(P.Engineer, M.Sc., M.C.S.M.., QP Geo.)
26 Mayo 2016
Ecuador: • • •
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620 Km of the the Ande ndes s Surface 283,600 Km2 It is pa parrte of th the Circum Cir cum-Pa -Pacif cific ic bel belt. t. The Hua Huanca ncabam bamba ba defl de flec ecti tion on ma mark rks sa geological and structural struc tural boun boundary dary.. Comple Com plex x sub subdu ducti ction on zone zo ne cr crea eati ting ng se sev ver eral al tecton tec tonic ic fra frames mes.. Surface Surf ace of the the An Andes des + Cordil Cor diller lera a Condor Condor 8 M
Locati Loca tion on of th the e Repub Re public lic of Ec Ecuad uador or
Ecuador: • • •
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620 Km of the the Ande ndes s Surface 283,600 Km2 It is pa parrte of th the Circum Cir cum-Pa -Pacif cific ic bel belt. t. The Hua Huanca ncabam bamba ba defl de flec ecti tion on ma mark rks sa geological and structural struc tural boun boundary dary.. Comple Com plex x sub subdu ducti ction on zone zo ne cr crea eati ting ng se sev ver eral al tecton tec tonic ic fra frames mes.. Surface Surf ace of the the An Andes des + Cordil Cor diller lera a Condor Condor 8 M
Locati Loca tion on of th the e Repub Re public lic of Ec Ecuad uador or
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGY •
The geological literature of Ecuador starts in 1892 when Teodoro Wolf published the study “Geography and Geology of o f Ecuador” Ecuador ”.
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After Wolf, Wolf, several authors autho rs published various geological papers describing geological and mineralogical targets in Ecuador (i.e. Holloway, 1932 among others). Later,, during the Later t he 60´s to the 90´s, Ecuador Ecuad or signed international agreements for technical cooperation with several several countries such as U.K., Japan, Belgium, Germany, etc. One of the most productive programs programs carried out in Ecuador was the “Environmental Control Control and Mining Development Project”
(PRODEMINCA) carried out during 1997 and 1999 with the th e participation and financing of the World Bank and the Governments of U.K., Sweden and Ecuador.
INIGEMM VISOR GEOGRÁFICO y GEOL GEOLÓGICO ÓGICO Información disponible: Infraestructura:: Puertos Marítimos, Aeropuertos, Vías, Infraestructura Centrales Eléctricas Patrimonio de Áreas Naturales del Estado (MAE) Catastro Minero (ARCOM) Geología Simplificada Base de Datos de Sedimentos Fluviales (Au y Cu) Geofísica Recopilada Información de Proyectos Públicos y Privados www..geoinvestigacion www geoinvestigacion..gob gob..ec •
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Roads Net & Ports in Ecuador
Geological Map of the Republic of Ecuador, Scale: 1:1.000.000 British Geological Survey and CODIGEM , 1993
Mapa de las divisiones litotectónicas (terrenos) del Ecuador.
Tectono -Metallogenic Map of the Republic of Ecuador, Scale: 1:1.000.000 British Geological Survey and CODIGEM , 1993
Auriferous Potential Map of Ecuador (Fungeomi ne – Capemine 2008
GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2016
REAL CORDILLERA & EASTERN SUBANDEAN ZONE SCALE 1:100,000 •
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GEOLOGICAL MAPPING: 30 geological maps scale 1:100,000 covering an efective area of about 60,000 Km2 STREAM SEDIMENTS GECHEMISTRY Approximate surface coverage 48.000 Km2 (Source: INIGEMM, 2015)
GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2016
GEOLOGICAL UPDATE OF THE COAST, WESTERN CORDILLERA & AMAZON •
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103 geological maps scale 1:100,000 Coverage of about 160,000 Km2
GEOPHYSICS •
Airborne magnetometry and gravimetry
MINERAL OCCURRENCES SURVEY 2016
DETAILED RESEARCH OF ZONES OF MINING POTENTIAL.
Additional diamond drilling programs if deserved. GEOLOGICAL
DATABASE OF ECUADOR
Databse and implementation of the national geological rock and core repository. QA&QC
(AUDITING):
Through a qualified-profesional consulting firm with the corresponding geological background to audit processes and works.
MINING BLOCKS TO BE OFFERED INIGEMM
Source: Catalogue of Investments in Strategic Sectors 2015 - 2017
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING POTENTIAL O F THE ANDES, ECUADOR
The spatial-time distribution of the Cu porphyries and related epithermal mineralizations of the Peru metallogenic belts are very similar to those ones in Ecuador .” “
Source: (Ph.D. Thesis Philip Shütte, 2010, University of Geneve)
GEO -S TRUCTURAL DOMAINS ( TERRANES )
From West to East Ecuador counts with 6 geo-structural domains: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The Fore Arc Basin of the Coast Western Cordillera Interandean Graven Real or Central Cordillera Eastern SubAndean Zone Back Arc Basin of Iquitos
1. The Fore Arc Basin of the Coast
(Figure after Litherland and Zamora 1991)
1. THE FORE ARC BASIN OF THE COAST
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Is the lower and flat zone to the W. Cretaceous to Cenozoic basin underlain by aloctonous basaltic ocean crust (Ocean Piñon Terrane). Geo-mining potential: Fe+Ti+PGMs sedimentary (Esmeraldas and Manabi) Au+Fe+Cu placer deposits related to rivers to the W of the Western Cordillera. Au+Sb+Hg+Ba Epi-Mesothermal deposits to the S of the Coast (El Oro).
2. Western Cordillera
(Figure after Litherland and Zamora 1991)
2. WESTERN CORDILLERA
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Located between the fore-arc of the Coast and the graven or the InterAndean Central Valley. Formed by an accretionary prism mainly of ocean crust composition, continental crust and accreted Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic ocean terrains (Piñon, Pallatanga, Macuchi). It is overlain by calc-alkaline Post-Eocene continental margin volcanic sequences. Geo-Mining Potential: Au+Pt placer deposits (i.e. rivers in Toisan Cordillera). Au+Ag+Cu+Fe VMS in Macuchi Unit. Cu+/-Au+/-Mo porphyry deposits (Imbabura, Bolivar and Azuay). Au+Cu High Sulphidation Epithermal deposits (Macuchi
3. Interandean Graven
(Figure after Litherland and
3. INTER-ANDEAN GRAVEN
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Bounded by regional faults with Andean bearing. Oligocene to Miocene volcano-sedimentary sequences that cover the Chaucha, Amotape and Guamote terrains. Geo-mining potential: Au+Ag+/-Cu+As+Sb+Hg Epithermal deposits (Azuay and Loja). Cu+Mo+/-Au+/-Zn+/-Bi Porphyry deposits to the S of Ecuador Au+Ag+Cu+Zn+Pb Epi-Mesothermal deposits to the S of Ecuador. Sn+W / U associated to S type Granitoids in the Amotape terrain. Cu+Ni+Co+/-Cr+PGM´s deposits associated to ultramafic rocks and ophiolite complexes mainly in the Amotape terrain. Fe+Cu+Zn+/-Pb+Au VMS related to the Amotape terrain. Cu+-Zn+Pb+Ba deposits related to granitoids on the Guamote division. •
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4 . R EA L C O R D IL L E R A
4 . R EA L C O R D IL L E R A
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Assosiated to the Alao Division (Jurassic Island Arc) are: Ag+Au+Sb+Pb+Zn Epithermal deposits. Fe+Cu+Pb+Zn+Ag+Au VMS Cu+Au+/-Mo Porphyry deposits PGMs+Au deposits associated to mafic and ultramafic intrusions. Associated to the Loja Division (a Triassic S type intrusive) are: Sn+W in S type granitoids. Cu+Ag+Pb+Zn+Sn+/-W breccias bodies. Au+Ag+Cu+As+Zn+Pb+Sb epithermal deposits. Associated to the Salado Division (Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous plutonic and island arc lithologies) are: Au+Cu+Mo+Pb+Zn skarn klippes. Cu+Au epi-mesothermal deposits related to porphyries.
5. Eastern SubAndean Zone
5. EASTERN SUBANDEAN ZONE
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It comprises the Eastern slopes of the Andes Cordillera. It is formed by the forearc belt of the basement covered by volcano-sedimentary sequences. It is intruded by large “I” type batholiths.
To the N of this zone there is the Cordillera del Cutucu, an uplifted zone that host important prospects of Au+Cu+other. To the S there is the El Condor Cordillera which counts with tremendous mineral discoveries of Au+Cu+U+others.
6. Back Arc Basin of Iquitos
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING POTENTIAL OF ECUADOR 6. BACK ARC BASIN OF IQUITOS •
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It comprises the Oriente or Amazonian basin mainly form by sedimentary and volcanosedimentary sequences. It hosts the most important oil field of Ecuador. Associated to it there are important Au+Fe placer deposits. Si deposits are associated to
MINING DISTRICTS I N E C U A D O R
1. Imbaoeste (Cordillera Occidental).
2. La Plata district (Cordillera Occidental). 3. Azuay district (Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Real). 4. La Bonita district. 5. Cayambe district. 6. Alao Paute District (Cordillera Real). 7. Zamora District (Cordillera del Condor). (Figure Fungeomine, 2008)
PORPHYRY COPPER BELTS OF THE NORTHERN ANDES
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Imbaoeste District: Chical, Llurimagua, Cascabel Azuay District: Cu+Mo+/-Au porphyry deposits: Chaucha, Gaby&Papa Grande, Fierro Urcu, etc. Zamora Districts: FDN, San Carlos, Mirador, Warintza, Cumay, Tumi, El Hito&Santa Barbara, etc.
(Modified from Sillitoe, Prodeminca, 2000)
E P IT H E R M A L M IN E R A L I Z A TI O N
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Porphyry related epithermal mineralization are known to occur within the litotectonic terranes of the Andean Cordillera of Ecuador. i.e. Gima, Mozo, Encrucijada, Beroen,etc.
(Modified from Sillitoe, Prodeminca, 2000)
PORPHYRY COPPER BELTS OF THE NORTHERN ANDES
Each district has been subdivided into mineralized belts and orefields. For example: The Azuay District (Collay Shincata Belt, Molleturo ore field and Ponce Enriquez Orefield), the Zamora District (Nambija Belt, San Juan Bosco orefield and Pachicutza orefield). (Modified from Sillitoe, Prodeminca, 2000)
E P IT H E R M A L D E P O S IT S
High sulphidation epithermal deposits (alunite-Kaolinite) have been encountered in the Azuay District (Gañarin Belt, i.e. Quimsacocha; and Collay-Shincata Belt, i.e. El Mozo , Asaray, Cerro Colorado and Loma Quipal projects). Some other occurrences of this type of mineralization have been described to the south in the Loja Province (i.e. La Encrucijada and Quinapalma projects) suggesting the extension of the Collay-Shingata belt to the south. (Figure Prodeminca 2000).
E P IT H E R M A L D E P O S IT S
Low sulphidation epithermal deposits/systems (adularia-sericite) have been described also in the Azuay District (Molleturo orefield i.e. Beroen project; Gañarin Belt i.e. Gañarin project; and Collay-Shicata Belt i.e. La Encrucijada project). (Figure Prodeminca 2000).
VMS DEPOSITS
Volcanic hosted massive sulphides have been related to the La Plata District (i.e La Plata and Macuchi projects) located on the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental. Another important district for VHMS deposits is the Alao-Paute District located In the Cordillera Real (i.e. Pilas, Cruzacta and Guarumales projects). (Figure Prodeminca 2000).
MAIN MINING PROJECTS ECUADOR Proyecto
12 11 6 15
16
7 13 14
4 9
3
8 5
2
1
18 10 17
Fuente: MRNNR, Wood Mackenzie
Simbología: Proyectos Privados Proyectos Enami-Ep
Companía
Metal
1
Mirador
ECSA
Cobre
2
Fruta del Norte
Lundin
Oro/Plata
3
Rio Blanco
Junefield
Oro/Ag/Cu
4
Loma Larga
INV Metals
Oro
5
Panantza
EXSA
Cobre
6
Cascabel
Soldgold
Oro/Cobre
7
Curipamba
Curimining
Oro/Plata
8
Warintza
Lowell
Cobre/Moly
9
Ruta de Cobre
Southern Copper
Cobre
10
Condor Gold
Condor mining
Oro
11
Llurimagua
ENAMI y Codelco
Cobre/Moly
12
Tola Norte
ENAMI
Hierro
13
Telimbela
ENAMI
Cobre
14
El Torneado
ENAMI
Cobre
15
Pacto
ENAMI
Oro/Cobre
16
La Bonita
ENAMI
Oro/Cobre
17
Sangola
ENAMI
Oro
18
Nanguipa
ENAMI
Oro/Cobre
MAIN MINERAL DEPOSITS IN ECUADOR
GENERAL RECORDED MINERAL OCCURRENCES IN ECUADOR
(Source: Prodeminca, 2000)
