-'4*%-=" #$%-$*&=G 3/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ *4/.A41&(/
/H I ?J I""""" *K I '7 """" →
8/ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ ! &=
=− ∆∆t[A] 1a =− ∆∆t[B] 1b = ∆∆t[C] 1c = ∆∆t[D] 1d
(1)
8/ /$%&(1-( &*4/*1+$ U!V =1:$151*/ A4& 3/(/ %-'/ (&/**1+$ A4;,1*/G `9 D3864<797 73 ;3944<=: ! B3 6C5<3:3 7
$A9:76 B3 @<73 6C53:3; ! / 3/(%1( '& /.:4$/ 0&.-*1'/' (&./%10/G - 01*& 0&(=/G &$ 4$/ (&/**1+$ '/'/G .- A4& =& 31'& &= &=*(1?1( ./ 4<:S5<49 X3:3;98 3/(/ ./ (&/**1+$G 2 .- A4& E/2 A4& E/*&( &= 4=/( ./ &*4/*1+$ U!V 2 '& &../ */.*4./( .A4& =& $&*&=1%&" C-( &D&,3.-G =1 =& 31'& (&./*1-$/( ./= 0&.-*1'/'&= '& ./= &=3&*1&= *-$ ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ 3/(/ ./ =1:41&$%& (&/**1+$ U=1 =& 31'& ./ 4<:S5<49 X3:3;98 3/(/ &=%/ (&/**1+$VW
IO()+ 3I()+ 6H()→2I()+3HO(l) ] ] ∆[ ∆[ ∆[ =− ∆ =− ∆ =− ∆ ] = ∆[∆] = ∆[∆]
L6M
8/ (&=34&=%/ &= &=*(1?1(
"
7& &=%/ &<3(&=1+$ 34&'& 4=/(=& .- A4& =& (&A41&(/ 3/(/ */.*4./( 4$/ 0&.-*1'/' '& *-$=4,- - '& 5-(,/*1+$" C-( &D&,3.-G =1 =& =/?& A4& &$ '&%&(,1$/'- 1$%&(0/.- '& %1&,3 2 =& (&A41&(& */.*4./( ./ 0&.-*1'/'
∆[∆] =0.015 /
H − ∆[∆]
− ∆[∆] = ∆[∆] =2(0.015 /)=0.030 /, = (. /)
'& *-$=4,- '& G G =& &=*(1?1(;/ 3-( .- A4& (&=4.%/'- A4& &= %-%/.,&$%& .+:1*-G 34&=%- A4& ./ &=%&A41-,&%(;/ &$ ./ (&/**1+$ L6M '1*& A4& 3-( */'/ ,-. '& /:4/ A4& =& 5-(,/G =& *-$=4,& &' ()*'& '& 1-$&= " i&*4&('&G #( !"#$%&'(' '" +"(%%&3/ ! 0" $6,&"/" '&!&'&"/'$ %-(#7-&"+ !"#$%&'(' +"#(,&!( 0$6+" 0- %$"8&%&"/," 6(#(/%"('$ " #$ &. &D&,3.- /$%&(1-(G 2 4=/$'- &. /:4/G SY"YYf % _=G 2 4=/$'- &.
H H = . / =0.005 /s. G
.:9 26;?9 ?ZB B3:4<889 '& */.*4./( 0&.-*1'/'&= '& (&/*%10-= - 3(-'4*%-= &= / %(/0B= '& ./ (&/**1+$ ?/./$*&/'/" C-( &D&,3.-G &$ ./ (&/**1+$ /$%&(1-(G =& =/?& A4& " ^1 =& 31'& */.*4./( ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& *-$=4,- '& E1'(-$1&=*(1?1(
− ∆[∆]
∆[∆] =0.015 /
G =& 34&'& 0&( &$ ./ &*4/*1+$ L6M A4& h ,-.&= '& E1'(-$1- 3(-'4*&$ > '& /:4/G 3-( .- A4& =& 34&'&
− ∆[∆] = ∆[∆]× =0.015 ×2=0.030 /
" j4& &=G &$ (&/.1'/'G &. ,1=,- *F.*4.- A4& =& E1@- /$%&= ,&'1/$%& 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$"
1Y3;4<4<6 P* /V #<3.1A4& *./(/,&$%& A4B &= ./ *-$0&$*1+$ *1$B%1*/" ?V #$ ./ (&/**1+$ 6 d>U:V → > d6U:V [K+,- =& (&./*1-$/ ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& '&=/3/(1*1+$ '&. -@-$*-$ ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& 5-(,/*1+$ '& -<;:&$] C1=%/W /$/.1*& 2 4=& ./ &*4/*1+$ U!V *V ^1 =& 5-(,/ -<;:&$- *-$ 4$/ 0&.-*1'/' &$ 4$ 1$=%/$%& '/'-G [*-$ A4B 0&.-*1'/' =& &=%/(F *-$=4,1&$'- -@-$-]
− ∆[∆] 6.0×10 /
∆[∆]
PR `9 &:28A3:4<9 73 89 $6:43:5;94<=: B6C;3 89 D3864<797* `3> 73 J3864<797 MNQ ^& 34&'& &$*-$%(/(G / 3/(%1( '& '/%-= &<3&(1,&$%/.&= '& *-$*&$%(/*1-$&= '& .-= (&/*%10-= 2 0&.-*1'/'&= '& (&/**1+$G 4$/ &*4/*1+$ - `3> 73 D3864<797U A4& &= 34(/,&$%& &,3;(1*/G 2 =1(0& 3/(/ '&%&(,1$/( *+,- */,?1/ ./ 0&.-*1'/' *4/$'- */,?1/$ ./= *-$*&$%(/*1-$&= '& .-= (&/*%10-= &$ 4$/ (&/**1+$ '/'/" H=;G 3/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ :&$&(/. E-,-:B$&/ '&. %13aA + b B +… nN→ C(-'4*%-= L6M 8/ 8&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' =& &=*(1?& *-, U6V
=[A][B] …[N]
7-$'& + =& '&$-,1$/ 46:B59:53 4<:S5<49 6 46:B59:53 73 D3864<797a 2 .-= &<3-$&$%&= ,- .- / =& '&$-,1$/$ =;73:3B @9;5<4A89;3B 73 ;3944<=: *-$ (&=3&*%- / */'/ (&/*%10-k ./ =4,/ '& %-'-= &..-= =& '&$-,1$/ 6;73: X3:3;98 6 56598 73 ;3944<=: G - =1,3.&,&$%&U 38 6;73: 73 89 ;3944<=:R T- -.01'& A4& 86B =;73:3B 73 ;3944<=: :6 B6:
1Y3;4<4<6 b* /V #<3.1A4& *./(/,&$%& A4B &= 4$/ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/'" ?V d?=&(0& .-= =1:41&$%&= &D&,3.-= *-$*(&%-= '& (&/**1-$&= A4;,1*/= 2 .&2&= '& 0&.-*1'/'" 7&%&(,1$& &. -('&$ '& (&/**1+$ 3/(/ */'/ 4$/ '& &../=" i&/**1+$ 6 T6dfU:V → a Td6U:V I d6U:V KbK.>U:V I K.6U:V → KK.aU:V I bK.U:V b6U:V I R6U:V → 6 bRU:V 6 TdU 0V I 6 b6U 0V → N6U 0V I 6b6dU 0V
8&2 '& 9&.-*1'/' ! $ + OT6dfP ! $ + OKbK.>POK.6Pl ! $ + Ob6POR6P ! $ + OTdP6Ob6P
d('&$
8/ -?%&$*1+$ '& 4$/ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' =/%1=5/*& 4$ -?D&%10- 54$'/,&$%/.,&$%& 3(F*%1*-G 2/ A4& *-$ 4$/ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' =& 34&'& -?%&$&( &. 0/.-( '& ./ *-$=%/$%& *1$B%1*/G 2 *-$-*1'- &. 0/.-( '& + 2 '& .-= +('&$&= 3/(*1/.&= '& (&/**1+$G 3-'&,-= 3(&'&*1( ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$ &$ -%(/= *-$'1*1-$&= '& *-$*&$%(/*1+$G %-'- / %&,3&(/%4(/ 51D/" #$%-$*&=G ./ 3(1$*13/. 4%1.1'/' '& 4$/ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' &= 3(&'&*1( ./ 0/(1/*1+$ '& ./ 0&.-*1'/' /. */,?1/(
=[A]×[B] ×
*-$*&$%(/*1-$&= '& (&/*%10-=" C-( &D&,3.-G =1 4$/ (&/**1+$ *4,3.& ./ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' G /. ,/$%&$&( 6 > *-$=%/$%& ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& H 2 '43.1*/( ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& JG ./ 0&.-*1'/' /4,&$%/(F ! 6 S X 0&*&=k ^1 ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& H =& '1=,1$42& / ./ ,1%/' 2 ./ '& J =& /4,&$%/ %(&= 0&*&=G ./ 0&.-*1'/' 0/(1/(F U!_6V 6 >> S U!_aV U6gV S 6g_aG - =&/ A4& /4,&$%/(F &$ 4$ 5/*%-( '& 6g_a"
T353;?<:94<=: 73 A:9 `3> 73 D3864<797* 0S5676 73 89B J3864<7973B &:<4<983B MNQ C-( ,4*E- A4& =& -?=&(0& 4$/ &*4/*1+$ A4;,1*/G $- =& 3-'(F '&'4*1( =4 .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/'G @A3B 86B 4632<4<3:53B 3B53EA<6?S5;<46B :6 7<43: :979 B6C;3 86B =;73:3B 73 ;3944<=:R b/2 A4& (&/.1@/( &<3&(1,&$%-= 3/(/ *-$-*&( '/%-= *1$B%1*-=G 2/ =&/ &$ 5-(,/ '& 0&.-*1'/'&= '& (&/**1+$ - '& */,?1-= '& *-$*&$%(/*1+$ 5(&$%& /. %1&,3-" C&(/'&,F=G E/2 A4& '1=&m/( &. &<3&(1,&$%- '& /*4&('- /. 3-=%&(1-( %(/%/,1&$%- '& .-= '/%-=G 2/ A4& &<1=%&$ '10&(=/= 3-=1?1.1'/'&= 3/(/ &<%(/&( .&2&= *1$B%1*/=" #$ &=%/ 3(F*%1*/ =& 0/ / =&:41( 4$/ &=%(/%&:1/ 3/(%1*4./(,&$%& /'/3%/'/ 3/(/ 4$ ./?-(/%-(1-G &. ?S5676 73 89B D3864<7973B <:<4<983B " #. =1:41&$%& &D&,3.- $-= =1(0& 3/(/ 1.4=%(/( &. ,-'&$ &. A4& E/2 A4& %(/%/( .-= '/%-= &<3&(1,&$%/.&= '& &=%/ 3(F*%1*/" ^43-$:/ A4& 3/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ HIJ →K =& ,1'&$ ./= 0&.-*1'/'&= '& (&/**1+$ / '1=%1$%/= *-$*&$%(/*1-$&= 1$1*1/.&=W #<3&(1,&$%- OHP U% V OJP U% V 9 1$1*1/. U %12V ! Y"!YY Y"!YY 6 Y"!YY Y"6YY > Y"6YY Y"!YY
4.4.00 ×10 ×10 16 ×10 =[A][B]
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
Z (&*-('/$'- A4& =1
= [[00..2100]00][[00..1100]00] = [[00..2100]00] , 164.0 ×10×10 = 2 , 4 =2 , = = ()() , se encuentra que = ()() , =2. = [[00..1100]00][[00..2100]00] =0.200 4.4.00 ×10 ×10 0.100 1= 2 = LogLog(2)(1) , =0 . =[A][B] =[A] ?G
7& ,/$&(/ /$F.-:/G /E-(/ =& /$/.1@/ &. &5&*%- '&. (&/*%10- J =-?(& ! *-$ OHP *-$=%/$%&G 3/(/ .- *4/. &=*-:&,-= .-= &<3&(1,&$%-= ! 2 6W
C-( .- A4& =& *-$*.42& A4& &. *-&51*1&$%& A4& *-((&=3-$'& /. (&/*%10- J &$ ./ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' '& &=%& &D&,3.-G &= '&*1(G &. -('&$ 3/(*1/. '& (&/**1+$ *-$ (&=3&*%- / JG &= Z/ %&$1&$'- .-= 0/.-(&= '& .-= +('&$&= '& (&/**1+$ 3/(/ */'/ (&/*%10-G ./ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' 3/(/ &=%& &D&,3.- A4&'/ C&(- *-,- OJPY S !G ./ 8&2 '& 9&.-*1'/' '&%&(,1$/'/ 3/(/ &=%& &D&,3.- ,&'1/$%& &. ,B%-'- '& ./= 0&.-*1'/'&= 1$1*1/.&=G A4&'/ &=*(1%/ *-,"
H=;G =& -?%1&$& A4&G &$ &=%& &D&,3.-G ./ (&/**1+$ HIJ →K -?&'&*& 4$/ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' '& -('&$ 6" #. -('&$ 3/(*1/. '& ./ (&/**1+$ *-$ (&=3&*%- /. (&/*%10- H &= 6G 2 *-$ (&=3&*%- / JG &= YG 3-( .- A4& 38 6;73: 73 89 ;3944<=: &= 6"
.:9 D3c 46:64<79 89 83> 73 D3864<797 G =& 34&'& 4%1.1@/( *4/.A41&( &<3&(1,&$%- '& ./ %/?./ /$%&(1-( 3/(/ '&=3&D/( &. 0/.-( '& ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' + G 2 =1 ./ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' E/ =1'- *-((&*%/,&$%& '&%&(,1$/'/G 345'647&8 97'5 (& (5#)2 (&*& (58 '5 :72:5 3)/2#5/#&G '&$%(- '& ./ 1$*&(%1'4,?(& '& .-= '/%-=" #$ &. */=- /$%&(1-(G 2 4=/$'- .-= '/%-= '& ./ =&:4$'/ 51./ '& ./ %/?./G
= [A] , = 4.0(0.×101 )/ =4.0 ×10.
T-%& *-$ %-'/ *./(1'/' A4& 9BF 46?6 B3 6@3;9: 89B 49:5<7973B 59?C
s,
s
=4. 0 ×10[A]. s ;
K/=1 =1&,3(&G *4/$'- ./ *1$B%1*/ &= '& -('&$ *&(-G ./= 4$1'/'&= '& + =-$ =1 &= '& -('&$ 4$- ./= 4$1'/'&= '& + =-$ 2 =1 &= '& -('&$ '-=G ./= 4$1'/'&= '& + =-$ " #$ %-'- */=-G + '&?& =&( */.*4./'- *-,- =& E/ 1.4=%(/'3/(/ */'/ (&/**1+$"
1Y3;4<4<6 )* H 3/(%1( '& .-= '/%-= '& ./ %/?./ /$%&(1-(G */.*4./( &. 0/.-( '& ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' + U9/.-( $4,B(1*- 2 4$1'/'&= *-((&*%/="V 1Y3;4<4<6 d* #=%/?.&@*/ ./= 4$1'/'&= *-((&*%/= 3/(/ + =1 &. 6;73: 56598 '& 4$/ (&/**1+$ &= 9R!
1Y3;4<4<6 e* 8-= =1:41&$%&= '/%-= *1$B%1*-= =-$ 3/(/ ./ (&/**1+$ TdU 0V I J(6U 0V
→
CR 6
6TdJ(U 0V / 6g>"!f
1V@3; Y"!Y Y"fY hY a Y">f Y"fY g>f /" 7&%&(,1$& ./ .&2 '& 0&.-*1'/' *-,3.&%/ '& &=%/ (&/**1+$" ?" #=*(1?/ ./ (&./*1+$ &$%(& ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& 5-(,/*1+$ '& TdJ( 2 ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& '&=/3/(1*1+$ '& J( 6" *" K/.*4.& ./ 0&.-*1'/' *4/$'- OTdP S Y"af % 2 OJ(6P S Y"!f % "
4R >
℃
W
Q1$/.,&$%&G A:9 83> 73 D3864<797 B<;D3 @9;9 4984A89; + 9 53?@3;95A;9 2 S X 0&*&=k ^1 ./ *-$*&$%(/*1+$ '& H =& '1=,1$42& / ./ ,1%/' 2 ./ '& J =& /4,&$%/ %(&= 0&*&=G ./ 0&.-*1'/' 0/(1/(F U!_6V 6 >> S U!_aV U6gV S 6g_aG - =&/ A4& /4,&$%/(F &$ 4$ 5/*%-( '& 6g_a"
=[A]× [B] ×
bR `9 &:28A3:4<9 73 89 %3?@3;95A;9 B6C;3 89 D3864<797* `9 14A94<=: 73 ';;[3:
℃
CHNC(g)→CHCN(g)
Q1:4(/ 6 T3@3:73:4<9 73 89 46:B59:53 73 D3864<797 46: 89 53?@3;95A;9R 9/(1/*1+$ '&./ *-$=%/$%& '& 3(1,&( -('&$ &$ 54$*1+$ '& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ 3/(/ &. (&-('&$/,1&$%- '&. ,&%1.1=-$1%(1.- / /*&%-$1%(1.-" e-,/'- '& E%%3W__nnn"*E&,"45."&'4_o1%._aa!!_,/%%&(_Qp!aqY!!"pRQ
#$ !XXXG &. A4;,1*- =4&*- ^0/$%& H((E&$14= /51(,+ A4& ./= ,-.B*4./= '&?;/$ %&$&( 4$/ ,;$1,/ &$&(:;/ 3/(/ (&/**1-$/(G &= '&*1(G A4& 3/(/ A4& 4$/ ,-.B*4./ '& 4$ (&/*%10- (&/**1-$& *-$ -%(- (&/*%10- - &../ =-./ *-,1&$*& / %(/$=5-(,/(=& &$ 3(-'4*%- /.:4$-G '&?& =43&(/( 4$ *1&(%- 0/.-( '& &$&(:;/ 3(-31- '& */'/ (&/**1+$" #$%-$*&=G '&='& &=%& /3-(%& '& H((E&$14=G =& *-$-*& *-,- 3:3;XF9 73 945
/V 067386 73 468
?V f9456; 73 6;<3:594<=:* C/(/ A4& /.*/$*&$ ./ ; 5 G $- &= =451*1&$%& A4& ./= ,-.B*4./= *E-A4&$k .-= *E-A4&= '&?&$ &=%/( /'&*4/'/,&$%& -(1&$%/'-= 3/(/ A4& ./ &$&(:;/ 3(-'4*%- '&. *E-A4& =&/ &,3.&/'/ &$ ./ 5-(,/*1+$ '& .-= 3(-'4*%-= '&=&/'-=" C-( &D&,3.-G *-$=1'&(& ./ 3-=1?.& (&/**1+$ G *-,- =& 1.4=%(/ &$ ./ Q1:4(/ >"
Cl+NOCl→NO+ Cl
H$%&= '&. *E-A4&
H$%&= '&. *E-A4&
d*4((& &. *E-A4& 7&=34B= '&. *E-A4& U/V KE-A4& &5&*%10-
d*4((& &. *E-A4& U?V KE-A4& 1$&5&*%10-
7&=34B= '&. *E-A4&
Q1:4(/ > 18 29456; 73 6;<3:594<=:R 7-= 3-=1?.&= 5-(,/= &$ A4& .-= F%-,-= '& K. 2 ./= ,-.B*4./= '& TdK. 34&'&$ *E-*/( 3/(/ (&/**1-$/(W
−
U/V ^1 ./= ,-.B*4./= &=%F$ ?1&$ -(1&$%/'/=G &= '&*1(G =1 &. F%-,- '& K. /. *E-*/( &$*4&$%(/ /. K. '&. TdK.G -*4((& 4$/ *-.1=1+$ *42/ &$&(:;/ &= &,3.&/'/ &$ 5-(,/( &. &$./*& K. K.G .- A4& =; 3(-'4*& ./ (&/**1+$ '&=&/'/"U?V ^1 &. *E-A4& -*4((& 3&(- .-= (&/*%10-= $- &=%F$ ?1&$ -(1&$%/'-=G ./ &$&(:;/ '&. *E-A4& $- =&(01(FG 3-(A4& $- =& 3-'(F 5-(,/( &. 3(-'4*%- '&=&/'- U34&= &. K. $- &$*4&$%(/ /. -%(- K.V" e-,/'- '& ./ .1%&(/%4(/" O6P
#$%-$*&=G =+.- 4$/ 3&A4&m/ 3/(%& '& .-= *E-A4&= 3(-'4*&$ 4$/ (&/**1+$ '/'/G 3-(A4& =+.- 4$/ 3&A4&m/ 3/(%& '& &..-= &=%F$ /'&*4/'/,&$%& -(1&$%/'-="
H*F $-%/,-= &. &5&*%- $&%- '& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ =-?(& ./ 0&.-*1'/' '& (&/**1+$W 38 9A?3:56 73 89 53?@3;95A;9 [943 EA3 A:9 ?9>6; 2;944<=: 73 ?68S4A89B 9849:43: A:9 3:3;XF9 ?9>6; EA3 U 86 4A98 @;6D649 EA3 89 D3864<797 73 ;3944<=: 9A?3:53R 8/ 5(/**1+$ '& ,-.B*4./= A4& %1&$& 4$/ &$&(:;/ 1:4/. - ,/2-( /
&=%F '/'/ 3-( ./ &<3(&=1+$
= 8.314 ∙ 1.4×10
U>V 7-$'& < &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& .-= :/=&= &$ 4$1'/'&= '& &$&(:;/ 2 = &= ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ /?=-.4%/" C/(/ '/( 4$/ 1'&/ '& ./ ,/:$1%4' '& 9 G =43-$:/ A4& 0/.& !YY rs_,-.G 4$ 0/.-( %;31*- 3/(/ ,4*E/= (&/**1-$&=G 2 A4& = &= >YY t U*&(*/ '& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ /,?1&$%&V" #. 0/.-( */.*4./'- 4=/$'- ./ &*4/*1+$ U>V 3/(/ 9 &= G uN$ $\,&(- &<%(&,/'/,&$%& 3&A4&m-v H >!Y tG '/(;/ " #$%-$*&= 4$ /4,&$%- '& !Y t 3(-'4*& 4$ /4,&$%'& >"h 0&*&= &$ ./ 5(/**1+$ '& ,-.B*4./= A4& 3-=&&$ /. ,&$-= 4$/ &$&(:;/ '& !YY rs_,-."
3.9×10
wF= *-$*(&%/,&$%&G H((E&$14= &$*-$%(+ A4& &. 1$*(&,&$%- &$ ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' *-$ &. /4,&$%- '& %&,3&(/%4(/ =& *-,3-(%/ '& ,/$&(/ $- .1$&/.G *-,- =& ,-=%(+ /$%&= &$ ./ Q1:" 6" x. &$*-$%(+ A4& ./ *1$B%1*/ '& ,/2-(;/ '& ./= (&/**1-$&= -?&'&*& / 4$/ &*4/*1+$ A4& %1&$& &$ *4&$%/ %(&= 5/*%-(&=W
≥
/V 8/ 5(/**1+$ 9 '& ,-.B*4./= A4& 3-=&&$ 4$/ &$&(:;/ G 2 3-( .- %/$%-G 34&'&$ (&/**1-$/(G ?V #. $\,&(- '& *-.1=1-$&= &$%(& ./= ,-.B*4./= '& (&/*%10-= A4& -*4((&$ 3-( =&:4$'-G 2 *V 8/ 5(/**1+$ '& *-.1=1-$&= A4& %1&$&$ ./ /'&*4/'/ -(1&$%/*1+$" #=%-= %(&= 5/*%-(&= =& (&\$&$ &$ ./ 34A94<=: 73 ';;[3:
a − ==∙
U>V 7-$'& + &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/'G &= ./ &$&(:;/ '& /*%10/*1+$G < &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& .-= :/=&= 1'&/.&= &$ 4$1'/'&= '& &$&(:;/ 2 = &= ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ /?=-.4%/" 18 5S;?<:6 9 B3 73:6?<:9 8(%,$+ '" 8+"%-"/%&( $ %$/0,(/," #:1&,"2 > ;3@;3B3:59 89 ?9>6; 46:B59:53 4<:S5<49 @6B 5<3:3 89B ?V =& 34&'& *-$=1'&(/( *-,- ./ "%-(%&3/ 8-/'(1"/,(# '" 9++;"/&-0 G 2 /..; =& $-%/ A4& / ,&'1'/ A4& /4,&$%/G + '1=,1$42&G 3-(A4& ./ 5(/**1+$ '& ,-.B*4./= A4& %1&$& ./ &$&(:;/ (&A4&(1'/ &= ,&$-(" C-( .- %/$%-G #(
!"#$%&'(' '" +"(%%&3/ '&01&/-<" 0& #( "/"+=:( '" (%,&!(%&3/ > ( (-1"/,(.
#= ,42 1,3-(%/$%& $-%/( A4& 9 &= :&$&(/.,&$%& 4$ $\,&(- ,42 3&A4&m-G 3&(- > &= :&$&(/.,&$%& 4$ $\,&(- ,42 :(/$'&G 2 $1$:4$- %1&$& 4$1'/'&=" C-( &..-G + G A4& &= ./ ,4.%13.1*/*1+$ '& .-= '-=G 1$'1*/ &. ?/./$*& &$%(& ./ */$%1'/' '& *E-A4&= 2 ./ 5(/**1+$ '& ,-.B*4./= A4& /. *E-*/( /.*/$@/$ ./ W H ,/2-(&= 0/.-(&= '& > 2 '& 9 G E/?(F$ ,4*E-= *E-A4&= 2 :(/$ 3/(%& '& &..-= .-:(/(F$ 4$/ &$&(:;/ ,/2-( - 1:4/. / "> 2 34&'&$ *-$=1'&(/(=& *-,- .-= *(+?1",+$0 '" 9++;"/&-0 2 =-$ */(/*%&(;=%1*-= '& */'/ (&/**1+$"
$984A89;
AB9:76 89 34A94<=: 73 ';;[3:
54,$'$ =+?8&%$
8/ '&%&(,1$/*1+$ '& 2 > 34&'& E/*&(=& 3-( ,B%-'- :(F51*- - 3-( ,B%-'- /$/.;%1*-" C(1,&(-G =& 1.4=%(/ &. ,B%-':(F51*-" ^1 =& %-,/ &. .-:/(1%,- $/%4(/. / /,?-= ./'-= '& ./ &*4/*1+$ U>VG =& -?%1&$& *./(/,&$%& 4$/ .;$&/ (&*%/W
ln=− = 1+lnA+
UaV
8/ &*4/*1+$ UaV =& 34&'& *-$=1'&(/( *-,- ./ "%-(%&3/ #$=(+:,1&%( '" 9++;"/&-0 G 2 &= 4$/ .;$&/ (&*%/" #$%-$*&=G =1 &./?-(/,-= 4$/ :(F51*/ '& .$ + U&$ &. &D& '& ./= 2V *-$%(/ !_ = U#$ &. &D& '& ./= " C-( %/$%-G 4=/$'- '/%-= '& *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' / 0/(1/= %&,3&(/%4(/=G 3-'&,-= '&%&(,1$/( ./ &$&(:;/ '& /*%10/*1+$ 2 &. 5/*%-( '& 5(&*4&$*1/G 3-(A4& &$ ./ :(F51*/ '& .$ + *-$%(/ !_=- S 2 U9&( Q1:4(/ aV"
−a/
−×, =
8/ 0&$%/D/ '& 4=/( &=%& ,B%-'- :(F51*- &= A4& =& -?%1&$&$ .-= '-= 3/(F,&%(-= '& H((E&$14= '& ./ ,1=,/ :(F51*/G 3&(- %1&$& ./ '&=0&$%/D/ '& A4& $- =1&,3(& &= 3-=1?.& :(/51*/( '/%-= 2 &=%/?.&*&( ./ &*4/*1+$ '& ./ (&*%/" #$%-$*&=G *4/$'- $- =& 34&'& -?%&$&( ./ &*4/*1+$ '& ./ (&*%/G .-= '-= 3/(F,&%(-= '& H((E&$14= =& '&?&$ */.*4./( */'/ 4$3-( /3/(%& ,&'1/$%& &. 54,$'$ (/(#:,&%$G *-,- =& 1.4=%(/ ,F= /'&./$%&"
R$%&(*&3%- S .$ > C&$'1&$%& S
−/
Q1:4(/ a T353;?<:94<=: 73 @6; ?S5676 X;Z2<46R e-,/'- '& ./ .1%&(/%4(/ O6P"
> S &? $ & >Y"f> S %&$:/ + "
1.8×10
" 8/= 4$1'/'&= =-$ ./= ,1=,/= A4&
54,$'$ (/(#:,&%$
H 3&=/( '& A4& ./ &*4/*1+$ '& H((E&$14= :&$&(/.,&$%& =& '/ / *-$-*&( &$ .-= .1?(-= &$ ./ 5-(,/ U>V 2 UaVG &. 0/.-( '& =4&.& */.*4./(=& *-$ ./ >%-(%&3/ #&/"(# '" 9++;"/&-0@
1 1 a ln = − l n = −
(5)
8/ &*4/*1+$ UfV 3&(,1%& */.*4./( '& ,/$&(/ /$/.;%1*/G &= '&*1(G / %(/0B= '& 4$/ &*4/*1+$" #$%-$*&=G /.%&$&( 4$/ %/?./ '& '/%-= '& *-$=%/$%&= / 0/(1/= %&,3&(/%4(/=G 5F*1.,&$%& =& */.*4./ W
(6)
#$ &=%/ &*4/*1+$G &= =1&,3(& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ ,F= :(/$'&G 3-( .- A4& &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' / ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ ,F= :(/$'&" #. 0/.-( '& /=; */.*4./'- %/,?1B$ A4&'/ &<3(&=/'- &$ rs_,-. '& (&/**1+$" C-( &D&,3.-G =1 =& %1&$& 4$/ %/?./ '& '/%-= *-,- ./ =1:41&$%&
s
= UtV
+U
hYY hfY gYY gfY XYY
Y"Y6X Y"66 !"> h"Y 6>
V
=750 K y =600.
^& 34&'& &=*-:&( *4/.A41&( 3/( '& '/%-=k ^1 %-,/,-= ./= %&,3&(/%4(/= hYY 2 gfY tG 7& &=%/ 5-(,/G &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ ,/2-( 2 &= ./ *-$=%/$%& '& ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ ,&$-(" C-( .- %/$%- 4=/$'./ &*4/*1+$ UhVG =& -?%1&$& A4&
..8.314 ∙ l n = − =133871.452 molJrxn =1. 3 ×10 molJrxn .
T+%&=& A4& 3/(/ 4=/( ?1&$ ./ &*4/*1+$ UhV ./= %&,3&(/%4(/= '&?&$ &=%/( &<3(&=/'/= &$ t 2 &. 0/.-( '& < '&?& &=%/( &<3(&=/'- &$ 4$1'/'&= '& &$&(:;/"
#. ,B%-'- :(F51*-G *-,- =& ,&$*1-$+ /$%&=G %1&$& ./ 0&$%/D/ '& A4& 3&(,1%& */.*4./( .-= 0/.-(&= '& 2 > /. %1&,3-G =1 ?1&$ E/2 A4& %-,/(=& &. %(/?/D- '& E/*&( ./ :(F51*/ %$/ #( 1(<$+ *+"%&0&3/ *$0&6#"G =&/ / ,/$- - *-$ /24'/ '& =-5%n/(& U#<*&.G d(1:1$G ^*17/01&=G A%13.-%G &%*V"
=133871.452 = 23 .. =× = (23 ) × ∙ × 800 K ,
7& -%(/ 3/(%&G &. ,B%-'- /$/.;%1*- &= ,4*E- ,F= (F31'- 3-(A4& =1,3.&,&$%& =& &=*-:&$ '/%-= 2 =& 4=/ ./ &*4/*1+$ UhV =1$ '&,-(/G 3&(- =-./,&$%& =& -?%1&$& &. 0/.-( '& G 2 3/(/ E/../( >G E/2 A4& 4=/( ./ &*4/*1+$ U>V - UaV *-$ 4$/ %&,3&(/%4(/ &=*-:1'/ 2 &. 0/.-( '& 3(&01/,&$%& '&%&(,1$/'-" C-( &D&,3.-G %-,/$'- = S XYY tG '& ./ %/?./ /$%&(1-( 2 2/ =/?1&$'- A4& G /. '&=3&D/( > '& ./ &*4/*1+$ 54$'/,&$%/. U>VG =& -?%1&$& A4&
a − =∙ ,
=12675129566,2448 =1. 3 ×10 s.
C-( \.%1,-G E/2 A4& (&*-('/( A4& .-= 3/(F,&%(-= '& H((E&$14= '& '/%-=G &= '&*1(G 3/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ '/'/"
y
%1&$&$ */'/ 4$- -/ 0$#$ !(#$+ 3/(/ 4$ :(43-
1Y3;4<4<6 gh* ^43-$:/ A4& 3/(/ .-= =1:41&$%&= '/%-= 54&(-$ -?%&$1'-= 3/(/ 4$/ (&/**1+$ '/'/W
s ℃ 2.4.888×10 7×10 ℃ 7.1.926×10 s? 9. 6 5×10 6×10 s 2. 2 4×10s ℃ 7. 9 1×10 rxn 2. 6 8×10 1.94×10 CHI→C6.H3+HI 1. 6 0×10 s . 6×10 s +U
V
= U V
>6Y >aY >hY >XY aYY
/" ?" *" '" &"
[#= .&$%/ - (F31'/ &=%/ (&/**1+$] s4=%151A4& =4 (&=34&=%/" K/.*4.& &. 0/.-( '& 3/(/ &=%/ (&/**1+$ 4=/$'- ./ &*4/*1+$ .1$&/. '& H((E&$14=" K/.*4.& &. 0/.-( '& ./ *-$=%/$%& .;,1%&G 4=/$'- ./ %&(*&(/ 51./ '& ./ %/?./ '& '/%-=" [K4F. &= &. 0/.-( '& + *4/$'- ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ &= !YY ] [K4F. &= ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ *4/$'- ./ *-$=%/$%& '& 0&.-*1'/' %1&$& 4$ 0/.-( '& ?"
k *"
k '"
k &" >hX
"
yH'/3%/'- '& E%%3W__/3*E&,1=%(2$,=1"n1r1=3/*&="*-,_51.&_01&n_!6qH((E&$14=qw/'&q#/=2"3'5_!!hg!>ghf_!6qH((E&$14=qw/'&q#/=2"3'5
1Y3;4<4<6 i*
8/ '&=*-,3-=1*1+$ &$ 5/=& :/=&-=/ '&. Z-'4(- '& &%1.- 3/(/ '/( &%1.&$- 2 Z-'4(- '& E1'(+:&$- &= 4$/ (&/**1+$ '& 3(1,&( -('&$W "H hYY tG &. 0/.-( '& + &= K4/$'- ./ %&,3&(/%4(/ =& &.&0/ / gYY tG &. 0/.-( '& + /4,&$%/ / " K/.*4.& ./ &$&(:;/ '& /*%10/*1+$ 3/(/ &=%/ (&/**1+$"
)R `9 ;3944<=: EA3 B3 D9 9 3B5A7<9; 3: 3B59 @;Z45<49 *
KMnO + HCO Mn
8/ (&/**1+$ A4& =&(F &. -?D&%- '& &=%4'1- '& &=%/ 3(F*%1*/ &= ./ (&/**1+$ (&'-< &$%(& &. tw$d aU53V 2 &. b6K6da 6b6dU53VG ./ *4/. =& 34&'& $-%/( A4& %&(,1$/ *-$ (&./%10/ 5/*1.1'/' :(/*1/= / A4& &. U53V 3(&=&$%/ 4$ *-.-( 54&(%&,&$%& 3\(34(/G 3&(- /. %&(,1$/( ./ (&/**1+$ A4&'/ *-,U53VG &. *4/. &= 3(F*%1*/,&$%& 1$*-.-(- O!PW
Mn
KMnO(ac) + HCO 2HO(ac) → Mn(ac) + CO(g)
L>M
#=%/ (&/**1+$ 3(&=&$%/ 0/(1/= 0&$%/D/= 3/(/ ./ 3(F*%1*/W C(1,&(-G =& 34&'& &=%/?.&*&( 4$- '& .-= (&/*%10-= *-,- &. (&/*%10- .;,1%& - .1,1%/$%&G 2 /=; E/*&( %-'-= .-= *F.*4.-= *1$B%1*-= %&$1&$'- &$ *4&$%/ =+.- '1*E- (&/*%10-
KMnO
HCO
U$-(,/.,&$%&G %/. *-,- =& E/(F &$ &=%/ 3(F*%1*/G =& &=*-:& /. *-,- &. (&/*%10- .1,1%/$%&G (&/.1@/$'- .-= &<3&(1,&$%-= *-$ &<*&=- '& V" #=%/ (&/**1+$ &= (-,$&/'&%('$+( G 34&= ./ '&=/3/(1*1+$ '&. *-.-( 3\(34(/ '&. &= ./ 5-(,/ '& '&%&(,1$/( &. 51$/. '& ./ (&/**1+$"
KMnO
1:56:43BU 3: 3B59 @;Z45<49 G =& (&/.1@/(F$ ,&@*./= '& /:4/G F*1'- -
E%%3W__*'$"*"3E-%-=E&.%&("*-,_1,:` :&%_RYYYY!g'KQ2n*",n_=_XhY_XhY_Q3E-%-` a>fXcgYXJ`6iw"D3:
E%%3W__*'$"*"3E-%-=E&.%&("*-,_1,:` :&%_RYYYYA.,z=,zrc8=_=_XhY_XhY_Q3E-%-` fgacY>!YK`6iw"D3:
E%%3W__*'$"*"3E-%-=E&.%&("*-,_1,:` :&%_RYYYY&:r"/0-fNq-_=_XhY_XhY_Q3E-%-`>ggacaYX` 6iw"D3:
8/ ,&@*./ 1$1*1/. '& /:4/ 2 3&(,/$:/$/%- '& 3-%/=1- %1&$& 4$ *-.-( 3(-54$'/,&$%& 3\(34(/"
H. /:(&:/( &. F*1'- -
H. %&(,1$/( ./ (&/**1+$G &. *-.-( =& %-($/ /,/(1..&$%- 2 '&=/3/(&*& */=1 3-( *-,3.&%-"
Q1:4(/ f !;6X;3B6 73 89 ;3944<=: &$%(& &.
KMnO HCO Mn 2 &.
C/(/ .-:(/( A4& ./ (&/**1+$ -*4((/ ,F= (F31'-G =4&.& =&( \%1. /:(&:/( 1-$&= *-$*&$%(/'-"
1Y3;4<4<6 ]* J/./$*&& *-((&*%/,&$%& ./ (&/**1+$ (&'-< L>M &$%(& &. ?/./$*&- &$ 1"'&$ ?%&'$V"
1Y3;4<4<6 Nj*
KMnO HCO 2 &.
R G w$d6 - F*1'- =4.5\(1*-
U^4:&(&$*1/W -?=&(0& A4& =& %(/%/ '& 4$
#=*(1?/ ./ *1$B%1*/ :&$&(/. '& ./ (&/**1+$ A4& /*/?/ '& -?%&$&(G A4& &= ./ A4& =& 4=/(F &$ .-= *F.*4.-= '& &=%/ 3(F*%1*/"
0'%1"&'`1K k "1'$%&JGK h %4?-= '& &$=/2! 0/=- '& 3(&*131%/'-= '& 6fY ,8 ! /(-y ! ,/../ '& /=?&=%-y ! $4&@y ! %&(,+,&%(! *(-$+,&%(-
! :(/'1../ ! /:1%/'-( ^-.4*1+$ '& H*1'- -
!"G$1T&0&1+%G !9;53 N* 123456 73 89 46:43:5;94<=: B6C;3 89 D3864<797 73 ;3944<=: !V ^&A4& =4= %4?-= '& &$=/2- 4=/$'- %-/../= '& *-*1$/ 2 ,F(A4&.-= '&. ! /. hG 2 *-.+A4&.-= &$ =4 :(/'1../ &$ -('&$ $4,B(1*-" 6V K-$ 4$ ,/(*/'-(G 5;943 A:9 8F:39 X;A3B9 98;37376; 73 5676B 86B 5AC6B 73 3:B9>6 /3(-<1,/'/,&$%& / ! *, '& =4 5-$'-" 7&?& 0&(=& ./ .;$&/ *./(/,&$%& 2 .- ,F= '&51$1'/ 3-=1?.&"
HCO 2HO
>V K=86 B< BA 7643:53 B3 86 B68<4<59 G 3(&3/(& ./= =1:41&$%&= =-.4*1-$&= /*4-=/=W 1" !YY ,8 '& 4$/ =-.4*1+$ =4.5\(1*/ '& G 3&=/$'- 3(1,&(-G &$ 4$ 0/=- '& 3(&*131%/'-= .1,31- 2 =&*-G &
KMnO
!YY ,8 '& 4$/ =-.4*1+$ /*4-=/ '& U!{ 3&=-_0-.4,&$VG 3&=/$'- 3(1,&(-G &$ 4$ ?/.+$ /5-(/'- '& !YY ,8G &
KMnO
KMnO
KMnO
aV H=1:$& '-= 3/(&D/= 313&%/`313&%&/'-( U4$/ 3/(/ &. /:4/ '&=%1./'/ 2 -%(/ 3/(/ &. V 3\(:4&./= 2 .4&:- \=&./= 3/(/ *-.-*/( &$ =4= %4?-= ./= */$%1'/'&= @; *-,- ! " K4/$'/:(&:4& &. 3&(,/$:/$/%-G T1H1 9B3XA;9;B3 73 EA3 89 @A:59 73 89 @<@359 3B5S 86 ?ZB 43;49 @6B6 G *-,- =& 0& &$ ./ 51:4(/ h" ^1 $- .- E/*& /=;G A4&'/(F 3&(,/$:/$/%- &$ ./= 3/(&'&= '&. %4?-G .- *4/. =&(F 4$/ 54&$%& '& &((-( ,42 :(/$'& =-?(& =4= (&=4.%/'-=" GIG* +6 4686EA3 3: :<:Xl: 5AC6 38 [9B59 EA3 BA 7643:53 83 <:7
HCO 2HO HCO 2HO HHCCOO 2H2HOO
fV 'X;3XA3 9 4979 5AC6 89B 49:5<7973B 73 9XA9 73B5<8979 A4& 1$'1*/ ./ e/?./ > 46?6 ! H:4/" .B3 38 9XA9 73B5<8979 @9;9 EA3 5676 38 EA373 98 26:76 738 5AC6R T4&0/,&$%& 0&(151A4& A4& ./ .;$&/ :(4&=/ =& 0&/ &$ */'/ %4?- *-$ %-%/. '&51$1*1+$"
Q1:4(/ h f6;?9 73 9X;3X9; 38 @3;?9:X9:956 98 5AC6 73 3:B9>6" e-,/'- '& E%%3W__!"?3"?.-:=3-%"*-,_6c9zdRnH.7X_NRt?&'aswqR_HHH HHHHHJJ*_,!4E*$q643R_=!hYY_3,aYf"D3: E%%3W__4="!6>(5"*-,_aYYn,_aYY_aYY_'&=1:$==%-*r_'&=1:$ ==%-*r!6!Y_'&=1:$==%-*r!6!YYY!Xc_!fgXhcgh`&,3%2` ./?-(/%-(2`%&=%`%4?&=`1=-./%&'`-$`nE1%&`?/*r:(-4$'"D3:
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