Politically Exposed Persons: A Guide on Preventive Measures for the Banking Sector

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]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs

[tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn

]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs ]rnvnjtdvn Fnhsurns ilr ton Bhjedjg [nktlr Ponl`lrn [. Grnnjbnrg Chrdssh Grhy @ncpodjn [kohjtz Khrlcdj Ghr`jnr Fdkohnc Chtohf

Whsodjgtlj, @.K.

© 2=8= Pon Djtnrjhtdljhc Bhje ilr Rnkljstruktdlj hj` @nvnclpfnjt / Pon Wlrc` Bhje 8?8? O [trnnt JW Whsodjgtlj @K 2=0;; Pncnpoljn1 2=2-07;-8=== Djtnrjnt1 www.wlrc`bhje.lrg N-fhdc1 inn`bhkeMwl inn`bhkeMwlrc`bhje.lrg rc`bhje.lrg Hcc rdgots rnsnrvn` 8 2 ; 0 8; 82 88 8= Pods vlcufn ds h prlùkt li ton sthii li ton Djtnrjhtdljhc Bhje ilr Rnkljstruktdlj hj` @nvnclpfnjt / Pon Wlrc` Bhje. Pon ﬈j`djgs, djtnrprnthtdljs, hj` kljkcusdljs nxprnssn` dj tods vlcufn `l jlt jnknsshrdcy rnflnkt ton vdnws li ton Nxnkutdvn @drnktlrs li Pon Wlrc` Bhje lr ton glvnrjfnjts tony rnprnsnjt. Pon Wlrc` Bhje `lns jlt guhrhjtnn ton hkkurhky li ton `hth djkcu`n` dj tods wlre. Pon bluj`hrdns, klclrs, `njlfdjhtdljs, hj` ltonr djilrfhtdlj solwj lj hjy fhp dj tods wlre `l jlt dfpcy hjy au`gnfnjt lj ton phrt li Pon Wlrc` Bhje kljknrjdjg ton cnghc sthtus li hjy tnrrdtlry lr ton nj`lrsnfnjt lr hkknpthjkn li suko bluj`hrdns. Rdgots hj` ]nrfdssdljs Pon fhtnrdhc dj tods pubcdkhtdlj ds klpyrdgotn`. Klpydjg hj`/lr trhjsfdttdjg plrtdljs lr hcc li tods wlre wdtolut pnrfdssdlj fhy bn h vdlchtdlj li hppcdkhbcn chw. Pon Djtnrjhtdljhc Bhje ilr Rnkljstruktdlj hj` @nvnclpfnjt / Pon Wlrc` Bhje njklurhgns `dssnfdjhtdlj li dts wlre hj` wdcc jlrfhccy grhjt pnrfdssdlj tl rnprlùkn rnprlùkn plrtdljs li ton wlre prlfptcy. Ilr pnrfdssdlj tl poltlklpy lr rnprdjt hjy phrt li tods wlre, pcnhsn snj` h rnqunst wdto klfpcntn djilrfhtdlj tl ton Klpyrdgot Kcnhrhjkn Knjtnr Djk., 222 Rlsnwll` @rdvn, @hjvnrs, FH =842;, ^[H5 tncnpoljn1 47?-7>=-?0==5 ihx1 47?-7>=-007=5 Djtnrjnt1 www.klpyrdgot.klf. Hcc ltonr qunrdns lj rdgots hj` cdknjsns, djkcu`djg subsd`dhry rdgots, soluc` bn h``rnssn` tl ton t on Li﬈kn li ton ]ubcdsonr, Pon Wlrc` Wlrc` Bhje, 8?8? O [trnnt JW J W, Whsodjgtlj, Whsodjgtlj, @K 2=0;;, ^[H5 ihx1 2=2->22-20225 n-fhdc1 pubrdgotsMwlrc`bhje.lrg.

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Klvnr poltls irlf dstlkepoltl.klf1 Austdkn skhcn hj` ghvnc/@JT>4/FB]OLPL, Djk.5 Wlrc` Whr vntnrhj wdto fn`hcs/h\Phdghc5 Nurlpnhj kurrnjky/dfhgnstlke5 `lcchrs/ Flsdko5 skrlccn` stljn klcufj/Guy [hrgnjt Klvnr `nsdgj1 Krdtdkhc [thgns

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Hkejlwcn`gfnjts ............................................ ........................................................................................ .......................................................... .............. dx Hbbrnvdhtdljs ............................................ ......................................................................................... .................................................................. ..................... xd Nxnkutdvn [uffhry hj` ]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdljs ...................................... xddd

]hrt 8

Djtrlùktdlj hj` Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs .................................. ...................................................... .................... 8 8. Djtrlùktdlj ........................................... ........................................................................................ ................................................................... ...................... . ; Clw Klfpcdhjkn wdto Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s .............................. ......................................... ............... 7 Lbanktdvn ............ ........................ ....................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ........................ ...................... .......... 4 Fntol`lclgy ........... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... .................. ....... 4 Olw tl ^sn Pods ]hpnr ................................................................................ 8=

2. Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs hj` Kohccnjgns ............................................................... 8; Clw Cnvnc li Klfpcdhjkn wdto Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s .............. ......................... ............... 8; Cdje bntwnnj ]N]s hj` Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg ]lcdkdns hj` ]rlknùrns............................................................................................. ]rlknùrns.............................................................................................

8;

Bhjes Gnjnrhccy Dj`dkhtn @ldjg Flrn Pohj IHPI, Cngdschtdlj, lr Rnguchtdlj Rnqudrns ..................................................................................... 8> Woy Ilkus lj ]N]s< ................................................................................... 89

]hrt 2

Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s lj ]N]s by Bhjes hj` Rnguchtlry Rnguc htlry Hutolrdtdns Hutolrdt dns ..................................................................... .......................................................................... ..... 28 ;. Hppcydjg h Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko ........................................... ....................................................................... ............................ 2; 0. Wol Ds h ]N]< ........................................ ..................................................................................... .................................................................. ..................... 2> @lfnstdk vnrsus Ilrndgj ]N]s ......................... ..................................... ....................... ....................... .................... ........ 29 Ihfdcy Fnfbnrs hj` Kclsn Hsslkdhtns .................... ................................ ....................... ....................... ............ 2? Ltonr Khtnglrdns .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ............. 24

>. Olw Cljg Ds h ]N] Kljsd`nrn` h ]N]< ......................................... .............................................................. ..................... ;8

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9. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Wol tl Konke hj` Wonj tl Konke ........................... ;; Wol tl Konke< ............................................................................................. ;; Wonj tl Konke< ........................................................................................... ;0

7. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Olw tl Konke........................................... ................................................................ ..................... ;> Wluc` h Jhtdljhc lr Djtnrjhtdljhc Cdst li ]N]s Bn Nhsdnr< ........... ...................... ........... ;> D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnr1 Wdcc ton Prun Prun Lwjnr ]cnhsn [thj` ^p< .......................................................................................... ;> D`njtd﬈khtdlj Pllcs ...................................................................................... 0=

?. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Klffnrkdhc hj` Dj-Olusn @hthbhsns ...................... 0> 4. D`njtdiydjg hj` Ynrdiydjg [lurkn li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s ............... ............... 07 8=. ]N] Hpprlvhc by [njdlr Fhjhgnfnjt ......................................... .............................................................. ..................... >8 88. Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg....................................... ........................................................................... .................................... >; Prhjshktdlj Fljdtlrdjg .............................................................................. >; Hwhrnjnss li ]N] Kustlfnrs1 Fhdjthdjdjg Fhdjthdjdjg Hkknss tl h Cdst li ]N] Kustlfnrs ............................................................................................ >0 Ennpdjg ton Kustlfnr ]rl﬈cn ^p`htn` ...................................................... >> ]nrdl`dk Rnvdnw ]rlknss ............ ....................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ....................... .................... ........ >>

]hrt ;

Rlcn li Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns hj` ton Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdt ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ >7 82. Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... >4 Rnguchtdlj li Bhje ]N]s Kljtrlcs .......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ................ ..... >4 Jnn` ilr H``dtdljhc Gud`hjkn irlf ton Rnguchtlry Hutolrdty ................ ................ 9= [hjktdljs ........... ...................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ..................... .......... 98

8;. [uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Prhjshktdlj Rnplrtdjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts ......... 9; ID^ Gud`hjkn tl Rnplrtdjg Djstdtutdljs ............................ ........................................ ....................... ............. 90 Ghtonrdjg Djilrfhtdlj .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. 90

]hrt 0

Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj, Prhdjdjg, hj` Rnslurkns ...................................... ......................................97 97 80. Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj1 Hgnjkdns hj` ton Djùstry .......................................... 94 8>. Prhdjdjg hj` Rnslurkns ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 78

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Kljtnjts

Hppnj`dxns .................................. ........................................................................... ................................................................................. ............................................. ..... 7; H1 [uffhry li Rnklffnj`htdljs‐Xudke Rninrnjkn [onnt ............................. 7; B1 [uffhry li Gll` ]rhktdkns‐Xudke Rninrnjkn [onnt .................................. 77 K1 Klfphrdslj li ton ]N] @n﬈jdtdljs hj` Njohjkn` @un @dcdgnjkn Rnqudrnfnjts ...................................... ................................................................................... ......................................................................... ............................ 74 @1 ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^JKHK) hj` Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltns ...................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .............. ?> N1 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI)‐ (IHPI)‐ Rnklffnj`htdljs, Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltns, hj` Fntol`lclgy .............................. ?7 I1 @drnktdvns li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc ............................. ?4 G1 Idnc` Fdssdlj [urvny‐Xunstdljs ilr Bhjes, Rnguchtlrs, hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts.......................................... ...................................................................................... ............................................ 4;

Dj`nx ...................................... ............................................................................... .................................................................................. .................................................... ........... 44

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Hkejlwcn`gfnjts

Pods plcdky phpnr lj plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s) ds ton rnsuct li spnkdhc klcchblrhtdvn niilrts irlf klccnhguns hrluj` ton wlrc`, wolsn tdfn hj` nxpnrtdsn dj ton hjtdfljny chuj`nrdjg ﬈nc` wnrn gnjnrluscy sohrn`. Wn nspnkdhccy tohje ton rnguchtlry hj` bhje li﬈kdhcs hs wncc hs ton ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn djtnccdgnjkn ujdts hj` chw njilrknfnjt njilrknfnjt hutolrdtdns wdto wolf wn fnt dj Hrgnjtdjh5 Irhjkn5 Oljg Eljg, Kodjh5 Anrsny5 Cdnkotnjstndj5 [wdtznrchj`5 ton ^jdtn` Edjg`lf5 hj` ton ^jdtn` [thtns ùrdjg lur ﬈nc` vdsdts. Pods pubcdkhtdlj whs wrdttnj w rdttnj by Ponl`lrn [. Grnnjbnrg (Idjhjkdhc Fhrent Djtngrdty ^jdt, Wlrc` Bhje hj` ]N] Pnhf Cnh`nr) hj` Chrdssh Grhy (Idjhjkdhc Fhrent Djtngrdty ^jdt, Wlrc` Bhje) wdto kljtrdbutdljs irlf @ncpodjn [kohjtz (Gclbhc ]rlgrhffn hghdjst Fljny Chuj`nrdjg ]rlknn`s li Krdfn hj` ton Idjhjkdjg li Pnrrlrdsf, Chw Njilrknfnjt, Lrghjdzn` Krdfn hj` Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg ^jdt, ^JL@K), Jdjh Gd`whjny (Idjhjkdhc Fhrent Djtngrdty ^jdt, Wlrc` Bhje), hj` Fdkohnc Chtohf hj` Khrlcdj Ghr`jnr (Ê Idjhjkdhc [nrvdkns Hutolrdty, Idjhjkdhc Krdfn hj` Djtnccdgnjkn @dvdsdlj). H spnkdhc tohjes tl Chrdssh Grhy ilr onr dj`nihtdghbcn wlre hj` supplrt. Pon ]N] tnhf ds nspnkdhccy grhtniuc tl Anhj ]nsfn (Fhjhgnr, Idjhjkdhc hj` ]rdvhtn [nktlr @nvnclpfnjt) ilr ods supplrt hj` gud`hjkn lj tods prlankt, hj` tl H`rdhj Ilzzhr` ([tHR Kllr`djhtlr) hj` Ahfns Clj`lj (Ê Idjhjkdhc [nrvdkns Hutolrdty) ilr tondr gud`hjkn hj` suggnstdljs. Pon ]N] tnhf bnjn﬈tn` irlf ton djsdgotiuc klffnjts hj` `dskussdlj toht oncpn` sohpn ton phpnr ùrdjg ton pnnr rnvdnw. Pon pnnr rnvdnwnrs wnrn Ncdsn Bnhj ([thii @drnktlr hj` Kodni Klujsnc, ^jdtn` [thtns [njhtn, ]nrfhjnjt [ubklffdttnn lj Djvnstdghtdljs), Hj`rä Klrtnrdnr (Buj`nshjs (Buj`nshjsthct thct iór Idjhjz`dnjstcndstujgshuisdkot), Idjhjz`dnjstcndstujgshuisdkot), Hjtonh Chwslj hj` Rlbnrt ]hcfnr (Gclbhc Wdtjnss), [hfunc Fujzncn Fhdfbl ([njdlr Idjhjkdhc [nktlr [pnkdhcdst, Wlrc` Bhje), Rdke Fk@ljncc (Nxnkutdvn [nkrnthry, Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn), Alsnpo Fynrs (Hssdsthjt Gnjnrhc Klujsnc, Cnghc @nphrtfnjt, Djtnrjhtdljhc Fljnthry Iuj`), hj` @hjdnc Poncnsechi (Kl-@drnktlr, Djtnrjhtdljhc Knjtrn ilr Hssnt Rnklvnry). Pon tnhf hcsl bnjn﬈tn` irlf ton klffnjts lj ton `rhit phpnr wodko wnrn prlvd`n` by fhjy wdto wolf wn fnt ùrdjg ton ﬈nc` fdssdljs. Pon tnhf ds grhtniuc ilr ton oncp prlvd`n` by ]dnrrn-Churnjt Kohthdj (Idjhjkdhc Fhrent Djtngrdty ^jdt) hj` Dhj Fhttonws (Ê Idjhjkdhc [nrvdkns Hutolrdty)5 hj` ton djvlcvnfnjt li Ruxhj`rh Ruxhj`r h Bur`nsku (]ubcdk [nktlr Glvnrjhjkn, Wlrc` Wlrc` Bhje) hj` Ncnjh Ghslc Rhfls (Prhjsphrnjky hj` Hkklujthbdcdty, Wlrc` Bhje).

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Hkejlwcn`gfnjts

H spnkdhc tohjes tl Fdgunc Jdklchs `n ch Rdvh, Bahrjn Ohjsnj, hj` Fhrdh Lrncchjl (Idjhjkdhc Fhrent Djtngrdty ^jdt) hj` Enccny FhkJhb (Ê Idjhjkdhc [nrvdkns Hutolrdty) ilr tondr supplrt. Ponl`lrn [. Grnnjbnrg ]N] Pnhf Cnh`nr (I]@ID) Wlrc` Bhje B hje

Ilr iurtonr djilrfhtdlj, pcnhsn kljthkt1 Ponl`lrn [. Grnnjbnrg (tgrnnjbnrgMwlrc`bhje.lrg) Chrdssh Grhy (cgrhyMwlrc` (cgrhyMwlrc`bhje.lrg) bhje.lrg)

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Hbbrnvdhtdljs

HFC HFC/KIP K@@ @JIB]s N@@ N^ IHPI IH PI IHPI IH PI 0=+4

hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` klfbhtdjg ton ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn `nsdgjhtn` `nsdgjh tn` jlj﬈jhjkdhc busdjnssns hj` prlinssdljs njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn Nurlpnhj ^jdlj Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrd Chuj`nrdjg jg IHPI IH PI Ilrty Rnklffnj`htdljs lj Fljny Chuj`nrd Chuj`nrdjg jg hj` Jdjn [pnkdhc Rnklffnj`htdljs lj Pnrrlrdst Idjhjkdjg ID^ ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjk djtnccdgnjknn ujdt I[RB IHPI-[tycn IH PI-[tycn Rngdljhc Bl`y G2= Grlup li twnjty ﬈jhjkn fdjdstnrs hj` knjtrhc bhje glvnrjlrs (Hrgnjtdjh, Hustrhcdh, Brhzdc, Khjh`h, Kodjh, Nurlpnhj ^jdlj, Irhjkn, Gnrfhjy, Dj`dh, Dj`ljnsdh, Dthcy, Ahphj, Fnxdkl, ton Russdhj In`nrhtdlj, [hu`d Hrhbdh, [luto Hirdkh, ton Rnpubcdk li Elrnh, Pureny, ton ^jdtn` Edjg`lf, hj` ton ^jdtn` [thtns) G@] grlss `lfnstdk prlùkt DFI Djtnrjhtdljhc Fljnthry Iuj` ETK ejlw ylur kustlfnr ]N] plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj [tHR Wlrc` Bhje/^JL@ Bhje/^JL@K K [tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry Djdtdht Djdtdhtdvn dvn [PR suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrt Podr` N^ @drnk @drnktdvn tdvn Klccnktdvncy, @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc li Lktlbnr 29, 2==>, lj lj ton prnvnjtdlj li ton usn li ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ilr ton purplsn li fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg5 Klffdssdlj @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK li Hugust 8, 2==9, chydjg `lwj dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns ilr @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/ NK wdto rnghr` tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj li –plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj‖ hj` ton tnkojdkhc krdtnrdh ilr sdfpcd﬈n` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns hj` ilr nxnfptdlj lj grluj`s li h ﬈jhjkdhc hktdvdty kljùktn` kljùktn ` lj hj lkkhsdljhc lr vnry cdfdtn` bhsds ^JKHK ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrrupt Klrruptdlj dlj ^JL@K ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Li﬈kn lj @rugs hj` Krdfn

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Nxnkutdvn [uffhry hj` ]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdljs

Lvnr ton phst 2> ynhrs, ton wolcn wlrc` ohs cnhrjn` hblut ton grlss hbusns li klrrupt –plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs‖ (]N]s), hj` torlugo lutrhgnlus nxhfpcns, ton why dj wodko tony pcuj`nr sthtn hssnts, nxtlrt hj` hkknpt brdbns, hj` usn `lfnstdk hj` djtnrjhtdljhc ﬈jhjkdhc systnfs tl chuj`nr tondr stlcnj hssnts. Dj tods phpnr ]N]s djkcu`n dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Wn `l jlt ejlw ton hflujt li pubcdk hssnts stlcnj lr nxtlrtn` by prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kn olc`nrs‐rninrrn` tl hs grhj` klrruptdlj‐ hj` hj` flstcy chuj`nrn` torlugo ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs, dj phrtdkuchr, torlugo bhjes. Httnfpts tl nstdfhtn ton sufs li fljny bndjg chuj`nrn` hrn odj`nrn` by ton ihkt toht dt ds h flstcy od``nj krdfn ilr wodko hkkurhtn sthtdstdks hrn ujhvhdchbcn. Ht ton shfn tdfn, ton –gunsstdfhtns‖ hvhdchbcn lj lvnrhcc klrruptdlj klrruptdlj hj` brdbnry liinjsns oncp tl gdvn hj d`nh li ton lr`nr li fhgjdtu`n1 Pon Wlrc` Bhje nstdfhtns toht flrn tohj $8 trdccdlj ds phd` dj brdbns nhko ynhr. 8 Pon prlknn`s li klrruptdlj stlcnj irlf `nvnclpdjg klujtrdns hcljn rhjgns irlf $2= bdccdlj tl $0= bdccdlj pnr ynhr‐rlugocy nqudvhcnjt tl ton hjjuhc G@] li ton wlrc`—s 82 pllrnst klujtrdns wonrn flrn tohj 20= fdccdlj pnlpcn cdvn. 2 Grhj` klrruptdlj, hssnt tonit, hj` djtnrjhtdljhc fllws li stlcnj hj` chuj`nrn` fljny ohvn hj djsd`dlus hj` `nvhsthtdjg dfphkt lj `nvnclpfnjt. Pony `ngrh`n hj` uj`nrfdjn klj﬈`njkn dj pubcdk djstdtutdljs. Pony thdjt hj` `nsthbdcdzn ﬈jhjkdhc systnfs, hiinktdjg trust. Pony `hfhgn ton vdktdf klujtry— klujtry—ss djvnstfnjt kcdfhtn hj` prlspnkts ilr fhkrlnk fhkrlnklljlfdk sthbdcdty. Pods iuncs khpdthc fldgot, dfpn`ns grlwto hj` plvnrty rnùktdlj niilrts, hj` ondgotnjs djnquhcdtdns. Ponsn `hfhgns hrn cljg-chstdjg hj` bnklfn flrn snvnrn ton cljgnr h klrrupt rngdfn ds dj pchkn. ; Dj hcc aurds`dktdljs, plcdtdkhc wdcc ht ton odgonst cnvncs ds krdtdkhc tl ﬈gotdjg klrruptdlj hj` `njydjg klrrupt ]N]s hkknss tl ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf. Pon whys dj wodko klrrupt ]N]s chuj`nr tondr dcc-glttnj ghdjs rnpnht hj` nvlcvn. Dj ton bngdjjdjg, klrrupt onh`s li sthtn hj` prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhcs bhjen` dj tondr

8. Wlrc` Bhje, –Pon Klsts li Klrruptdlj,‖ (Hprdc ?, 2==0) qultdjg @hjdnc Ehuifhjj, @drnktlr ilr Glvnrjhjkn, Wlrc` Bhje Djstdtutn. Cdje hvhdchbcn ht ottp1//gl.wlrc`bhje.lrg/CAH24GOH?=. 2. ^JL@K hj` Wlrc` Bhje, –[tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn1 Kohccnjgns, Lpplrtujdtdns, hj` Hktdlj ]chj‖ (Wlrc` Bhje, Whsodjgtlj, @K, 2==7), p. 4. ;. ^JL@K hj` Wlrc` Bhje, –[tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn1 Kohccnjgns, Lpplrtujdtdns, hj` Hktdlj ]chj‖ (Wlrc` Bhje, Whsodjgtlj, @K, 2==7), p. 4.

xddd

]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs1 ]rnvnjtdvn Fnhsurns ilr ton Bhjedjg [nktlr

lwj jhfns dj ilrndgj aurds`dktdljs lr usn` rnchtdvns tl lpnj bhje hkklujts. Kurrnjt tnkojdquns kljtdjun tl djkcu`n hbusn li bhje ihkdcdtdns, but hcsl ton buydjg li rnhc nsthtn5 ton purkohsn hj` flvnfnjt hbrlh` li prnkdlus fnthcs, anwncs, hj` hrt wlre5 hj` ton poysdkhc krlss-blr`nr flvnfnjt li kurrnjky hj` jngltdhbcn djstrufnjts. 0 Pon usn li kclsn hsslkdhtns hj` klrplrhtn vnodkcns ohs bnnj hj` rnfhdjs h vnxdjg prlbcnf. ^ctdfhtncy flst li ton fntol`s djvlcvn, ht cnhst dj slfn why, ton usn li ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs, phrtdkuchrcy bhjes, dj ton chuj`nrdjg li dcc-glttnj iuj`s. Dj h``dtdlj tl ton nhrcy niilrts li slfn glvnrjfnjts, glvnrjfnjts, ton djtnrjhtdljhc klffujdty fh`n vhcuhbcn klffdtfnjts tl h``rnss tonsn prnssdjg kohccnjgns. Pon ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj whs kljkcu`n` dj 2==;. Pon shfn ynhr, ton Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI) rnvdnwn` dts Ilrty Rnklffnj`htdljs tl djkcu`n sthj`hr`s toht spnkd﬈khccy thrgnt ton chuj`nrdjg li ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj. Wn hppchu` tolsn niilrts hj` wncklfn ton stnps thenj by snvnrhc pubcdk hgnjkdns (djkcu`djg djvnstdghtdvn djvnstdghtdvn hj` prlsnkut prlsnkutlrdhc lrdhc hgnjkdns), rnguchtlry rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, hj` bhjes tl trhjschtn tonsn klffdtfnjts djtl prhktdkn. Pon rnhcdty, olwnvnr, ds toht ton `dsthjkn bntwnnj djtnrjhtdljhc klffdtfnjt hj` vdsdbcn niinktdvn hktdlj hj` dfphkt rnfhdjs wd`n. [tnps thenj ohvn jlt bnnj klffnjsurhtn wdto ton sdzn hj` urgnjky li ton kohccnjgn. Pon Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, hj djtnrjhtdljhc bl`y li bhjedjg supnrvdslrs toht ilrfuchtns brlh` supnrvdslry sthj`hr`s hj` gud`hjkn ilr dfpcnfnjthtdlj by dts fnfbnrs, fh`n pchdj ton `rhwbhkes li djsui﬈kdnjt hktdlj ilr ton djtnrjhtdljhc ﬈jhjkdhc systnf hs nhrcy hs 2==81 UDVt ds kcnhrcy uj`nsdrhbcn, ujntodkhc hj` djklfphtdbcn wdto ton ﬈t hj` prlpnr kljùkt li bhjedjg lpnrhtdljs tl hkknpt lr fhdjthdj h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp di ton bhje ejlws lr fust hssufn toht ton iuj`s `nrdvn irlf klrruptdlj lr fdsusn li pubcdk hssnts. Ponrn ds h klfpnccdjg jnn` ilr h bhje kljsd`nrdjg h rnchtdljsodp wdto h pnrslj wolf dt suspnkts li bndjg h ]N] tl d`njtdiy toht pnrslj iuccy iuccy,, hs wncc hs pnlpcn hj` klfphjdns toht hrn kcnhrcy rnchtn` tl odf/onr odf/onr.. > Hkknptdjg Hkkn ptdjg hj` fhjhgdjg iuj`s irlf klrrupt ]N]s wdcc snvnrncy `hfhgn ton bhje—s lwj rnputhtdlj hj` khj uj`nrfdjn pubcdk klj﬈`njkn klj﬈`njkn dj ton ntodkhc sthj`hr`s li hj njtdrn ﬈jhjkdhc knjtrn, sdjkn suko khsns usuhccy rnkndvn nxtnjsdvn fn`dh httnjtdlj hj` strljg plcdtdkhc rnhktdlj. 9

0. Fljny chuj`nrdjg ds jlt klj﬈jn` tl ton ﬈jhjkdhc snrvdkns snktlr. Pon IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hppcy tl ltonr snktlrs, rninrrn` tl hs `nsdgjhtn` jlj﬈jhjkdhc busdjnssns hj` prlinssdljs (@JIB]s). >. Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ (Bhje ilr Djtnrjhtdljhc [nttcnfnjts, Lktlbnr 2==8), phrh. 0;. 9. Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ (Bhje ilr Djtnrjhtdljhc [nttcnfnjts, Lktlbnr 2==8), phrh. 02.

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Woht ds ton rnhcdty< Pon pdkturn tl`hy ds li hj lvnrhcc ihdcurn li niinktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li djtnrjhtdljhc djtnr jhtdljhc ]N] sthj`hr`s. Ponrn ds surprdsdjgcy surprdsd jgcy clw klfpcdhjkn wdto IHPI IHPI rnqudrnfnjts lj ]N]s, nspnkdhccy hfljg IHPI IHPI fnfbnrs. Li ton 820 klujtrdns klujtr dns hssnssn` by IHPI lr by IHPI-[tycn Rngdljhc Bl`dns, 98 pnrknjt wnrn jljklfpcdhjt hj` 2; pnrknjt wnrn phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt. Flrn tohj ?= pnrknjt li tonsn aurds`dktdljs hrn ihr bnodj`. Pods phpnr d`njtd﬈ns tornn eny hktdljs jnknsshry tl fhen h gnjudjn `diinrnjkn1 8. [trljg hj` susthdjn` plcdtdkhc wdcc hj` flbdcdzhtdlj. ]lcdtdkhc wdcc ds jnn`n` tl kohjgn chws hj` rnguchtdljs, tl krnhtn flfnjtuf ilr glvnrjfnjt hutolrdtdns tl fhen tods h rnhc prdlrdty, tl njsurn hcclkhtdlj li h`nquhtn rnslurkns, hj` tl supplrt flrn hggrnssdvn njilrknfnjt by rnguchtlrs. ]lcdtdkhc wdcc ds hcsl dfplrthjt lj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj sd`n1 Hbsnjt Hbsnjt suko plcdtdkhc klffdtfnjt, slfn slfn bhjes wdcc jlt bn fltdvhtn` tl fhen h fnhjdjgiuc klffdtfnjt tl dfprlvdjg kustlfnr ùn-`dcdgnjkn prlknùrns prlknùrns wdto h vdnw tl `ntnktdjg ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj. ]N]s. Pon 2. Kchrd﬈khtdlj hj` ohrfljdzhtdlj li ton djtnrjhtdljhc rnqudrnfnjts lj ]N]s kurrnjt vhrdhtdljs hfljg hpprlhkons snrvn hs blto h gll` nxkusn jlt tl hkt hj` hrn snnj by slfn hs h rnhc dfpn`dfnjt tl ton `nvnclpfnjt hj` dfpcnfnjthtdlj li niinktdvn ]N] kljtrlcs. Ohrfljdzhtdlj wluc` phvn ton why ilr usniuc gud`hjkn tl bn dssun` ht ton djtnrjhtdljhc lr jhtdljhc cnvnc. Aurds`dktdljs hj` bhjes wluc` bn prlvd`n` wdto sluj`nr hj` flrn kljsdstnjt phrhfntnrs. ;. [tlke-thedjg li li ton nfnrgdjg typlclgdns, wdto h ilkus lj cditdjg woht dfpn`ns ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs wol hrn ]N]s. ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj niilrts hrn klfpcdkhtn` by ton djkrnhsn` usn li kclsn hsslkdhtns, cnghc njtdtdns, hj` ltonr fntol`s usn` tl od`n bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp lr kljtrlc by snjdlr pubcdk li﬈kdhcs. Hghdjst tods bhkegrluj`, tods [tHR phpnr liinrs h snrdns li rnklffnj`htdljs hj` gll` prhktdkns `nsdgjn` tl oncp djkrnhsn ton quhcdty hj` niinktdvnjnss li tolsn ]N] fnhsurns h`lptn` by rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` bhjes. Dj h``dtdlj, ton phpnr prlvd`ns rnklffnj`htdljs toht wn olpn ton sthj`hr` snttnrs wdcc kljsd`nr. Lutcdjn` bnclw hrn ton prdjkdphc rnklffnj`htdljs.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj 8 Hppcy Njohjkn` @un @dcdgnjkn tl hcc ]N]s, Ilrndgj hj` @lfnstdk Chws hj` rnguchtdljs soluc` fhen jl `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s. Pon sthj`hr`s h`lptn` by IHPI hj` rngdljhc hj` jhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs soluc` rnqudrn sdfdchr njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s. Pon `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s dj nxdstdjg sthj`hr`s cnts prlfdjnjt `lfnstdk pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcdns hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns –lii ton olle.‖ Ponrn ds jl austd﬈hbcn bhsds ilr ton `dstdjktdlj. Hcc ]N]s hrn nxplsn` tl ton lpplrtujdty

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tl fdsusn tondr plsdtdlj ilr pnrsljhc ghdj5 tonrnilrn, tods `dstdjktdlj lfdts hj dfplrthjt rdse hrnh. Flst djtnrjhtdljhc bhjes hcrnh`y hppcy njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn tl blto `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ilrnd gj ]N]s, nvnj tolugo tony hrn jlt rnqudrn` by chw lr rnguchtdlj, rnguchtdl j, hj` sfhcc bhjes gnjnrhccy hrn wncc hwhrn li ton d`njtdty li `lfnstdk ]N]s. Pous cdttcn, di hjy, h``dtdljhc bur`nj wluc` bn pchkn` lj bhjes hppcydjg tods sthj`hr`.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj 2 Rnqudrn h @nkchrhtdlj li Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnrsodp Ht hkklujt lpnjdjg hj` hs jnn`n` tonrnhitnr, bhjes soluc` rnqudrn kustlfnrs tl klfpcntn h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li ton d`njtdty hj` `nthdcs li ton jhturhc pnrslj(s) wol hrn ton uctdfhtn uctdfhtn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s) li ton busdjnss busdjnss rnchtdljsodp lr trhjshktdlj hs h ﬈rst stnp dj fnntdjg tondr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts (snn ton shfpcn ilrf dj blx 2.2). H krdtdkhc prlbcnf d`njtd﬈n` by bhjes, rnguchtlrs, hj` chw njilrknfnjt hcden ds ton rnkurrdjg hj` djtrhkthbcn prlbcnf li ujtydjg ton ejlt li cnghc njtdtdns ilrfn` ilr ton purplsn li od`djg ton d`njtdty li ton jhturhc pnrsljs wol hrn ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs. Rnqudrdjg h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp by ton kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr soluc` bn hj dfplrthjt ﬈rst stnp dj ton bhje—s niilrt tl d`njtdiy hj` vnrdiy ton d`njtdty li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. Dt ds jlt ton ljcy stnp, jlr ds dt sui﬈kdnjt lj dts lwj‐bhjes fust then h``dtdljhc fnhsurns tl vnrdiy ton `nkchrhtdlj hj` kljùkt klfpcnfnjthry kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn, hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns fust njsurn toht h``dtdljhc hktdljs hrn thenj. Pon `nkchrhtdlj ds tl bn nxnkutn` dj h fhjjnr toht prlvd`ns ilr h krdfdjhc pnjhcty ilr djtnjtdljhccy fhedjg h fhtnrdhc ihcsn sthtnfnjt. Wodcn slfn krdfdjhcs hrn ujcdency tl bn `ntnrrn`, li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hsslkdhtns wdcc bn cnss djkcdjn` tl cdn tl bhjes di tony ihkn dj`dvdùhc krdfdjhc cdhbdcdty ilr ton ihcsn sthtnfnjt. Dj h``dtdlj, ton sdgjn` `nkchrhtdlj kluc` bn usn` hs nvd`njkn li krdfdjhc djtnjt dj h fljny chuj`nrdjg lr irhu` prlsnkutdlj5 ton bhsds ilr h kdvdc sudt by ton ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj5 h rnhslj ilr kclsdjg ton hkklujt5 hj` hj dfplrthjt pdnkn li nvd`njkn dj h jljkljvdktdlj, bhsn` lj h irnnzdjg lr ilrindturn prlknn`djg djdtdhtn` by ton glvnrjfnjt.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj ; Rnqunst Hssnt hj` Djklfn @dskclsurn Ilrfs H pubcdk li﬈kdhc soluc` bn hsen` tl prlvd`n h klpy li hjy hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj ilrfs ﬈cn` wdto tondr hutolrdtdns, hs wncc hs subsnqunjt up`htns. Di h kustlfnr rniusns, ton bhje soluc` hssnss ton rnhsljs hj` `ntnrfdjn, usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, wontonr tl prlknn` wdto ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. Flrn tohj 88= klujtrdns rnqudrn toht tondr pubcdk li﬈kdhcs ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn `dskclsurn ilrfs. Dj ton klursn

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li lur rnsnhrko, wn iluj` ljcy ljn bhje toht hses kustlfnrs ilr h klpy li ton ilrf, hctolugo hcc bhjes hgrnn` toht dt whs hj h``dtdljhc tllc hj` jltn` toht tony hse ilr ton shfn djilrfhtdlj hj` flrn ùrdjg hkklujt lpnjdjg. Pon ilrf prlvd`ns hj dfplrthjt –sjhpsolt dj tdfn‖ toht ton bhje khj usn tl klfphrn tl djilrfhtdlj prlvd`n` by ton kustlfnr lr wdto hkklujt hktdvdty. Bnkhusn tonrn fhy bn cngdtdfhtn rnhsljs ilr ton kustlfnr tl `nkcdjn tl prlvd`n h klpy lr ilr jlt ohvdjg ﬈cn` ton ilrfs, ton bhje soluc` hse hblut ton rnhslj ilr rniushc hj` `ntnrfdjn, usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, wontonr tl lpnj ton hkklujt lr kljtdjun ton rnchtdljsodp. Ynrd﬈khtdlj by clkhc hutolrdtdns li ton djilrfhtdlj lj suko ilrfs ds ujnvnj hkrlss aurds`dktdljs, sl bhjes soluc` rnfhdj khutdlus hblut ton djilrfhtdlj prlvd`n`, but dt khj oncp dj kustlfnr prl﬈cdjg. prl﬈cdjg.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj 0 ]nrdl`dk Rnvdnw li ]N] Kustlfnrs ]N] kustlfnrs soluc` bn rnvdnwn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr h klffdttnn djkcu`djg ht cnhst ljn snjdlr fhjhgnr usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, ht cnhst ynhrcy, ynhrcy, hj` ton rnsucts li ton rnvdnw soluc` bn `lkufnjtn`. Lvnr ton klursn li h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp wdto h ]N], ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg prlknùrns fhy rnvnhc kohjgns tl ton prl﬈cn hj` hktdvdty. Pon ]N] fhy ohvn bnnj prlfltn` lr ncnktn` tl h flrn snjdlr plsdtdlj, njghgn` dj cdtdghtdlj, lr pnrohps trhjshktdljs ohvn `nvdhtn` irlf ton jlrf. Kljsd`nrn` snphrhtncy, ton hktdvdtdns, trhjshktdljs, lr prl﬈cn kohjgns fhy jlt bn sui﬈kdnjt tl rhdsn –rn` flhgs.‖ flhgs.‖ Ljkn ton djilrfhtdlj djilrfht dlj ds hssnfbcn` h ssnfbcn` olwnvnr, ton –bdg pdkturn‖ fhy rnvnhc djkrnhsns dj lvnrhcc rdse lr suspdkdljs li klrrupt hktdvdty. Dfpcnfnjtdjg Dfpcnfnjtdjg h pnrdl`dk rnvdnw li ]N] kustlfnrs usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, ht cnhst ynhrcy, oncps tl krnhtn hj lvnrhcc vdnw li h kustlfnr hj` lvnrklfn h jhrrlw hpprlhko dj wodko `nkdsdljs hrn fh`n trhjshktdlj by trhjshktdlj. Pods rnvdnw ds h klfflj prhktdkn hfljg ton bhjes vdsdtn`, hj` dt njsurns toht ton bhjes hssnfbcn h klfprnonjsdvn pdkturn li nhko ]N] kustlfnr, wodko ds hjhcyzn` hj` kljsd`nrn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr h klffdttnn klfprdsn` li ht cnhst ljn snjdlr fhjhgnr lj h rnguchr bhsds. Pods njohjkns ton lvnrsdgot li ton ]N] by ton bhje—s fhjhgnfnjt. Pon dj`dvdùhc lr klffdttnn subsnqunjtcy fhens `nkdsdljs lj tnrfdjhtdlj lr kljtdjuhtdlj li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. rnchtdljsodp.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj > Hvld` [nttdjg Cdfdts lj ton Pdfn h ]N] Rnfhdjs h ]N] Wonrn h pnrslj ohs knhsn` tl bn njtrustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj, klujtrdns soluc` jlt djtrlùkn tdfn cdfdts lj ton cnjgto li tdfn ton pnrslj, ihfdcy fnfbnr, lr kclsn hsslkdhtn jnn`s tl bn trnhtn` hs h ]N]. Fhjy gnlgrhpodk, kucturhc, hj` plcdtdkhc ihktlrs `ntnrfdjn ton ùrhtdlj li ton plwnr hj` djflunjkn onc` by pubcdk

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li﬈kdhcs, rnchtdvns, hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Dj fhjy khsns, ton djflunjkn onc` by prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns lutchsts ton tnrf dj li﬈kn by ynhrs, nvnj `nkh`ns, hj` klrrupt fljdns `l jlt bnklfn cngdtdfhtn hitnr h knrthdj tdfn pnrdl`. Rhtonr tohj snttdjg tdfn cdfdts, bhjes soluc` bn njklurhgn` tl kljsd`nr ton ljgldjg ]N] sthtus li tondr kustlfnrs lj h khsn-by-khsn bhsds usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` prlvd`n gud`hjkn hblut woht tods njthdcs. Di ton rdse ds clw clw,, bhjes khj kljsd`nr `nkchssdiydjg ton rnchtdljsodp, but ljcy hitnr khrniuccy nvhcuhtdjg ton kljtdjuhtdlj li hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg rdses hj` wdto ton hpprlvhc li snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt.

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]HRP 8 Djtrlùktdlj hj` Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs

8. Djtrlùktdlj

–Tlur –T lur `llrs hrn lpnj tl hcc slrts slr ts hj` klj`dtdljs li fnj, nxknpt nxknpt toht ylu `rhw `r hw ton cdjn ht `dsoljnsty. Tlu wdcc jlt lpnj nvnj h `nplsdt hkklujt wdto h strhjgnr, ujcnss on bn shtdsihktlrdcy djtrlùkn`, cnst ylu ﬈j` toht ylu ohvn bnnj njtnrthdjdjg h rhskhc ujhwhrns, wol ds fhedjg usn li ton konqun-blle wodko ylu ohvn suppcdn` odf wdto, tl vdktdfdzn ohci h sklrn li djjlknjt pnlpcn.‖ pnlpcn.‖ Gnlrgn Rhn, Pon Klujtry Bhjenr1 Ods Kcdnjts, Khrns, hj` Wlre irlf hj Nxpnrdnjkn li Ilrty Tnhrs, (Jnw Tlre1 Tlre1 Kohrcns [krdbjnr—s [ljs, 8??9).

Rnvnchtdljs li grhj` klrruptdlj, 7 ton skhcn li ton pcuj`nr li sthtn hssnts, hj` tondr dfphkt lj ton klj﬈`njkn dj ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs ohvn cn` tl grnhtnr g rnhtnr skrutdjy li busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s) wdto h vdnw tl h``rnssdjg pltnjtdhc klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg rdses hsslkdhtn` wdto tonsn kustlfnrs. ]N]s‐dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns‐rnprnsnjt h grnhtnr fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse bnkhusn li ton plssdbdcdty toht suko dj`dvdùhcs fhy hbusn tondr plsdtdlj hj` djflunjkn tl khrry lut klrrupt hkts, suko hs hkknpt hj` nxtlrt brdbns, fdshpprlprdhtn sthtn hssnts, hj` tonj usn `lfnstdk hj` djtnrjhtdljhc ﬈jhjkdhc systnfs tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s. ? Lbvdluscy, flst ]N]s `l jlt hktuhccy njghgn dj klrrupt hktdvdtdns5 olwnvnr, hcc ]N]s hrn pltnjtdhccy dj h plsdtdlj tl fdsusn tondr plsdtdljs ilr pnrsljhc ghdj‐jl fhttnr tondr klujtry li lrdgdj, jhturn li busdjnss hktdvdtdns, lr snjdlrdty li plsdtdlj. Wodcn klrrupt ]N]s fhy bn h sfhcc plrtdlj li ton njtdrn jufbnr li ]N]s, h sdjgcn klrrupt ]N]—s bnohvdlr bnohvdlr khj ohvn h `dsprlplrtdljhtn dfphkt dfph kt lj h klujtry hj` slfntdfns slfnt dfns hj njtdrn rngdlj. Xuhjtdiydjg ton hflujt li fljny toht ohs bnnj stlcnj hj` chuj`nrn`

7. Pon tnrf –klrruptdlj‖ ds fnhjt tl djkcu`n ton liinjsns lutcdjn` dj Hrtdkcns 8>-22 li ^JKHK1 Hktdvn brdbnry li jhtdljhc pubcdk li﬈kdhcs5 phssdvn brdbnry li jhtdljhc pubcdk li﬈kdhcs5 hktdvn brdbnry li ilrndgj pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` li﬈kdhcs li pubcdk djtnrjhtdljhc lrghjdshtdljs5 phssdvn brdbnry li ilrndgj pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` li﬈kdhcs li pubcdk djtnrjhtdljhc lrghjdzhtdljs5 nfbnzzcnfnjt, fdshpprlprdhtdlj, fdshpprlprdhtdlj, lr ltonr `dvnrsdlj li h prlpnrty by h pubcdk li﬈kdhc5 trh`djg dj djflunjkn5 hbusn li iujktdljs lr plsdtdlj by h pubcdk li﬈kdhc ilr ujchwiuc ghdj5 dccdkdt njrdkofnjt by h pubcdk li﬈kdhc5 brdbnry dj ton prdvhtn snktlr5 hj` nfbnzzcnfnjt li prlpnrty dj ton prdvhtn snktlr. snktlr. [tHR kljsd`nrs tonrn soluc` bn hj hcdgjfnjt li ton `n﬈jdtdljs li klrruptdlj wdto ^JKHK, tl bn rnflnktn` dj ltonr [tHR plcdky phpnrs. ?. Ilr ton purplsns li tods phpnr, ]N]s hrn tl djkcu`n dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj lj ton `n﬈jdtdlj, snn –Wol –Wol Ds h ]N]<‖ dj phrt 2 hj` ton klfphrdslj kohrt dj hppnj`dx K.

;


by klrrupt ]N]s ohs prlvnj `di﬈kuct. 4 Pon nstdfhtns hvhdchbcn, tonrnilrn, prlvd`n rlugo hpprlxdfhtdljs li ton lr`nr li fhgjdtu`n. Pon Wlrc` Bhje nstdfhtns toht flrn tohj $8 trdccdlj `lcchrs ds phd` dj brdbns nhko ynhr. 8= Iurtonrflrn, ton [tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn ohs nstdfhtn` toht klrrupt fljny rnkndvn` by pubcdk li﬈kdhcs dj `nvnclpdjg hj` trhjsdtdlj klujtrdns rnhkons $2= bdccdlj tl $0= bdccdlj pnr ynhr‐h ﬈gurn nqudvhcnjt tl 2= tl 0= pnrknjt li fllws li li﬈kdhc `nvnclpfnjt hssdsthjkn. 88 Pods skhcn li klrruptdlj cnh`s tl `ngrh`htdlj hj` `dstrust li pubcdk djstdtutdljs, djsui﬈kdnjt glvnrjfnjt rnvnjuns, wnhenjdjg li ton prdvhtn djvnstfnjt kcdfhtn, hj` `dsruptdlj li slkdhc snrvdkn snrv dkn `ncdvnry fnkohjdsfs. fnkohjdsfs. Pon fllws li `drty `drt y fljny `hfhgn ton rnputhtdljs li ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hj` uj`nrfdjn pubcdk klj﬈`njkn dj ton djtngrdty li ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf. Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li hj niinktdvn ]N] rngdfn ds h krdtdkhc klfpljnjt dj ton prnvnjtdlj li grhj` klrruptdlj bnkhusn chuj`nrdjg ton prlknn`s bnklfns flrn `diidkuct. Hj niinktdvn ]N] rngdfn hcsl hssdsts dj ton `ntnktdlj li trhjsinrs li prlknn`s li klrruptdlj, prlvd`ns hj hu`dt trhdc, hj`, uctdfhtncy, ihkdcdthtns ton prlknss li rnklvnrdjg tonsn prlknn`s. Dj –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ h 2==8 phpnr li ton Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, ton kljknpt li ]N]s whs djtrlùkn` by bhjedjg supnrvdslrs hs h spnkdhc khtnglry li dj`dvdùhcs wol nxplsn h bhje tl sdgjd﬈khjt rnputhtdlj hj` cnghc rdses.82 Pon phpnr rnklgjdzn rnklgjdzn` ` ton dfplrthjkn li prlvd`djg gud`hjkn lj ton pru`njtdhc rdse plsn` by ]N]s, sthtdjg –dt ds kcnhrcy uj`nsdrhbcn, ujntodkhc hj` djklfphtdbcn wdto ton ﬈t hj` prlpnr kljùkt li bhjedjg lpnrhtdljs tl hkknpt lr fhdjthdj h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp di ton bhje ejlws lr fust hssufn toht ton iuj`s `nrdvn irlf klrruptdlj lr fdsusn li pubcdk hssnts.‖ 8; Nvnjtuhccy, ton djtnrjhtdljhc klffujdty chujkon` niilrts tl fdtdghtn ton pltnjtdhc rdses plsn` by ]N]s. Dj 2==;, ton Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI) djtrlùkn` h jufbnr li prnvnjtdvn fnhsurns tl d`njtdiy tonsn odgonr rdse dj`dvdùhcs hj` tl dfprlvn ton fljdtlrdjg li tondr trhjshktdljs. Ponsn fnhsurns hrn snt ilrto dj Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 li ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, wdto ton rnchtn` 4. ^JL@K hj` Wlrc` Bhje, –[tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn1 Kohccnjgns, Lpplrtujdtdns, hj` Hktdlj ]chj‖ (Wlrc` Bhje, Whsodjgtlj, @K, 2==7) p. 4. 8=. Wlrc` Bhje, –Pon Klsts li Klrruptdlj,‖ (Hprdc ?, 2==0) qultdjg @hjdnc Ehuifhjj, @drnktlr ilr Glvnrjhjkn, Wlrc` Bhje Djstdtutn. Cdje hvhdchbcn ht ottp1//gl.wlrc`bhje.lrg/CAH24GOH?=. 88. ^JL@K hj` Wlrc` Bhje, –[tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn1 Kohccnjgns, Lpplrtujdtdns, hj` Hktdlj ]chj‖ (Wlrc` Bhje, Whsodjgtlj, @K, 2==7) p. 4. Ht phgn 88, ton rnplrt fnhsurns ton `nvnclpfnjt dfphkt toht kluc` rnsuct irlf rnklvnry li h plrtdlj li tonsn hssnts. Ilr nxhfpcn, nvnry $8== fdccdlj rnklvnrn` kluc` iuj` ;.; fdccdlj tl 8= fdccdlj djsnktdkd`n-trnhtn` bn`jnts lr ﬈rst-cdjn trnhtfnjt ilr lvnr 9==,=== pnlpcn ilr ljn ynhr ilr ODY/HD@[, lr 2>=,=== whtnr kljjnktdljs ilr olusnolc`s, lr 20= edclfntnrs li twl-chjn phvn` rlh`s. 82. Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ (Bhje ilr Djtnrjhtdljhc [nttcnfnjts, Lktlbnr 2==8), phrhs. 0=-00. 8;. Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ (Bhje ilr Djtnrjhtdljhc [nttcnfnjts, Lktlbnr 2==8), phrh. 0;.

0

Djtrlùktdlj

rnqudrnfnjts li kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn dj Rnklffnj`htdlj >. Hcsl dj 2==;, ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^JKHK) khccn` ilr njohjkn` skrutdjy li hkklujts onc` by ]N]s dj Hrtdkcn >2(8) hj` (2) hs h fnhjs tl prnvnjt hj` `ntnkt ton trhjsinr li ton prlknn`s li krdfn. Dj 2==9, IHPI sthtn` toht ton chke li rucn li chw hj` fnhsurns tl prnvnjt hj` klfbht klrruptdlj fhy sdgjd﬈khjtcy dfphdr ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li hj niinktdvn hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg/klfbhtdjg ton ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf irhfnwlre. 80 Dj h``dtdlj, stu`dns ohvn bnnj uj`nrthenj uj`nrth enj by IHPI IHPI hj` ton IHPI-[tycn IHPI-[tycn Rngdljhc Bl`dns (I[RBs) lj ]N]s dj ton kljtnxt li klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg. 8> Hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC) rngdfns, phrtdkuchrcy ton ]N] prlvdsdljs, vhry dj sklpn hkrlss ton sthj`hr` snttnrs. 89 Hcc rnqudrn klujtrdns tl njsurn toht ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs djstdt utdljs kljsd`nr ]N]s tl bn odgo-rdse kustlfnrs ku stlfnrs hj`, hkklr`djgcy, hkklr`djgcy, dfpcnfnjt systnfs ilr tondr d`njtd﬈khtdlj, wdto njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns ht hkklujt lpnjdjg, hj` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg hj` rnplrtdjg li suspdkdlus trhjshktdljs. Bnclw ds ton rncnvhjt tnxt li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^JKHK) hj` ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs. [nn hppnj`dx K ilr klfphrhtdvn thbcns li ton `n﬈jdtdljs `n﬈jdtd ljs hj` njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts prlvd`n` dj djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s hj` Nurlpnhj ^jdlj cngdschtdlj. Hrtdkcn >2 li ^JKHK1 8. U…V nhko [thtn ]hrty sohcc then suko fnhsurns hs fhy bn jnknsshry, dj hkklr`hjkn wdto dts `lfnstdk chw, tl rnqudrn bhjes wdtodj dts aurds`dktdlj tl vnrdiy ton d`njtdty li kustlfnrs, tl then rnhsljhbcn stnps tl `ntnrfdjn ton d`njtdty li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs li iuj`s `nplsdtn` djtl odgo-vhcun hkklujts hkklujts hj` tl kljùkt njohjkn` skrutdjy li hkklujts slugot lr fhdjthdjn` by lr lj bnohci li dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` hsslkdhtns. hsslkdhtns . [uko njohjkn` njohjkn` skrutdjy sohcc bn rnhsljhbcy `nsdgjn` tl `ntnkt suspdkdlus trhjshktdljs ilr ton purplsn li rnplrtdjg tl klfpntnjt hutolrdtdns hj` soluc` jlt bn sl kljstrun` hs tl `dsklurhgn lr prlodbdt bhjes irlf `ldjg busdjnss wdto hjy cngdtdfhtn kustlfnr. Unfpohsds Unfpohsds h``n` V 80. IHPI Fntol`lclgy, Djtrlùktdlj, phrh. 7. 8>. IHPI/H]G (Hsdh ]hkd﬈k Grlup lj Fljny-Chuj`nrdjg) ]rlankt Grlup lj Klrruptdlj hj` Fljny Chuj`nrdjg ohs hcsl kljùktn` rnsnhrko lj ]N]s1 @r. @hvd` Kohdedj hj` @r. Ahslj [ohrfhj, –IHPI/ H]G Hjtd-Klrruptdlj HFC/KIP Rnsnhrko ]hpnr,‖ ([nptnfbnr 2==7). [nn hcsl H]G Hjjuhc Fnntdjg, –DDWG Dfpcnfnjthtdlj Dssuns Rnplrt1 Klrruptdlj-Rnchtn` IHPI Rnklffnj`htdljs 2==4‖5 –]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs (]N]s) dj rnchtdlj tl HFC/KIP,‖ (Fd``cn Nhst & Jlrto Hirdkh Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn, Jlvnfbnr 88, 2==?)5 Ewnsd Hjdjg & [hfunc Htulbd, –Pon Jnxus Bntwnnj Klrruptdlj hj` Fljny Chuj`nrdjg dj Wnst Hirdkh1 ton Khsn li Gohjh,‖ `rhit tl bn prnsnjtn` tl GDHBH (Djtnr Glvnrjfnjthc Hktdlj Grlup Hghdjst Fljny Chuj`nrdjg dj Wnst Hirdkh) dj 2==45 hj` –Hj Hssnssfnjt li ton Cdjes bntwnnj Klrruptdlj hj` ton Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg [trhtngdns hj` Fnhsurns dj ton N[HHFCG Rngdlj,‖ (Nhstnrj hj` [lutonrj Hirdkh Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg Grlup UN[HHFCGV, Fhy 8?, 2==4). 89. ^jcnss ltonrwdsn spnkd﬈n`, tods phpnr usns ton tnrf –sthj`hr` –sthj`hr` snttnrs‖ brlh`cy brlh`cy tl djkcu`n ton sthj`hr`s lutcdjn` dj ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, djtnrjhtdljhc djstrufnjts (^JKHK), hj` jhtdljhc lr rngdljhc cngdschtdvn cng dschtdvn hkts.

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2. U…V Dj lr`nr tl ihkdcdthtn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ton fnhsurns prlvd`n` ilr dj phrhgrhpo 8 li tods hrtdkcn, nhko [thtn ]hrty, dj hkklr`hjkn wdto dts `lfnstdk chw hj` djspdrn` by rncnvhjt djdtdhtdvns li rngdljhc, djtnrrngdljhc hj` fuctdchtnrhc lrghjdzhtdljs hghdjst fljny chuj`nrdjg, sohcc1 (h) Dssun h`vdslrdns rnghr`djg ton typns li jhturhc lr cnghc pnrslj tl wolsn hkklujts bhjes wdtodj dts aurds`dktdlj wdcc bn nxpnktn` tl hppcy njohjkn` skrutdjy, ton typns li hkklujts hj` trhjshktdljs tl wodko tl phy phrtdkuchr httnjtdlj hj` hpprlprdhtn hkklujt-lpnjdjg, fhdjtnjhjkn hj` rnklrènnpdjg fnhsurns tl then kljknrjdjg suko hkklujts5 hj` (b) Wonrn hpprlprdhtn, jltdiy bhjes wdtodj dts aurds`dktdlj, aurds` dktdlj, ht ton rnqunst li hjltonr [thtn ]hrty lr lj dts lwj djdtdhtdvn, djdtdhtdvn, li ton d`njtdty li phrtdkuchr jhturhc lr cnghc pnrsljs tl wolsn hkklujts suko djstdtutdljs wdcc bn nxpnktn` tl hppcy njohjkn` skrutdjy, dj h``dtdlj tl tolsn wolf ton bhjes fhy ltonrwdsn d`njtdiy. Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 li ton IHPI IHPI 0= Rnklffnj`htdlj Rnklffnj`htdljs1 s1 Bhjes soluc`, dj rnchtdlj tl plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs, dj h``dtdlj tl pnrilrfdjg jlrfhc ùn `dcdgnjkn fnhsurns1 h) Ohvn hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr ton kustlfnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj. b) Lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto suko kustlfnrs. k) Phen rnhsljhbcn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s. `) Kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. IHPI –Gclsshry li @n﬈jdtdljs usn` dj ton Fntol`lclgy‖ `n﬈jns ]N]s hs –dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry, ilr nxhfpcn Onh`s li [thtn lr li glvnrjfnjt, snjdlr plcdtdkdhjs, snjdlr glvnrjfnjt, au`dkdhc lr fdcdthry li﬈kdhcs, snjdlr nxnkutdvns li sthtn lwjn` klrplrhtdljs, dfplrthjt plcdtdkhc phrty li﬈kdhcs. Busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns li ]N]s djvlcvn rnputhtdljhc rdses sdfdchr tl tolsn wdto ]N]s tonfsncvns. Pon `n﬈jdtdlj ds jlt djtnj`n` tl klvnr fd``cn rhjedjg lr flrn aujdlr dj`dvdùhcs dj ton ilrngldjg khtnglrdns.‖ khtnglrdns.‖

Dj Fhrko 2==4, ton Grlup li 2= (G2=) klujtrdns khccn` ilr njilrknfnjt li tonsn sthj`hr`s lj ]N]s hs h fnhjs tl `ntnr klrruptdlj hj` `ntnkt hj` `ntnr ton fllw li prlknn`s li klrruptdlj dj dts –Wlredjg Grlup lj Rndjilrkdjg Djtnrjhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj hj` ]rlfltdjg Djtngrdty dj Idjhjkdhc Fhrents.‖ 87 Dj [nptnfbnr 2==4, ton G2= Onh`s li 87. G2= Wlredjg Grlup lj Rndjilrkdjg Djtnrjhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj hj` ]rlfltdjg Djtngrdty dj Idjhjkdhc Fhrents (WG2), –Idjhc Rnplrt,‖ Fhrko 27, 2==4, phrh. 08.

9

Djtrlùktdlj

[thtn khccn` ilr ton rhtd﬈khtdlj li ^JKHK hj` hsen` IHPI tl ilkus lj `ntnktdjg hj` `ntnrrdjg ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj by strnjgtonjdjg sthj`hr`s lj kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn, bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp, hj` trhjsphrnjky. 8? IHPI wdcc bn kljsd`nrdjg tonsn dssuns hs phrt li ton prnphrhtdlj ilr ton ilurto rluj` li futuhc nvhcuhtdljs. Djùstry grlups, suko hs ton Wlcisbnrg Grlup, ohvn dssun` gud`hjkn phpnrs hj` rnklffnj`htdljs. 84 Pon prdvhtn snktlr ohs rnsplj`n` wdto prlùkts tl hssdst bhjes dj d`njtdiydjg ]N]s, suko hs klffnrkdhc ]N] `hthbhsns hj` slitwhrn toht fdjns `hth ilr ton eny djilrfhtdlj rnqudrn` tl hssnss ton rncnvhjt rdses.

Clw Klfpcdhjkn wdto Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s Wdto ^JKHK rhtd﬈n` by 808 klujtrdns hj` ton IHPI Rnklffnj`htdljs h`lptn` hs ton HFC sthj`hr` by flrn tohj 87= aurds`dktdljs, flst aurds`dktdljs dj ton wlrc` ohvn klffdttn` tl fnhjdjgiuc hj` niinktdvn hktdlj. Olwnvnr, Olwnvnr, hkklr`djg tl ton chtnst rluj` li IHPI hj` I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts, flrn tohj ?= pnrknjt li aurds`dktdljs sl ihr ohvn jlt trhjschtn` tods klffdtfnjt djtl niinktdvn fnhsurns. Li ton 820 aurds`dktdljs toht ohvn bnnj nvhcuhtn` nvh cuhtn` ilr klfpcdhjkn wdto w dto IHPI IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9, 98 pnrknjt wnrn iluj` jljklfpcdhjt hj` 2; pnrknjt wnrn phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt. Ljcy tornn aurds`dktdljs wnrn iluj` tl bn iuccy klfpcdhjt. Ponsn trnj`s t rnj`s hrn lbsnrvn` dj IHPI IHPI hj` I[RB aurds`dkaurd s`dktdljs hcden, wdto klfpcdhjkn cnvncs clwnr dj IHPI aurds`dktdljs. [nn ﬈gurns 8.8 hj` 8.2.

Idgurn 8.8 IH IHPI PI Rnklffnj`htdlj 91 Klfpcdhjkn Klfpcdhjkn li 820 Aurds`dktdljs ]hrtdhccy klfpcdhjt, 2;% (24)

Jljklfpcdhjt, 98% (7>)

Chrgncy klfpcdhjt, 80% (87) Klfpcdhjt, 2% (;)

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— klfpdchtdlj bhsn` uplj ton klfpcdhjkn

rhtdjgs pubcdson` dj ton IHPI hj` ton I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts li 820

aurds`dktdljs. Jufbnrs dj phrnjtonsns rninr tl Jltn1 Jufbnrs

ton jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs.

8?. G2=, –Cnh`nrs— [thtnfnjt, Pon ]dttsburgo [uffdt,‖ ([nptnfbnr 20-2>, 2==4). 84. Pon Wlcisbnrg Grlup, hj hsslkdhtdlj li 88 gclbhc bhjes, ohs `nvnclpn` h snrdns li ﬈jhjkdhc djùstry sthj`hr`s dj rnchtdlj tl hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` rncnhsn` spnkd﬈k djilrfhtdlj kljknrjdjg kljknrjdjg ]N]s.

7


Idgurn 8.2 IH IHPI PI Rnklffnj`htdlj Rnklffnj`ht dlj 91 IH IHPI hj` Jlj-IHPI Jlj-IHPI Klujtry Rhtdjgs IHPI (20 aurds`dktdljs) Klfpcdhjt, 0% (8) Chrgncy klfpcdhjt, 28% (>) Jljklfpcdhjt, 97% (89)

]hrtdhccy klfpcdhjt, ?% (2)

I[RBs (Jlj-IHPI) (8=4 aurds`dktdljs) Klfpcdhjt, 2% (2)

Jljklfpcdhjt, >?% (9;)

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— Hutolrs— klfpdchtdlj bhsn`

Chrgncy klfpcdhjt, 80% (8>)

]hrtdhccy klfpcdhjt, 29% (24)

uplj ton klfpcdhjkn rhtdjgs pubcdson` dj ton IHPI hj` ton I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts li 820

aurds`dktdljs. Jltn1 Jufbnrs Jufbnrs dj phrnjtonsns rninr tl

tonrn ds lvnrchp dj tonsn jufbnrs.

?

ton jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs. Hs slfn aurds`dktdljs hrn fnfbnrs li blto ton IH IHPI PI hj` hj I[RB,

Djtrlùktdlj

Lbanktdvn Pods plcdky phpnr ohs bnnj uj`nrthenj by ton [tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry Djdtdhtdvn, h aldjt djdtdhtdvn li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Li﬈kn lj @rugs hj` Krdfn hj` ton Wlrc` Bhje. Gdvnj ton chke li klfpcdhjkn wdto djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s lj ]N]s, [tHR chujkon` tods plcdky phpnr tl hssdst bhjes hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns dj budc`djg rngdfns toht wdcc oncp h``rnss ton rdses plsn` by ]N]s hj` prnvnjt klrrupt ]N]s irlf hbusdjg `lfnstdk hj` djtnrjhtdljhc ﬈jhjkdhc systnfs tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj. 2= Pods phpnr liinrs h snrdns li Rnkl Rnklffnj`htdljs ffnj`htdljs hj` Gll` ]rhktdkns `nsdgjn` tl oncp djkrnhsn ton quhcdty hj` niinktdvnjnss li ]N] fnhsurns li rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` bhjes. Dj h``dtdlj, ton phpnr prlvd`ns Rnklffnj`htdljs toht wn olpn ton sthj`hr` snttnrs hj` plcdky fhenrs fdgot kljsd`nr dj strnjgtonjdjg ton nxdstdjg ]N] rngdfns.

Fntol`lclgy Pon fhdj rnsnhrko ilr tods phpnr whs bhsn` lj ﬈nc` wlre kljùktn` dj ndgot aurds`dktdljs wdto nxpnrdnjkn dj `nhcdjg wdto ]N]s. 28 Pon aurds`dktdljs rnprnsnjt `diinrnjt rngdljs hj` rnguchtlry irhfnwlres. H``dtdljhc rnsnhrko whs kljùktn` dj snvnj aurds`dktdljs,22 hs wncc hs ton rncnvhjt plrtdljs li ?2 IHPI hj` I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts ﬈cn` dj ton todr` rluj` li nvhcuhtdljs.2; Pon h`lptdlj li ton futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts bnghj hitnr h rnhsljhbcn pnrdl` li tdfn ilcclwdjg ton dssuhjkn li ton rnvdsn` IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs dj 2==; (ton ﬈rst hssnssfnjt whs h`lptn` dj fd`-2==>) hj` ohvn bnnj ljgldjg. Ponsn rnplrts rnprnsnjt h –sjhpsolt‖ li ton sdtuhtdlj dj ton rnspnktdvn klujtry ht ton `htn li ton hssnssfnjt. [lfn klujtrdns fhy ohvn prlgrnssn` dj tnrfs li klfpcdhjkn sdjkn ton hssnssfnjt. Pon purplsn li ton ﬈nc` wlre whs jlt tl hssnss lr rhtn aurds`dktdljs, but rhtonr tl lbthdj hj lvnrvdnw hj` cnhrj irlf hutolrdtdns hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr hblut ton plcdkdns hj` prhktdkns dj dfpcnfnjtdjg klfpcdhjkn wdto djtnrjhtdljhc ]N] sthj`hr`s hj` slfn li ton klfflj lbsthkcns tl ton niinktdvn hppcdkhtdlj li ]N] fnhsurns. Pon nxhfpcns usn` torlugolut ton phpnr, tonrnilrn, hrn jlt httrdbutn` tl hjy phrtdkuchr aurds`dktdlj.

2=. Pon lbanktdvn li ton [tHR Djdtdhtdvn ds tl rnùkn bhrrdnrs tl hssnt rnklvnry hj` tonrnby njklurhgn hj` ihkdcdthtn flrn systnfhtdk hj` tdfncy rnturj li stlcnj hssnts. Ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj lj ton [tHR Djdtdhtdvn snn www.wlrc`bhje.lrg/sthr. 28. Hrgnjtdjh5 Irhjkn5 Oljg Eljg, Kodjh5 Anrsny5 Cdnkotnjstndj5 [wdtznrchj`5 ton ^jdtn` Edjg`lf5 hj` ton ^jdtn` [thtns. 22. Cnbhjlj, Fnxdkl, Jdgnrdh, ton Russdhj In`nrhtdlj, [djghplrn, [luto Hirdkh, hj` ton ^jdtn` Hrhb Nfdrhtns. 2;. Aurds`dktdljs sncnktn` wnrn tolsn dj ton prnvdluscy cdstn` 8> aurds`dktdljs, hs wncc hs aurds`dktdljs toht ohvn h pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn IHPI lr I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrt hvhdchbcn dj Njgcdso hj` pubcdson` hitnr Aujn 2==7.

4


H cdst li djtnrvdnw qunstdljs whs `nsdgjn` tl snrvn hs h bhsds ilr `dskussdlj hj` tl njsurn toht h kljsdst kljsdstnjt njt hj` trhjsphrnjt t rhjsphrnjt fntol` ilr klccnktdjg djilrfhtdlj ùrdjg ton ﬈nc` wlre whs ilcclwn`.20 @urdjg ton ﬈nc` vdsdts, fnfbnrs li ton tnhf fnt wdto h jufbnr li hutolrdtdns, djkcu`djg rnguchtlrs (dj`npnj`njt lr wdtodj ton knjtrhc bhje), ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts (ID^s), chw njilrknfnjt, hj` wonrn hpprlprdhtn ton pubcdk prlsnkutlr. Fnfbnrs li ton tnhf hcsl fnt wdto snjdlr li﬈kdhcs li twl bhjes dj nhko aurds`dktdlj.2> Porlugolut ton klursn li wrdtdjg ton phpnr, ton tnhf fnt wdto tornn klffnrkdhc `hthbhsn klfphjdns lr pchtilrf prlvd`nrs. Dj h`vhjkn li pubcdkhtdlj, h klpy li tods plcdky phpnr whs kdrkuchtn` tl tonsn hutolrdtdns hj` bhje li﬈kdhcs hj` tony wnrn djvdtn` tl klffnjt.

Olw tl ^sn Pods ]hpnr Pods phpnr ds `nsdgjn` hs h plcdky jltn ilr bhjes hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, hs wncc hs ilr usn by ton sthj`hr` snttnrs, plcdky fhenrs, ID^s, hj` ltonr pubcdk hutolrdtdns wdto h rlcn dj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] sthj`hr`s. Pon Rnklffnj`htdljs hj` Gll` ]rhktdkns djkcu`n` dj ton phpnr soluc` tonrnilrn bn rnvdnwn` hj` kljsd`nrn` by nhko li tonsn sthenolc`nrs. Bhjes fhy usn h Rnklffnj`htdlj lr Gll` ]rhktdkn tl dfprlvn ton quhcdty hj` niinktdvnjnss li tondr ]N] fnhsurns5 rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns fhy usn tonf tl njohjkn tondr rnvdnw hj` njilrknfnjt prlknssns lj ]N]s5 hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts, hj` ltonr pubcdk hutolrdtdns fhy usn tonf tl `nvnclp lr dfprlvn gud`hjkn. [dfdchrcy, plcdky fhenrs hj` sthj`hr` snttnrs fhy usn ton Rnklffnj`htdljs hj` Gll` ]rhktdkns tl djilrf tondr niilrts dj njsurdjg toht niinktdvn chws hj` sthj`hr`s hrn h`lptn`. Pon phpnr ds ilkusn` lj ton bhjedjg snktlr, jlt lj ltonr ﬈jhjkdhc hj` jlj﬈jhjkdhc snktlrs vucjnrhbcn tl ton chuj`nrdjg li klrrupt iuj`s. 29 Ponsn ltonr snktlrs fhy ﬈j` ton Rnklffnj`htdljs hj` Gll` ]rhktdkns prlvd`n` dj tods phpnr rncnvhjt, but soluc` hjhcyzn ton ﬈j`djgs li tods phpnr dj cdgot li tondr phrtdkuchr kdrkufsthjkns kdrkufsthjkns hj` spnkd﬈k inhturns. Pon phpnr djkcu`ns h jufbnr li prhktdkhc tllcs tl oncp gud`n bhjes, rnguchtlrs, hj` ltonr pubcdk hutolrdtdns. Ponsn tllcs hrn dccustrhtdvn, jlt nxohustdvn, hj` tonrnilrn soluc` jlt dj hjy why bn rncdn` uplj hs h klfprnonjsdvn slurkn, but rhtonr hs h sthrtdjg pldjt. 20. Pon qunstdljjhdrn h``rnssn` dssuns li ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj by vhrdlus jhtdljhc njtdtdns li ]N] systnfs hj` prlknùrns, hs wncc hs ton rnguchtlry hj` njilrknfnjt hspnkts. Wrdttnj hjswnrs wnrn jlt nxpnktn`, hctolugo slfn wnrn prlvd`n`. Ilr h klpy li ton qunstdljjhdrn, snn hppnj`dx G. 2>. Dj ljn aurds`dktdlj, ton tnhf fnt wdto ljn bhje. Dj flst khsns, tonsn djstdtutdljs wnrn phrt li chrgnr djtnrjhtdljhc bhjedjg grlups wdto slpodstdkhtn` HFC systnfs hj` kljtrlcs kljtrlcs hj` rdses li odgocnvnc ]N] nxplsurn. 29. Wodcn dt wluc` bn oncpiuc tl uj`nrsthj` woht ds ohppnjdjg hkrlss ton vhrdlus snktlrs lj ]N]s, suko h `nthdcn` hjhcysds whs bnylj` ton sklpn li tods plcdky phpnr.

8=

Djtrlùktdlj

Pon phpnr ds lrghjdzn` djtl ilur fhalr phrts1 phr ts1 Pon rnfhdj`nr li tods phrt (phrt 8) snts lut slfn li ton fhdj lbsnrvhtdljs hj` trnj`s dj ]N]s klfpcdhjkn hj` hj hjhcysds li ton prdjkdphc prd jkdphc rnhsljs ilr pllr klfpcdhjkn klfpcdh jkn hj` lvnrhcc djniinktdvnjnss li systnfs tl `ntnkt hj` fljdtlr ]N]s. ]hrt 2 ilkusns lj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] fnhsurns by rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` bhjes. ]hrt ; rnvdnws ton rlcns li ton pubcdk hutolrdtdns toht hrn prdfhrdcy djvlcvn` dj prnvnjtdjg hbusn by klrrupt ]N]s. Ponsn hutolrdtdns djkcu`n ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty, wodko ds rnspljsdbcn ilr prlvd`djg gud`hjkn tl bhjes hj` njilrkdjg klfpcdhjkn, hs wncc hs ton ID^, wodko ohs h rlcn dj ton kljtnxt li suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts ([PRs) lj ]N]s. Idjhccy, ]hrt 0 kljsd`nrs slfn li ton krlss-kuttdjg dssuns‐jhtdljhc kllpnrhtdlj, trhdjdjg, hj` rnslurkns‐toht fust bn h``rnssn` by hcc sthenolc`nrs.

88

2. Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs hj` Kohccnjgns

Pods kohptnr snts lut slfn li ton fhdj lbsnrvhtdljs hj` trnj`s dj ]N] klfpcdhjkn hj` hj hjhcysds li ton prdjkdphc rnhsljs ilr pllr klfpcdhjk klfpcdhjknn hj` lvnrhcc djniinktdvnjnss djniinktdvnjnss li systnfs tl `ntnkt hj` fljdtlr ]N]s.

Clw Cnvnc li Klfpcdhjkn wdto Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s Hs dj`dkhtn` dj ton prnvdlus kohptnr, klfpcdhjkn wdto IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 ds pllr.27 Pon clw cnvncs li klfpcdhjkn hrn jlt kljknjtrhtn` dj knrthdj rngdljs5 jlr hrn klfpcdhjkn rhtns bnttnr dj ton flrn `nvnclpn` aurds`dktdljs. Lj ton kljtrhry, klfpcdhjkn rhtns hrn rnchtdvncy wlrsn dj `nvnclpn` klujtrdns. [dfdchr trnj`s li jljklfpcdhjkn hrn lbsnrvn` hkrlss aurds`dktdljs li IHPI hj` I[RBs. [nn ﬈gurn 8.;. H eny ihktlr dj tonsn clw rhtdjgs ds ton chke li hj njilrknhbcn cnghc lr rnguchtlry irhfnwlre. Pon tnhf—s rnvdnw li ?2 futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts irlf IHPI hj` ton I[RBs iluj` toht, ht ton tdfn li ton nvhcuhtdlj, 0= pnrknjt li ton aurds`dktdljs `d` jlt ohvn njilrknhbcn cngdschtdlj lr rnguchtdljs kljknrjdjg ]N]s. 2? Wonrn ]N]spnkd﬈k cnghc prlvdsdljs, prlvd sdljs, rnguchtdljs, lr ltonr njilrknhbcn gud`hjkn nxdstn`, nxdstn `, tony wnrn litnj jlt hppcdn` hppcd n` tl hcc snktlrs wdtodj w dtodj ton sklpn li ton IHPI IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs. Rnklffnj`htdlj s. Djilrfhtdlj lj ton niinktdvnjnss li hktuhc dfpcnfnjthtdlj whs cdfdtn`. Dj h``dtdlj, slfn li ton nxdstdjg chws ohvn h jhrrlw `n﬈jdtdlj li njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (ilr nxhfpcn, h jufbnr li klujtrdns ljcy rnqudrn` snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr jnw ]N] kustlfnrs d`njtd﬈n` ùrdjg hkklujt lpnjdjg, jlt ilr nxdstdjg kustlfnrs wol bnkhfn h ]N].)

Cdje bntwnnj ]N]s hj` Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg ]lcdkdns hj` ]rlknùrns ]N]s hrn h spnkdhc khtnglry li kustlfnr, hcc `nsdgjhtn` hs odgo rdse ilr fljny chuj`nrdjg. Pods `nsdgjhtdlj ds snt lut dj ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, wodko djtrlùkn

27. Li 820 aurds`dktdljs, 98 pnrknjt wnrn jljklfpcdhjt, 2; pnrknjt wnrn phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt, 80 pnrknjt wnrn chrgncy klfpcdhjt hj` 2 pnrknjt wnrn klfpcdhjt. klfpcdhjt. 2?. [nn hcsl ton H]G Klrruptdlj Dfpcnfnjthtdlj Dssuns Rnplrt wodko hcsl jltns ton chke li cngdschtdvn, rnguchtlry, lr ltonr njilrknhbcn fnhjs lj ]N]s1 H]G Hjjuhc Fnntdjg, –DDWG Dfpcnfnjthtdlj Dssuns Rnplrt1 Klrruptdlj-Rnchtn` IHPI Rnklffnj`htdljs,‖ 2==4.

8;


Idgurn 8.; Rhtdjgs [uffhry li IH IHPI PI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9

t j n k r n p

4= ?= 7= 9= >= 0= ;= 2= 8= =

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7 > ? ? 9 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( 2 0 2 8 ; 8 = 2 > 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( s G G @ H n r P I H ] G P I P I Y H C B [ b N H H F C I D [ ^ H B H H D G I H I I T G L K n f H N H G H f J N J N [ j L F F J l lrghjdzhtdlj Jljklfpcdhjt

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— Hutolrs— klfpdchtdlj bhsn` uplj

]hrt ]h rtdh dhcc ccyy kl klfp fpcd cdhj hjtt

Chrg Ch rgnc ncyy kl klfp fpcd cdhj hjtt

Klfp Kl fpcd cdhj hjtt

ton klfpcdhjkn rhtdjgs pubcdson` dj ton IHPI IHPI hj` ton I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts li 820

aurds`dktdljs. Jltn1 Jufbnrs Jufbnrs dj phrnjtonsns rninr tl ton jufbnr

li aurds`dktdljs. Hs slfn aurds`dktdljs hrn fnfbnrs li blto IHPI IHPI hj` ljn lr flrn

I[RB, tonrn ds lvnrchp dj tonsn jufbnrs. H]G 6 Hsdh/]hkd﬈k Grlup lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg5 KIHPI 6 Khrdbbnhj Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn5 FLJNTYHC 6 Klffdttnn li Nxpnrts lj ton Nvhcuhtdlj li Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg Fnhsurns hj` ton Idjhjkdjg li Pnrrlrdsf5 NHG 6 Pon Nurhsdhj Grlup lj Klfbhtdjg Fljny Chuj`nrdjg hj` Idjhjkdjg li Pnrrlrdsf5 N[HHFCG 6 Nhstnrj hj` [lutonrj Hirdkh Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg Grlup5 IHPI 6 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg5 GHID[^@ 6 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn li [luto Hfnrdkh Hghdjst Fljny Chuj`nrdjg5 GDHBH 6 Pon Djtnr-Glvnrjfnjthc Hktdlj Grlup hghdjst Fljny Chuj`nrdjg dj Wnst Hirdkh5 FNJHIHPI 6 Fd``cn Nhst & Jlrto Hirdkh Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn5 LGB[ 6 Liisolrn Grlup li Bhjedjg [upnrvdslrs.

]N]s hs ljn li ton tornn spnkd﬈k khsns toht hrn hcwhys kljsd`nrn` tl bn h odgonr rdse. ]N]s soluc` jlrfhccy bn d`njtd﬈n` dj ton klursn li h bhje—s kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn (K@@) prlknùrns prlknùrns (djkcu`djg d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr), wodko ilrfs hj djtngrhc phrt li h bhje—s HFC HFC systnf hj` kljtrlcs. Ihdcurns Ihdcurns lr chke li klfpcntnjnss li kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns (up tl ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr) krnhtn h rdse toht h bhje wdcc jlt d`njtdiy h ]N] lr fdsau`gn ton rdses hsslkdhtn` wdto h phrtdkuchr ]N] kustlfnr. H bhje—s ]N] kljtrlcs wdcc, tonrnilrn, ljcy bn hs gll` hs dts lvnrhcc HFC irhfnwlre. Pods cdje ds klj﬈rfn` by h klfphrdslj bntwnnj klfpcdhjkn rhtdjgs lj IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj > lj K@@ hj` Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 lj ]N]s. Li ton 820 aurds`dktdljs nvhcuhtn` ilr klfpcdhjkn, 4; pnrknjt li ton aurds`dktdljs wnrn ndtonr jljklfpcdhjt lr phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt wdto Rnklffnj`htdlj >5 ?0 pnrknjt pnrknjt li ton shfn 820 aurds`dktdljs rnkndvn` rnknd vn` ton shfn rhtdjgs lj Rnklffnj`htdlj Rnklffnj`htdlj 9. Ljcy 87 aurds`dktdljs oh` h rhtdjg li phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt lr jljklfpcdhjt dj ljn khtnglry hj` chrgncy klfpcdhjt lr klfpcdhjt dj hjltonr. [nn ﬈gurn 8.0.

80

Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs hj` Kohccnjgns

Idgurn 8.0 Rhtdjgs [uffhry li Rnklffnj`htdljs > hj` 9 8== 4= ?= 7= t j n k r n p

9= >= 0= ;= 2= 8= = Jljklfpcdhjt lr phrtdhccy klfpcdhjt Rnkl Rn klff ffnj nj`h `htd tdlj lj >

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— Hutolrs— klfpdchtdlj bhsn` uplj

Chrgncy klfpcdhjt lr klfpcdhjt Rnkl Rn klff ffnj nj`h `htd tdlj lj 9

ton klfpcdhjkn rhtdjgs pubcdson` dj ton IHPI IHPI hj` ton I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts li 820

aurds`dktdljs.

Bhjes Gnjnrhccy Dj`dkhtn @ldjg Flrn Pohj IHPI, Cngdschtdlj, lr Rnguchtdlj Rnqudrns Flst li ton bhjes vdsdtn` dj`dkhtn` toht tony gl bnylj` ton cnghc `n﬈jdtdlj li h ]N] hj` hppcy h brlh`nr sklpn li njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (N@@) fnhsurns tohj tolsn rnqudrn` uj`nr ndtonr `lfnstdk cngdschtdlj lr rnguchtdlj. Ilr nxhfpcn, slfn `l jlt `dstdjgudso bntwnnj `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s, nvnj wonj tony hrn ljcy rnqudrn` by jhtdljhc chw tl hppcy N@@ tl ilrndgj ]N]s (ilr h``dtdljhc nxhfpcns, snn vhrdlus kohptnrs dj phrt 2). Pods nxhktdjg plcdky ds `rdvnj fhdjcy by rnputhtdljhc rdse kljsd`nrhtdljs hj` grlup plcdkdns `nsdgjn` tl klfpcy wdto ton flst strdjgnjt rnqudrnfnjts li ton aurds`dktdljs wdtodj wodko wodko tony lpnrhtn. [lfn bhjes hcsl hcsl kdtn` kdtn` kljknrjs kljknrjs hblut plssdbcn plssdbcn cnghc lr rnguchtlry hktdlj. Dj ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` hs phrt li ton ﬈nc`wlre, bhjes hj` pubcdk hutolrdtdns blto nxpchdjn` toht tonrn ds skhjt nvd`njkn li klrrupt ]N] hktdvdty‐ndtonr wdtodj ton bhjes lr wdtodj ton ltonr snktlrs. [dfdchrcy, tonrn hrn inw ]N]-rnchtn` suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts lr djvn djvnstdghtdljs stdghtdljs hj` prlsnkutdljs ilr grhj` klrruptdlj. Pony dj`dkhtn` toht tods whs bnkhusn li snvnrhc ihktlrs1 •

Bhjes— hrn ﬈rfcy rnslcvn` tl hkknpt ljcy –kcnhj –kcnhj‖‖ ]N]s hs kustlfnrs. Bhjes dj`dkhtn` toht tony ohvn dfprlvn` tondr d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s hj`, hs dj`dkhtn` hblvn, litnj gl bnylj` djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, cngdschtdlj, hj` rnguchtdlj. Pon rnsuct ds toht ]N]s li qunstdljhbcn djtngrdty hrn rniusn` hkknss tl bhjedjg snrvdkns.

8>


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Pon prlplrtdlj prlplrtdlj li prlfdjnjt prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr rnchtdvns dj rnchtdlj tl h bhje—s lvnrhcc lvnrhcc kustlfnr bhsn ds cdency tl bn sfhcc. Li ton t on bhjes vdsdtn`, ton prlplrtdlj li ]N]s rhjgn` irlf 8 pnrknjt tl > pnrknjt. 24 [djkn jlt hcc ]N]s hrn klrrupt, tolsn wol hrn klrrupt ilrf hj h j nvnj sfhccnr subsnt. Bhjes wnrn jlt hs kcnhr lj ton t on pnrknjthgn li kclsn hsslkdhtns‐dj phrt bnkhusn tony hrn ohr`nr tl d`njtdiy. Klrrupt ]N]s ]N]s hrn niinktdvncy niinktdvncy od`djg tondr tondr d`njtdty irlf ton bhjes, bhjes, usdjg usdjg hsslkdhsslkdhtns hj` klfpcnx klrplrhtn vnodkcns tl `dsgudsn tondr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li iuj`s. Pony usn djtnrfn`dhrdns, suko hs hkklujthjts, chwynrs, lr trust hj` klfphjy snrvdkn prlvd`nrs, wol hrn djvlcvn` lj tondr bnohci dj ton ilrfhtdlj hj` fhjhgnfnjt li klrplrhtn vnodkcns hj` skonfns, but wol fhy ohvn cdttcn hwhrnjnss li, lr hrn klfpcdkdt dj, ton ujchwiuc kljùkt li ton ]N]. ;= Klrrupt ]N]s ]N]s litnj snne ton phto li cnhst rnsdsthjkn, rnsdsthjkn, pchkdjg ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj dj bhjes hj` aurds`dktdljs wonrn HFC kljtrlcs hrn wnhe, cnss slpodstdkhtn`, lr gll` lj phpnr but pllrcy njilrkn`.

Woy Ilkus lj ]N]s< Di, hs bhjes rnplrt, ton jufbnr li klrrupt ]N]s ds sl clw, ds dt rnhccy wlrto ton rnslurkns nxpnj`n`< Pon ilcclwdjg hrn slfn li ton eny rnhsljs woy plcdky fhenrs jnn` tl djkrnhsn niilrts lj ]N]s1 •

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Klrruptdlj ohs ohs h `nvhsthtdjg `nvhsthtdjg niinkt niinkt lj `nvnclpfnjt lutklfn lutklfnss dj slfn li ton wlrc`—s pllrnst klujtrdns. Hj dj`dvdùhc klrrupt ]N] khj ohvn h `dsprlplrtdljhtn dfphkt lj h klujtry lr rngdlj. ]N]s plsn h substhjtdhc cnghc hj` rnputhtdljhc rnputhtdljhc rdse tl ton dj`dvdùhc bhje, hj` h rnputhtdljhc rdse tl h aurds`dktdlj—s ﬈jhjkdhc snktlr hs h wolcn. Pon ]N] skhj`hcs nxpnrdnjkn` dj ton phst 2= ynhrs djvlcvdjg onh`s li sthtn, snjdlr li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns ohvn kcnhrcy `nfljstrhtn` toht h bhje—s rnputhtdlj rnputhtdlj wdcc bn vnry jnghtdvncy hiinktn` hj` toht pubcdk klj﬈`njkn dj ton ntodkhc sthj`hr`s hj` nvnj sthbdcdty li ton njtdrn ﬈jhjkdhc systnf khj bn uj`nrfdjn`. Klfpcdhjkn cnvncs wdto Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 dj`dkhtn djsui﬈kdnjt djsui﬈kdnjt fdtdghtdlj li tods rdse. [thj`hr` K@@ ds jlt sui﬈kdnjt, hs prlvnj by prnvdlu prnvdluss skhj`hcs. Bhjes hrn hcrnh`y thedjg hktdlj lj ]N]s ]N]s hj` fhjy nvnj gl bnylj` ton djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s. ]rlvd`djg kcnhrnr, flrn strdjgnjt cngdschtdlj hj` rnguchtdljs lj ]N]s fhy hssdst bhjes cnghccy dj puttdjg flrn hfbdtdlus fnhsurns djtl pchkn hj`, dj prhktdkn, wdcc –cnvnc ton pchydjg ﬈nc`‖ bntwnnj bhjes.

24. @urdjg ton ﬈nc` vdsdts, slfn bhjes sohrn` tondr tlthc jufbnr li ]N]s hj` rnchtn` sthtdstdks lj [PR ﬈cdjgs. Ltonr bhjes sohrn` h rhjgn (ilr nxhfpcn, –cnss tohj 8=‖). ;=. Pon IHPI IHPI –Gclsshry li @n﬈jdtdljs ^sn` dj ton Fntol`lclgy‖ sthtns toht –djtnrfn`dhrdns khj bn ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs, `nsdgjhtn` jlj﬈jhjkdhc busdjnssns hj` prlinssdljs (@JIB]s) lr ltonr rncdhbcn pnrsljs lr busdjnssns toht fnnt Krdtnrdh 4.8 tl 4.0.‖ 4.0.‖ Pon shfn gclsshry sthtns toht @JIB]s djkcu`n khsdjls, rnhc nsthtn hgnjts, `nhcnrs dj prnkdlus fnthcs, `nhcnrs dj prnkdlus stljns, chwynrs, chwynrs, jlthrdns, ltonr dj`npnj`njt cnghc prlinssdljhcs hj` hkklujthjts, hj` trust hj` klfphjy snrvdkn prlvd`nrs.

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Clw jufbnrs li ]N] kustlfnrs hrn jlt jnknsshrdcy jnknsshrdcy dj`dkhtdvn li clw jufbnrs li klrrupt ]N]s. Djstnh`‐hs ton bhjes tonfsncvns suggnstn`‐klrrupt ]N]s hrn bnklfdjg flrn niinktdvn dj od`djg tondr d`njtdty torlugo hsslkdhtns, cnghc hj` klrplrhtn njtdtdns, hj` djtnrfn`dhrdns. Pous, grnhtnr httnjtdlj hj` djkrnhsn` niilrts dj tonsn hrnhs wdcc cdency dfprlvn ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` `ntnktdlj li klrrupt ]N]s.

Pon flst prnssdjg dssun ds olw tl fhen snjsn li ton ilcclwdjg kljuj`ruf1 Di, hs ton Wlrc` Bhje rnplrt suggnsts, $8 trdccdlj li klrruptdlj fljny ds flvdjg hrluj` ton wlrc` nhko ynhr, wonrn ds dt< Ponrn ds hcsl h sohrp `dskljjnkt bntwnnj woht ds ohppnjdjg dj prhktdkn, hs nvd`njkn` by hktuhc klrruptdlj djvnstdghtdljs (ton trun bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds jlt hcwhys d`njtd﬈n`) hj` woht bhjes shy tony hrn `ldjg (hcwhys `ntnrfdjdjg ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs). Gdvnj ton nstdfhtn` skhcn li ton iuj`s djvlcvn`, hs wncc hs kcnhr dj`dkhtdljs toht klrrupt ]N]s hrn usdjg flrn slpodstdkhtn` hvnjuns tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj hj` toht tonrn ds pllr klfpcdhjkn wdto djtnrjhtdljhc ]N] sthj`hr`s, ton fljny fust bn flvdjg uj`ntnktn` torlugo ton bhjes hj` djtnrfn`dhrdns hj` ton kurrnjt systnfs hrn ihdcdjg tl `ntnkt dt.

Woy Ds ]N] Klfpcdhjkn [uko h ]rlbcnf< Fhjy tnkojdkhc kohccnjgns ohvn bnnj `dskussn` lvnr rnknjt ynhrs, wdto dssuns rhjgdjg irlf `diinrnjkns dj ton `n﬈jdtdlj tl `di﬈kuctdns hsslkdhtn` wdto d`njtdiydjg h ]N] wol ds ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. Fljny Fljny chuj`nrdjg skonfns hrn djkrnhsdjgcy klfpcnx hj` lphqun wodko fhens ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li h ]N] djkrnhsdjgcy `di﬈kuct ilr nvnryljn dj ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf. Dj h``dtdlj, tonrn ds h prhktdkhc `di﬈kucty dj ton djtnrjhtdljhc klffujdty d`njtdiydjg lr `nfhj`djg hktdlj, nspnkdhccy dj klujtrdns wdto eny jhturhc rnslurkns lr tolsn wol pchy dfplrthjt rngdljhc rlcns. Polsn wol bnjn﬈t irlf klrruptdlj krnhtn h plwnriuc kljstdtunjky toht `dsklurhgns d`njtdiydjg lr fljdtlrdjg li ]N] hkklujts hj` fhy httnfpt tl `dskrn`dt lr sdcnjkn hjtdklrruptdlj lrghjdzhtdljs hj` cnh`nrs. Olwnvnr, plcdtdkhc wdcc ds, hj` wdcc rnfhdj, h prnrnqudsdtn ilr hjy ]N] rngdfn tl bn sukknssiuc. Pon kurrnjt chke li flbdcdzhtdlj ds rnflnktn` dj ton clw prdlrdty hkklr`n` tl ton ]N] dssun lr, dj slfn khsns, ton ihdcurn tl njhkt cngdschtdlj lr prlfucghtn hj` dfpcnfnjt rnguchtdljs. Pods nxtnj`s tl ton djtnrjhtdljhc rnhcf, wonrn sthj`hr` snttnrs snt `diinrnjt sthj`hr`s hj` `l jlt prlvd`n kcnhr gud`hjkn, hj` sthj`hr`s chg bnodj` tolsn usn` by slfn eny pchynrs dj ton prdvhtn snktlr. Pods chke li h klonrnjt hpprlhko subsnqunjtcy dfphkts ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] fnhsurns1 Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns ohvn cdttcn djknjtdvn tl njhkt rnguchtlry rnqudrnfnjts hj` njilrkn tonf5 hj` wdtolut rdse li njilrkn njilrknfnjt fnjt hktdlj, slfn bhjes wdcc rdse r dse pchydjg ton systnf (toht ds, h –rhkn tl ton blttlf‖). ]hrts 2, ;, hj` 0 li tods phpnr iurtonr hjhcyzn tonsn dssuns hj` prlvd`n Rnklffnj`htdljs hj` Gll` ]rhktdkns tl oncp rnvnrsn tods trnj`.

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8. Chke li plcdtdkhc flbdcdzhtdlj.

Wdtolut plcdtdkhc wdcc hj` rnslcvn, pubcdk hutolrdtdns ohvn cdttcn djknjtdvn tl hcclkhtn sui﬈kdnjt oufhj hj` ﬈jhjkdhc rnslurkns tl dfprlvn lr gud`n klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] sthj`hr`s. Jlr wdcc tony hggrnssdvncy njilrkn ]N] rnqudrnfnjts di tony hrn ujsurn toht tondr `nkdsdljs wdcc bn supplrtn` by hutolrdtdns. Li ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn`, fhjy pubcdk hutolrdtdns oh` jlt pubcdkcy `dskussn` ton ]N] dssun bnylj` ton fnrn hppcdkhtdlj li djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s. Flrn spnkd﬈khccy, •

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Jljn li ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` kdtn` kdtn` nxhfpcns nxhfpcns li rnknjt rnknjt rnguchtlry rnguchtlry shjktdljs‐ shjktdljs‐ hj niinktdvn tllc ilr gnjnrhtdjg dfprlvnfnjts dj ton djùstry‐ilr ihdcurn tl klfpcy wdto ]N] rnqudrnfnjts. Ljcy ljn rnguchtlr oh` kljùktn` h tonfhtdk rnvdnw lj ton dssun li ]N]s (snn ton –Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns‖ kohptnr dj phrt ;). [lfn aurds`d aurds`dktdljs ktdljs nxodbdt nxodbdt hj hpphrnjt chke li rnspljsdvnjnss irlf ID^s lj ]N] dssuns, nvd`njkn` by ton gnjnrhc klfpchdjts irlf bhjes toht jlt njlugo inn`bhke lr gud`hjkn ds prlvd`n` by ID^s lj ]N]s. (snn ton –[uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Rnplrtdjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts‖ kohptnr dj phrt ;). Ynry inw hutolrd hutolrdtdns tdns oh` kljsd`nrn` fnhsurd fnhsurdjg jg ton niinktdvnjnss li ]N] fnhsurns, ilr nxhfpcn torlugo klccnktdlj li sthtdstdks lr ltonr stu`dns, wontonr by ton rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lr ID^ ID^s. s. Dj ljn khsn, h bhje—s bhje—s strdjgnjt ]N] ]N] kljtrlcs kljtrlcs kljfldktn` kljfldktn` wdto ton olst klujtry—s strdkt `hth prltnktdlj chws. [uko tnjsdljs fdgot bn pnrinktcy cngdtdfhtn dj tonfsncvns, but ton hbsnjkn li stnps thenj tl rnslcvn tonf (cnhvdjg ton prdvhtn snktlr tl `nhc wdto tonf lj h `hy-tl-`hy bhsds) dj`dkhtns h chke li klffdtfnjt.

Hctolugo ljn glvnrjfnjt glvnrjfnjt ohs nsthbcdson` h snrdns li grlups g rlups toht brdjg tlgntonr eny sthenolc`nrs‐chw njilrknfnjt, ton rnguchtlr, prlsnkutlrs, hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr‐tl strnhfcdjn dts ]N] niilrts hj` djkrnhsn niinktdvnjnss, ;8 ton lvnrhcc chke li httnjtdlj irlf pubcdk hutolrdtdns fnhjs toht bhjes ohvn cnss djknjtdvn tl hcclkhtn sui﬈kdnjt rnslurkns tl nhrjnstcy d`njtdiydjg hj` fdtdghtdjg ]N] rdses. r dses. 2. Kchrd﬈khtdlj hj` ohrfljdzhtdlj li

ton djtnrjhtdljhc rnqudrnfnjts.

Djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs hgrnn toht h ]N] ds h jhturhc pnrslj wol ds lr ohs bnnj njDjtnrjhtdljhc trustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj. Hsd`n irlf tods hrnh li hgrnnfnjt, olwnvnr, tonrn ds jndtonr kljsdstnjt tnrfdjlclgy tnrfdjlclgy jlr sklpn li ton ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj hj` uj`nrcydjg rnqudrnfnjts dj ton djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, djtnrprnthtdvn jltns, hj` fntol`lclgdns. Pods vhrdhbdcdty ohs cn` tl kljiusdlj hblut ton `diinrnjt `n﬈jdtdljs hj` rnqudrn rnqudrnfnjts, fnjts, hs wncc hs olw tl dfpcnfnjt tonf. [lfn li ton eny `diinrnjkns, hcsl lutcdjn` dj thbcn ilrf dj hppnj`dx K,;2 djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 ;8. Ilr h``dtdljhc djilrfhtdlj lj sthj`djg ]N] grlups, g rlups, snn ton –Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj1 Hgnjkdns Hgnjkdns hj` ton Djùstry‖ kohptnr dj phrt 0. ;2. Rncnvhjt prlvdsdljs prlvdsd ljs li ^JKHK, IHPI IHPI,, hj` ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn khj hcsl h csl bn iluj` dj hppnj`dxns hp pnj`dxns @, N, hj` I, rnspnktdvncy.

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Ilrndgj vnrsus `lfnstdk ]N]s. ^JKHK khccs ilr N@@ ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s5 IHPI hppcdns tods rnqudrnfnjt tl ilrndgj ]N]s ljcy, hctolugo hj djtnrprnthtdvn jltn –njklurhgns‖ klujtrdns tl nxtnj` ton rnqudrnfnjt tl `lfnstdk ]N]s (snn hcsl ton –Wol Ds h ]N]<‖ kohptnr dj phrt 2). • Li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Pon wlr`djg dj ^JKHK djkcu`ns ihfdcy hj` hsslkdhtns flrn nxprnsscy tohj `lns ton wlr`djg dj ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs. Wdto rnghr` tl kclsn hsslkdhtns, ^JKHK `n﬈jns tonf tl djkcu`n klfphjdns hj` jhturhc pnrsljs, but IHPI `lns jlt spnkdiy (snn hcsl ton –Wol Ds h ]N]<‖ dj phrt 2). • Ltonr khtnglrdns1 Ponrn hrn h jufbnr li khtnglrdns toht hrn djkcu`n` dj slfn `n﬈jdtdljs hj` nxkcu`n` lr cdfdtn` dj ltonrs (n.g., fdcdthry li﬈knrs, `dpclfhts, au`dkdhry) (snn hcsl ton –Wol Ds h ]N]<‖ ]N]<‖ dj phrt 2). •

[lfn aurds`dktdljs ohvn thenj niilrts tl kchrdiy ton ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj by nchblrhtdjg khtnglrdns. Ljn nxhfpcn ds ton Podr` Fljny Chuj`nrdjg @drnktdvn h`lptn` by ton Nurlpnhj ^jdlj (Podr` N^ @drnktdvn) hj` dts dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns. ;; Pon Podr` N^ @drnktdvn prlvd`ns h spnkd﬈k cnghc ]N] irhfnwlre ilr Nurlpnhj ^jdlj Fnfbnr [thtns. Dt ds bhsn` uplj ton IHPI `n﬈jdtdlj hj` rnqudrnfnjts, but `diinrs dj slfn klrn pldjts (ilr nxhfpcn, rhtonr tohj rnqudrdjg N@@ lj hcc ilrndgj ]N]s hs lbcdgn` uj`nr IHPI, Hrtdkcn 8;(0) li ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn rnqudrns N@@ ljcy lj ]N]s rnsd`djg dj dj h ilrndgj klujtry). Dj hj httnfpt tl prlvd`n flrn gud`hjkn lj ton IHPI `n﬈jdtdlj, ton dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns fnhsurns tl ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn cdsts nxhfpcns li khtnglrdns ilr ]N]s. Pon dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns hcsl djtrlùkn h ljn-ynhr tdfn pnrdl` ilr tolsn wol ohvn cnit li﬈kn, hitnr wodko ton ilrfnr prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc, tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns jl cljgnr jnn` tl bn trnhtn` hs h ]N]. Pon fnhsurns jhrrlw ton sklpn li –ihfdcy‖ tl dffn`dhtn ihfdcdns. Ponsn prlvdsdljs ohvn h``n` iurtonr kljiusdlj tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj dssun ilr slfn bhjes hj` snnf tll jhrrlw dj cdgot li typlclgdns (snn hcsl ton –Wol Ds h ]N]<‖ kohptnr hj` ton –Olw Cljg Ds h ]N] Kljsd`nrn` h ]N]‖ kohptnr dj phrt 2). ;. –Pon kchssdk klrrupt ]N] ds `nh`‖1 [tlke-thedjg li ton nfnrgdjg typlclgdns,

ilkusn` lj cditdjg dfpn`dfnjts tl ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp. Hcc phrtdns vdsdtn` v dsdtn` h`vdsn`, hj` hjnk`lthc nvd`njkn suggnsts, toht ton kchssdk fntol`lclgy li klrrupt ]N]s puttdjg iuj`s `drnktcy djtl tondr lwj jhfn` hkklujts lr toht li dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrs ds hpphrnjtcy jlw h rhrdty. Pods kluc` bn rnh` hs h sdgj ;;. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc li Lktlbnr 29, 2==>, lj ton prnvnjtdlj li ton usn li ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ilr ton purplsn li fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg5 Klffdssdlj @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK li Hugust 8, 2==9, chydjg `lwj dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns ilr @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK wdto rnghr` tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj li –plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj‖ hj` ton tnkojdkhc krdtnrdh ilr sdfpcd﬈n` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns hj` ilr nxnfptdlj lj grluj`s li h ﬈jhjkdhc hktdvdty kljùktn` lj hj lkkhsdljhc lr vnry cdfdtn` bhsds. Ilr ton tnxt li ton `drnktdvns, snn hppnj`dx I. I. ]rlvdsdljs ohvn sdjkn bnnj njsordjn` dj `lfnstdk cngdschtdlj dj flst li ton Fnfbnr [thtns.

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li sukknss5 olwnvnr, bhjes hj` slfn chw njilrknfnjt rnprnsnjthtdvns hcsl sthtn` (hj` hktuhc khsns klj﬈rf) toht klrrupt ]N]s hrn jlw djkrnhsdjgcy usdjg cnss ejlwj hsslkdhtns hj` flrn klfpcnx klrplrhtn hj` trust hrrhjgnfnjts tl vndc ton d`njtdty li ton ]N] lr ton ]N]—s bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp. Pon usn li klfphjy ilrfhtdlj hgnjts hj` chwynrs, hkklujthjts, hj` ﬈jhjkdhc h`vdsnrs tl krnhtn hj` fhjhgn h ]N]—s hiihdrs khj iurtonr klfpcdkhtn bhje d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N] bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs. Pods `di﬈kucty ds nxhknrbhtn` di ]N]s hrn bhsn` dj aurds`dktdljs wdto wnhe HFC cngdschtdlj, di ton olfn aurds`dktdlj li ton ]N] ]N] ohs ohs cdfdtn` cdfdtn` hkknss hkknss tl pubcdk djilrfhtdlj djilrfhtdlj lr dfplsns rnstrdktdljs lj fn`dh rnplrtdjg li djilrfhtdlj toht kluc` bn rncnvhjt lr di ton aurds`dktdlj wonrn ton ]N] snts up h klrplrhtn vnodkcn `lns jlt rnqudrn trhjsphrnjky lvnr ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp.

2=

]HRP 2 Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li Djtnrjhtdljhc [thj`hr`s lj ]N]s by Bhjes hj` Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns

;. Hppcydjg h Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko

Fhjy li ton aurds`dktdljs stu`dn` hj` vdsdtn` hppcy h rdse-bhsn` r dse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC). Pon hppcdkhtdlj li h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko by klujtrdns, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, hj` ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ohs bnnj lutcdjn` dj ton Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI) –Gud`hjkn lj ton Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko tl Klfbhtdjg Fljny Chuj`nrdjg hj` Pnrrlrdst Idjhjkdjg.‖ Pods phpnr wdcc jlt httnfpt tl nxpchdj ton rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko dj `nthdc (snn blx 2.8 ilr hj nxpchjhtdlj li dts hppcdkhtdlj dj bhjes).;0 [nttdjg hsd`n ton gnjnrhc hppcdkhtdlj li h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, olw `l bhjes, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, hj` aurds`dktdljs usn ton rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko dj ton kljtnxt li plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s)< ^jilrtujhtncy, tonrn ds jl sdfpcn hjswnr. Dt ds dfplrthjt tl strnss irlf ton lutsnt toht h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ds tl bn hppcdn` torlugolut ton prlknss, irlf ton klrn kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn (K@@) fnhsurns tl ohvdjg hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl d`njtdiy hj` vnrdiy ]N]s up tl njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg.;> Ljkn d`njtd﬈n` hs h s suko, h ]N] ohs tl bn kljsd`nrn` h odgo-rdse odg o-rdse kustlfnr. kus tlfnr. Nssnjtdhccy, tonrn hrn twl sukknssdvn stnps. Idrst ds kustlfnr d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj, wodko khj ilcclw h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko hs ton bhje ghtonrs djilrfhtdlj lj dts kustlfnr. D`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj fnhsurns hrn tl djkcu`n fnkohjdsfs tl d`njtdiy ]N]s. [nklj` ds ton hbdcdty tl ohvn grh`htdlj dj ton njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (N@@) djsd`n ton odgo-rdse ]N] khtnglry dj lr`nr tl then hkklujt li ton rnhc rdse plsn` by nhko dj`dvdùhc ]N] kustlfnr. kustlfnr. Pods phpnr httnfpts tl odgocdgot ton prhktdkhc hppcdkhtdlj li suko h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko dj rncnvhjt kohptnrs. Hctolugo ton bhjes vdsdtn` hs phrt li ton ﬈nc`wlre wnrn wncc-vnrsn` dj hppcydjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, hpprlhko, dt whs suggnstn` toht slfn bhjes wnrn hbusdjg dts flnxdbdcdty (ilr nxhfpcn, thdclrdjg dt tl sudt tondr busdjnss fl`nc rhtonr tohj tondr rdse fl`nc). Ponsn bhjes usn ton rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl hppcy ]N] fnhsurns dj h fhjjnr toht `lns jlt hkklujt ilr hcc ton rdses, lr rnslrt tl h blx-konkedjg hpprlhko.

;0. IHPI –Gud`hjkn lj ton Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko tl Klfbhtdjg Fljny Chuj`nrdjg hj` Pnrrlrdst Idjhjkdjg‖ ottp1//www ottp1//www.ihti-gh﬈.lrg/`hthlnk .ihti-gh﬈.lrg/`hthlnk`/0;/09/;?49=>79. `/0;/09/;?49=>79.pì. pì. ;>. IH IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9(h) rnqudrns –hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt fhjhgnf njt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr wont onr ton kustlfnr ku stlfnr ds d s h ]N] ]N]..‖

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BL_ 2.8

Hppcydjg h Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko dj Bhjes

Ilr bhjes, h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl HFC fnhjs ilkusdjg rnslurkns lj wonrn ton grnhtnst rdses cdn. H rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ds hj hctnrjhtdvn tl flrn prnskrdptdvn hpprlhkons dj wodko rnqudrnfnjts hrn sdfdchr drrnspnktdvn li ton kustlfnr—s rdse prl﬈cn, hj` dj wodko rnslurkns hrn sprnh` nvnjcy hkrlss `diinrnjt busdjnss hrnhs dj`npnj`njtcy li ton HFC rdses, lr ilkus lj knrthdj prn`ntnrfdjn` hrnhs ljcy. H rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko hssufns toht h bhje ohs pnrilrfn` h tolrlugo hjhcysds li ton HFC rdses dt ihkns, gdvnj dts busdjnss prl﬈cn, prlùkts, hj` ton spnkd﬈ks li dts kustlfnr bhsn. ^j`nr h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, h bhje ds rnspljsdbcn tl d`njtdiy ton HFC rdses dt ihkns, hj` usn djilrfn` au`gfnjt tl `nsdgj ton flst hpprlprdhtn plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns tl fdtdghtn ton rdses d`njtd﬈n`. Dj tods prlknss, ton bhje wdcc rninr tl djilrfhtdlj fh`n hvhdchbcn by pubcdk hutolrdtdns tl klfpcnfnjt dts lwj slurkns. Di hppcdn` klrrnktcy, h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko prnsnjts ton ilcclwdjg h`vhjthgns dj h``rnssdjg ]N] rdses1 • Dt ds flnxdbcn. ]N] rdse vhrdns hkrlss kustlfnrs, aurds`dktdljs, prlùkts hj` `ncdvnry kohjjncs, hj` lvnr tdfn. • Dt ds niinktdvn. Bhjes hrn wncc-pchkn` tl niinktdvncy hssnss hj` fdtdghtn ton phrtdkuchr ]N] rdses tony ihkn. • Dt ds prlplrtdljhtn. Pon hpprlhko ilkusns rnslurkns lj wonrn ton ]N] rdses cdn. Olwnvnr, h pllrcy lr phrtdhccy hppcdn` rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko wdcc cnhvn ghps dj kljtrlcs, tonrnby Olwnvnr, rnj`nrdjg ton systnf vucjnrhbcn tl hbusn, hj` ds cdency tl prlùkn djinrdlr rnsucts klfphrn` wdto tolsn li flrn prnskrdptdvn hctnrjhtdvns. ^sdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ds jndtonr konhp jlr nhsy, hj` prnsupplsns, hfljg ltonr todjgs, ton nxdstnjkn li gll` hj` up-tl-`htn djilrfhtdlj hj` djtnccdgnjkn, ton hvhdchbdcdty li sui﬈kdnjt rnslurkns hj` tnkojdkhc nxpnrtdsn ht ton bhje hj` ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty tl hssnss tods djilrfhtdlj, hj` h`nquhtn rnslurkns tl fdtdghtn ton rdses d`njtd﬈n`. H rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko fdgot, tonrnilrn, jlt bn ton bnst slcutdlj dj aurds`dktdljs lr ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs wonrn tonsn klj`dtdljs khjjlt bn fnt.

Rnklffnj`htdljs1 • Klujtrdns soluc` khrniuccy kljsd`nr wontonr h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko wdcc prlùkn ton bnst rnsucts. Dj `ldjg sl, tony soluc` kljsd`nr ton nxtnjt tl wodko quhcdthtdvn djilrfhtdlj toht kluc` djilrf rdse hssnssfnjts ds rnh`dcy hvhdchbcn, ton hbdcdty li ton rnguchtlr tl supnrvdsn hj` gud`n ton snktlr, hj` ton nxtnjt tl wodko bhjes hrn nqudppn` wdto sui﬈kdnjt rnslurkns hj` nxpnrtdsn tl d`njtdiy hj` fdtdghtn hjy fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` ]N] rdses tony ihkn. • Wonrn h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ds hppcdn`, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns jnn` tl fhen niilrts tl njsurn toht ton njtdrn snktlr uj`nrsthj`s ton hpprlhko hj` ds hppcydjg dt klrrnktcy, djkcu`djg dj ton kljtnxt li ]N] systnfs hj` kljtrlcs.

20

0. Wol Ds h ]N]<

D`njtdiydjg kustlfnrs, suko hs ]N]s, wol plsn hj djkrnhsn` rdse li chuj`nrdjg klrrupt iuj`s ds hj dfplrthjt phrt li h bhje—s HFC kljtrlcs. Nssnjtdhc tl ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj prlknss ds ohvdjg h `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s. ^jilrtujhtncy, hs lutcdjn` dj –Gnjnrhc Lbsnrvhtdljs hj` Kohccnjgns‖ dj phrt 8, tonrn ds jl djtnrjhtdljhccy hgrnn`-uplj `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s. Hs h rnsuct, uj`nrsthj`djg wol tonsn kustlfnrs hrn hj` olw ihr ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s soluc` strntko ds h `di﬈kuct hj` plcdtdkhccy snjsdtdvn tlpdk. [thj`hr` snttnrs gnjnrhccy hgrnn toht ]N]s hrn dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs, suko hs onh`s li sthtn lr glvnrjfnjt. ;9 Pon sthj`hr` snttnrs hj` h kljsd`nrhbcn jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs hcsl nxpnkt ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs tl trnht h prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc—s ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hs ]N]s. ;7 Httnfpts tl prlvd`n djkrnhsn` kchrdty tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj ohvn rnsuctn` dj slfn sthj`hr` snttnrs cdfdtdjg ton sklpn li ton ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj tl nxkcu`n `lfnstdk ]N]s, ihfdcy fnfbnrs bnylj` dffn`dhtn ihfdcy, hj` aujdlr hj` fd``cn-rhjedjg ]N]s. Dj slfn khsns, klujtrdns ohvn dssun` h cdfdtn` cdst li plsdtdljs toht ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hrn lbcdgn` tl kljsd`nr hs plcdtdkhccy nxplsn`. [lfn li tonsn rnstrdktdljs fhy bn `nsdgjn` tl hcclw ilr grnhtnr niilrts tl bn nxpnj`n` lj flrn-nxplsn` ]N]s (cdfdthtdljs lj aujdlr hj` fd``cn-rhjedjg ]N]s). ]N]s). Icnxdbdcdty lj tods fhttnr hcsl snnfs tl fhen snjsn ilr dj`dvdùhc aurds`dktdljs. Ht ton shfn tdfn, klrn `n﬈jdtdljs toht hrn tll rnstrdktdvn (ilr nxhfpcn, djkcu`djg ljcy dffn`dhtn ihfdcdns hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns) hrn cdency tl krnhtn cllpolcns‐hs nvd`njkn` by hktuhc klrruptdlj khsns. Djtnrnstdjgcy, flst li ton bhjes vdsdtn` ohvn `nvnclpn` h `n﬈jdtdlj toht nxtnj`s tl h brlh`nr grlup tohj rnqudrn` by ton sthj`hr` snttnrs lr by jhtdljhc chw lr rnguchtdlj. Pon h`lptdlj by IHPI hj` ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj li h ujdilrf, wlrc`wd`n `n﬈jdtdlj ds lvnrùn. Fhjy li ton sthenolc`nrs vdsdtn` dj`dkhtn` toht ton chke li kchrdty dj ton djtnrjhtdljhc `n﬈jdtdljs ds kljiusdjg hj`, flrn dfplrthjtcy, ohs irustrhtn` dfpcnfnjthtdlj dfpcnfnjthtd lj niilrts. Hjnk`lthc nvd`njkn suggnsts toht ton chke li h kcnhr `n﬈jdtdlj fhy hcsl bn usn` hs hj h j nxkusn ilr ihdcdjg tl then hjy niilrts, wontonr by h aurds`dktdlj, aur ds`dktdlj, rnguchtlry hutolrdty, lr h bhje. Wodcn tods phpnr `lns jlt httnfpt tl prlplsn h `n﬈jdtdlj, dt `lns lutcdjn h jufbnr li klrn ncnfnjts tl bn djkcu`n`, suko hs tondr hppcdkhbdcdty hppcdkhbdcdt y tl blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhcs, kclsn hsslkdhtns, hj` ihfdcy fnfbnrs (snn ;9. IHPI Gclsshry5 Hrtdkcn >2(8), ^JKHK. ;7. IHPI Gclsshry5 Hrtdkcn >2(8), ^JKHK.

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bnclw ilr h``dtdljhc `nskrdptdljs hj` ltonr dssuns ilr kljsd`nrhtdlj). H gll` `n﬈jdtdlj wdcc strden h bhchjkn bntwnnj bndjg klfprnonjsdvn hj` bndjg wlrehbcn. Dt wdcc bn h gud`n rhtonr tohj h snt li djflnxdbcn rucns, hj` wdcc hcclw bhjes tl ilkus tondr niilrts lj wonrn ton rnhc rdses cdn. H oncpiuc hd` dj rnvdnwdjg tods snktdlj ds thbcn H8.8 dj hppnj`dx K.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 IHPI hj` ^JKHK soluc` hcdgj ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s. Pods `n﬈jdtdlj soluc` bn IHPI h`lptn` by jhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs hj` ltonr eny sthenolc`nrs.

@lfnstdk vnrsus Ilrndgj ]N]s Pon sthj`hr` snttnrs ohvn jlt hppcdn` h kljsdstnjt rnqudrnfnjt lj ton dssun li wontonr ]N] sthj`hr`s hppcy hpp cy tl ilrndgj lr `lfnstdk ` lfnstdk ]N]s, lr blto. Pon IHPI IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hppcy ton ]N] prlvdsdljs tl ilrndgj ]N]s ljcy, hctolugo hj djtnrprntdvn jltn njklurhgns klujtrdns tl nxtnj` ton rnqudrnfnjt tl `lfnstdk ]N]s. ;? Kljvnrsncy, ^JKHK `lns jlt `dstdjgudso bntwnnj ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s, wodko ohs ton niinkt li rnqudrdjg toht [thtns ]hrtdns fhj`htn ton hppcdkhtdlj by ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs li N@@ tl blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s. ]N]s. ;4 ^JKHK ohs bnnj sdgjn` by 80= [thtns ]hrtdns, jljn li wodko ohvn fh`n h rnsnrvhtdlj tl Hrtdkcn >2(8)‐wodko fnhjs toht hcc phrtdns phr tdns hrn lbcdgn` tl njhkt fnhsurns fnhsu rns ilr –njohjkn` skrutdjy li hkklujts‖ ilr blto `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s. H``djg iurtonr kljiusdlj tl ton dssun, ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn `lns jlt `dstdjgudso bntwnnj `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s, but rnqudrns toht ﬈rfs d`njtdiy hj` hppcy N@@ tl ]N]s wol rnsd`n lutsd`n ton aurds`dktdlj. Hs h rnsuct, ton @drnktdvn `lns jlt rnqudrn N@@ ilr ]N]s wol rnsd`n djsd`n ton aurds`dktdlj, nvnj di tony wnrn njtrustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj lvnrsnhs. 0= IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9, lj ton ltonr ohj`, ilkusns lj tolsn –njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry‖ rnghr`cnss li tondr klujtry li rnsd`njkn. Ponsn hpprlhkons khjjlt bn nquhtn`1 ton clkhtdlj li ton pubcdk iujktdlj hsslkdhtn` wdto h ]N] ds snphrhtn hj` `dstdjkt irlf ton rnsd`njky li ton iujktdlj olc`nr. Pon rnsuct ds toht h cdtnrhc rnh`djg li ton Podr` N^ ;?. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >2(8)5 IHPI 0= Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj 9, hj` Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltn tl Rnklffnj`htdlj 9. ;4. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >2(8). 0=. Ponrn fhy bn ltonr prlvdsdljs toht wluc` fhen N@@ lbcdghtlry, olwnvnr Hrtdkcn 8;(0) li ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn sthtns –Dj rnspnkt li trhjshktdljs lr busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs rnsd`djg dj hjltonr Fnfbnr [thtn lr dj h todr` klujtry , Fnfbnr [thtns sohcc rnqudrn tolsn djstdtutdljs hj` pnrsljs klvnrn` klvnrn` by tods @drnktdvn tl…‖ Unfpohsds Unfpohsds h``n`V Ponrn ds jl rninrnjkn dj ton @drnktdvn toht h`lpts ton IHPI IHPI chjguhgn –njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry. klujtr y.‖ [nn hcsl hppnj`dx K.

29

Wol Ds h ]N]<

@drnktdvn `lns jlt khpturn ton shfn ]N]s hs IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9. Ilr nxhfpcn, di ton kodc` li ton fdjdstnr li jhturhc rnslurkns li klujtry _ ds rnsd`djg dj klujtry T ilr ton purplsn li httnj`djg skollc lr nfpclyfnjt, ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn wluc` jlt rnqudrn bhjes dj klujtry klujt ry T tl pnrilrf N@@ lj l j ton kodc`—s hkklujts. Hppcydjg ton IHPI IHPI `n﬈jdtdlj, N@@ wluc` bn rnqudrn` rnghr`cnss li wonrn ton ]N] rnsd`ns. Kljsd`nrdjg toht phst klrruptdlj khsns ohvn rnvnhcn` djsthjkns li klrrupt li﬈kdhcs chuj`nrdjg iuj`s torlugo ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns rnsd`djg hbrlh`, tods rnsd`njky rnqudrnfnjt ds lvnrcy rnstrdktdvn hj` rnsucts dj ton nxkcusdlj li ]N]s toht khj bn h sdgjd﬈khjt rdse tl ton bhjedjg snktlr. @nspdtn djtnrjhtdljhc lbcdghtdljs uj`nr ^JKHK, flst cngdschtlrs ohvn fh`n h plcdtdkhc `nkdsdlj jlt tl kchssdiy `lfnstdk li﬈kn olc`nrs hs ]N]s. [tdcc, bhjes dj slfn aurds`dktdljs hrn nxpnktn` tl kljsd`nr, lj h rdse-snjsdtdvn bhsds, wontonr `lfnstdk ]N] kustlfnrs plsn h tornht sdfdchr tl toht li tondr ilrndgj klujtnrphrts. Dj ton tnhf—s rnvdnw li ton ?2 IHPI hj` IHPI-[tycn Rngdljhc Bl`y (I[RB) futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts, >> li ton rnplrts rninrrn` tl chws, rnguchtdljs, lr gud`hjkn h``rnssdjg ilrndgj lr `lfnstdk ]N]s lr blto. Li tonsn, ;= klujtrdns dfplsn rnqudrnfnjts ljcy lj ilrndgj ]N]s5 20 ohvn rnqudrnfnjts ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s. 08 Ponsn lpplsdtn hpprlhkons jnn` tl bn rnslcvn`, wodko rhdsns ton qunstdlj hs tl ton bnst hpprlhko. Pods plcdky phpnr h`vlkhtns ton rnflvhc li ton `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s ilr tornn prdjkdphc rnhsljs1 Idrst, ton cnghc hj` rnputhtdljhc rdses rnfhdj ton shfn, wontonr ton ]N] ds `lfnstdk lr ilrndgj. ]N] kljtrlcs hrn `nsdgjn` tl `rhw httnjtdlj tl, hj` fdtdghtn, ton djkrnhsn` fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse plsn` by tods khtnglry li kustlfnr. Wodcn klrruptdlj ds flrn prnvhcnjt dj slfn klujtrdns tohj dj ltonrs, `lfnstdk plcdtdkdhjs hrn subankt tl ton shfn prnssurns hj` pnrvnrsn djknjtdvns hs tondr ilrndgj klujtnrphrts hj` soluc` bn trnhtn` t rnhtn` hkklr`djgcy.. Dj slfn khsns, ton klrrupt fljny fhy njtnr ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ﬈rst torlugo klr`djgcy h bhje dj ton vdktdf klujtry, hj` tonj torlugo ton klrrnsplj`njt rnchtdljsodps djtl ton fhalr bhjes dj chrgnr ﬈jhjkdhc knjtnrs. [nklj`, hctolugo slfn ohvn hrgun` toht klvnrdjg blto `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s wluc` bn tll bur`njslfn lj bhjes, nvd`njkn ghtonrn` dj ton klursn li ton vdsdts suggnsts ltonrwdsn. Fhjy li ton bhjes flst ht rdse li ohvdjg klrrupt ]N]s hs kcdnjts `l jlt `dstdjgudso bntwnnj ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s. Dj ihkt, flst bhjes strnssn` toht h `dstdjktdlj fh`n cdttcn busdjnss snjsn hj` toht dt whs nhsdnr tl snt up systnfs tl djkcu`n 08. Ljn klujtry dfplsns rnqudrnfnjts ilr `lfnstdk ]N]s ljcy. Futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts irlf aurds`dktdljs wdto chws, rnguchtdljs, lr gud`hjkn h``rnssdjg ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s ht ton tdfn li tondr flst rnknjt futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrt djkcu`n Hjtdguh hj` Bhrbu`h, Hrgnjtdjh, Pon Bhohfhs, Brdtdso Ydrgdj Dschj`s, Bucghrdh, Khpn Ynr`n, Khyfhj Dschj`s, @lfdjdkh, Pon Ghfbdh, Grnjh`h, Ohdtd, Dj`ljnsdh, Fhchwd, Fhurdtdus, Fnxdkl, Fljtnjngrl, ]hedsthj, ton ]odcdppdjns, Xhthr, [dnrrh Cnljn, [luto Hirdkh, Pohdchj`, ton ^jdtn` Hrhb Nfdrhtns, hj` ton Ydrgdj Dschj`s (u.s.). Brhzdc, hctolugo jlt djkcu`n` dj ton shfpcn grlup, hcsl dfplsns rnqudrnfnjts ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s.

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blto `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s. Litnj dt ds nhsdnr hj` cnss rnslurkn djtnjsdvn tl d`njtdiy `lfnstdk ]N]s. Dj h``dtdlj, tony wnrn hcsl kljknrjn` hblut ton rnputhtdljhc rdse li bhjedjg h klrrupt ]N] flrn gnjnrhccy, h rdse toht nxdsts nquhccy hfljg `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s. Podr`, suko niilrts wluc` djkrnhsn ton krn`dbdcdty li ton glvnrjfnjts— klffdtfnjt tl idgotdjg klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg, phrtdkuchrcy ton [thtns ]hrtdns tl ^JKHK toht ohvn klffdttn` tl trnhtdjg `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s nquhccy.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Chws hj` rnguchtdljs soluc` fhen jl `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s. Pon sthj`hr`s h`lptn` by IH IHPI PI hj` rngdljhc hj` jhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs soluc` rnqudrn sdfdchr njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s.

Ihfdcy Fnfbnrs hj` Kclsn Hsslkdhtns Klrrupt pubcdk li﬈kn olc`nrs hppnhr tl bn djkrnhsdjgcy nfpclydjg strhtngdns tl `dsgudsn tondr lwjnrsodp li ton klrrupt hssnts, djkcu`djg usdjg ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns tl chuj`nr tondr dccdkdt iuj`s. Dj fhjy khsns, fnfbnrs li h klrrupt ]N]—s ihfdcy, lr tondr hsslkdhtns, uj`nrthen trhjshktdljs hj` hppcy ilr gll`s hj` snrvdkns lj bnohci li h ]N]. Dt ds, tonrnilrn, dfplrthjt toht h ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj djkcu`n kclsn hsslkdhtns hj` ihfdcy fnfbnrs dj h``dtdlj tl ton prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc. Li klursn, tods rhdsns ton dssun li olw tl `n﬈jn tonsn twl khtnglrdns. ^jilrtujhtncy, ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hrn `n﬈jn` `diinrnjtcy hfljg ton sthj`hr` snttnrs. ^JKHK djkcu`ns hs kclsn hsslkdhtns blto pnrsljs hj` klfphjdns toht hrn rnchtn` tl ton dj`dvdùhc njtrustn` wdto ton prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj, wonrnhs ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hrn sdcnjt lj ton dssun. 02 Pon Podr` N^ @drnktdvn hcsl prlvd`ns h``dtdljhc kchrd﬈khtdlj by h``djg aldjt bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li cnghc njtdtdns lr cnghc hrrhjgnfnjts.0; Rnghr`djg ihfdcy fnfbnrs, ^JKHK hj` IHPI `l jlt cdfdt ton `ngrnn li rnchtdljsodp, wodcn ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn ilkusns lj dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrs, wodko fhy jlt bn sui﬈kdnjt dj kucturns hj` aurds`dktdljs dj wodko ton nxtnj`n` ihfdcy fhdjthdjs vnry kclsn tdns.

02. ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Gnjnrhc Hssnfbcy Idity-ndgoto snssdlj, –Rnplrt li ton H` Olk Klffdttnn ilr ton Jngltdhtdlj li h Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj lj ton wlre li dts ﬈rst tl snvnjto snssdljs1 Djtnrprnthtdvn jltns tl ton li﬈kdhc rnklr`s (trhvhux präphrhtldrns) li ton jngltdhtdljs li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^jdtn` Jhtdljs, Jnw Tlre, Lktlbnr 7, 2==;) H/>?/022/H``.8, phrh >=. 0;. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(;).

2?

Wol Ds h ]N]<

Dj h``dtdlj, ton rnqudrnfnjts li ton sthj`hr` snttnrs hrn jlt njtdrncy kcnhr lj ton trnhtfnjt li ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Wodcn blto ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hj` ^JKHK rninr tl ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` UkclsnV hsslkdhtns dj ton `n﬈jdtdlj li h ]N] hj` rnqudrn ton shfn hflujt li N@@ hs ilr ton li﬈kn olc`nr, ton cdtnrhc tnrfdjlclgy `diinrs scdgotcy bnkhusn li ton snjtnjkn strukturn. 00 Ljn rnguchtlr dj`dkhtn` tods fhy dfpcy h `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs lj ton ljn ohj` hj` ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns lj ton ltonr.

Rnklffnj`htdljs1 • IHPI IHPI soluc` kchrdiy ton `n﬈jdtdlj `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s tl njsurn toht dt djkcu`ns ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hcljg wdto olc`nrs li –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs.‖ • Aurds`dktdljs soluc` kchrdiy kchrdiy ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s ]N]s tl njsurn toht dt djkcu`ns djkcu`ns ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hcljg wdto olc`nrs li –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs.‖

Ltonr Khtnglrdns ^JKHK `lns jlt cdst khtnglrdns li ]N]s, olwnvnr IHPI `lns. H jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs ohvn httnfptn` tl prlvd`n `drnktdlj tl ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lj tonsn `n﬈jdtdljs by snttdjg lut spnkd﬈k khtnglrdns li plsdtdljs. H jufbnr jufbnr li bhjes djkcu`n h``dtdljhc khtnglrdns dj tondr `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s, gldjg bnylj` ton rnqudrnfnjts uj`nr chw lr rnguchtdlj. Ljn bhje djkcu`n` snjdlr `nkdsdlj fhenrs irlf djtnrjhtdljhc hj` suprhjhtdljhc lrghjdzhtdljs, pubcdk hsslkdhtdljs, fn`dh, rncdgdlus lrghjdzhtdljs, hj` pubcdk njtnrprdsns hj` uj`nrthedjgs. Pon Wlcisbnrg Grlup ohs lutcdjn` h jufbnr li h``dtdljhc khtnglrdns, djkcu`djg djkcu`djg onh`s hj` ltonr odgo-rhjedjg li﬈knrs olc`djg snjdlr plsdtdljs dj ton hrfn` ilrkns, fnfbnrs li rucdjg rlyhc ihfdcdns wdto glvnrjhjkn rnspljsdbdcdtdns, snjdlr nxnkutdvns li sthtn-lwjn` njtnrprdsns, hj` snjdlr li﬈kdhcs li fhalr plcdtdkhc phrtdns. Onh`s li suprhjhtdljhc bl`dns (ilr nxhfpcn, ^J, DFI, Wlrc` Bhje), fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt, snjdlr fnfbnrs li ton `dpclfhtdk klrps, hj` fnfbnrs li blhr`s li knjtrhc bhjes fhy hcsl bn kljsd`nrn` tl ihcc wdtodj ton `n﬈jdtdlj, but fhy bn nxkcu`n` lj h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko. 0>

00. ^JKHK nxprnsscy djkcu`ns ihfdcy hj` hsslkdhtns dj ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s, wonrnhs ton IHPI `n﬈jdtdlj sthtns –]N]s –]N]s hrn dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn h rn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto w dto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry. . . . Ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns li ]N]s djvlcvn rnputhtdljhc rdses sdfdchr tl tolsn wdto ]N]s tonfsncvns.‖ 0>. –W –Wlcisbnrg lcisbnrg Irnqunjtcy Irnqunj tcy Hsen` Xunstdljs lj ]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` Nxpl sn` ]nrsljs,‖ ]nrsljs,‖ Fhy 2==?.

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[lfntdfns ton khtnglrdns khtngl rdns hrn tll rnstrdktdvn hj` cdfdt ton sklpn li ton `n﬈jdtdlj. `n﬈jd tdlj. Ilr nxhfpcn, cdfdtdjg –au`dkdhc li﬈kdhcs‖ tl suprnfn klurt au`gns ds prlbcnfhtdk dj prhktdkn1 Di au`gns dj ton clwnr klurts hrn klrrupt, ton khsn ds ujcdency tl rnhko ton cnvnc li ton suprnfn klurt dj ton ﬈rst pchkn. Dj h``dtdlj, tonrn ds hfpcn lpplrtujdty ilr au`gns dj clwnr klurts tl njghgn dj klrruptdlj. Hjltonr nxhfpcn hrn tolsn wol olc` plcdtdkhc iujktdljs ht h subjhtdljhc cnvnc lr sthtn cnvnc dj h klujtry. Wonrn ton dj`dvdùhc—s plcdtdkhc nxplsurn ds klfphrhbcn tl toht li sdfdchr plsdtdljs ht ton jhtdljhc cnvnc, ton `n﬈jdtdlj soluc` njklurhgn ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs tl trnht tolsn kustlfnrs hs ]N]s lj h rdse-snjsdtdvn bhsds. Ponrnilrn, di h klujtry ohs h`lptn` h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, dt ds dfplrthjt toht bhjes tonfsncvns `nkd`n wontonr h``dtdljhc khtnglrdns hrn rncnvhjt ilr tondr purplsns. Dj `ldjg sl, bhjes soluc` then djtl hkklujt ton rdses plsn` by ton prlùkt, snrvdkn, lr trhjshktdlj slugot hs wncc hs ltonr ihktlrs toht ohvn h bnhrdjg lj fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` klrruptdlj rdses. Wonrn ton rdse ds odgonr, ton jnt wdcc bn khst wd`nr. Dj h``dtdlj, ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty soluc` prlvd`n gud`hjkn dj tods hrnh.

;=

>. Olw Cljg Ds h ]N] Kljsd`nrn` h ]N]<

Jndtonr ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs jlr ^JKHK dfplsn lr rnklffnj` hjy tdfn cdfdts lj ton pnrdl` li tdfn toht h kustlfnr rnfhdjs h ]N] hitnr ton prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc ohs cnit ton plsdtdlj (–ljkn h ]N], hcwhys h ]N]‖). Wodcn tods fhy bn hpprlprdhtn dj slfn kdrkufsthjkns (ilr nxhfpcn, wdto slfn onh`s li sthtn), h prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc—s khrnnr ds litnj solrt-cdvn`. Hppcydjg N@@ fnhsurns tl hcc ilrfnr li﬈kn olc`nrs‐hj` tondr ihfdcdns hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns‐ilr hj dj﬈jdtn tdfn wluc` bn `dsprlplrtdljhtn. Pods kdrkufsthjkn ohs cn` slfn aurds`dktdljs tl djtrlùkn tdfn cdfdts hitnr wodko bhjes hrn jl cljgnr lbcdgn` tl trnht ilrfnr ]N]s hutlfhtdkhccy hs odgo rdse kustlfnrs. Ljn aurds`dktdlj ljcy rnqudrns N@@ ilr kurrnjt li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hsslkdh tns (toht ds, ljkn ton ]N] cnhvns li﬈kn, li ﬈kn, N@@ khj knhsn). Olwnvnr, Olwnvnr, ton cnjgto li tdfn hitnr wodko h kustlfnr ohs cnit h prlfdjnj prlfdjnjtt pubcdk iujktdlj ds jlt dj`dkhtdvn li ton rnchtdvn fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse hsslkdhtn` wdto ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. Pdfn cdfdts hrn hcwhys hrtd﬈kdhc hj` plsn prlbcnfs1 Pony khj dfphrt h ihcsn snjsn li snkurdty toht h kustlfnr jl cljgnr plsns hj djkrnhsn` rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg. 09 Nvd`njkn suggnsts toht klrrupt ]N]s `l jlt knhsn tl flvn prlknn`s li klrruptdlj hitnr cnhvdjg li﬈kn hj` slfn fhy kljtdjun tl rnkndvn phyfnjts. Dj`nn`, li﬈kdhcs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns fhy whdt ujtdc hitnr cnhvdjg tl flvn ton iuj`s. Pods prlbcnf ds djtnjsd﬈n` ton solrtnr ton tdfn pnrdl` ton ]N] kljtdjuns tl bn trnhtn` hs h ]N]. Bhjes soluc`, tonrnilrn, bn njklurhgn` tl kljsd`nr ton ljgldjg ]N] sthtus li tondr kustlfnr lj h khsn-bykhsn-by-khsn khsn bhsds usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` prlvd`n gud`hjkn lj woht tods njthdcs. Dj nhko li ton bhjes vdsdtn`, ton pnrdl` li tdfn whs cdency tl bn snvnrhc ynhrs, di jlt `nkh`ns (ilr nxhfpcn, dj ton khsn li onh`s li sthtn lr ltonr snjdlr cnvnc ]N]s). Wonrn rdse ds clw, bhjes khj kljsd`nr `nkchssdiydjg ton rnchtdljsodp, but ljcy hitnr khrniuc kljsd`nrhtdlj li rdses hj` djvlcvdjg snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc.

09. Ljn bhje dj`dkhtn` toht dt hcclwn` `nkchssd﬈khtdlj li h ]N] hitnr h snt pnrdl` li tdfn wdtolut kljsd`nrhtdlj li ljgldjg rdse.

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]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Wonrn h pnrslj ohs knhsn` tl bn njtrustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj, klujtrdns soluc` jlt djtrlùkn tdfn cdfdts lj ton cnjgto li tdfn ton pnrslj, ihfdcy fnfbnr, lr kclsn hsslkdhtn jnn`s tl bn trnhtn` hs h ]N].

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Pon krnhtdlj li h `nsdgjhtn` ]N] klffdttnn toht fnnts rnguchrcy tl `dskuss wontonr ]N] kustlfnrs wol ohvn cnit li﬈kn kljtdjun tl plsn hj djkrnhsn` rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg. @nkdsdljs li ton klffdttnn hrn ujhjdflus. (Ilr h `nskrdptdlj li ton klffdttnn, snn ton Gll` ]rhktdkn –Nsthbcdsofnjt li h ]N] Klffdttnn‖ dj kohptnr 88 dj phrt ;).

;2

9. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Wol tl Konke hj` Wonj tl Konke

Wol tl Konke< Pon d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s rnqudrns niinktdvn K@@ prlknssns, djkcu`djg ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs. Budc`djg lj tods rnqudrnfnjt, ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` ohvn dj pchkn hpprlprdhtn rdse-fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr h kustlfnr ds h ]N]. Hcc bhjes djtnrvdnwn` hppcdn` ]N] konkes tl hcc kustlfnrs ht ton hkklujt lpnjdjg sthgn hj` pnrdl`dkhccy tl nxdstdjg kustlfnrs. Pon gnjnrhc rnqudrnfnjt ds toht h bhje soluc` ohvn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl d`njtdiy di ton kustlfnr ds h ]N], suko hs hsedjg ton jnknsshry qunstdljs, pnrilrfdjg h `hthbhsn konke, rninrrdjg tl pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn djilrfhtdlj, hj` sl ilrto. [lfn bhjes, by ton jhturn li ton prlùkts hj` snrvdkns tony liinr lr ton cnvnc li djvns djvnstfnjt tfnjt typdkhccy fh`n, fhy ohvn h clwnr rdse li httrhktdjg ]N] kustlfnrs. Hppcydjg fuctdpcn konkes dj nvnry khsn kluc` bn `dsprlplrtdljhtn tl ton rdses hj` brdjg jl rnsucts. Dj tonsn kdrkufsthjkns, bhjes soluc` usn hpprlprdhtn rdse-fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl ilkus grnhtnr niilrts lj ton rnchtdljsodps toht khrry hj djkrnhsn` fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` prlvd`n hpprlprdhtn gud`hjkn. Hcc aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` shd` tony rnqudrn bhjes tl konke wontonr h bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds h ]N], hctolugo tods rnqudrnfnjt whs jlt hcwhys nxpcdkdtcy snt lut dj cngdschtdlj. Pon tnhf—s rnvdnw li ton ?2 IHPI hj` I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts iluj` toht ht ton tdfn li ton hssnssfnjt h jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs wnrn jlt rnqudrn`, by chw lr rnguchtdlj, tl konke di ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr whs h ]N]‐nvnj tolugo ton Fntol`lclgy ilr IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 kljsd`nrs tods hs –nssnjtdhc krdtnrdh.‖ 07

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Chw lr rnguchtdlj soluc` djkcu`n h rnqudrnfnjt tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr h bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds h ]N] dj hkklr`hjkn wdto ton Fntol`lclgy ilr IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9. 07. Fntol`lclgy ilr IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 sthtns tods –nssnjtdhc krdtnrdh‖ ht 9.81 –Idjhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` bn rnqudrn`, dj h``dtdlj tl pnrilrfdjg ton K@@ fnhsurns rnqudrn` uj`nr R.>, tl put dj pchkn hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr h pltnjtdhc kustlfnr kustlfnr,, h kustlfnr lr ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj.‖ pnrslj.‖

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Wonj tl Konke< Bhjes soluc`, li klursn, konke wontonr h pltnjtdhc kustlfnr, nxdstdjg kustlfnr, lr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, ds h ]N]. Dj ton prdvhtn bhjedjg djstdtutdljs vdsdtn`, tods konke whs litnj fh`n bnilrn ton nsthbcdsofnjt li h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp5 ton hkklujt kluc` jlt bn lpnjn` ujtdc hcc rncnvhjt djvnstdghtdljs, suko hs bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp hj` ton ]N]—s d`njtd﬈khtdlj, oh` bnnj uj`nrthenj. Nxdstdjg kcdnjts slfntdfns bnklfn ]N]s hitnr tony njtnr h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp, sl dt ds nssnjtdhc toht h bhje—s nxdstdjg kcdnjt bhsn hcsl bn rnguchrcy konken` ilr kustlfnrs wolsn ]N] sthtus ohs kohjgn`. [lfn bhjes djtnrvdnwn` hssnssn` tondr kcdnjt cdst hghdjst ]N] `hthbhsns rnguchrcy tl d`njtdiy suko dj`dvdùhcs5 ltonrs usn` pubcdk djilrfhtdlj hblut klrrupt ]N]s hs h trdggnr ilr h` olk `hthbhsn konkes. Ltonrs konken` nxdstdjg kustlfnrs ilr ]N] sthtus hs phrt li ton jlrfhc up`htdjg li ejlw-y ejlw-ylur-kus lur-kustlfnr tlfnr (ETK) djilrfhtdlj. Ljkn h ]N] ohs bnnj d`njtd﬈n`, snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt soluc` `nkd`n wontonr tl kljtdjun ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp, hj` di sl, hppcy N@@ fnhsurns dj cdjn wdto jhtdljhc cnghc hj` rnguchtlry rnqudrnfnjts.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Hs phrt li tondr ljgldjg busdjnss prlknssns, bhjes soluc` njsurn toht tony olc` up-tl-`htn djilrfhtdlj lj tondr kustlfnrs5 hj` ohvdjg hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl konke ]N] sthtus fust ilrf phrt li tods prlknss. Gll` ]rhktdkn

[lfn bhjes ruj tondr kustlfnr cdst hghdjst klffnrkdhc lr dj-olusn ]N] `hthbhsns lj h rnguchr bhsds, litnj `hdcy lr wnnecy. Pods prhktdkn njsurns toht ton bhje khpturns tolsn kustlfnrs wol htthdj ]N] sthtus hitnr ton kustlfnr then-lj prlknss. Ljkn tonsn kustlfnrs hrn d`njtd﬈n`, tony hrn tonj rnvdnwn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt, pchkn` lj ton ]N] kustlfnr cdst, hj` N@@ ds hppcdn`.

Ljn klujtry rnqudrn` toht tondr kustlfnrs djilrf tonf soluc` tony, h ihfdcy fnfbnr, lr h kclsn hsslkdhtn bnklfn h prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc. Pods tllc hcclws bhjes tl khpturn jnw ]N]s hfljg tondr nxdstdjg kustlfnrs. Olwnvnr, tods systnf soluc` jlt bn usn` nxkcusdvncy, hj` bhjes soluc` jlt rncy slcncy lj tonsn `nkchrhtdljs, but soluc` ohvn ltonr fnhjs ilr d`njtdiydjg ]N]s dj tondr nxdstdjg kustlfnr cdsts. Fhjy li ton bhjes vdsdtn` djkcu`n h ]N] konke wonj h kustlfnr rnqunsts hj h``dtdljhc prlùkt lr spnkd﬈k snrvdkn. Pods rlutdjn ds phrtdkuchrcy dfplrthjt di ton rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg hsslkdhtn` wdto ton jnw prlùkt ds kljsd`nrn` tl bn odgonr tohj wdto nxdstdjg prlùkts ton kustlfnr olc`s. ]N] konkes soluc` ilrf phrt li tods rdse kljsd`nrhtdlj.

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7. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Olw tl Konke

Wluc` h Jhtdljhc lr Djtnrjhtdljhc Cdst li ]N]s Bn Nhsdnr< Fhjy bhjes suggnstn` toht tonrn soluc` bn h `n﬈jdtdvn cdst li hcc ]N]s hj` khccn` uplj glvnrjfnjts tl klfpdcn cdsts li `lfnstdk ]N]s. Dj tondr vdnw, h cdst wluc` prlvd`n h ujdilrf hj` `n﬈jdtdvn bhsds hghdjst wodko tl hppcy N@@ fnhsurns, wluc` bn nhsdnr ilr glvnrjfnjts tl lbthdj, hj` wluc` rnùkn klsts li klfpcdhjkn ilr bhjes. Ljn bhje suggnstn` toht hj djtnrjhtdljhc lrghjdzhtdlj soluc` tonj klccnkt ton klujtry cdsts hj` `dssnfdjhtn h –wlrc`-wd`n cdst‖ bnkhusn li ton ljnrlus bur`nj li konkedjg fuctdpcn `hthbhsns. Ponrn hrn h inw aurds`dktdljs toht fhen hvhdchbcn h cdst li `lfnstdk ]N]s. Wodcn tonrn fhy bn gll` rhtdljhcns ilr h jhtdljhc lr djtnrjhtdljhc djtnrjh tdljhc ]N] cdst, tods phpnr `lns jlt rnklffnj` tonf. Pon cdsts ohvn cdfdtn` utdcdty bnkhusn tony ljcy kljthdj knrthdj prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhcs, jlt ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns, hj` hrn qudkecy lut-`htn`. Klrrupt li﬈kdhcs fhy usn ton cdst tl thrgnt fnfbnrs li ton lpplsdtdlj, hs wncc hs rnflvn tondr lwj jhfns hj` tolsn li supplrtnrs. Hj lvnrcy brlh` cdst, suko hs h cdst li hcc pubcdk snrvhjts, wluc` bn ujfhjhgnhbcn dj slfn aurds`dktdljs hj` ilr ton bhjes toht wluc` ohvn tl rnvdnw tonf. Kchssd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s, hs wncc hs ton nxtnjt li h pnrslj—s kclsn ihfdcy hj` kdrkcn li hsslkdhtns, wdcc `diinr `npnj`djg lj plcdtdkhc, slkdhc, hj` kucturhc kljtnxts wdtodj ton vhrydjg aurds`dktdljs. Flst dfplrthjt tonrn ds h snrdlus rdse toht bhjes fhy rncy nxkcusdvncy lj ton cdst, hj` subsnqunjtcy ihdc tl kljsd`nr wontonr ltonr kustlfnrs plsn hj djkrnhsn` rdse li chuj`nrdjg chuj`nrd jg ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj. Di suko hj hpprlhko ds thenj, h snt cdst li ]N]s wluc` hcsl fhen ]N] konkes nhsy tl kdrkufvnjt by chuj`nrnrs. Wonrn bhjes rncy lj suko cdsts, tony fust bn hwhrn li tondr cdfdthtdljs (ilr nxhfpcn, djhkkurhkdns, chke li up`htns) hj` soluc` jlt rncy uplj ton cdst hs ton ljcy fnhjs li konkedjg ]N] sthtus. Ltonr K@@ konkes fust hcsl bn kljùktn`.

D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnr1 Wdcc ton Prun Lwjnr ]cnhsn [thj` ^p< Ljn li ton `di﬈kuctdns nfpohsdzn` dj ton kljtnxt li ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj ds `ntnrfdjdjg ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, ton jhturhc pnrslj(s) wol uctdfhtncy lwj lr kljtrlc h kustlfnr lr trhjshktdljs, bnjn﬈kdhrdns, kljtrlccnrs, lr rncnvhjt todr` phrtdns. Polsn wdto kljtrlc djkcu`n `drnktlrs, trustnns, guhr`dhjs, httlrjnys, hj` prltnktlrs5 rncnvhjt todr` phrtdns djkcu`n h snttclr li h trust lr iluj`nr li h iluj`htdlj. Dt ds phrtdkuchrcy `di﬈kuct wonj ton kljtrhktdjg phrty ds h cnghc lr klrplrhtn njtdty, trust, lr djtnrfn`dhry (snn –Gnjnrhc –Gnjnrhc

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Lbsnrvhtdljs hj` Kohccnjgns‖ dj phrt 8). Wdtolut ejlwcn`gn li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, dt ds dfplssdbcn ilr h bhje tl `ntnrfdjn di dt ds snrvdkdjg h ]N]. Blto ^JKHK hj` ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs rnqudrn toht bhjes d`njtdiy hj` vnrdiy bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs hs phrt li ton K@@ prlknss.0? Dj IHPI IHPI Nssnjtdhc Nssnjtdh c Krdtnrdh Krdtnrd h 9.8, bhjes hrn rnqudrn` tl put dj pchkn hpprlprdhtn rdse-fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn di ton bnjn﬈kdhc bnj n﬈kdhc lwjnr ds d s h ]N]. ]N]. Flrn Flrn rnknjtcy, ton G2= cnh`nrs khccn` khcc n` ilr ton strnjgtonjstrnjgt onjdjg li IHPI IHPI sthj`hr`s lj bnjn﬈kdhc bnj n﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp lwjnrs odp hj` trhjsphrnjky, trhj sphrnjky, dssuns wodko IHPI IHPI wdcc bn kljsd`nrdjg hs phrt li ton prnphrhtdlj ilr ton ilurto rluj` li futuhc nvhcuhtdljs.04 Cngdschtdlj hj` rnguchtdljs ohvn bnnj h`lptn` dj slfn aurds`dktdljs, hctolugo `dvnrsn hpprlhkons ohvn bnnj thenj. [lfn aurds`dktdljs rnqudrn toht ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs d`njtdiy ton jhturhc pnrslj bnodj` ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp strukturns. Ltonrs Ltonrs dfplsn tornsolc`s bnclw wodko dt ds ujjnknsshry ilr bhjes tl `ntnrfdjn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp (ilr nxhfpcn, 2> pnrknjt). H jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs ohvn jlt ynt h`lptn` ton jnknsshry cngdschtdlj. Pods fust bn h``rnssn` by rnqudrdjg `dskclsurn li ton jhturhc pnrslj wol ds ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. Dj prhktdkn olwnvnr, olwnvnr, ton prlknss li d`njtdiydjg ton t on uctdfhtn bnjn﬈kdhry bnjn﬈kdhr y ds klfpcnx. Pon d`njtdty li ton trun bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr hj` lrdgdj li ton prlknn`s ds litnj kljknhcn` kljknhcn` torlugo ton fdsusn li klrplrhtn njtdtdns, djkcu`djg klrplrhtdljs, klrplrhtd ljs, trusts, iluj`htdljs, hj` cdfdtn` cdhbdcdty phrtjnrsodps. Pon usn li djtnrfn`dhrdns khj iurtonr lbskurn ton prlknss hj`, dj slfn aurds`dktdljs, cngdschtdlj pnrfdts tods by hcclwdjg bhjes tl rncy lj djtnrfn`dhrdns wdto cdttcn lr jl djilrfhtdlj rnqudrn` irlf ton uj`nrcydjg uj`nrcy djg kustlfnr. Dj bhjes toht hppcy ton tornsolc` hpprlhko tl `ntnrfdjdjg bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp (ilr nxhfpcn, wonrn bhjes hrn rnqudrn` tl konke ljcy ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs wdto h sohrn grnhtnr tohj 2> pnrknjt), ton klrrupt ]N] fhy ohvn h grnht lpplrtujdty tl kljknhc djvlcvnfnjt. IH IHPI ohs kljùktn` h tonfhtdk stu`y tl d`njtdiy, dj rnspnkt li klrplrhtn vnodkcns, hrnhs li vucjnrhbdcdty ilr fljny chuj`nrdjg, hcljg wdto rdse ihktlrs tl hssdst klujtrdns dj d`njtd﬈khtdlj li fdsusn. >= H``dtdljhc wlre ds jnn`n` tl brdjg aurds`dktdljs djtl klfpcdhjkn wdto IHPI sthj`hr`s rnqudrdjg prlknùrns tl d`njtdiy ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs li cnghc njtdtdns ilrfn` wdtodj h aurds`dktdlj. aurds`dk tdlj.>8 Hcc li ton djtnrvdnwn` bhjes ohvn prlknùrns ilr d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. Flst bhjes dj`dkhtn` toht tony rnqudrn d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton uctdfhtn lwjnr, wol fust bn h jhturhc pnrslj5 ljn bhje h`fdttn` ljcy tl gldjg –hs ihr hs plssdbcn.‖ [dfdchr tl ton prlknss li hssnfbcdjg h kustlfnr prl﬈cn, h klfbdjhtdlj klfbdjhtdlj li tllcs ds usn`

0?. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >25 IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj >. 04. G2=, –Cnh`nrs— [thtnfnjt, ton ]dttsburgo [uffdt,‖ ([nptnfbnr 20‛2>, 2==4), phrh 02. >=. Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn, –Pon Fdsusn li Klrplrhtn Ynodkcn, Djkcu`djg Prust hj` Klfphjy [nrvdkn ]rlvd`nrs,‖ (Lktlbnr 8;, 2==9). Pon [tHR Djdtdhtdvn ds kurrnjtcy uj`nrthedjg h stu`y lj klrruptdlj hj` ton fdsusn li klrplrhtn vnodkcns ilr rncnhsn dj fd`-2=8=. Ilr h``dtdljhc djilrfhtdlj snn www.wlrc`bhje.lrg/sthr. >8. Aurds`dktdljs Aurds`dktdljs fust hcsl prlvd`n djilrfhtdlj djilrfhtdlj lj ton d`njtdty li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs li cnghc njtdtdns tl chw njilrknfnjt dj rnspljsn tl h rnqunst hj` lj h tdfncy bhsds. ;9

D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Olw tl Konke

tl klfpcntn ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj prlknss, djkcu`djg klfphjy rngdstnrs, sohrnolc`nr rngdstnrs, djilrfhtdlj irlf ton kljtrhktdjg phrty, slfn klffnrkdhc `hthbhsns, hj` ltonr pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn slurkns. Dj ljn aurds`dktdlj, ton kustlfnr ds rnqudrn` tl klfpcntn h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li ton d`njtdty hj` `nthdcs li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s)‐h rnqudrnfnjt pursuhjt tl hj hgrnnfnjt bntwnnj ton aurds`dktdlj—s bhjenrs— hsslkdhtdlj hj` sdgjhtlry bhjes. Pon ilrf ds sdgjn` hj` `htn` by ton kljtrhktdjg phrty hj` djkcu`ns h sthtnfnjt toht dt ds h krdfdjhc liinjsn (`lkufnjt ilrgnry) tl prlvd`n ihcsn djilrfhtdlj lj ton ilrf, wdto h pnjhcty li up tl ﬈vn ynhrs lr h ﬈jn. Pon ilrf hpprlhko ohs bnnj h`lptn` by bhjes dj ltonr aurds`dktdljs, nvnj wonj jlt rnqudrn` by chw lr rnguchtdlj. Dj ton aurds`dktdlj wonrn ton ilrf ds usn`, ton prlsnkutdjg hutolrdty ohs prlsnkutn` khsns ilr ilrgnry (toht ds, ihcsncy nsthbcdsodjg dj h wrdttnj `lkufnjt h ihkt wdto cnghc hppcdkhtdlj lr woht ds rninrrn` tl hs hj ‟djtnccnktuhc cdn—). Pon wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp ds h vhcuhbcn tllc ilr h jufbnr li rnhsljs. Dt hssdsts dj ilkusdjg lj ton prlknss li d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ht ton lutsnt, jlt ljcy ilr bhje li﬈kdhcs but hcsl ilr ton kljtrhktdjg phrty. Dt prlvd`ns ton bhkegrluj` djilrfhtdlj toht wdcc hssdst ton bhje wdto vnrd﬈khtdlj, hs wncc hs dj `ntnrfdjdjg di ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s) ds h ]N]. Dt wdcc hssdst rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns dj nvhcuhtdjg bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp prhktdkns hj` njhbcn bnttnr lvnrsdgot li olw bhjes hrn ohj`cdjg bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp dssuns. Idjhccy, ton rnqudrnfnjt tl sdgj uj`nr pnjhcty li h krdfdjhc liinjsn hj`, wonrn hpprlprdhtn, ton h``dtdljhc kljsnqunjkn li jljkljvdktdlj bhsn` lr krdfdjhc ilrindturn, snrvns tl hcnrt ton kljtrhktdjg phrty tl ton snrdlusjnss hj` dfplrthjkn li ton djilrfhtdlj hj`, tonrnilrn, hkts hs h `ntnrrnjt. Dt fhy jlt bn h `ntnrrnjt ilr ton klrrupt ]N] ]N],, but fhy bn ilr djtnrfn`dhrdns hj` ltonrs (djkcu`djg ihfdcy ihfd cy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns) wol hrn hktdjg hs ton kljtrhktdjg phrty. phr ty. Hctolugo dt soluc` bn cnit up tl nhko aurds`dktdlj, rnguchtlry hutolrdty, hj` ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj tl `ntnrfdjn ton flst klfprnonjsdvn fnhjs li d`njtdiydjg bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp, ohvdjg h ujdilrf `lkufnjt toht rnklr`s ton kustlfnr—s `nkchrhtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr wluc` prlvn oncpiuc. ^jdilrf usn li ton ilrf wdcc wdc c hssdst dj rnsplj`djg tl `lfnstdk lr ilrndgj rnqunsts by hutolrdtdns ilr hkklujt djilrfhtdlj. ^sn li ton ilrf hcsl nxphj`s ton djilrfhtdlj hvhdchbcn tl ton jhfns li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs (jlt aust ton jhfns li ton kljtrhktdjg phrty). [lfn aurds`dktdljs fhy jlt ohvn `n﬈jn` h krdfdjhc liinjsn toht khj bn usn` ilr prlsnkutdjg prlsnkutd jg h kustlfnr ilr cydjg tl h ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj lr klffdttdjg h irhu` hghdjst dt lr ton sthtn rnghr`djg bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp (nspnkdhccy ilr sthtn-lwjn` lr rnguchtn` djstdtutdljs). Dj tonsn khsns, hs wncc hs wonrn h krdfdjhc liinjsn hppcdns, ton kustlfnr—s sdgjn` `nkchrhtdlj kluc` stdcc bn usn` hs1 nvd`njkn li krdfdjhc djtnjt dj h fljny chuj`nrdjg lr irhu` prlsnkutdlj, ton bhsds ilr h kdvdc sudt by ton ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj, h rnhslj ilr kclsdjg ton hkklujt, hj` hj dfplrthjt pdnkn li nvd`njkn dj h jljkljvdktdlj bhsn` irnnzdjg lr ilrindturn prlknn`djg djdtdhtn` by ton glvnrjfnjt. Dj ton kljtnxt li rnsplj`djg tl `lfnstdk lr ilrndgj rnqunsts by hutolrdtdns ilr hkklujt djilrfhtdlj, bhjes wdcc bn hbcn tl prlvd`n ton jhfn li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr nvnj di tony hrn jlt ton hkklujt olc`nr. ;7


Flst bhjes hj` chw njilrknfnjt hgnjkdns dj`dkhtn` toht h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj wluc` prlvd`n h vhcuhbcn h``dtdljhc tllc tl hssdst wdto ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj prlknss, hs wncc hs njohjkn ton hu`dt trhdc hj` hd` djvnstdghtdljs. Gdvnj tonsn ihktlrs, wn kljsd`nr ton wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li hcc kustlfnrs tl bn h krdtdkhc ﬈rst stnp‐jlt ton –sdcvnr –sdcvnr buccnt‖‐dj buccnt‖‐dj ton tllcblx li dtnfs toht wdcc oncp dj ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp hj` ilrf phrt li ton lvnrhcc kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn plcdky.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Ht hkklujt lpnjdjg hj` hs jnn`n` tonrnhitnr, bhjes soluc` rnqudrn kustlfnrs tl klfpcntn h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li ton d`njtdty hj` `nthdcs li ton jhturhc pnrslj(s) wol hrn ton uctdfhtn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s) li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp lr trhjshktdlj hs h ﬈rst stnp dj fnntdjg tondr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts. H shfpcn ilrf ds djkcu`n` dj tods phpnr (snn blx 2.2). [lfn li ton eny kohrhktnrdstdks li suko h `nkchrhtdlj djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 •

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Pon kljtrhktdjg kljtrhktdjg phrty fust klfpcnt klfpcntnn ton `nkchrhtdlj dj wrdtdjg hj` prlvd`n prlvd`n h sdgjhturn tl prnvnjt subsnqunjt kchdfs li fdsuj`nrsthj`djg ton qunstdlj lr nrrlrs dj trhjskrdbdjg t rhjskrdbdjg ton djilrfhtdlj. Pon kljtrhktdjg phrty fust `nkchrn ndtonr toht toht on lr son ds ton slcn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr lr prlvd`n ton cdst li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs, tous rnqudrdjg hj djtnjtdljhc koldkn hj` hkt by ton kljtrhktdjg phrty. Pon sdgjhturn fust bn wdtjnssn` by h bhje li﬈kdhc. H wdtjnss ds slfnljn tl d`njtdiy ton `lkufnjt hj` httnst tl ton hkt li ton kljtrhktdjg phrty klfpcntdjg dt. Pon `lkufnjt `lkufnjt fust fust kljthdj hj hssnrtdlj toht h ihcsn sthtnfnjt sthtnfnjt ds h krdfdjhc liinjsn (wonj plssdbcn), hs wncc hs ton hppcdkhbcn pnjhcty hj` h``dtdljhc kljsnqunjkns (ilr nxhfpcn, jljkljvdktdlj bhsn` lr krdfdjhc ilrindturn). Dj h``rnssdjg wontonr tl usn nxdstdjg chws lr rnguchtdljs lr tl h`` jnw ljns, `ncdbnrhtn lr wdcciuc dgjlrhjkn soluc` bn h``dtdljhc grluj`s ilr prlsnkutdlj. Pods puts ton kustlfnr lj jltdkn li ton kljsnqunjkns kljsnqunjkns li prlvd`djg fhtnrdhc ihcsn djilrfhtdlj. Pon lrdgdjhc sdgjn` `lkufnjt soluc` bn enpt dj hkklr`hjkn wdto ton bhje—s rnqudrnfnjts ilr `lkufnjt klccnktdlj hj` fust bn hkknssdbcn by rncnvhjt li﬈kdhcs, djkcu`djg ton hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` klfbhtdjg ton ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf (HFC/KIP) klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr. H rnqudrnfnjt tl h`vdsn ton bhje li hjy kohjgn dj ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp, kljtrlc, lr cdjes wdto ton todr` phrty. H `n﬈jdtdlj li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr toht ds hs brlh` hs plssdbcn soluc` bn bn djkcu`n` djkcu`n` lj ton ilrf, wontonr hs `n﬈jn` by jhtdljhc chw lr by djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s lr kljvnjtdljs.


BL_ 2.2

[hfpcn Ilrf ilr @nkchrhtdlj li D`njtdty li ton Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnr Ilrf _1 @nkchrhtdlj li D`njtdty li ton Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnr

UPll bn nxnkutn` by ton kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr UP k ustlfnr dj wrdtdjg.V Hkklujt/@nplsdt Jl. Kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr1 \\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\ Uiucc jhfn hj` h``rnssV \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\ D, ton kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr, onrnby `nkchrn1 (fhre wdto h –_‖ wonrn hpprlprdhtn) ❌

toht D hf ton slcn bnjn﬈kdhc bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr* li ton hssnts dj ton hkklujt rninrnjkn` hblvn LR

❌

toht ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s) li ton hssnts dj ton hkklujt rninrnjkn` hblvn ds/hrn1 U]rlvd`n1 Iucc jhfn li ton jhturhc pnrslj(s), `htn hj` pchkn li bdrto, jhtdljhcdty, h``rnss/`lfdkdcn, klujtry, phssplrt jufbnr, jhtdljhc D@ jufbnr, lr sdfdchr jhtdljhc d`njtd﬈khtdlj `lkufnjt hj` h klpy li suko `lkufnjtsV

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \ Pon kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr uj`nrthens tl UhutlfhtdkhccyV Ulr wdtodj h rnhsljhbcn pnrdl` li tdfn hj` dj hjy nvnjt jl cnss tohj twl wnnesV djilrf ton Idjhjkdhc [nrvdkns Busdjnss Udjsnrt hppcdkhbcn bhje kljthktV dj wrdtdjg hblut hjy kohjgns dj ton djilrfhtdlj prlvd`n` hblvn. Dt ds h krdfdjhc liinjsn tl U`ncdbnrhtncyV UdjtnjtdljhccyV prlvd`n fhtnrdhc ihcsn djilrfhtdlj lj tods ilrf Udjsnrt hppcdkhbcn krdfdjhc chw hj` pnjhcty dj blc` typnV. [dgjhturn(s) li ton kljtrhktdjg kustlfnr1

Wdtjnssn` by bhje li﬈kdhc1

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@htn1 \\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\

Jhfn1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Jhfn1\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\ Pdtcn1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

@htn1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

* Bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr djkcu`ns Uton jhturhc pnrslj(s) wol uctdfhtncy lwjs lr kljtrlcs h kustlfnr hj`/lr ton pnrslj lj wolsn bnohci ton trhjshktdlj ds bndjg kljùktn`. Dt hcsl djklrplrhtns tolsn pnrsljs wol nxnrkdsn uctdfhtn niinktdvn kljtrlc lvnr h cnghc pnrslj lr hrrhjgnfnjt hj` rncnvhjt todr` phrtdns. UKdthtdljs tl jhtdljhc chw, djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, lr kljvnjtdljs hs hpprlprdhtn.V

;4


Pon wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj ds ljn tllc‐hj` ihr irlf ton ljcy tllc‐toht tllc‐toht bhjes wdcc jnn` tl `rhw uplj dj d`njtdiydjg hj` vnrdiydjg ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. lwjnr. Pon wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj ds jlt sui﬈kdnjt lj dts lwj jlr `lns dt hcclw bhjes tl bn –lii ton olle‖ wdto rnspnkt tl tondr lbcdghtdljs. Bhjes fust fust then ltonr stnps tl kljùkt K@@ hs wncc hs tl vnrdiy ton kljtnjt li ton ilrf, hj` rnguchtlrs fust njsurn toht bhjes hrn pursudjg h jufbnr li hvnjuns dj `ntnrfdjdjg tods krdtdkhc djilrfhtdlj.>2

D`njtd﬈khtdlj Pllcs Nvnj hitnr h kustlfnr ds d`njtd﬈n`, `ntnrfdjdjg di ton dj`dvdùhc olc`s h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj khj stdcc bn `di﬈kuct, phrtdkuchrcy di cdttcn pubcdk djilrfhtdlj ds hvhdchbcn irlf ton dj`dvdùhc—s klujtry li lrdgdj. Pon thse ds nvnj flrn `di﬈kuct wdto kclsn hsslkdhtns hj` ihfdcy fnfbnrs. Bhjes usuhccy ohvn systnfs dj pchkn tl `ntnrfdjn ton rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg hsslkdhtn` wdto h phrtdkuchr busdjnss rnchtdljsodp hj` tonsn tllcs soluc` bn h`hptn` ilr ton ]N] kljtnxt. Ponsn systnfs djkcu`n gnjnrdk dj`dkhtlrs hj` djilrfhtdlj slurkns, suko hs rdses hsslkdhtn` wdto knrthdj aurds`dktdljs, prlùkts, ton prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kn olc`nr—s snjdlrdty, lr hrnh li busdjnss (suko hs hrfs `nhcdjg, trh`n dj prnkdlus fnthcs, lr jhturhc rnslurkn nxtrhktdlj li ldc, tdfbnr, fdjdjg, hj` sl ilrto). Ljn li ton eny klfpljnjts li ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj ds sdfpcn1 [thii ohj`cdjg ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp jnn` tl ohvn nxpnrdnjkn, usn klfflj snjsn, hj` `nfljstrhtn gll` au`gfnjt. [lfn li ton prlknss prlknssns ns toht khj bn usn` tl oncp d`njtdiy ]N]s djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 •

•

Kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn. Pon d`njtd﬈khtdlj li h ]N] kustlfnr usuhccy rnsucts irlf h bhje—s jlrfhc K@@ prlknssns. @npnj`djg lj ton typn li prlùkt lr snrvdkn slugot, gnlgrhpodk hrnh li busdjnss, lr slurkn li iuj`s, K@@ kluc` hcsl djkcu`n qunstdljdjg ton kustlfnr lj wontonr on lr son ds h ]N]. Knrthdj hjswnrs wluc` jlrfhccy trdggnr iurtonr iur tonr rnsnhrko. rnsnhrko. Ljn aurds`dktdlj vdsdtn` rnqudrns kustlfnrs tl sdgj h `nkchrhtdlj li ]N] sthtus hs phrt li hkklujt lpnjdjg. Prhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg hj` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg. Hs bhjes kljùkt ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp, tony fhy klfn hkrlss phttnrjs toht hrn `di﬈kuct tl nxpchdj, trdggnrdjg iurtonr rnsnhrko djtl ton kustlfnr—s bhkegrluj`. Pods djvnstdghtdlj khj cnh` tl ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li h ]N] hfljg nxdstdjg kcdnjts (snn hcsl ton –Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg‖ kohptnr dj phrt 2).

Bhjes hcsl ohvn tllcs ht tondr `dsplshc tl hssdst wdto ton hjhcysds li rdse ihktlrs, suko hs klujtry rdse. H jufbnr li rnslurkns wnrn rninrrn` tl by bhjes hs hssdstdjg dj hssnssdjg klujtry rdse, djkcu`djg ton Wlrc` Wlrc` Bhje Cdst li Irhgdcn Irhg dcn [thtns,>; Prhjsphrnjky Djtnrjhtdljhc—s >2. Bhjes soluc` ennp h rnklr` li ton `diinrnjt stnps thenj tl `ntnrfdjn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp, hs wncc hs ltonr K@@ hj` N@@ fnhsurns hj`, wonrn hpprlprdhtn, hpprlprdhtn, fhen tods hvhdchbcn tl rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` chw njilrknfnjt. [nn IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj 8=. >;. Pon Wlrc` Bhje Cdst li Irhgdcn [thtns (2==7) khj bn iluj` ht ottp1//gl.wlrc`bhje.lrg/OK]4BICIC=.

0=


Klrruptdlj hj` ]nrknptdljs Dj`nx (K]D), >0 hj` ton IHPI cdst li aurds`dktdljs li kljknrj. Pon IHPI IHPI hj` I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj nvh cuhtdlj rnplrts hs wncc hs ton Djtnrjhtdljhc Fljnthry Iuj` (DFI) hj` ton Wlrc` Bhje HFC/KIP hssnssfnjts hcsl prlvd`n `nthdcn` djilrfhtdlj lj HFC/KIP irhfnwlres. Di ton bhje, ilr nxhfpcn, ds hssnssdjg busdjnss rdse hsslkdhtn` wdto jhturhc rnslurkn nxtrhktdlj, nxtrhktd lj, djilrfhtdlj ds hvhdchbcn hvhd chbcn irlf ton Wlrc` Wlrc` Bhje, ton DFI Gud`n tl Rnslurkn Rnvnjuns Prhjsphrnjky, lr ton Nxtrhktdvn Djùstrdns Prhjsphrnjky Djdtdhtdvn (NDPD) lj ton sthtus li rnslurkn glvnrjhjkn hj` rnvnjun rnvnjun trhjsphrnjky dj slfn klujtrdns. >> H jufbnr li tllcs fhy bn hvhdchbcn tl hssdst wdto jhfn snhrkons, djkcu`djg ton ilcclwdjg1 •

• • •

• • •

Busdjnss ejlwcn`gn. [lfn bhjes fhdjthdj h –bchke cdst‖ li busdjnss hppcdkhjts wol ohvn bnnj rniusn` lr tnrfdjhtn`, hs wncc hs dj`dvdùhcs wolsn jhfns ohvn bnnj h``n` bhsn` uplj clkhc ejlwcn`gn lr djtnccdgnjkn ghtonrn` dj ton klursn li busdjnss `nvnclpfnjt (ilr nxhfpcn, wodcn `nvnclpdjg prlspnkt cdsts). Grlup klfpcdhjkn. [lfn –bchke cdsts‖ hrn enpt hj` sohrn` ht ton grlup cnvnc. Klffnrkdhc ]N] `hthbhsn prlvd`nrs (snn ton –D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Klffnrkdhc hj` Dj-Olusn @hthbhsns‖ kohptnr dj phrt 2). Hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj ﬈cdjg cdsts. ﬈cdjg cdsts. [lfn klujtrdns pubcdso ton djklfn `nkchrhtdljs li pubcdk li﬈kdhcs lr nvnj h cdst li ton jhfns li ﬈cnrs (snn blx 2.;). Pon cdst fhy jlt djkcu`n ton jhfns li slfn ﬈cnrs, ilr nxhfpcn, di jhtdljhc snkurdty lr chw njilrknfnjt njilrknfnjt kljknrjs lutwndgo ton bnjn﬈t li pubcdkhtdlj li jhfns. Fn`dh hj` alurjhcs. Dj-klujtry slurkns irlf ton kustlfnr—s klujtry li lrdgdj. Pon Djtnrjnt hj` snhrko njgdjns. Pl klfpcnfnjt snhrkons kljùktn` usdjg chrgn snhrko njgdjns, snhrkons li sfhccnr slurkns toht kluc` bn cdjen` tl ton kustlfnr fhy hssdst dj clkhtdjg rncnvhjt djilrfhtdlj (ilr nxhfpcn, fn`dh Wnb sdtns dj ton kustlfnr—ss klujtry li lrdgdj). kustlfnr— lrdg dj).

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Di h klujtry pubcdsons h cdst li jhfns li pnlpcn wol ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs (ton `nkchrhtdlj dtsnci fhy jlt jnknsshrdcy bn pubcdk), bhjes khj usn tods djilrfhtdlj hs hjltonr tllc tl hssnss wontonr h kustlfnr ds h ]N].

Hs dj`dkhtn` nhrcdnr, ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton kclsn hsslkdhtns wol fhy bn sodnc`djg h prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc ds ljn li ton flst kohccnjgdjg dssuns. Dj tods rnghr`, dt ds krdtdkhc ilr bhjes tl ejlw tondr kustlfnr. Irlf tods pldjt li rninrnjkn, bhjes jnn` tl uj`nrsthj` ton jhturn li ton busdjnss trhjshktdljs hj` wontonr tonsn ﬈t wdto ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn5 hj` tony jnn` tl uj`nrsthj` slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s >0. K]D ds h cdst li klujtrdns rhjen` hkklr`djg hkklr`djg tl tondr pnrkndvn` cnvnc li klrruptdlj. >>. [nn –Djtnrjhtdljhc Fljnthry Iuj`1 Gud`n lj Rnslurkn Rnvnjun Prhjsphrnjky (2==7).‖ Ilr djilrfhtdlj lj NDPD, snn www.ndtrhjsphrnjky.lrg/ndtd. Ilr djilrfhtdlj lj ton Wlrc` Bhje djvlcvnfnjt dj NDPD, snn ottp1//gl.wlrc`bhje.lrg/QT^W]LH>N=.

08


BL_ 2.;

Pon ^sn li Hssnt hj` Djklfn @nkchrhtdljs ilr D`njtdiydjg ]N]s

Hssnt hj` Djklfn @nkchrhtdljs Hpprlxdfhtncy 880 aurds`dktdljs rnqudrn tondr pubcdk li﬈kdhcs tl ﬈cn `nkchrhtdljs lr `dskclsurns li tondr hssnts hj` djklfn wdto hj ntodks li﬈kn, hjtdklrruptdlj bl`y, lr ltonr glvnrjfnjt `nphrtfnjt.h Pon `nkchrhtdljs usuhccy kljthdj djilrfhtdlj lj ton hssnts hj` djklfn li pubcdk li﬈kdhcs, djkcu`djg ton slurkns li wnhcto hj` kurrnjt busdjnss hktdvdtdns. Pon rnqudrn` djilrfhtdlj khj hcsl nxtnj` tl h splusn lr phrtjnr hj` kodc`rnj, hj` fhy djkcu`n supplrtdjg `lkufnjthtdlj.b [lfn aurds`dktdljs fhj`htn toht ton ilrfs bn fh`n hvhdchbcn tl ton pubcdk5 ltonrs `l jlt. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >2(>) rnqudrns toht [thtns ]hrtdns kljsd`nr nsthbcdsodjg ﬈jhjkdhc `dskclsurn systnfs ilr hpprlprdhtn pubcdk li﬈kdhcs hj` hpprlprdhtn shjktdljs ilr jljklfpcdhjkn. Ht ton shfn tdfn, ton `nkchrhtdljs hj` tondr usns vhry hkrlss ton aurds`dktdljs. Eny dssuns djkcu`n ton hkkurhky li ton djilrfhtdlj, phrtdkuchrcy bnkhusn fhjy klujtrdns `l jlt ynt pnrilrf strljg vnrd﬈khtdlj li tonsn `nkchrhtdljs. Olwnvnr, ton `nkchrhtdljs usuhccy djkcu`n djilrfhtdlj toht khj bn usniuc dj kustlfnr prl﬈cdjg. Wonj tony hrn usn` by bhjes, klj﬈`njtdhcdty li ton djilrfhtdlj fust bn h prdlrdty prdlrdty..

[lfn ^sns ilr Hssnt hj` Djklfn @nkchrhtdljs • ]ubcdkhtdlj li ton cdst li tolsn wol ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn djklfn `nkchrhtdljs wluc` prlvd`n prlvd`n bhjes wdto hjltonr snhrko tllc dj niilrts tl d`njtdiy ]N]s. • Ncnfnjts rncnvhjt tl ton `ntnrfdjhtdlj `ntnrfdjhtdlj li slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s. • Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hutolrdtdns khj prlvd`n gud`hjkn hs tl ton hvhdchbdcdty hj` usn li ton `nkchrhtdljs hj`, nvnj di jlt rnqudrn` by cngdschtdlj lr rnguchtdlj, khj hse bhjes di tony usn ton `nkchrhtdljs. Pods djqudry wdcc oncp dj hssnssdjg olw ton bhje ds fhjhgdjg dts ]N] rdse. • ID^s khj usn ton djilrfhtdlj djilrfhtdlj dj hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs tl dfprlvn dfprlvn tondr hjhcysds li sussuspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts hj` jhtdljhc djilrfhtdlj khj bn sohrn` torlugo ton Ngfljt Grlup li ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts. h. [dfnlj @ahjelv, Rhihnc Ch ]lrth, Iclrnjkdl Clpnz-`n-[dchjns, hj` Hj`rnd [kocndinr, –@dskclsurn by ]lcdtdkdhjs,‖ (Jhtdljhc Burnhu li Nkljlfdk Rnsnhrko, Khfbrd`gn, FH, 2==4) cdsts 8=4 klujtrdns toht rnqudrn fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt (F]s) tl ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs. [djkn pubcdkhtdlj li ton phpnr, @lfdjdkh, Ohdtd, Dknchj`, ton [nykonccns, hj` [dnrrh Cnljn ohvn h``n` hssnt hj` djklfn `dskclsurn rnqudrnfnjts ilr F]s. Pon phpnr ds hvhdchbcn ht ottp1//www.jbnr.lrg/phpnrs/w807=;. b. Ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj lj hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, snn Ruxhj`rh Bur`nsku, Ghry Rnd`, [tuhrt Gdcfhj, hj` [tnpohjdn Prhpjncc, –Djklfn hj` Hssnt @nkchrhtdljs1 Pllcs hj` Prh`n-liis,‖ (Wlrc` Bhje, Kljinrnjkn N`dtdlj rncnhsn` Jlvnfbnr 2==4).

hj` wontonr tods ﬈ts wdto ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn. Plgntonr tods djilrfhtdlj fhy oncp tl d`njtdiy h kclsn hsslkdhtn lr `dsthjt ihfdcy fnfbnr. Dt wluc` bn oncpiuc dj tods rnghr` di rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lr ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts (ID^s) kluc` `nvnclp –rn` flhgs‖ tl gud`n bhjes dj d`njtdiydjg kclsn hsslkdhtns. [lfn aurds`dktdljs wdcc pnrfdt rncdhjkn lj djtnrfn`dhrdns, suko hs hkklujthjts, chwynrs, lr trust hj` klfphjy snrvdkns prlvd`nrs, wdto cdttcn lr jl djilrfhtdlj bndjg `dskclsn`. Dj tonsn aurds`dktdljs, dt ds dfplrthjt tl cdfdt tods nxnfptdlj dj ton khsn li

02


uj`nrcydjg rnchtdljsodps toht hrn odgo rdse, phrtdkuchrcy ]N]s. Ljn bhje rnqudrns, ilr nxhfpcn, toht ton djtnrfn`dhry prlvd`n iucc K@@ dj rnchtdlj tl ton uj`nrcydjg kustlfnr sl toht ton bhje khj uj`nrthen dts lwj hkknpthjkn hj` nskhchtdlj prlknss.

Rnklffnj`htdljs1 • ]N]s prnsnjt h fuctd-`dfnjsdljhc fuctd-`dfnjsdljhc lr hsyffntrdk rdse tl bhjes5 tonrnilrn, bhjes soluc` usn h vhrdnty li rdse ihktlrs hj` d`njtd﬈khtdlj tllcs tl njsurn tony ohvn hj niinktdvn hpprlhko tl `ntnkt ]N]s. • Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lr ID^s ID^s lr blto soluc` `nvnclp –rn` flhgs‖ tl gud`n bhjes dj d`njtdiydjg kclsn hsslkdhtns.

0;

?. D`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s1 Klffnrkdhc hj` Dj-Olusn @hthbhsns

Pon lbcdghtdlj tl d`njtdiy ]N]s ohs prlfptn` fhjy bhjes tl usn rnslurkns suko hs klffnrkdhc klffnr kdhc `hthbhsns hj` ltonr pchtilrfs toht klfpdcn pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn djilrfhtdlj. Ponsn `hthbhsns hj` pchtilrfs klfpdcn hj` stlrn djilrfhtdlj irlf h vhrdnty li lpnj slurkns, djkcu`djg ton Wnb sdtns li glvnrjfnjts, djtnrjhtdljhc lrghjdzhtdljs, fn`dh, hj` shjktdljs cdsts. Ponsn rnslurkns prlvd`n djilrfhtdlj lj pubcdk li﬈kn olc`nrs hj`, dj slfn khsns, tondr cnghc njtdtdns, ihfdcy fnfbnrs, hj` ejlwj hsslkdhtns. [litwhrn hppcdkhtdljs hrn litnj usn` dj kljaujktdl kljaujktdlj j wdto ton `hthbhsns, phrtdkuchrcy tl skrnnj chrgn cdsts li kcdnjts. [lfn chrgnr bhjes ohvn `nvnclpn` dj-olusn `hthbhsns tl klfpcnfnjt ton klffnrkdhc `hthbhsn prlvd`nrs. [lurkns djkcu`n pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn djilrfhtdlj ghtonrn` torlugo snhrkons lr `lwjclh`n` irlf klffnrkdhc `hthbhsns hs wncc hs busdjnss djilrfhtdlj lj dj`dvdùhcs wol ton bhje kljsd`nr kljsd`nrss tl bn odgonr rdse, suko hs tolsn lj bhje bh je –bchke cdsts. cdsts.‖‖ Blto h`vhjthgns hj` kohccnjgns klfn wdto usdjg tonsn klffnrkdhc `hthbhsns hj` pchtilrfs. Pon h`vhjthgns hrn tondr wd`n rnhko hkrlss h chrgn jufbnr li aurds`dktdljs, `diinrnjt chjguhgn grlups hj` kohrhktnrs, hj` ton sonnr sdzn li ton `hth snt hvhdchbcn. Pon djilrfhtdlj ghtonrn` ds fuko flrn oncpiuc, hj` litnj prnsnjtn` dj h flrn usnrirdnj`cy fhjjnr, tohj wluc` bn lbthdjn` torlugo h sdfpcn snhrko njgdjn lj ton Djtnrjnt. Dj h``dtdlj, ton `hthbhsns hj` hkklfphjydjg slitwhrn hppcdkhtdlj khj liinr h rhjgn li subskrdptdlj lptdljs toht khj bn thdclrn` tl ton jnn`s li ton bhje, irlf fhjuhc snhrkons tl hutlfhtn` bhtko-skrnnjdjg li h bhje—s njtdrn kustlfnr hkklujt cdst lr trhjshktdljs. Pon hkklfphjydjg slitwhrn hppcdkhtdlj khj bn sui﬈kdnjtcy flnxdbcn tl snhrko ilr sdfdchr tnrfs, rhtonr tohj rnqudrdjg hj nxhkt wlr`djg fhtko, hj` khj hcsl rnstrdkt snhrko krdtnrdh tl knrthdj khtnglrdns li plsdtdljs lr aurds`dktdljs. Olwnvnr, h jufbnr li kohccnjgns rnfhdj. Pon `hthbhsns `l jlt kljthdj hcc djilrfhtdlj bnkhusn slfn hrnhs li ton wlrc` sdfpcy ohvn cnss djilrfhtdlj hvhdchbcn torlugo jnws slurkns hj` ton Djtnrjnt. H kohccnjgn nfpohsdzn` by h jufbnr li bhjes ds ton chrgn vlcufn li –odts‖ hj` ihcsn plsdtdvns (ilr nxhfpcn, nxhfpcn , snhrkodjg >,=== jhfns wdto h 8= pnrknjt fhtko rhtn 6 >== pnlpcn5 snhrkodjg 8= fdccdlj jhfns wdto h 8= pnrknjt fhtko rhtn 6 8,===,=== pnlpcn). Ljn li ton rnhsljs ilr tods chrgn vlcufn li djilrfhtdlj ds ton ihkt toht ton `hthbhsns `l jlt hcwhys ohvn d`njtd﬈nrs ilr ton jhfns, suko hs `htn li bdrto lr snx, toht wluc` oncp rnùkn ton jufbnr li ihcsn plsdtdvns. Pon prlvd`nrs hrn

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hwhrn li ton dssun hj` hrn h``djg d`njtd﬈nrs5 olwnvnr, slfn hrn cdfdtn` bnkhusn li chke li djilrfhtdlj lr tony ljcy klccnkt lpnj-slurkn djilrfhtdlj (ilr nxhfpcn, irlf ton Djtnrjnt lr dj ton fn`dh). Ilr prdvhky rnhsljs, tony `l jlt `rhw uplj ltonr djilrfhtdlj toht fhy hcsl bn pubcdkcy hkknssdbcn (suko hs bdrto rngdstrdns). Idjhccy, ton njtdrn phkehgn li snrvdkns‐ton `hthbhsn, slitwhrn, slitwhrn, hj` sthii tl rnvdnw ton odts‐khj bnklfn qudtn h klstcy vnjturn. Pon kljkcusdlj irlf tods rnvdnw ds toht tonsn `hthbhsns prlvd`n h vnry oncpiuc tllc ilr bhjes. Ht ton shfn tdfn, ton cdfdthtdljs hrn suko toht bhjes soluc` jlt rncy uplj tonf hs ton ljcy slurkn slurkn ilr `ntnrfdjdjg di h kustlfnr ds h ]N]. Pony hrn sdfpcy hjltonr tllc ilr `nvnclpdjg h klfpcntn pdkturn li ton kustlfnr. Ltonr tllcs hj` prlknssns wdcc jnn` tl bn kljsd`nrn`, hs lutcdjn` prnvdluscy. [lfn `hthbhsns hj` slitwhrn hppcdkhtdljs njhbcn usnrs tl hàust ton snttdjgs hj` phrhfntnrs li tondr snhrko snhrkons. ns. Pods iujktdlj hcclws h bhje tl snhrko hghdjst h subsnt li ton slurkns dj ton `hthbhsn (ilr nxhfpcn, dj`dvdùhcs irlf ljn li ton jljkllpnrhtdvn klujtrdns hj` tnrrdtlrdns li IHPI) rhtonr tohj ton njtdrn `hthbhsn. Hctolugo kohjgdjg ton phrhfntnrs khj bn oncpiuc dj clwnrdjg ton jufbnr li ihcsn plsdtdvns, bhjes bhjes fust usn khutdlj bnkhusn khcdbrhtdjg skrnnjdjg rucns tll jhrrlwcy djkrnhsns ton rdse toht ]N]s hrn jlt d`njtd﬈n`. Bhjes usdjg hutlfhtn` systnfs ilr ]N] skrnnjdjg soluc` kljsd`nr wontonr ton skrnnjdjg rucns hrn khcdbrhtn` hpprlprdhtncy ilr ton jhturn li ton bhje—s busdjnss, httdtu`n tl rdse, hj` kustlfnr cdst. Di jlt, pltnjtdhc fhtkons fdgot jlt bn d`njtd﬈n`. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` rnvdnw ton snttdjgs li suko `hthbhsns hj` ton spnkd﬈k rncdhjkn bndjg pchkn` lj `hthbhsn rnsucts.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Wonrn hppcdkhbcn, ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty soluc` djkcu`n, hs phrt li ton ljsdtn djspnktdlj, h rnvdnw li ton `hthbhsn usn` tl d`njtdiy ]N]s. Pon rnvdnw soluc` djkcu`n hj nxhfdjhtdlj li ton klffnrkdhc `hthbhsn phrhfntnrs, shfpcn trhjshktdlj tnstdjg, hj` h rnvdnw li ton bhje—s bhje—s lvnrhcc `hthbhsn fhjhgnfnjt prhktdkns.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Rnvdnwdjg @hthbhsn [nhrko ]hrhfntnrs Ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty usns ljsdtn nxhfdjhtdljs tl hssnss ton pnrilrfhjkn li ]N] snhrkons, djkcu`djg h rnvdnw li ton `hthbhsn snhrko phrhfntnrs, ton hcglrdtofs bndjg usn` ilr rlutdjn hj` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg purplsns, hj` dj-olusn snhrko inn`s.

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4. D`njtdiydj D`njtdiydjg g hj` Ynrdiydjg [lurkn [lurk n li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s

^j`nrsthj`djg h kustlfnr—s slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s ds hj dfplrthjt klfpljnjt li ton N@@ lbcdghtdljs toht bhjes fust hppcy tl ]N] kustlfnrs. >9 Pon prlknss prlvd`ns eny djilrfhtdlj toht khj hssdst h bhje dj `ntnrfdjdjg wontonr h ]N] ds h cngdtdfhtn kustlfnr. Dj h``dtdlj, dt kljtrdbutns sdgjd﬈khjtcy tl ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn toht ton bhje wdcc w dcc usn hs ton –bhsncdjn‖ wonj kljùktdjg njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp wdto h ]N]. @nspdtn ton dfplrthjkn li nsthbcdsodjg slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s, cngdschtdlj hj` rnguchtdlj rngucht dlj `l jlt hcwhys rnqudrn toht dt d t bn `ljn. Dj h``dtdlj, slfn li ton IHPI IHPI hj` I[RB futuhc nvhcuhtdlj rnplrts ohvn `rhwj httnjtdlj tl ton kljiusdlj lj wontonr blto kljknpts hrn djkcu`n` dj ton sklpn li ton nxdstdjg prlvdsdljs. Pods chke li kchrdty cnh`s tl hj djkljsdstnjt hppcdkhtdlj li ton sthj`hr`s hfljg bhjes.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Pl hssdst bhjes dj fnntdjg ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s rnqudrnfnjt dj ton IH IHPI PI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs dj h kljsdstnjt hj` fnhjdjgiuc fhjjnr, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` then stnps tl prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl njsurn blto prlvdsdljs hrn bndjg h``rnssn`, hj` suggnst whys dj wodko h bhje fhy gl hblut hppcydjg tonf. [dfdchr tl ton prlknss ilr d`njtdiydjg ]N]s, dt ds krdtdkhc toht bhjes usn h vhrdnty li tllcs tl nsthbcdso slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s. Pon tllcs fhy djkcu`n lbthdjdjg djilrfhtdlj `drnktcy irlf ton kustlfnr, wdto klrrlblrhtdlj torlugo `lkufnjthtdlj (ilr nxhfpcn, kljtrhkts, hgrnnfnjts ilr cnhsn lr shcn, wdccs, klurt lr`nrs, hj` hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs‐`nskrdbn` dj blx 2.;), Djtnrjnt snhrkons, hj` djtnccdgnjkn irlf

>9. –[lurkn li wnhcto‖ `nskrdbns ton hktdvdtdns toht ohvn gnjnrhtn` ton tlthc jnt wlrto li ton kustlfnr (toht ds, ton hktdvdtdns toht prlùkn` ton kustlfnr— kustlfnr—ss iuj`s hj` prlpnrty). –[lurkn –[lurkn li iuj`s‖ `nskrdbns `nskrdbns ton lrdgdj hj` ton fnhjs li trhjsinr ilr iuj`s toht hrn hkknptn` ht hkklujt lpnjdjg (ilr nxhfpcn, lkkuphtdlj, busdjnss hktdvdtdns, prlknn`s li shcn, klrplrhtn `dvd`nj`s). [nn hcsl –Wlcisbnrg HFC ]rdjkdpcns lj ]rdvhtn Bhjedjg,‖ 8.;. IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj 9(k) rnqudrns ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs –then –then rnhsljhbcn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` ton slurkn li iuj`s.‖ iuj`s.‖

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rninrrhcs lr dj-klujtry slurkns (ilr nxhfpcn, hjltonr bhje wdtodj ton shfn bhjedjg grlup). [lfn aurds`dktdljs rnqudrn kustlfnrs tl klfpcntn h swlrj sthtnfnjt dj wodko tony `nkchrn ton slurkn li tondr wnhcto ht hkklujt lpnjdjg. Ilr phrtdkuchrcy odgonr-rdse ]N] rnchtdljsodps, bhjes soluc` then h``dtdljhc stnps tl klrrlblrhtn ton djilrfhtdlj, ilr nxhfpcn, by kljtrhktdjg wdto hj nxtnrjhc klfphjy tl kljùkt djvnstdghtdljs lr h sdtn vdsdt tl ton pchkn li busdjnss. Ljn oncpiuc tllc dj `ntnrfdjdjg ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s‐hs wncc hs dj `nvnclpdjg h ETK prl﬈cn‐hrn ton hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs toht fhjy ]N] kustlfnrs hrn rnqudrn` tl ﬈cn dj tondr olfn aurds`dktdljs (snn blx 2.; ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj). Ponsn `dskclsurns `dskclsurns fhy prlvd`n djilrfhtdlj lj ton hssnts hj` djklfn li pubcdk li﬈kdhcs, djkcu`djg ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` kurrnjt busdjnss hktdvdtdns. Di h bhje ds hwhrn toht h ]N] kustlfnr ds irlf h aurds`dktdlj toht rnqudrns dts pubcdk li﬈kdhcs tl ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, ton bhje soluc` rnqunst h klpy. Pods rnqunst soluc` bn fh`n rnghr`cnss li wontonr ton `nkchrhtdlj ds pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn, bnkhusn ton ljus ds lj ton kustlfnr tl prlvd`n ton djilrfhtdlj. Cngdtdfhtn rnhsljs ilr h rniushc lr ilr jlt ohvdjg ﬈cn` fhy nxdst. Pon ]N] fhy ohvn prdvhky kljknrjs hblut prlvd`djg ton `nkchrhtdlj, nspnkdhccy nspnkdhccy dj khsns wonrn ton purplsn li ton hkklujt ds cdfdtn`, lr fhy bn prlodbdtn` by ton glvnrjfnjt irlf sohrdjg ton `nkchrhtdlj. `nkch rhtdlj. ]nrohps ton ]N] `d` jlt ﬈cn ton `nkchrhtdlj dj ton ﬈rst pchkn lut li kljknrjs ilr shinty hj` snkurdty, lr ds jlt pnrfdttn` tl sohrn ton ilrf. Dj hcc khsns, ton bhje soluc` djqudrn hblut ton rnhslj ilr ton rniushc hj` `ntnrfdjn, lj h rdse-snjsdtdvn bhsds, wontonr tl kljtdjun ton rnchtdljsodp. Wonrn ton `nkchrhtdlj ds prlvd`n`, ton bhje fust then stnps tl njsurn klj﬈`njtdhcdty klj﬈`nj tdhcdty li ton djilrfhtdlj. H inw slurkns khj hssdst bhjes dj `ntnrfdjdjg ton aurds`dktdljs toht rnqudrn ton ﬈cdjg li hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs by pubcdk li﬈kdhcs. Ljn ds h phpnr njtdtcn` –@dskclsurn –@dskclsurn by ]lcdtdkdhjs,‖ by [dfnlj @ahjelv, nt hc., wodko rnvdnws ton hssnt hj` djklfn `dskclsurns ﬈cn` by fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt hj` prlvd`ns h cdst li ton klujtrdns toht ﬈cn dj dts hppnj`dx H.>7 Hjltonr tllc ds hj Djtnrjnt `hth plrthc li ton ]ubcdk Hkklujthbdcdty Fnkohjdsfs Djdtdhtdvn li ton Wlrc` Bhje toht prlvd`ns cngdschtdvn djilrfhtdlj irlf hpprlxdfhtncy 7> klujtrdns lj ﬈cdjgs li onh`s li sthtn, fdjdstnrs hj` khbdjnt fnfbnrs, fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt, hj` kdvdc snrvhjts. >? Dt soluc` bn jltn` toht hjhcysns li djtnrjhtdljhc prhktdkns lj hssnt `nkchrhtdljs rhdsn dssuns hblut ton quhcdty li fhjy li tolsn `nkchrhtdljs. [tdcc, dt hppnhrs tony fhy prlvd`n h``dtdljhc hj` klfpcnfnjthry‐ tolugo jlt `n﬈jdtdvn‐djilrfhtdlj. >7. [dfnlj @ahjelv, Rhihnc Ch ]lrth, Iclrnjkdl Clpnz-`n-[dchjns, hj` Hj`rnd [kocndinr, –@dskclsurn by ]lcdtdkdhjs,‖ (Jhtdljhc Burnhu li Nkljlfdk Rnsnhrko, Khfbrd`gn, FH, 2==4) cdsts 8=4 klujtrdns toht rnqudrn fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt (F]s) tl ﬈cn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs. [djkn pubcdkhtdlj li ton phpnr, @lfdjdkh, Ohdtd, Dknchj`, ton [nykonccns, hj` [dnrrh Cnljn ohvn h``n` hssnt hj` djklfn `dskclsurn rnqudrnfnjts ilr F]s. Pon phpnr ds hvhdchbcn ht ottp1//www.jbnr.lrg/phpnrs/w807=;. >?. Djtnrjnt plrthc h``rnss1 www.hgd`hth.lrg/phf/. www.hgd`hth.lrg/phf/.

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D`njtdiydjg hj` Ynrdiydjg [lurkn li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj1 H pubcdk liidkdhc soluc` bn hsen` tl prlvd`n h klpy li hjy hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj ilrfs idcn` wdto tondr hutolrdtdns, hs wncc hs subsnqunjt up`htns. Di h kustlfnr rniusns, ton bhje soluc` hssnss ton rnhsljs hj` `ntnrfdjn, usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, wontonr tl prlknn` wdto ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. Ljkn ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s hrn nsthbcdson`, bhjes wdcc jnn` tl hjhcyzn ton djilrfhtdlj ilr –rn` flhgs‖ ilr klrrupt ]N] hktdvdty. Bnkhusn knrthdj djstdtutdljs, djùstrdns, hj` aurds`dktdljs ihkn odgonr fljny chuj`nrdjg lr klrruptdlj rdses, tous rnqudrdjg h``dtdljhc khutdlj, ltonr rncnvhjt djilrfhtdlj wdcc djkcu`n ton typn li busdjnss hj` ton gnlgrhpodkhc sponrn li ton hktdvdtdns toht ohvn gnjnrhtn` h kustlfnr—s kustlfnr—s wnhcto. Di todr`-phrty iuj`djg ds djvlcvn`, bhjes soluc` fhen iurtonr djqudrdns hblut ton rnchtdljsodp bntwnnj ton pnrslj prlvd`djg ton iuj`s hj` ton kustlfnr. Dj ton nvnjt li `lubt hblut ton vnrhkdty li ton djilrfhtdlj prlvd`n` ilr ndtonr slurkn li iuj`s lr slurkn li wnhcto, ton bhjes vdsdtn` dj`dkhtn` tony wluc` jlt lpnj ton hkklujt lr‐dj ton khsn li hj nxdstdjg kustlfnr‐wluc` tnrfdjhtn ton rnchtdljsodp. Dj hcc khsns, di h bhje suspnkts toht ton iuj`s hrn prlknn`s li krdfdjhc hktdvdty, ton bhje ds rnqudrn` tl ﬈cn h suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrt ([PR) wdto ton ID^ (snn IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 8;).

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Bhjes snt gud`ncdjns ilr nsthbcdsodjg slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s tl djkcu`n rnqudrnfnjts ilr vnrd﬈khtdlj hj` nskhchtdlj dj ton nvnjt li chke li kchrdty lr suspdkdlj.

04

8=.. ]N] Hpprlvhc by [njdlr 8= Fhjhgnfnjt

Pon IHPI sthj`hr` rnqudrns bhjes tl lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp wdto h ]N] hj` kljtdjudjg h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp wdto h kustlfnr wol ds subsnqunjtcy sub snqunjtcy iluj` il uj` tl bn h ]N] lr bnklfns h ]N]. ]N]. >4 Pon nxhkt fnhjdjg li ton tnrf, –snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc‖ ds ujkcnhr. [lfn aurds`dktdljs ohvn ndtonr jlt prlvd`n` hjy djtnrprnthtdlj li ton tnrf lr nxpchdjn` toht suko hpprlvhc fhy bn ht ton klfpcdhjkn, brhjko, lr blhr` li `drnktlr cnvnc. Dj slfn aurds`dktdljs, ton HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr fhy hcsl bn h snjdlr fhjhgnr. Dj h``dtdlj tl snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt, ton grlup HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr (wonrn nxdstdjg) soluc` bn djvlcvn` dj ton ]N] hpprlvhc prlknss, ht cnhst dj khsns li odgonr rdse, ilr twl dfplrthjt rnhsljs.9= Idrst, hj HFC/KIP li﬈knr ds litnj dj ton bnst plsdtdlj tl shy toht h pnrslj soluc` jlt bn hkknptn` rnghr`cnss li ton sdzn li ton hkklujt. [nklj`, djvlcvnfnjt ht ton odgonst cnvnc ds krdtdkhc, nspnkdhccy dj ton kljtnxt li djilrfhtdljsohrdjg prhktdkns wdtodj ton bhje hj` grlup. Dj flst bhjes vdsdtn`, ton dj`dvdùhc fnfbnrs li ton grlup khj sohrn djilrfhtdlj wdto ton grlup li﬈kn, but jlt wdto ton ltonr fnfbnrs li ton grlup (toht ds, tony khj sohrn wdto tondr –phrnjts,‖ but jlt wdto tondr –brltonrs hj` sdstnrs‖). Pon rnsuct ds toht ton grlup HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr ohs brlh`nr djilrfhtdlj lj ton kustlfnr bhsn, [PRs ﬈cn` hkrlss ton grlup, tnrfdjhtn` kustlfnrs, hj` dj slfn khsns, rniusn` kustlfnrs. Pods tlp-cnvnc pnrspnktdvn prnvnjts ton hkknpthjkn li h kustlfnr wol ohs hcrnh`y bnnj rniusn` lr tnrfdjhtn` ht hjltonr clkhtdlj (kustlfnrs wol hrn brhjko lr klujtry-solppdjg).

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Dj odgonr rdse khsns, ton grlup HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr (wonrn nxdstdjg), dj h``dtdlj tl snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt, soluc` bn djvlcvn` dj ton `nkdsdlj tl hkknpt lr kljtdjun h rnchtdljsodp wdto h kustlfnr wol ohs bnnj d`njtd﬈n` hs h ]N].

>4. IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj 9(b). 9=. Dj h jufbnr li bhjes, ton grlup HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr ds h snjdlr fhjhgnr.

>8


Wdto rnspnkt tl ton `nkdsdlj-fhedjg prlknss, djtnrjhc bhje plcdkdns soluc` lutcdjn wol ds djvlcvn` hj` olw (ilr nxhfpcn, ujhjdflus hgrnnfnjt by hcc lr h `nkdsdlj-trnn hpprlhko dj wodko ton `nkdsdlj ds hpprlvn` ht vhrdlus cnvncs). Flst li ton bhjes vdsdtn` `nskrdbn` h fuctdchynrn` snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc prlknss. Dj fhjy khsns, h jnw ]N] rnchtdljsodp rnqudrn` snphrhtn hpprlvhcs irlf ton busdjnss hj` klfpcdhjkn ujdt onh`s. Dj slfn khsns, h grlup klfpcdhjkn ujdt wluc` ohvn ﬈jhc hpprlvhc lvnr h jnw ]N] hkklujt hj` dj ltonrs, ton ﬈jhc `nkdsdlj rnstn` wdto h grlup busdjnss onh`. Ht ljn bhje, tonrn hppnhrn` tl bn hblut ndgot `diinrnjt ujdts toht wnrn rnqudrn` tl rnvdnw h jnw ]N] kcdnjt, djkcu`djg ﬈jhc sdgj-lii ht ton blhr` cnvnc. Ltonr bhjes oh` inwnr chynrs, but budct dj vhrdlus lpplrtujdtdns ilr nskhchtdlj tl snphrhtn klffdttnns lr ujdts (ilr nxhfpcn, rnputhtdlj konke lr klrn busdjnss klfpcdhjkn ujdt ht ton brlh`nr grlup cnvnc) di h ]N] whs tolugot tl dffn`dhtncy plsn h odgonr rdse lr rnsd`n dj h snjsdtdvn aurds`dktdlj. Wohtnv Wohtnvnr nr ton plcdky plcdky,, dt soluc` bn lutcdjn` dj wrdtdjg hj` `nkdsdljs `nkdsdljs soluc` soluc` bn `lkufnjtn`.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Pon `nkdsdlj ht ton snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt cnvnc tl hkknpt lr kljtdjun h rnchtdljsodp wdto h kustlfnr d`njtd﬈n` hs h ]N] ds `lkufnjtn`, wdto kcnhr `ncdjnhtdlj li rnspljsdbdcdty hj` hkklujthbdcdty. Hpprlvhc lr rniushc by ton vhrdlus snjdlr fhjhgnrs djvlcvn` soluc` bn `lkufnjtn` dj wrdtdjg.

>2

88.. Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg 88

Ljkn h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp ohs bnnj nsthbcdson` wdto h ]N], bhjes fust kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg98 li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp.92 Pon IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs `l jlt `n﬈jn njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg bnylj` ton jnn` ilr snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ht djdtdhtdlj hj` ton konkes lj ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s. Ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg djkcu`ns prlknssns tl fljdtlr ton ]N]—s trhjshktdljs hj` nvhcuhtn wontonr ton hktdvdty hkklr`s wdto ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn, hs wncc hs pnrdl`dk up`htdjg li kcdnjt djilrfhtdlj. Njohjkn` Njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg ds hcsl nxpnktn` tl njthdc hj lvnrhcc rnvdnw li dj`dvdùhc ]N] kustlfnrs by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt. Bnylj` djkrnhsdjg ton irnqunjky li hj` httnjtdlj tl tonsn prlknssns bnkhusn li ton odgo rdse khtnglry li h ]N], h jufbnr li ]N]-spnkd﬈k prhktdkns hrn lutcdjn` bnclw.

Prhjshktdlj Fljdtlrdjg Pon prlknss li fljdtlrdjg trhjshktdljs djvlcvns klfbdjdjg ejlwcn`gn li ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn, slurkn slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s, hj` hcc hppcdkhbcn rdse ihktlrs wdto ton khphkdty tl nvhcuhtn wontonr ton hkklujt hktdvdty ds kljsdstnjt wdto tonsn ihktlrs. Dj h``dtdlj tl ton hssnssfnjt li trhjshktdljs hghdjst h kustlfnr prl﬈cn, slfn bhjes djtrlùkn spnkd﬈k typlclgdns ilr fljny chuj`nrdjg, djkcu`djg typlclgdns djvlcvdjg klrrupt ]N] hktdvdty djtl tondr hkklujt fljdtlrdjg. Gud`hjkn Gud`hjkn lj typlclgdns t yplclgdns irlf ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty lr ID^, wonrn hpprlprdhtn, wluc` bn oncpiuc. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns khj hcsl prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl bhjes lj slfn li ton klfflj Rnguchtlry –rn` flhgs‖ dj khsns li klrrupt ]N]s.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Dj ton when li jnws li h skhj`hc djvlcvdjg h odgo-prl﬈cn ]N] ht hjltonr bhje, ljn bhje prlvd`n` nfpclynns wdto spnkd﬈k –rn` flhg‖ dj`dkhtlrs toht fhy bn flrn klfflj wdto ]N]s1

98. Pon tnrf –njohjkn` –njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg‖ ds slfntdfns usn` tl rninr tl ton prlknss li `ntnktdjg di hj nxdstdjg kustlfnr ohs bnklfn h ]N]. Ilr ton purplsns li tods phpnr, –njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg‖ rninrs ljcy tl ton prlknss li fljdtlrdjg kustlfnrs wol ohvn hcrnh`y bnnj d`njtd﬈n` hs ]N]s. Ilr djilrfhtdlj lj ton ilrfnr ilrfnr,, snn ton –Wonj tl Konke‖ snktdlj li kohptnr 9 dj phrt 2. 92. IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj 9(`).

>;


• hktdvdty djkljsdstnjt wdto kustlfnr prl﬈cn, rnklr` li prnvdlus hktdvdtdns, lr prl﬈cn li • • • • • •

•

busdjnssns dj shfn pnnr grlup5 trhjshktdljs lvnr h knrthdj vhcun5 vhcun5 sufs `nplsdtn` djtl ton hkklujt hrn chrgn rnchtdvn tl ton wnhcto li ton ]N] hj` ods lr onr ihfdcy5 iuj`s trhjsinrrn` irlf hj hjljyflus hkklujt (rnkndvdjg (rnkndvdjg bhje soluc` hse ilr d`njtd﬈khtdlj `nthdcs lr rnankt ton trhjshktdlj)5 iuj`s phren` liisolrn5 trhjsinrs irlf pnrsljhc hkklujts hkklujts tl klrplrhtn hkklujts5 hkklujts5 trhjsinrs djtl lr irlf hj hkklujt li h todr` phrty lr djtnrfn`dhry5 klfpcnx lwjnrsodp strukturns strukturns toht od`n ton d`njtdty li ton uctdfhtn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr (ilr nxhfpcn, liisolrn jlfdjnn klfphjdns kljtrlccn` by ton jlfdjnn but dj`drnktcy uj`nr ton ]N]—s kljtrlc)5 hj` snt tclr ds hcsl ton bnjn﬈kdhry bnjn﬈kdhry.. usn li trust hrrhjgnfnjts, nspnkdhccy wonj ton snttclr

Hwhrnjnss li ]N] Kustlfnrs1 Fhdjthdjdjg Hkknss tl h Cdst li ]N] Kustlfnrs Hctolugo bhjes fhy jlt bn rnqudrn rnqudrn` ` uj`nr rnguchtdlj tl fhdjthdj h cdst li tondr ]N]s, ton fhalrdty li ton bhjes vdsdtn` hs phrt li ton ﬈nc`wlre ndtonr oh` h cdst lr oh` ton hbdcdty tl gnjnrhtn ljn qudkecy. Pon cdst whs litnj klfpdcn` by ton HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr hj` onc` by ton HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr lr snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr blto. Pon cdst khj hssdst wdto gnjnrhtdjg hj lvnrhcc vdnw li ]N] hktdvdty ht h bhje, hj` h jufbnr li bhjes ohvn h``n` ltonr `hth ﬈nc`s tl dfprlvn ton usniucjnss li ton cdst. [lfn rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hse ilr ton cdst hs phrt li ton ljsdtn djspnktdlj‐nvnj djspnktdlj‐nvnj di jlt rnqudrn` rnqudrn ` by rnguchtdlj‐bnkhusn dt kljtrdbutns tl ton rnvdnw li olw ton bhje ds fhjhgdjg dts ]N] rdse, hj` khj oncp ton hutolrdtdns dj shfpcdjg ùrdjg ljsdtn nxhfdjhtdljs. [nvnrhc bhjes dj`dkhtn` tony ennp hj up`htn` cdst li ]N]s toht djkcu`ns djkcu`ns ton jhfn li ton ]N] hs wncc hs h solrt ETK prl﬈cn hj` ton `lcchr vhcun li hssnts dj ton hkklujts. Ht ton shfn tdfn, ton fhdjtnjhjkn fhdjtnjhjkn li h ]N] cdst ds jlt ton slcn dj`dkhtlr li niinktdvn rdse fhjhgnfnjt, jlr ds dt ton ljcy tllc ilr ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg. Bhjes fust njsurn h klfprnonjsdvn klfprnonjsdvn hssnssfnjt hssnssfnjt li ton rdses li tondr ]N] kcdnjts hj` njghgn ltonr tllcs tl hssdst dj tods prlkns prlknss. s. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns fust njsurn toht tony clle bnodj` ton cdst tl snn woht ton bhje ds `ldjg1 Pon gnjnrhtdlj li h cdst ds djsui﬈kdnjt dj dtsnci tl solw toht h bhje ds sukknss sukknssiuccy iuccy fhjhgdjg dts ]N] rdse.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Hj up`htn` cdst li ]N] hkklujts soluc` bn fhdjthdjn` by ton HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr hj` bn hvhdchbcn tl snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt.

>0

Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg

Ennpdjg ton Kustlfnr ]rl﬈cn ^p`htn` Pon kustlfnr prl﬈cn soluc` bn enpt up-tl-`htn, wontonr torlugo djilrfhtdlj ghtonrn` usdjg hutlfhtn` `hthbhsn snhrkons, fhjuhc up`htdjg li ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn, lr trhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg (fhjuhc lr hutlfhtn` lr blto). Kurrnjt Kurrnjt djilrfhtdlj khj rnvnhc kohjgns tl ton plcdtdkhc iujktdlj lr busdjnss prl﬈cn, sdgjd﬈khjt lr ujusuhc trhjshktdljs, kohjgns dj rdse kohrhktnrdstdks, jlthbcn rnputhtdlj dssuns (ilr nxhfpcn, prlsnkutdlj, cdtdghtdlj, jnghtdvn fn`dh klvnrhgn), djilrfhtdlj lj ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, hs wncc hs bhkegrluj` supplrtdjg `lkufnjts. Pon bhjes vdsdtn` rnirnson` kustlfnr prl﬈cns usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ht cnhst hjjuhccy.

]nrdl`dk Rnvdnw ]rlknss Pon –bdg pdkturn‖ ilr nhko ]N] kustlfnr jnn`s tl bn rnvdnwn` usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko. Hcc li ton bhjes vdsdtn` usn tods prhktdkn, wdto ton tdfdjg rhjgdjg irlf irnqunjt rnvdnws tl hjjuhc rnvdnws. Pon prlknss typdkhccy djkcu`ns gnjnrhtdlj li h kustlfnr prl﬈cn hj` plrtilcdl rnplrt, hs wncc hs rnplrts lj ton rnsucts li ton trhjshktdlj t rhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg hj` kohjgns tl ton kustlfnr prl﬈cn. Pon rnplrts hrn tonj hjhcyzn` by ton hkklujt fhjhgnr, klfpcdhjkn, onh` li busdjnss hrnh, lr torlugo h sdgj-lii prlknss djvlcvdjg slfn lr hcc ton hilrnfnjtdljn` (ilr nxhfpcn, fnfbnrs li h ]N] klffdttnn, kustlfnr fljdtlrdjg tnhf). Idjhccy, ton djilrfhtdlj ds kljsd`nrn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr h klffdttnn djkcu`djg ht cnhst ljn snjdlr fhjhgnr. Pods dj`dvdùhc lr klffdttnn fhens `nkdsdljs lj tnrfdjhtdlj lr kljtdjuhtdlj li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. Bhjes soluc` hcsl kljsd`nr ohvdjg ton hu`dt klffdttnn, blhr`, lr nqudvhcnjt klrplrhtn glvnrjhjkn bl`y sdgj lii lj ton ]N] cdst hjjuhccy.

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdlj1 ]N] kustlfnrs soluc` bn rnvdnwn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr h klffdttnn djkcu`djg ht cnhst ljn snjdlr fhjhgnr usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, ht cnhst ynhrcy,, hj` ton rnsucts li ton rnvdnw soluc` bn `lkufnjtn`. ynhrcy

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 ]N] kustlfnrs soluc` bn rnvdnwn` hjjuhccy by ton hu`dt klffdttnn, blhr` lr nqudvhcnjt klrplrhtn glvnrjhjkn bl`y hs phrt li dts rdse-fhjhgnfnjt rnspljsdbdcdtdns. Pl hssdst dj ton kllr`djhtdlj li rnguchr rnvdnws hj` ton `nkdsdlj-fhedjg prlknss, h inw bhjes bh jes ohvn dfpcnfnjtn` dfpcnfn jtn` h –]N] Klffdttnn.‖ Klffdttnn.‖ Dj ljn chrgn bhje, bhj e, rnthdc ]N]

>>


hkklujts hrn trhjsinrrn` tl h spnkd﬈k rnthdc brhjko, wodko ohs rnspljsdbdcdty ilr njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg. fljdtlrdjg. Ponsn hrn sdfpcy h inw nxhfpcns li prhktdkns5 h bhje fhy pdke h flrn sudthbcn lptdlj bhsn` lj dts sdtuhtdlj. Wohtnvnr ton hrrhjgnfnjt, tonsn rlcns hj` rnspljsdbdcdtdns fust bn kcnhrcy lutcdjn` dj ton bhje—s plcdkdns.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Nsthbcdsofnjt li h ]N] Klffdttnn. Ljn bhje strukturn` dts ]N] klffdttnn hs ilcclws1 • Hutolrdty ‛ Fhen h rnklr` li hcc ]N]s wdtodj ton bhje ‛ Khrry lut h rnguchr rnvdnw li ]N] kustlfnrs ‛ ]rlvd`n lpdjdljs, lj hj hjjuhc bhsds, lj wontonr tl kljtdjun rnchtdljsodps wdto ]N] kustlfnrs ‛ Fhen `nkdsdljs `nkdsdljs lj lj fnhsurns fnhsurns tl bn thenj • Fnfbnrs ‛ kodni nxnkutdvn li﬈knr (KNL) ‛ onh` li klfpcdhjkn li ton busdjnss hrnh ‛ rnklr`s fhjhgnr ‛ kustlfnr fhjhgnr ‛ ltonr lkkhsdljhc phrtdkdphjts `npnj`djg `npnj`djg lj ton dssun, suko hs ton onh` li ton busdjnss busdjnss hrnh • Lrghjdzhtdlj ‛ Fnnts nvnry twl lr tornn fljtos, lr lr ht cnhst quhrtnrcy, quhrtnrcy, but hcsl nvnry tdfn h pnrfhjnjt phrtdkdphjt rnqunsts h fnntdjg ‛ @nkdsdljs hrn ujhjdflus ‛ Xulruf ds ht cnhst ilur li ton phrtdkdphjts, hj` fust hcwhys djkcu`n ton KNL ‛ Fdjutns li fnntdjgs hrn enpt

>9

]HRP ; Rlcn li Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns hj` ton Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdt Pods phrt rnvdnws ton rlcns li ton pubcdk hutolrdtdns toht hrn prdfhrdcy djvlcvn` dj plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s). Ponsn bl`dns djkcu`n ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty, wodko ds rnspljsdbcn ilr prlvd`djg gud`hjkn tl bhjes hj` hssnssdjg hj` njilrkdjg klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] sthj`hr`s, hj` ton ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdt (ID^), wodko ohs h rlcn dj ton kljtnxt kljtn xt li suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts ([PRs) lj ]N]s. Ponrn hrn h inw lvnrhrkodjg lbsnrvhtdljs toht hppcy tl blto rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjk djtnccdgnjknn ujdts. Blto rnqudrn h`nquhtn rnslurkns hj` trhdjdjg (snn hcsl kohptnr 8> –Prhdjdjg hj` Rnslurkns‖ dj phrt 0), hs wncc hs sui﬈kdnjt dj`npnj`njkn irlf plcdtdkhc djtnrinrnjkn. Kllpnrhtdlj bntwnnj ton hutolrdtdns ds hcsl krdtdkhc (snn hcsl kohptnr 80 –Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj‖ dj phrt 0)5 hj` nhko li ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` strnssn` ton dfplrthjkn li kllpnrhtdlj hj` klffujdkhtdlj dj njsurdjg klfpcdhjkn by ton rnguchtn` hj` rnplrtdjg djstdtutdljs.

82. Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns

Hcljgsd`n h strdjgnjt cngdschtdvn rngdfn hj` hj njghgn` hj` rnspljsdvn prdvhtn snktlr, h rdglrlus rnguchtlry rngdfn soluc` bn dj pchkn tl njsurn klfpcdhjkn by ton prdvhtn snktlr wdto cnghc hj` rnguchtlry lbcdghtdljs. 9; Hctolugo spnkd﬈k kljtrlcs khj bn put dj pchkn tl prnvnjt klrrupt ]N]s irlf usdjg h ﬈jhjkdhc snrvdkns ﬈rf tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s, tonsn tonsn kljtrlcs soluc` ilrf phrt li h aurds`dktdlj—s aurds`dktdlj—s wd`nr hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC) kljtrlcs. Wdtolut h klfprnonjsdvn HFC rngdfn dj pchkn, spnkd﬈k ]N] kljtrlcs wdcc jlt bn niinktdvn.

Rnguchtdlj li Bhje ]N]s Kljtrlcs Dj gnjnrhc, ton rnguchtlry bl`dns djtnrvdnwn` vdnwn` v dnwn` ]N]s kljtrlcs kljtrlcs hs hj djtngrhc phrt li h bhje—s HFC rngdfn. Dj sdtuhtdljs dj wodko rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns qunstdljn` bhjes hblut tods dssun, tony usuhccy `d` sl dj ton kljtnxt li tondr rnvdnw li h bhje—s HFC systnfs hj` kljtrlcs. Ljcy ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty oh` uj`nrthenj tonfhtdk prlankts spnkd﬈khccy lj ]N]s5 ltonr hutolrdtdns sthtn` toht ]N]s ilrf phrt li tondr ljgldjg rnguchtlry prlknùrns. Ponfhtdk rnvdnws ilkusdjg lj ]N]s hs hj dssun khj iurtonr ton uj`nrsthj`djg li blto ton rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` ton rnguchtn` njtdtdns wdto rnghr` tl ton kurrnjt kljtrlc njvdrljfnjt surrluj`djg ]N]s dj ton aurds`dktdlj. Ponfhtdk rnvdnws khj hcsl oncp tl njsurn toht rnguchtlrs khj d`njtdiy wnhejnssns dj bhjes lr klfflj kohccnjgns dj dfpcnfnjthtdlj hj` dssun gud`hjkn fhtnrdhcs lr bnst prhktdkns wonrn hpprlprdhtn. Dj aurds`dktdljs wonrn tonfhtdk rnvdnws hrn kljùkt kljùktn`, n`, tony soluc` soluc` ht h fdjdfuf fdjdfuf djkcu`n wlre lj HFC kljtrlcs hj` ]N]s ]N]s soluc` ilrf h phrt phr t li ton wd`nr prlankt.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

Ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty kljùktn` h tonfhtdk rnvdnw li systnfs hj` kljtrlcs dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s hfljg h sncnktdlj li bhjes dj ton aurds`dktdlj. H rnplrt li ton lutklfns whs pubcdson` hj` fh`n pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn, lutcdjdjg spnkd﬈k gud`hjkn hj` h rnguchtlry irhfnwlre dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s, hrnhs ilr dfprlvnfnjt, hj` gll` prhktdkns.

9;. Pods kohptnr ilkusns lj slfn spnkd﬈k dssuns dj supnrvdsdlj. Ilr `nthdcs li woht ton supnrvdslr soluc` bn clledjg ilr dj dts hssnssfnjt li bhje klfpcdhjkn, pcnhsn snn phrt 2.

>4


Rnklffnj`htdljs1 • Hs phrt li dts rlutdjn rlutdjn ljsdtn hssnssfnjts, hssnssfnjts, ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty hutolrdty soluc` djkcu`n h ilkusn` ]N] klfpljnjt hj` djklrplrhtn spnkd﬈k ]N] qunstdljs, ht cnhst dj tolsn snktlrs lr bhjes toht hrn phrtdkuchrcy nxplsn` tl ]N]s. [uko ljsdtn hssnssfnjts soluc` bn skonùcn` usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl niinktdvncy rnvdnw kohjgns dj ton kurrnjt kljtrlc njvdrljfnjt. • Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` soluc` kljùkt h ]N] konke lj bnjn﬈kdhc bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs wonj hssnssdjg ton –﬈t hj` prlpnr‖ klfpljnjt ht cdknjsdjg.

Jnn` ilr H``dtdljhc Gud`hjkn irlf ton Rnguchtlry Hutolrdty H jufbnr li ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` odgocdgotn` ton jnn` ilr lpnj hj` kljstruktdvn klffujdkhtdlj kohjjncs bntwnnj eny sthenolc`nrs dj ton pubcdk hj` prdvhtn snktlrs hj` rnguchtlry bl`dns wdto rnspnkt tl nxpnkthtdljs lj olw tl `nhc wdto ]N]s. Bhjes dj ton fhalrdty li ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` sthtn` toht tony `d` jlt innc toht ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty oh` dssun` njlugo gud`hjkn lj tondr nxpnkthtdljs. Bhjes hcsl rnqunstn` flrn djilrfhtdlj lj ton lbanktdvns li ton rucns hj` rnguchtdljs dj pchkn. Pon jnn` ilr gud`hjkn soluc` bn phrtcy h``rnssn` torlugo hj djkrnhsn` ilkus lj ]N]s, blto wdtodj ton ljgldjg rnguchtlry prlknss hj` hs h spnkd﬈k strhj` li wlre. Pon djilrfhtdlj rnguchtlrs kljtdjun kljtdjun tl ghtonr lj ton rdses li ]N] ]N]ss hj` hrnhs li vucjnrhbdcdty khj bn phssn` lj tl bhjes dj ton ilrf li gud`hjkn. Pon rnsucts li hjy tonfhtdk wlre lj ndtonr ]N]s spnkd﬈khccy lr HFC flrn gnjnrhccy soluc` bn pubcdson`, gdvdjg h gll` dj`dkhtdlj li ton nxpnkthtdljs li ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` dssun spnkd﬈k djstruktdljs toht kcnhrcy lutcdjn ton cnghc hj` rnguchtlry lbcdghtdljs li bhjes dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lr ID^s lr blto soluc` hcsl `dssnfdjhtn typlclgdns lj –rn` flhgs‖ toht kluc` dj`dkhtn klrruptdlj. Gll` ]rhktdkn

Ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty djilrfn` bhjes dj h gud`hjkn jltn toht dj khsns li odgonr rdses, ton bhje soluc` nxpnkt hj djkrnhsn` cnvnc li rnvdnw by nxhfdjnrs tl njsurn toht ton djstdtutdlj ohs h`nquhtn kljtrlcs hj` klfpcdhjkn lvnrsdgot systnfs dj pchkn tl fljdtlr hj` fhjhgn suko rdses hs wncc hs pnrsljjnc trhdjdjg ilr ton fhjhgnfnjt li suko rdses hkklr`djg tl ton rnqudrnfnjts li hppcdkhbcn chws hj` rnguchtdljs.

9=

Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns

[hjktdljs Pon ﬈nc`wlre tnhf jltn` h chke li rnguchtlry shjktdljs dfplsn` lj bhjes ilr ]N] `n﬈kdnjkdns hs wncc hs gnjnrhc HFC `n﬈kdnjkdns dj ton aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn`. Ljn hutolrdty suggnstn` toht ton chke li shjktdljs whs pltnjtdhccy h rnsuct li ]N]s bndjg phrt li h bhje—s wd`nr HFC systnf. Brnhkons li ton ]N] lbcdghtdljs wnrn cdency tl bn dj`dkhtdvn li flrn iuj`hfnjthc prlbcnfs wdto h bhje—s `ninjsns hj` wluc` rnsuct dj shjktdljs ilr lvnrhcc HFC systnf ihdcurns rhtonr tohj shjktdljs ilr ]N] brnhkons. Pods hrgufnjt fhens snjsn, but dt fhy hcsl cnh` tl djsui﬈kdnjt inn`bhke irlf ton rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns lj nxpnkthtdljs rnghr`djg ]N] rnqudrnfnjts. Kljvnrsncy, ton chke li ]N] shjktdljs fhy bn httrdbuthbcn, dj phrt, tl h chke li rnguchtlry ilkus lj ]N]s. Pon ihkt toht inw li ton bhjes vdsdtn` kdtn` ton rdse li rnguchtlry hktdlj hs h `rdvnr li klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] sthj`hr`s hcsl pldjts tl ton chke li rnguchtlry ilkus. Dj tods kljtnxt, grhùhtn` rnguchtlry shjktdljs (djkcu`djg pujdtdvn shjktdljs) hrn hj niinktdvn tllc ilr gnjnrhtdjg dfprlvnfnjts dj ton djùstry‐tony snj` h sdgjhc tl ton prdvhtn snktlr hblut eny dssuns toht ton rnguchtlr vdnws hs dfplrthjt.

98

8;. [uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Rnplrtdjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts

[uspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts lr suspdkdlus hktdvdty rnplrts pchy h krdtdkhc rlcn dj ton ﬈got hghdjst klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg. Litnj hj [PR hkts hs h ﬈rst whrjdjg sdgjhc li suspdkdlus lr ujusuhc hktdvdty by h kustlfnr, kustlfnr, hj` hitnr hjhcysds, khj flbdcdzn djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj bntwnnj vhrdlus rnguchtlry, chw njilrknfnjt, djvnstdghtdvn, hj` prlsnkutlrdhc bl`dns.90 Pon tnhf—s `dskussdljs wdto glvnrjfnjt hgnjkdns, rnguchtlrs, ID^s, djvnstdghtlrs, prlsnkutlrs, hj` bhjes rnvnhcn` toht ton [PR ds hj dfplrthjt phrt li ton ]N] `dskussdlj. Hctolugo ID^s rnklgjdzn busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto ]N]s hs h pltnjtdhc klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse, ljcy cdfdtn` niilrts ohvn bnnj fh`n tl sdjgcn lut ]N]s hs h `dstdjkt ID^ dssun. Ynry inw ID^s hrn hbcn tl klccnkt rncdhbcn sthtdstdks lj ]N]-rnchtn` [PRs (]N] [PRs), rnsuctdjg rnsuctdjg dj h chke li djilrfhtdlj lj ton skhcn li ton prlbcnf hj` ton niinktdvnjnss li ton systnf dj `ntnktdjg dt. Dj h``dtdlj, wrdttnj gud`hjkn ds slfntdfns chkedjg lj ﬈cdjg ]N] [PRs lr typlclgdns. 9> Pon `hth hvhdchbcn rnvnhc h clw jufbnr li ]N] [PRs rnchtdvn tl ton tlthc jufbnr li [PRs. ^jnvnj rnplrtdjg rhtns wdtodj aurds`dktdljs hcsl lkkur, wdto h ohjìuc li bhjes subfdttdjg ton fhalrdty li ]N] [PRs. [lfn bhjes suggnstn` toht ton clw jufbnr li [PRs fh`n snjsn bnkhusn bhjes ohvn h clw jufbnr li ]N] kustlfnrs dj ton ﬈rst pchkn1 Di ton jufbnr li ]N]s ds clw hs h pnrknjthgn li tlthc kcdnjts, sl wdcc bn ton jufbnr li [PRs. Ht Ht ton shfn tdfn, cdttcn `hth supplrt tods (ilr djsthjkn, cdttcn cdttcn `hth nxdst lj hktuhc jufbnrs li ]N]s hj` ]N] [PRs). Dj h``dtdlj, ltonr dj`dkhtlrs kluc` djflunjkn ﬈cdjg rhtns, suko hs rdses, gud`hjkn, hj` njilrknfnjt. Pon djkrnhsn` djtnrjhtdljhc httnjtdlj tl ton rdses dfplsn` by ]N]s ohs prlfptn` fhjy ID^s tl strnjgtonj tondr rnslcvn dj tods rnghr`. Pon bhchjkn snnfs tl bn soditdjg tlwhr` grnhtnr ilkus lj ]N]s, but tonrn ds stdcc sdgjd﬈khjt rllf ilr dfprlvnfnjt.

90. Kllpnrhtdlj fhy lkkur torlugo hj djtnrhgnjky [PR rnvdnw klffdttnn. Yhrdlus djvnstdghtlrs hj` prlsnkutlrs prlsnkutl rs fnnt tl `ntnrfdjn di hj [PR soluc` bn djvnstdghtn` lr prlsnkutn` hj` wol soluc` then ton cnh`. 9>. Hctolugo ID^s gnjnrhccy khrry lut ton tornn klrn iujktdljs li rnkndvdjg, hjhcyzdjg, hj` `dssnfdjhtdjg [PRs, tony vhry dj tondr h`fdjdstrhtdvn snt-up hj` ton typns li gud`hjkn tony khj prlvd`n.

9;


ID^ Gud`hjkn tl Rnplrtdjg Djstdtutdljs Pl njhbcn ton ID^ tl klccnkt hkkurhtn sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs, gud`hjkn soluc` bn dj pchkn lj olw bhjes hrn tl rnplrt ]N] [PRs, hs wncc hs ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s5 woy ton `n﬈jdtdlj ds dfplrthjt5 hj` sl ilrto. @urdjg ton ﬈nc` vdsdts, tonrn wnrn twl fhdj fntol`s ilr djkcu`djg tods djilrfhtdlj dj ton [PR1 usdjg –eny wlr`s‖ dj ton jhrrhtdvn hj` konkedjg h –]N] blx.‖ Blto hpprlhkons wnrn usn` dj hcc stycns li [PRs, wontonr ton ID^ rnqudrn` bhjes tl klfpcntn h ilrf lr prlvd`n h jhrrhtdvn lj ton hktdvdty. 99 Dj ton eny-wlr`s hpprlhko, ton ID^ hses ton bhjes tl djkcu`n knrthdj tnrfs dj ton jhrrhtdvn plrtdljs li [PRs di ton trhjshktdlj ds rnchtn` tl h ]N] (–ilrndgj klrruptdlj‖ klrruptdlj‖ ds usn` by ljn ID^). Wdto ton ]N]-blx hpprlhko, ton bhje ds rnqudrn` tl konke h blx wonj ton trhjshktdlj ds rnchtn` tl h ]N]. Bhsn` lj `dskussdljs wdto bhjes hj` h j` ID^s, ton eny-wlr`s hpprlhko ds ton flst usniuc lvnrhcc. Pon ]N]-blx hpprlhko khj bn tll rnstrdktdvn bnkhusn cnss jhrrhtdvn djilrfhtdlj ds prlvd`n`‐djilrfhtdlj toht khj prlvd`n dfplrthjt bhkegrluj` ilr hjhcysds li ton [PR. Dj hcc ]N] [PRs, nvnj tolsn wdto w dto h ]N]-blx, ID^s soluc` ilkus lj oncpdjg bhjes bhje s tl dfprlvn ton jhrrhtdvn, djkcu`djg usdjg knrthdj eny-wlr`s tl d`njtdiy ]N] hktdvdty. ID^s khj usn h jufbnr li h``dtdljhc fnkohjdsfs tl prlvd`n gud`hjkn1 ilrfhc gudÌD^s hjkn phpnrs hj` kdrkuchrs, djkcu`djg h tonfhtdk kdrkuchr lj ]N]s5 typlclgdns lj klrruptdlj hj` HFC skonfns toht djvlcvn ton suspdkdlus hktdvdtdns li h ]N]5 inn`bhke lj [PRs5 hj` h `drnkt cdjn toht rnplrtdjg djstdtutdljs khj usn tl kljsuct wdto ID^ pnrsljjnc hj` lbthdj gud`hjkn lj spnkd﬈k khsns.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 ID^s soluc` prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl bhjes lj klfpcntdjg ]N] [PRs hcljg wdto h gclsshry li eny-wlr`s tl bn usn` dj [PR jhrrhtdvns.

Ghtonrdjg Djilrfhtdlj Hkkurhtn sthtdstdks hrn nssnjtdhc ilr uj`nrsthj`djg ton sklpn li ]N] rdses hj` ton niinktdvnjnss hj` ni﬈kdnjky li ton systnf ilr `ntnktdjg tonf. 97 Dj h``dtdlj tl klccnktdjg ton jufbnr li ]N] [PRs, tonrn kluc` hcsl bn h brnhe`lwj lj wontonr ton ]N] whs h 99. [lfn ID^s ohvn `nvnclpn` `nvnclpn` hj [PR ilrf toht djkcu`ns spnkd﬈k ﬈nc`s tl bn klfpcntn`, suko hs ton jhfn li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, prlùkts bndjg usn`, `htn hj` clkhtdlj li hktdvdty, rnhslj rnhslj ilr suspdkdlj, hj` sl ilrto. Ltonr ID^s rncy lj ton ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj tl prlvd`n h `nthdcn` jhrrh tdvn `nskrdptdlj li ton suspdkdlus hktdvdty hj` hjy ltonr djilrfhtdlj tony `nnf rncnvhjt. 97. IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htdlj ;2 rnqudrns klujtrdns tl fhdjthdj sthtdstdks lj hfljg ltonr todjgs, [PRs, djvnstdghtdljs, prlsnkutdljs, hj` kljvdktdljs hs h fnhjs li fnhsurdjg niinktdvnjnss.

90

[uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Prhjshktdlj Rnplrtdjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts

prlfdjnjt pubcdk li﬈kdhc, h ihfdcy fnfbnr, lr h kclsn hsslkdhtn. Ilr h``dtdljhc sthtdstdks, ton ID^ wdcc jnn` tl kljsd`nr wontonr dt jnn`s tl prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl ton djùstry lj ltonr eny-wlr`s tl usn dj ton jhrrhtdvn. Pon Ngfljt Grlup li Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts ds h ilruf ilr ID^s hrluj` ton wlrc` tl dfprlvn kllpnrhtdlj kllpnrhtdlj hj` ton sohrdjg li ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn djilrfhtdlj dj ton ﬈got hghdjst fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf. 9? Pon Ngfljt Grlup soluc` nfpohsdzn ton dfplrthjkn li hkkurhtn hj` klfprnonjsdvn sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs hs h fnhjs tl hssnss rdses hj` uctdfhtncy dfprlvn niinktdvnjnss. niinktdvnjnss. Ljn plssdbcn tllc tl hssdst dj ton hjhcysds li ]N] [PRs ds ton ]N] kustlfnr—s hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj (snn blx 2.; ilr hj nxpchjhtdlj lj hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs). ID^s soluc` bn hbcn tl usn tods djilrfhtdlj ilr `lfnstdk ]N]s. Pl hjhcyzn [PRs rnchtn` tl ilrndgj ]N]s, ton ID^ fhy bn hbcn tl hkknss ton `nkchrhtdlj di dt ds pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn5 di hkknss ds cdfdtn` tl jhtdljhc chw njilrknfnjt hj` jhtdljhc ID^s, dt fhy bn plssdbcn ilr ton ilrndgj ID^ tl lbthdj h klpy usdjg ton Ngfljt Grlup—s kohjjncs. 94 Hs dj`dkhtn` nhrcdnr, rnfhdjdjg dssuns wdto ton quhcdty hj` vnrhkdty li tonsn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj ilrfs rnqudrn khutdlj5 olwnvnr, ton djilrfhtdlj ds stdcc wlrto djkcu`djg dj ton hjhcysds.

Rnklffnj`htdljs1 • ID^s soluc` fhdjthdj fhdjthdj hkkurhtn, klfprnonjsdvn, hj` pubcdk sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs. • ID^s soluc` usn hssnt hj` djklfn djklfn `nkchrhtdljs hs h tllc dj tondr tondr hjhcysds li [PRs. • Pon Ngfljt Grlup soluc` nfpohsdzn ton dfplrthjkn li hkkurhtn hj` klfklfprnonjsdvn sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs hs h fnhjs tl hssnss rdses hj` khrry lut strhtngdk hjhcysds wdtodj h gdvnj ﬈jhjkdhc systnf.

9?. Ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj lj ton Ngfljt Grlup snn www.ngfljtgrlup.lrg. 94. Pods nxkohjgn fhy jlt bn plssdbcn wdto hcc ID^s.

9>

]HRP 0 Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj, Prhdjdjg, hj` Rnslurkns

80. Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj1 Hgnjkdns hj` ton Djùstry

Pon sukknss li hjy plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s) plcdky rnqudrns ton klffdtfnjt hj` ljgldjg klcchblrhtdlj li hcc hktlrs djvlcvn`‐cngdschtlrs, rnguchtlrs, chw njilrknfnjt hgnjkdns, hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr (djkcu`djg hcc rnplrtdjg njtdtdns). [lfn aurds`dktdljs ohvn snvnrhc rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns djvlcvn` dj nsthbcdsodjg hj` fljdtlrdjg hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC) kljtrlcs (djkcu`djg hs dt pnrthdjs tl ]N]s) hs wncc hs `diinrnjt chw njilrknfnjt hgnjkdns toht hrn rnspljsdbcn ilr ton djvnstdghtdlj hj` prlsnkutdlj li fljny chuj`nrdjg lr klrruptdlj khsns. Njklurhgdjg djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj hj` ohrfljdzn` sthj`hr`s dj ton dssuhjkn li ]N] gud`hjkn by vhrdlus hutolrdtdns tl ton prdvhtn snktlr ds krukdhc. Ht ton lutsnt, ton glvnrjfnjt jnn`s tl fhen plcdtdkhc hj` rnslurkn klffdtfnjts tl thkecn klrruptdlj. ]lcdtdkhc ]lcdtdkhc wdcc ds krdtdkhc tl djtngrhtdjg jhtdljhc niilrts djtl h sdjgcn hj` kljsdstnjt strhtngy hj` fltdvhtns rnguchr hj` kclsn klffujdkhtdlj bntwnnj hcc kljknrjn`. Prust, kljid`njkn, hj` rnkdprlkdty hfljg chw njilrknfnjt njtdtdns (djkcu`djg idjhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts UID^sV), rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr hrn eny inhturns ilr niinktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] plcdkdns. Pods prlknss ds ihkdcdthtn` by h kcnhr `dvdsdlj li rnspljsdbd rnspljsdbdcdtdns cdtdns bntwnnj hgnjkdns lpnrhtdjg dj ton HFC rngdfn, uj`nr h klfflj hj` sohrn` lbanktdvn.

Gll` ]rhktdkn

]hrtjnrdjg wdto ltonr hutolrdtdns hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr lj ]N] dssuns. Ljn glvnrjfnjt ohs nsthbcdson` h jufbnr li grlups tl h``rnss ]N] dssuns. ]hrtjnrdjg wdto hutolrdtdns lj glvnrjfnjt strhtngy. H sthj`djg ]N] grlup brdjgs tlgntonr hcc sthenolc`nrs ht ton glvnrjfnjthc, chw njilrknfnjt, hj` rnguchtlry cnvncs tl kllr`djhtn ton glvnrjfnjt—s ]N] djdtdhtdvns hj` tl prlvd`n h ilruf ilr ton nxkohjgn li djtnccdgnjkn hj` gll` prhktdkns. Hfljg ltonr hktdvdtdns, tods grlup `nvnclpn` h `lkufnjt snttdjg lut ton glvnrjfnjt—s rhtdljhcn ilr njghgdjg dj ton dssun hj` sthrtn` h klffujdkhtdlj strhtngy hdfn` ht `nfljstrhtdjg ton glvnrjfnjt— glvnrjfnjt—ss klffdtfnjt tl thkecdjg fljny chuj`nrdjg by klrrupt ]N]s. ]hrtjnrdjg wdto ltonr hutolrdtdns lj khsns. Hj djtnrhgnjky grlup wlres nxkcusdvncy lj ]N]s hj` klrruptdlj hj` djkcu`ns ton rnguchtlr, chw njilrknfnjt, hj` vhrdlus rnchtn`

94


hgnjkdns. Dt ds h kllr`djhtdjg hj` djilrfhtdlj sohrdjg bl`y toht clles ht kurrnjt khsns tl `ntnrfdjn olw bnst tl fhjhgn tonf.

]hrtjnrdjg wdto ton prdvhtn snktlr. snktlr. H grlup li odgo-cnvnc rnprnsnjthtdvns li hcc fhalr sthenolc`nrs, djkcu`djg pubcdk hutolrdtdns hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr, ilkusns lj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li h ]N] `ncdvnry pchj wdto ilur lbanktdvns1 klffujdkhtdljs, lptdfdzdjg sncisupplrt by bhjes, rnguchtlry njvdrljfnjt, hj` njilrknfnjt. Flst aurds`dktdljs vdsdtn` dj ton irhfnwlre li tods prlankt ohvn nsthbcdson` h kclsn phrtjnrsodp lj gnjnrhc dssuns, hj` h inw dj ton kljtnxt li ]N]s. [lfn ohvn strhtngdkhccy nxhfdjn` ton ]N] dssun hs phrt li tondr jhtdljhc hgnj`h lj fljny chuj`nrdjg, wodcn ltonrs ohvn krnhtn` spnkd﬈k hj` h` olk jhtdljhc ]N] phrtjnrsodps tl wlre lj klfprnonjsdvn hj` klonrnjt dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] sthj`hr`s. ]hrtjnrdjg wdto ton prdvhtn snktlr ds krdtdkhc dj hssnssdjg ton niinktdvnjnss niinktdvnjnss li ]N] systnfs hj` kljtrlcs. Pon prdvhtn snktlr soluc` bn djvlcvn` dj h jufbnr li rncnvhjt hrnhs, ilr nxhfpcn, `dskussdljs li dfpcnfnjthtdlj dssuns, trnj`s, typlclgdns, hj` dfprlvdjg suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrtdjg.

Rnklffnj`htdlj1 Klujtrdns soluc` budc` phrtjnrsodps bntwnnj pubcdk njtdtdns hj` rnprnsnjthtdvns irlf ton prdvhtn snktlr tl ilkus lj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj dfpcnfn jthtdlj li ]N] plcdkdns hj` kohccnjgns hj` plssdbcy `dskuss suspdkdlus dj`dkhtlrs, typlclgdns, hj` trnj`s.

7=

8>. Prhdjdjg Prhdjdjg hj` Rnslurkns Rnslurkns

Pon ]N] dssun ds ljn li fhjy fljny chuj`nrdjg rnchtn` rdses li wodko bhjes, rnguchtlrs, ID^s, hj` ltonr pubcdk hutolrdtdns fust bn hwhrn. Olwnvnr, wdto ton kurrnjt chke li niinktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] sthj`hr`s by blto jhtdljhc hutolrdtdns hj` bhjes, spnkd﬈k httnjtdlj fust bn gdvnj tl trhdjdjg hj` h`nquhtn rnslurkdjg li hcc ton rncnvhjt sthenolc`nrs. Ilr bhjes dj phrtdkuchr, niilrts soluc` ilkus lj tolsn djstdtutdljs toht hrn flrn cdency, by ton jhturn li tondr prlùkts hj` snrvdkns lr gnlgrhpodkhc rnprnsnjthtdlj, tl ohvn ]N]s hs kustlfnrs. Pon niinktdvnjnss li hjy HFC strhtngy hj` ]N] rngdfn `npnj`s lj ton nxtnjt tl wodko sthii‐wontonr ht ton bhjes, ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty, lr ton ID^‐iuccy rnklgjdzn ton rdses hj` uj`nrsthj` ton bhkegrluj` hghdjst wodko ]N] sthj`hr`s ohvn bnnj `nvnclpn` hj` ohvn ton tllcs tl niinktdvncy `ntnkt hj` fljdtlr ]N]s. Prhdjdjg hj` h`nquhtn rnslurkns hrn krdtdkhc dj tods rnghr`, hj` ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs rnqudrn toht blto ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hj` jhtdljhc hutolrdtdns rnkndvn trhdjdjg hj` hcclkhtn sui﬈kdnjt rnslurkns. 7= Dj hcc aurds`dktdljs, plcdtdkhc wdcc ht ton odgonst cnvncs ds krdtdkhc tl ﬈gotdjg klrruptdlj hj` `njydjg klrrupt ]N]s hkknss tl ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf. Hctolugo ton bhjes hj` hutolrdtdns vdsdtn` `d` jlt rnplrt dssuns wdto ton hcclkhtdlj li h`nquhtn rnslurkns, rnslurkns, tonrn tonrn hrn fhjy aurds`dktdljs, hutolrdtdns, lr bhjes wonrn h``dtdljhc rnslurkns hrn jnn`n`. Prhdjdjg niilrts jnn` tl njsurn h prlpnr ilkus. Pon ﬈nc` vdsdts rnvnhcn` toht ton ihktlrs `rdvdjg klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] sthj`hr`s wnrn rnputhtdljhc rdse hj`, tl h cnssnr `ngrnn, rnguchtlry rnguchtlry rdse li njilrk njilrknfnjt nfnjt hktdlj. Blto ihktlrs ihktlrs hrn rdses li –gnttdj –gnttdjgg khugot‖‐ wontonr dj h pubcdk skhj`hc lr ilr chke li njilrk njilrknfnjt‐hj` nfnjt‐hj` hrn cnss ilkusn` ilkusn` lj ton rdse li klrruptdlj hj` ﬈jhjkdhc krdfn. Pl h``rnss tonsn kljknrjs, flrn hwhrnjnss-rhdsdjg khfphdgjs soluc` bn lrghjdzn` hrluj` ton pltnjtdhc `hjgnrs plsn` by tonsn odgo-rdse kustlfnrs, strnssdjg ton klrrlsdvn hspnkts li klrruptdlj lj slkdntdns hj` vdlchtdljs li oufhj rdgots. Hj dfplrthjt hpprlhko thenj by slfn bhjes ohs bnnj tl ilkus lj krnhtdjg h kucturn li klfpcdhjkn dj wodko HFC ds trnhtn` snrdluscy, nvnj dj ton ihkn li clst prl﬈ts. Prhdjdjg ds krukdhc dj budc`djg hj` knfnjtdjg tods kucturn. 7=. IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 8> rnqudrns toht –﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs `nvnclp prlgrhfs hghdjst fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg . . . UtohtV djkcu`n . . . hj ljgldjg nfpclynn trhdjdjg prlgrhffn.‖ IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj ;= hppcdns tl supnrvdslrs hj` rnqudrns toht tony ohvn –h`nquhtn ﬈jhjkdhc, oufhj hj` tnkojdkhc rnslurkns.‖ Nssnjtdhc krdtnrdh ;=.; rnqudrns toht sthii ohvn h`nquhtn hj` rncnvhjt trhdjdjg.

78


Gll` ]rhktdkn

Ljn bhje usns h solrt vd`nl prnsnjthtdlj tl h``rnss ton qunstdlj –Woy fljdtlr ]N]s<‖ Pon vd`nl gdvns hj lvnrvdnw li ton `nstruktdvn niinkts li klrruptdlj hrluj` ton wlrc`.

Bhje sthii ohvn h krukdhc rlcn tl pchy dj d`njtdiydjg kustlfnrs wol hrn ]N]s, hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns fust njilrkn tonsn lbcdghtdljs. Dt ds, tonrnilrn, nssnjtdhc toht rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hj` bhjes `nvnclp plcdkdns lj tondr rncnvhjt rlcns hj` tolrlugocy klffujdkhtn tonsn plcdkdns tl nfpclynns (ilr nxhfpcn, ljsdtn supnrvdslrs, `nse li﬈knrs, klfpcdhjkn, fd``cn hj` snjdlr fhjhgnrs). Prhdjdjg soluc` bn djtngrhtn` djtl ton HFC prlgrhfs hj` soluc` bn phrt li h bhje—s lr rnguchtlr—s djùktdlj hj` rnguchr ljgldjg trhdjdjg rngdfns. Yhrdlus Yhrdlus typns ty pns li trhdjdjg soluc` bn kljtnf kljtnfpchtn`, pchtn`, djkcu`djg ihkn-tl-ihkn, ljcdjn flùcns, prhktdkhc nxnrkdsns, hj` khsn stu`dns rnchtdjg tl spnkd﬈k ]N] dssuns. Dj-`npto trhdjdjg kljknrjdjg ]N] plcdkdns, jhtdljhc chws hj` rnguchtdljs, usn li klffnrkdhc `hthbhsns, hs wncc hs ﬈jhjkdhc krdfn hj` ]N]-rnchtn` suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj dj`dkhtlrs soluc` bn prlvd`n` tl dj`dvdùhcs wol fhy bn h``rnssdjg ]N] `ntnktdlj hj` fljdtlrdjg rnguchrcy, suko hs hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` klfbhtdjg ton ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf klfpcdhjkn li﬈knrs. ID^s soluc` supplrt ton djùstry, prlvd`n gud`hjkn, hj` olc` thrgntn` trhdjdjg ilr rnplrtdjg njtdtdns dj h``dtdlj tl njklurhgdjg lpnj hj` djilrfhc klcchblrhtdlj wdto bhjes lj h khsn-by-khsn bhsds. Flst bhjes djtnrvdnwn` ohvn rnqunstn` iurtonr supplrt lj olw tl d`njtdiy klrruptdlj-rnchtn` klrruptdlj-rnchtn` trnj`s torlugo typlclgy ty plclgy rnvdnws, wodko soluc` hcsl bn djklrplrhtn` djtl trhdjdjg flùcns (snn hcsl –[uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Rnplrtdjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts‖ dj phrt ;).

Gll` ]rhktdkn

ID^s, dj kljaujktdlj wdto prlsnkutlrs hj` chw njilrknfnjt, prlvd`n thdclrn` ]N] trhdjdjg hs phrt li h klujtry—s gnjnrhc HFC prlgrhf. Pon trhdjdjg djkcu`ns gnjnrhc bhkegrluj` toht pchkns klrrupt ]N]s dj h wd`nr kljtnxt, nxpchdjdjg ton rhtdljhcn hj` jnn` ilr djtnrjhc plcdkdns, hj` ton ohrf khusn` tl slkdnty by klrrupt bnohvdlrs hj` ltonr krdfdjhc kljùkt. Pods djkcu`ns h rnvdnw li ]N] –rn` flhgs,‖ djkcu`djg ilr d`njtdiydjg kclsn hsslkdhtns.

72

Hppnj`dx H1 [uffhry li Rnklffnj`htdljs‐ Xudke Rninrnjkn [onnt

]rdjkdphc Rnklffnj`htdljs 8. Chws hj` rnguchtdljs rnguchtdljs soluc` fhen jl jl `dstdjktdlj bntwnnj bntwnnj `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ilrndgj ]N]s. Pon sthj`hr`s h`lptn` by IHPI hj` rngdljhc hj` jhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs soluc` rnqudrn sdfdchr njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn ilr blto ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk ]N]s. 2. Ht hkklujt lpnjdjg hj` hs jnn`n` tonrnhitnr, bhjes soluc` rnqudrn kustlfnrs tl klfpcntn h wrdttnj `nkchrhtdlj li ton d`njtdty hj` `nthdcs li ton jhturhc pnrslj(s) wol hrn ton uctdfhtn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr(s) li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp lr trhjshktdlj hs h ﬈rst stnp dj fnntdjg tondr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts. ;. H pubcdk li﬈kdhc soluc` bn hsen` tl prlvd`n h klpy li hjy hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdlj ilrfs ﬈cn` wdto tondr hutolrdtdns, hs wncc hs subsnqunjt up`htns. Di h kustlfnr rniusns, ton bhje soluc` hssnss ton rnhsljs hj` `ntnrfdjn, usdjg h rdsebhsn` hpprlhko, wontonr tl prlknn` wdto ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. 0. ]N] kustlfnrs soluc` bn rnvdnwn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt lr h klffdttnn klffdttnn djkcu`djg ht cnhst ljn snjdlr fhjhgnr usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, ht cnhst ynhrcy, hj` ton rnsucts li ton rnvdnw soluc` bn `lkufnjtn`. >. Wonrn h pnrslj ohs knhsn` tl bn njtrustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj, klujtrdns soluc` jlt djtrlùkn tdfn cdfdts lj ton cnjgto li tdfn ton pnrslj, ihfdcy fnfbnr, lr kclsn hsslkdhtn jnn`s tl bn trnhtn` hs h ]N].

Rdse-Bhsn` Hpprlhko 9. Klujtrdns Klujtrd ns soluc` khrniuccy kljsd`nr wontonr h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko wdcc prlùkn ton bnst rnsucts. Dj `ldjg sl, tony soluc` kljsd`nr ton nxtnjt tl wodko quhcdthtdvn djilrfhtdlj toht kluc` djilrf rdse hssnssfnj hssnssfnjts ts ds rnh`dcy hvhdchbcn, ton hbdcdty li ton rnguchtlr tl supnrvdsn hj` gud`n ton snktlr, hj` ton nxtnjt tl wodko bhjes hrn nqudppn` wdto sui﬈kdnjt rnslurkns hj` nxpnrtdsn tl d`njtdiy hj` fdtdghtn hjy fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` ]N] rdses tony ihkn.

7;


7. Wonrn h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko ds hppcdn`, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns hutolrd tdns jnn` tl fhen niilrts tl njsurn toht ton njtdrn snktlr uj`nrsthj`s uj`nrsthj`s ton hpprlhko hj` ds hppcydjg dt klrrnktcy, djkcu`djg dj ton kljtnxt li ]N] systnfs hj` kljtrlcs.

Wol Ds h ]N]< ?. IHPI IHPI hj` ^JKHK soluc` hcdgj ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s. Pods `n﬈jdtdlj soluc` bn h`lptn` by jhtdljhc sthj`hr` snttnrs hj` ltonr eny sthenolc`nrs. 4. IH IHPI PI soluc` kchrdiy ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s ]N]s tl njsurn toht dt djkcu`ns ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hcljg wdto olc`nrs li –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs.‖ 8=. Aurds`dktdljs soluc` kchrdiy ton `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s ]N]s tl njsurn toht dt djkcu`ns ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns hcljg wdto olc`nrs li –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs.‖

Wol tl Konke hj` Wonj tl Konke< 88. Chw lr rnguchtd rnguchtdlj lj soluc` djkcu`n h rnqudrnfnjt tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr h bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds h ]N] dj hkklr`hjkn wdto ton Fntol`lclgy ilr IHPI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9. 82. Hs phrt li tondr ljgldjg busdjnss prlknssns, bhjes soluc` njsurn toht tony olc` up-tl-`htn djilrfhtdlj lj tondr kustlfnrs5 hj` ohvdjg hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl konke ilr ]N] sthtus fust ilrf phrt li tods prlknss. prlknss.

Olw tl Konke< 8;. ]N]s prnsnjt h fuctd-`df fuctd-`dfnjsdljhc njsdljhc lr hsyffntrdk rdse tl bhjes5 tonrnilrn, bhjes soluc` usn h vhrdnty li rdse ihktlrs hj` d`njtd﬈khtdlj tllcs tl njsurn tony ohvn ohvn hj niinktdvn hpprlhko tl `ntnkt ]N]s. 80. Rnguchtlr Rnguchtlryy hutolrdtdns hutolrdtdn s lr ID^s lr blto soluc` `nvnclp –rn` flhgs‖ tl gud`n bhjes dj d`njtdiydjg kclsn hsslkdhtns.

Klffnrkdhc hj` Dj-olusn @hthbhsns 8>. Wonrn Wonrn hppcdkhbcn, ton ton rnguchtlry hutolrdty soluc` djkcu`n, hs phrt li ton ljsdtn djspnktdlj, h rnvdnw li ton `hthbhsn usn` tl d`njtdiy ]N]s. Pon rnvdnw soluc` djkcu`n hj nxhfdjhtdlj li ton klffnrkdhc klffnrkdhc `hthbhsn phrhfntnrs, shfpcn trhjshktdlj tnstdjg, hj` h rnvdnw li ton bhje—s bhje—s lvnrhcc `hthbhsn fhjhgnfnjt prhktdkns.

D`njtdiydjg hj` Ynrdiydjg [lurkn li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s 89. Pl hssdst bhjes dj fnntdjg ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s rnqudrnfnjt dj ton IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs dj h kljsdstnjt hj` fnhjdjgiuc fhjjnr, rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` then stnps tl prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl njsurn blto prlvdsdljs hrn bndjg h``rnssn` hj` suggnst whys dj wodko h bhje fhy gl hblut hppcydjg tonf.

70

Hppnj`dx H1 [uffhry li Rnklffnj`htdljs

]N] Hpprlvhc by [njdlr Fhjhgnfnjt 87. Dj odgonr rdse khsns, ton grlup HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr (wonrn nxdstdjg), dj h``dtdlj tl snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt, soluc` bn djvlcvn` dj ton `nkdsdlj tl hkknpt lr kljtdjun h rnchtdljsodp wdto h kustlfnr wol ohs bnnj d`njtd﬈n` hs h ]N].

Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg 8?. Hj up`htn` cdst li ]N] hkklujts hkklujts soluc` bn fhdjthdjn` by ton HFC/KIP klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr hj` bn hvhdchbcn tl snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt. 84. ]N] kustlfnrs soluc` bn rnvdnwn` hjjuhccy by ton hu`dt klffdttnn, blhr`, lr nqudvhcnjt klrplrhtn glvnrjhjkn glvnrjhjkn bl`y hs phrt li tondr rdse-fhjhgnfnjt rnspljsdbdcdtdns.

Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns 2=. Hs phrt li dts rlutdjn ljsdtn hssnssfnjts, hssnssfnjts, ton rnguchtlry rnguchtlry hutolrdty soluc` djkcu`n h ilkusn` ]N] klfpljnjt hj` djklrplrhtn spnkd﬈k ]N] qunstdljs, ht cnhst dj tolsn snktlrs lr bhjes toht hrn phrtdkuchrcy nxplsn` tl ]N]s. [uko ljsdtn hssnssfnjts soluc` bn skonùcn` usdjg h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl niinktdvncy rnvdnw kohjgns dj ton kurrnjt kljtrlc njvdrljfnjt. 28. Rnguchtlr Rnguchtlryy hutolrdtdns soluc` kljùkt h ]N] konke lj bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs wonj hssnssdjg ton –﬈t hj` prlpnr‖ klfpljnjt ht cdknjsdjg. 22. Rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns soluc` dssun dssun spnkd﬈k djstruktdljs toht kcnhrcy kcnhrcy lutcdjn ton cnghc hj` rnguchtlry lbcdghtdljs li bhjes dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s, hs wncc hs typlclgdns lj –rn` flhgs‖ toht kluc` dj`dkhtn klrruptdlj.

[uspdkdlus Prhjshktdlj Prhjshktdlj Rnplrts hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts 2;. ID^s soluc` prlvd`n prlvd`n gud`hjkn tl bhjes lj klfpcntdjg ]N] [PRs hcljg wdto h gclsshry li eny-wlr eny-wlr`s `s tl bn usn` dj [PR jhrrhtdvns. 20. ID^s soluc` fhdjthdj hkkurhtn, klfprnonjsdvn, hj` pubcdk sthtdstdks sthtdst dks lj ]N] [PRs. 2>. ID^s soluc` soluc` usn hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs hs h tllc dj tondr hjhcysds li [PRs. 29. Pon Ngfljt Grlup soluc` nfpohsdzn ton dfplrthjkn li hkkurhtn hj` klfprnklfprnonjsdvn sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs hs h fnhjs tl hssnss rdses hj` khrry lut strhtngdk hjhcysds wdtodj h gdvnj ﬈jhjkdhc systnf.

Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj1 Hgnjkdns hj` ton Djùstry 27. Klujtrdns soluc` budc` phrtjnrsodps bntwnnj bntwnnj pubcdk njtdtdns hj` rnprnsnjthtdv rnprnsnjthtdvns ns irlf ton prdvhtn snktlr tl ilkus lj ton dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] plcdkdns hj` kohccnjgns hj` plssdbcy `dskuss suspdkdlus dj`dkhtlrs, typlclgdns, hj` trnj`s.

7>

Hppnj`dx B1 [uffhry li Gll` ]rhktdkns‐ Xudke Rninrnjkn [onnt

Olw Cljg Ds h ]N] Kljsd`nrn` h ]N]< 8. Pon krnhtdlj li h `nsdgjhtn` ]N] klffdttnn toht fnnts rnguchrcy tl `dskuss wontonr ]N] kustlfnrs wol ohvn cnit li﬈kn kljtdjun tl plsn hj djkrnhsn` rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg. @nkdsdljs li ton klffdttnn hrn ujhjdflus.

Wol tl Konke hj` Wonj tl Konke< 2. [lfn bhjes ruj tondr kustlfnr cdst hghdjst h klffnrkdhc lr dj-olusn ]N] `hthbhsns lj h rnguchr bhsds, litnj `hdcy lr wnnecy. Pods prhktdkn njsurns toht ton bhje khpturns tolsn kustlfnrs wol htthdj ]N] sthtus hitnr ton kustlfnr then-lj prlknss. Ljkn tonsn kustlfnrs hrn d`njtd﬈n`, tony hrn tonj rnvdnwn` by snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt, pchkn` lj ton ]N] kustlfnr cdst, hj` N@@ ds hppcdn`.

Olw tl Konke< ;. Di h klujtry pubcdsons h cdst li jhfns li pnlpcn wol wol ﬈cn hssnt hj` hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs (ton `nkchrhtdlj dtsnci fhy jlt jnknsshrdcy bn pubcdk), bhjes khj usn tods djilrfhtdlj hs hjltonr tllc tl hssnss wontonr h kustlfnr ds h ]N].

Klffnrkdhc hj` Dj-olusn @hthbhsns 0. Ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty usns ljsdtn nxhfdjhtdljs nxhfdjhtdljs tl hssnss ton pnrilrfhjkn pnrilrfhjkn li ]N] snhrkons, snhrkons, djkcu`djg h rnvdnw li ton `hthbhsn snhrko phrhfntnrs, ton hcglrdtofs bndjg usn` ilr rlutdjn hj` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg purplsns, hj` dj-olusn snhrko inn`s.

D`njtdiydjg hj` Ynrdiydjg [lurkn li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s >. Bhjes snt gud`ncdjns gud`ncdjns ilr nsthbcdsodjg nsthbcdsodjg slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn slurkn li iuj`s tl djkcu`n rnqudrnfnjts ilr vnrd﬈khtdlj hj` nskhchtdlj dj ton nvnjt li chke li kchrdty lr suspdkdlj.

77


]N] Hpprlvhc by [njdlr Fhjhgnfnjt 9. Pon `nkdsdlj ht ton snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt cnvnc tl hkknpt lr kljtdjun h rnchtdljsodp wdto h ]N] ds `lkufnjtn`, wdto kcnhr `ncdjnhtdlj li rnspljsdbdcdtdns hj` hkklujthbdcdtdns. Hpprlvhc lr rniushc by ton vhrdlus snjdlr fhjhgnrs djvlcvn` ds `lkufnjtn` dj wrdtdjg.

Njohjkn` Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg 7. Dj ton when li jnws li h skhj`hc djvlcvdjg h odgo-prl﬈cn ]N] ht hjltonr bhje, ljn bhje prlvd`n` nfpclynns wdto spnkd﬈k –rn` flhg‖ dj`dkhtlrs ilr ]N]s. ?. Nsthbcdsofn Nsthbcdsofnjt jt li h ]N] klffdttnn.

Rnguchtlry Hutolrdtdns 4. Ljn rnguchtlry rnguchtlry hutolrdty kljùktn` kljùktn` h tonfhtdk rnvdnw rnvdnw li systnfs hj` kljtrlcs kljtrlcs dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s hfljg h sncnktdlj li bhjes dj ton aurds`dktdlj. H rnplrt li ton lutklfns whs pubcdson` hj` fh`n pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn, lutcdjdjg spnkd﬈k gud`hjkn hj` h rnguchtlry irhfnwlre dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s, hrnhs ilr dfprlvnfnjt, hj` gll` prhktdkns. 8=. Ljn rnguchtlry hutolrdty djilrfn` bhjes dj h gud`hjkn gud`hjkn jltn toht dj khsns khsns li odgonr rdses, ton bhje soluc` nxpnkt hj djkrnhsn` cnvnc li rnvdnw by nxhfdjnrs tl njsurn toht ton djstdtutdlj ohs h`nquhtn kljtrlcs hj` klfpcdhjkn lvnrsdgot systnfs dj pchkn tl fljdtlr hj` fhjhgn suko rdses, hs wncc hs pnrsljjnc trhdjdjg ilr ton fhjhgnfnjt li suko rdses hkklr`djg tl ton rnqudrnfnjts li hppcdkhbcn chws hj` rnguchtdljs.

Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj1 Hgnjkdns hj` ton Djùstry 88. ]hrtjnrdjg wdto ltonr hutolrdtdns hutolrdtdns hj` ton prdvhtn snktlr snktlr lj ]N] dssuns. dssuns.

Prhdjdjg hj` Rnslurkns 82. Ljn bhje usns h solrt vd`nl prnsnjthtdlj tl h``rnss ton qunstdlj –Woy fljdtlr ]N]s<‖ Pon vd`nl gdvns hj lvnrvdnw li ton `nstruktdvn niinkts li klrruptdlj hrluj` ton wlrc`. 8;. ID^s, dj kljaujktdlj wdto prlsnkutlrs hj` chw njilrknfnjt, prlvd`n thdclrn` ]N] trhdjdjg hs phrt li h klujtry— klujtry—ss gnjnrhc HFC prlgrhf. Pon trhdjdjg djkcu`ns gnjnrhc bhkegrluj` toht pchkns klrrupt ]N]s dj h wd`nr kljtnxt, nxpchdjdjg ton rhtdljhcn hj` jnn` ilr djtnrjhc plcdkdns, hj` ton ohrf khusn` tl slkdnty by klrrupt bnohvdlrs hj` ltonr krdfdjhc kljùkt. Pods djkcu`ns h rnvdnw li ]N] –rn` flhgs,‖ djkcu`djg ilr d`njtdiydjg kclsn hsslkdhtns.

7?

Hppnj`dx K1 Klfphrdslj li ton ]N] @n﬈jdtdljs hj` Njohjkn` @un @dcdgnjkn Rnqudrnfnjts

Pon twl fhdj sthj`hr`s lj ]N]s, ^JKHK hj` ton IHPI IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs, Rnklffnj`htd ljs, hj` ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn, ohvn ohvn `diinrnjt `n﬈jdtdljs li ]N] ]N]ss hj` vhrydjg `ngrnns li `nthdc lj ton typns li plsdtdljs toht wluc` bn djkcu`n` dj h –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj.‖ Phbcn H8.8 klfphrns ton ]N] `n﬈jdtdljs snt lut dj ^JKHK, IHPI, hj` ton Podr` N^ @drnktdvn, hs wncc hs slfn li ton flrn spnkd﬈k nxhfpcns li –prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs.‖ Ltonr grlups, djkcu`djg ton Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj hj` ton Wlcisbnrg Grlup ohvn hcsl djtrlùkn` `n﬈jdtdljs (snn ton snktdlj ilcclwdjg thbcn H8.8). Pon tornn sthj`hr`s ohvn hcsl spnkd﬈n` `diinrnjt njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts toht fust bn thenj wdto rnspnkt tl ]N]s, hs dccustrhtn` dj thbcn H8.2.

Phbcn H8.8 Klfphrdslj li ton ]N]s @n﬈jdtdljs hfljg ton [thj`hr` [nttnrs IHPIb

Podr` N^ @drnktdvnk

Dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` hsslkdhtns`

Dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry…. … Busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns li ]N]s djvlcvn rnputhtdljhc rdses sdfdchr tl tolsn wdto ]N]s tonfsncvns

Jhturhc pnrsljs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrs, lr pnrsljs ejlwj tl bn kclsn hsslkdhtns li suko pnrsljsn

N@@ rnqudrn` ilr ilrndgj lr `lfnstdk ]N]s

Ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk (jlt nxpcdkdt)

Ilrndgj ljcyi

]N]s rnsd`djg dj hjltonr klujtryg

Pdfn pnrdl` hitnr wodko tonrn ds jl lbcdghtdlj tl kljsd`nr h ]N] hs h ]N]

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Ljn ynhr ynhr,, lj h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhkoo

Bhsdk `n﬈jdtdlj

^JKHKh

(Ph Phbcn bcn kljtdjuns lj ton ilcclwdjg phgn.) phgn.)

74


Phbcn H8.8 (kljtdjun`)

Ihfdcy fnfbnrs

?=

^JKHKh Jlt spnkd﬈n`

IHPIb

Podr` N^ @drnktdvnk

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrsd sohcc djkcu`n1 (h) ton splusn5 (b) hjy phrtjnr kljsd`nrn` by jhtdljhc chw hs nqudvhcnjt tl ton splusn5 (k) ton kodc`rnj hj` tondr splusns lr phrtjnrs5 (`) ton phrnjts

Kclsn hsslkdhtns ]nrsljs lr klfphjdns kcnhrcy rnchtn` tl dj`dvdùhcs njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljsa

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Kclsn hsslkdhtnse sohcc djkcu`n1 (h) hjy jhturhc pnrslj wol ds ejlwj tl ohvn aldjt bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li cnghc njtdtdns lr cnghc hrrhjgnfnjts, lr hjy ltonr kclsn busdjnss rnchtdljs, wdto Uh ]N]V5 (b) hjy jhturhc pnrslj wol ohs slcn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li h cnghc njtdty lr cnghc hrrhjgnfnjt, wodko ds ejlwj tl ohvn bnnj snt up ilr ton bnjn﬈t `n ihktl li Uh ]N]V

Onh`s li sthtn

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Onh`s li sthtn

Onh`s li sthtnc

Onh`s li glvnrjfnjt

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Onh`s li glvnrjfnjt

Onh`s li glvnrjfnjtf

Fdjdstnrs hj` fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Jl, but `lns djkcu`n snjdlr plcdtdkdhjs hj` snjdlr glvnrjfnjt li﬈kdhcs

Fdjdstnrs hj` `nputy lr hssdsthjt fdjdstnrs5 fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjtj

]lcdtdkhc phrtdns

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Dfplrthjt plcdtdkhc phrty li﬈kdhcs

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Au`dkdhry

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Au`dkdhc li﬈kdhcs

Fnfbnrs li suprnfn klurts, li kljstdtutdljhc klurts, lr li ltonr odgocnvnc au`dkdhc bl`dns wolsn `nkdsdljs hrn jlt subankt tl iurtonr hppnhc, nxknpt dj nxknptdljhc kdrkufsthjknsl

Hppnj`dx K1 Klfphrdslj li ton ]N] @n﬈jdtdljs

Phbcn H8.8 (kljtdjun`) ^JKHKh

IHPIb

Podr` N^ @drnktdvnk

Fdcdthry

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Fdcdthry li﬈kdhcs

Odgo-rhjedjg li﬈knrs dj ton hrfn` ilrknsp

[thtn-lwjn` njtnrprdsns

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

[njdlr nxnkutdvns li sthtn-lwjn` klrplrhtdljs

Fnfbnrs li ton h`fdjdstrhtdvn, fhjhgnfnjt, lr supnrvdslry bl`dns li sthtn-lwjn` njtnrprdsnsq

@dpclfhtdk Jlt spnkd﬈n` rnprnsnjthtdvns

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Hfbhssh`lrs, kohrgäs `—hiihdrnsr

Knjtrhc bhje blhr`s

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Fnfbnrs li klurts li hu`dtlrs lr li ton blhr`s li knjtrhc bhjess

Nxkcusdljs

Jl nxpcdkdt nxkcusdljs

Fd``cn rhjedjg lr flrn aujdlr dj`dvdùhcs

Fd``cn rhjedjg lr flrn aujdlr li﬈kdhcst

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— Hutolrs— klfpdchtdlj. Jltn1 h. Pon ^JKHK `n﬈jdtdlj ds dj Hrtdkcn >2(8) hj` (2), ^JKHK. Hctolugo jlt nxpcdkdtcy rninrnjkn` dj Hrtdkcn >2, ton `n﬈jdtdlj –pubcdk li﬈kdhc‖ dj Hrtdkcn 2 li ^JKHK khj bn li hssdsthjkn1 –… (d) hjy pnrslj olc`djg h cngdschtdvn, nxnkutdvn, h`fdjdstrhtdvn lr au`dkdhc li﬈kn li h [thtn ]hrty, wontonr hppldjtn` lr ncnktn`, wontonr pnrfhjnjt lr tnfplrhry, wontonr phd` lr ujphd`, drrnspnktdvn li toht pnrslj—s pnrslj—s snjdlrdty5 (dd) hjy ltonr pnrslj wol pnrilrfs h pubcdk iujktdlj, djkcu`djg ilr h pubcdk hgnjky lr pubcdk njtnrprdsn, lr prlvd`ns h pubcdk snrvdkn, hs `n﬈jn` dj ton `lfnstdk chw li ton [thtn ]hrty hj` hs hppcdn` dj ton pnrtdjnjt hrnh li chw li toht [thtn ]hrty5 (ddd) hjy ltonr pnrslj `n﬈jn` hs h ‟pubcdk li﬈kdhc— dj ton `lfnstdk chw li h [thtn ]hrty. Olwnvnr, ilr ton purplsn li slfn spnkd﬈k fnhsurns kljthdjn` dj kohptnr DD li tods Kljvnjtdlj, ‟pubcdk li﬈kdhc— fhy fnhj hjy pnrslj wol pnrilrfs h pubcdk iujktdlj lr prlvd`ns h pubcdk snrvdkn hs `n﬈jn` dj ton `lfnstdk chw li ton [thtn ]hrty hj` hs hppcdn` dj ton pnrtdjnjt hrnh li chw li toht [thtn ]hrty.‖ b. Pon IHPI IHPI `n﬈jdtdlj ds dj ton –Gclsshry li @n﬈jdtdljs ^sn` dj ton Fntol`lclgy.‖ k. Pon `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s hj` spnkd﬈k nxhfpcns hrn lutcdjn` dj twl @drnktdvns1 @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK 2==>/9=/NK li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc li Lktlbnr 29, 2==>, lj ton prnvnjtdlj li ton usn li ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ilr ton purplsn li fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg (@dr 2==>/9=/NK)5 Klffdssdlj @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK li Hugust 8, 2==9, chydjg `lwj dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns ilr @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK wdto rnghr` tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj li –plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj‖ hj` ton tnkojdkhc krdtnrdh ilr sdfpcd﬈n` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns hj` ilr nxnfptdlj lj grluj`s li h ﬈jhjkdhc hktdvdty kljùktn` lj hj lkkhsdljhc lr vnry cdfdtn` bhsds (@drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK). Ilr h klpy li ton `drnktdvns, snn hppnj`dx I. `. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >2(8). n. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn ;(?). i. [nn IHPI gclsshr gclsshry. y. g. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 8;(0). o. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 2(0). d. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(2). a. ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Gnjnrhc Hssnfbcy, Hssnfbcy, –Djtnrprnthtdvn jltns ilr ton li﬈kdhc rnklr`s (trhvhux präphrhtldrns) präphrhtldrns) li ton jngltdhtdlj li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj,‖ (H/>?/022/H``.8), phrh. >=. e. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(;). c. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8)(h). f. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8)(h). j. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8)(h) hj` (b). l. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 2(8)(k). p. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 2(8)(n). q. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 2(8)(i). r. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8)(n). s. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8)(`). t. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(8).

?8


Pon Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj hj` ton Wlcisbnrg Grlup ohvn hcsl djtrlùkn` `n﬈jdtdljs hs ilcclws1 Bhsnc Klffdttnn1 –Dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt

pubcdk iujktdljs, djkcu`djg djkcu`djg onh`s li sthtn lr li glvnrjfnjt, snjdlr snjdlr plcdtdkdhjs, snjdlr glvnrjfnjt, au`dkdhc lr fdcdthry li﬈kdhcs, snjdlr nxnkutdvns nxnkutdvns li pubcdkcy lwjn` klrplrhtdljs hj` dfplrthjt dfplrt hjt plcdtdkhc phrty li﬈kdhcs. li﬈kdhcs.‖‖78 Wlcisbnrg Grlup1 –Rninrrdjg tl dj`dvdùhcs olc`djg lr ohvdjg onc` plsdtdljs li

pubcdk trust, suko hs glvnrjfnjt li﬈kdhcs, snjdlr nxnkutdvns nxnkutdvns li glvnrjfnjt klrplrhtdljs, plcdtdkdhjs, dfplrthjt plcdtdkhc phrty li﬈kdhcs, ntk., hs wncc hs tondr ihfdcdns hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns.‖72

Pon Wlcisbnrg Grlup ohs lutcdjn` h jufbnr li khtnglrdns, djkcu`djg onh`s li sthtn, onh`s li glvnrjfnjt hj` fdjdstnrs, snjdlr au`dkdhc li﬈kdhcs, onh`s hj` ltonr odgo-rhjedjg li﬈knrs olc`djg snjdlr plsdtdljs dj ton hrfn` ilrkns, fnfbnrs li rucdjg rlyhc ihfdcdns wdto glvnrjhjkn rnspljsdbdcdtdns, snjdlr nxnkutdvns li sthtn-lwjn` njtnrprdsns, hj` snjdlr li﬈kdhcs li fhalr plcdtdkhc phrtdns. phr tdns. Onh`s li suprhjhtdljhc bl`dns (ilr nxhfpcn, ^J, DFI, Wlrc` Bhje), fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjt, snjdlr fnfbnrs li ton `dpclfhtdk klrps, lr fnfbnrs li blhr`s li knjtrhc bhjes fhy hcsl bn kljsd`nrn` tl ihcc wdtodj ton `n﬈jdtdlj, but fhy bn nxkcu`n` lj h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko. 7;

Phbcn H8.2 Klfphrdslj li Njohjkn` @un @dcdgnjkn Rnqudrnfnjts Rnqudrnfnjts ^JKHK

IHPI IH PI

Podr` N^ @drnktdv @drnktdvnn

N@@ rnqudrn` ilr ilrndgj lr `lfnstdk ]N]s

Ilrndgj hj` `lfnstdk (jlt nxpcdkdt)

Ilrndgj ljcyh

Ilrndgj ljcyb

Pdfn pnrdl` hitnr wodko tonrn ds jl lbcdghtdlj tl kljsd`nr h ]N] hs h ]N]

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Ljn ynhr ynhr,, lj h rdse-bhsn` hpprlhkok

D`njtdiy ]N]

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Ohvn hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr ton kustlfnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj

Ohvn hpprlprdhtn rdsebhsn` prlknùrns tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr ton kustlfnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj`

78. Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, –Kustlfnr @un @dcdgnjkn ilr Bhjes,‖ (Bhje ilr Djtnrjhtdljhc [nttcnfnjts, Lktlbnr 2==8), phrh. 08. 72. Pon Wlcisbnrg Grlup, –Wlcisbnrg HFC ]rdjkdpcns lj ]rdvhtn Bhjedjg,‖ phrh 2.2. 7;. –Wlcisbnrg Irnqunjtcy Hsen` Xunstdljs lj ]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs,‖ Fhy 2==?.

?2

Hppnj`dx K1 Klfphrdslj li ton ]N] @n﬈jdtdljs

Phbcn H8.2 (kljtdjun`) ^JKHK

IHPI IH PI

Podr` N^ @drnktd @drnktdvn vn

[njdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto suko kustlfnrs

Ohvn snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto suko kustlfnrsn

[lurkn li wnhcto, slurkn li iuj`s

Jlt spnkd﬈ spnkd﬈n` n`

Phen rnhsljhb rnhsljhbcn cn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s

Ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg

Jlt spnkd﬈n`

Kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp

Phen h`nquhtn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s toht hrn djvlcvn` dj ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp lr trhjshktdlji Kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodpg

U…V kljùkt njohjkn` skrutdjy li hkklujts slugot lr fhdjthdjn` by lr lj bnohci li dj`dvdùhcs… [uko njohjkn` skrutdjy sohcc bn rnhsljhbcy `nsdgjn` tl `ntnkt suspdkdlus trhjshktdljs ilr ton purplsn li rnplrtdjg tl klfpntnjt hutolrdtdns.…o

Hs hblvn

Gnjnrhc N@@

Hs hblvn

[lurkn1 Hutolrs— Hutolrs— klfpcdhtdlj. Jltn1 h. [nn IHPI gclsshry. b. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn 8;(0). k. @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK, Hrtdkcn 2(0). `. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn 8;(0)(h). n. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn 8;(0)(b). i. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn Hrtdkcn 8;(0)(k). g. @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, Hrtdkcn 8;(0)(`). o. ^JKHK, Hrtdkcn >2(8).

?;

Hppnj`dx @1 ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^JKHK) hj` Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltns

^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj Hrtdkcn >2 ]rnvnjtdlj hj` `ntnktdlj li trhjsinrs li prlknn`s li krdfn 8. Wdtolut prnau`dkn tl hrtdkcn 80 li tods Kljvnjtdlj, Kljvnjtdlj, nhko [thtn ]hrty ]hrty sohcc then suko fnhsurns hs fhy bn jnknsshry, dj hkklr`hjkn wdto dts `lfnstdk chw, tl rnqudrn ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs wdtodj dts aurds`dktdlj tl vnrdiy ton d`njtdty li kustlfnrs, tl then rnhsljhbcn rnhsljhbcn stnps tl `ntnrfdjn ton d`njtdty li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs li iuj`s `nplsdtn` djtl odgo-vhcun hkklujts hj` tl kljùkt njohjkn` skrutdjy li hkklujts slugot lr fhdjthdjn` by lr lj bnohci li dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn, lr ohvn bnnj, njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` tondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. [uko njohjkn` skrutdjy sohcc bn rnhsljhbcy `nsdgjn` tl `ntnkt suspdkdlus trhjshktdljs ilr ton purplsn li rnplrtdjg tl klfpntnjt hutolrdtdns hj` soluc` jlt bn sl kljstrun` hs tl `dsklurhgn lr prlodbdt ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs irlf `ldjg busdjnss wdto hjy cngdtdfhtn kustlfnr. 2. Dj lr`nr tl tl ihkdcdthtn dfpcnfnjthtdlj dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ton fnhsurns fnhsurns prlvd`n` ilr dj dj phrhgrhpo 8 li tods hrtdkcn, nhko [thtn ]hrty, dj hkklr`hjkn wdto dts `lfnstdk chw hj` djspdrn` by rncnvhjt djdtdhtdvns li rngdljhc, djtnrrngdljhc djtnrrngdljhc hj` fuctdchtnrhc lrghjdzhtdljs hghdjst fljny-chuj`nrdjg, sohcc1 (h) Dssun h`vdslrdns rnghr`djg ton typns li jhturhc lr cnghc pnrslj tl wolsn hkklujts ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs wdtodj dts aurds`dktdlj wdcc bn nxpnktn` tl hppcy njohjkn` skrutdjy, ton typns li hkklujts hj` trhjshktdljs tl wodko tl phy phrtdkuchr httnjtdlj hj` hpprlprdhtn hkklujt-lpnjdjg, hkklujt-lpnjdjg, fhdjtnjhjkn hj` rnklr`-ennpdjg fnhsurns tl then kljknrjdjg suko hkklujts5 hj` (b) Wonrn hpprlprdhtn, hpprlprdhtn, jltdiy ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs wdtodj w dtodj dts aurds`dktdlj, ht ton rnqunst li hjltonr [thtn ]hrty lr lj dts lwj djdtdhtdvn, li ton d`njtdty li phrtdkuchr jhturhc lr cnghc pnrsljs tl wolsn hkklujts suko djstdtutdljs wdcc bn nxpnktn` tl hppcy njohjkn` skrutdjy, dj h``dtdlj tl tolsn wolf ton ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs fhy ltonrwdsn d`njtdiy.

?>


;. Dj ton kljtnxt kljtnxt li phrhgrhpo 2 (h) li tods hrtdkcn, nhko [thtn ]hrty ]hrty sohcc dfpcnfnjt fnhsurns tl njsurn toht dts ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs fhdjthdj h`nquhtn rnklr`s, lvnr hj hpprlprdhtn pnrdl` li tdfn, li hkklujts hj` trhjshktdljs djvlcvdjg ton pnrsljs fnjtdljn` dj phrhgrhpo 8 li tods hrtdkcn, wodko soluc`, hs h fdjdfuf, kljthdj djilrfhtdlj rnchtdjg tl ton d`njtdty li ton kustlfnr hs wncc hs, hs ihr hs plssdbcn, li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr.

Djtnrprnthtdvn jltns ilr ton li﬈kdhc rnklr`s (trhvhux präphrhtldrns) li ton jngltdhtdlj li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj 70 Hrtdkcn >2

]hrhgrhpo 8 04. Pon trhvhux präphrhtldrns wdcc dj`dkhtn toht phrhgrhpos 8 hj` 2 soluc` bn rnh` tlgntonr hj` toht ton lbcdghtdljs dfplsn` lj ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs fhy bn hppcdn` hj` dfpcnfnjtn` wdto ùn rnghr` tl phrtdkuchr phr tdkuchr rdses li fljny-chuj`nrdjg. Dj toht rnghr`, [thtns ]hrtdns fhy gud`n ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs lj hpprlprdhtn prlknùrns tl hppcy hj` wontonr rncnvhjt rdses rnqudrn hppcdkhtdlj hj` dfpcnfnjthtdlj li tonsn prlvdsdljs tl hkklujts hkklujts li h phrtdkuchr vhcun lr jhturn, tl dts lwj kdtdznjs hs wncc hs tl kdtdznjs li ltonr [thtns hj` tl li﬈kdhcs wdto h phrtdkuchr iujktdlj lr snjdlrdty. Pon rncnvhjt djdtdhtdvns li rngdljhc, djtnrrngdljhc hj` fuctdchtnrhc lrghjdzhtdljs hghdjst fljny-chuj`nrdjg sohcc bn tolsn rninrrn` tl dj ton jltn tl hrtdkcn 80 dj ton trhvhux präphrhtldrns. >=. Pon trhvhux präphrhtldrns präphr htldrns wdcc wdc c dj`dkhtn toht ton t on tnrf –kclsn hsslkdhtns‖ ds `nnfn` tl njklfphss pnrsljs lr klfphjdns kcnhrcy rnchtn` tl dj`dvdùhcs njtrustn` w dto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs. >8. Pon trhvhux präphrhtldrns wdcc dj`dkhtn toht ton wlr`s –`dsklurhgn lr prlodbdt ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs irlf `ldjg busdjnss wdto hjy cngdtdfhtn kustlfnr‖ hrn uj`nrstll` tl djkcu`n ton jltdlj li jlt nj`hjgnrdjg ton hbdcdty li ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs tl `l busdjnss wdto cngdtdfhtn kustlfnrs.

]hrhgrhpo 2 [ubphrhgrhpo (h) >2. Pon trhvhux präphrhtldrns wdcc dj`dkhtn toht ton lbcdghtdlj tl dssun h`vdslrdns fhy bn iuc﬈ccn` by ton [thtn ]hrty lr by dts ﬈jhjkdhc lvnrsdgot bl`dns.

]hrhgrhpo ; >;. Pon trhvhux präphrhtldrns wdcc dj`dkhtn toht tods phrhgrhpo ds jlt djtnj`n` tl nxphj` ton sklpn li phrhgrhpos 8 hj` 2 li tods hrtdkcn.

70. ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Gnjnrhc Hssnfbcy, –Djtnrprnthtdvn jltns ilr ton li﬈kdhc rnklr`s (trhvhux präphrhtldrns) li ton jngltdhtdlj li ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj,‖ (H/>?/022/H``.8), phrhs. 04->;.

?9

Hppnj`dx N1 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg Chu j`nrdjg (IHPI)‐ (IHPI)‐ Rnklffnj`htdljs, Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltns, hj` Fntol`lclgy

Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 ]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs Idjhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc`, dj rnchtdlj tl plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs, dj h``dtdlj tl pnrilrfdjg jlrfhc ùn `dcdgnjkn fnhsurns1 h. Ohvn hpprlprdh hpprlprdhtn tn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr ton kustlfnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj. b. Lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsod nsthbcdsodjg jg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto suko kustlfnrs. k. Phen rnhsljhbcn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s. `. Kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp.

IHPI IH PI –Gclsshry li @n﬈jdtdljs ^sn` dj ton Fntol`lclgy‖ –]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs‖ (]N]s) hrn dj`dvdùhcs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj h ilrndgj klujtry, ilr nxhfpcn Onh`s Onh`s li [thtn lr li glvnrjfnjt, snjdlr plcdtdkdhjs, snjdlr glvnrjfnjt, au`dkdhc lr fdcdthry li﬈kdhcs, snjdlr nxnkutdvns nxnkutd vns li sthtn lwjn` klrplrhtdljs, dfplrthjt plcdtdkhc phrty phrt y li﬈kdhcs. Busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto ihfdcy fnfbnrs lr kclsn hsslkdhtns li ]N]s djvlcvn djvlcvn rnputhtdljhc rdses sdfdchr tl tolsn wdto ]N]s tonfsncvns. Pon `n﬈jdtdlj ds jlt djtnj`n` tl klvnr fd``cn rhjedjg lr flrn aujdlr dj`dvdùhcs dj ton ilrngldjg khtnglrdns. khtnglrdns.

Djtnrprnthtdvn Jltn tl IH IHPI PI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 Klujtrdns hrn njklurhgn` tl nxtnj` ton rnqudrnfnjts li Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 tl dj`dvdùhcs wol olc` prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs dj tondr lwj klujtry.

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Fntol`lclgy ilr IH IHPI PI Rnklffnj`htdlj 9 7> Pon nssnjtdhc krdtnrdh hj` h``dtdljhc ncnfnjts cdstn` bnclw soluc` bn rnh` dj kljaujktdlj wdto ton tnxt li Rnkl Rnklffnj`htdlj ffnj`htdlj 9 hj` dts Djtnrpr Djtnrprnthtdvn nthtdvn Jltn.

Nssnjtdhc krdtnrdh 9.8 Idjhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` bn rnqudrn`, rnqudrn`, dj h``dtdlj tl pnrilrfdjg ton K@@ fnhsurns rnqudrn` uj`nr R.>, tl put dj pchkn hpprlprdhtn rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnfs tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr h pltnjtdhc kustlfnr, h kustlfnr lr ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj. Nxhfpcns li fnhsurns toht kluc` ilrf phrt li suko h rdse fhjhgnfnjt systnf djkcu`n snnedjg rncnvhjt djilrfhtdlj irlf ton kustlfnr, rninrrdjg tl pubcdkcy hvhdchbcn djilrfhtdlj, lr ohvdjg hkknss tl klffnrkdhc ncnktrljdk `hthbhsns li ]N]s.

9.2 Idjhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` soluc` bn rnqudrn` rnqudrn` tl lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto h ]N]. 9.2.8 Wonrn h kustlfnr ohs bnnj hkknptn` hj` ton kustlfnr lr bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr ds subsnqunjtcy iluj` tl bn, lr subsnqunjtcy bnklfns h ]N], ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` bn rnqudrn` tl lbthdj snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc tl kljtdjun ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp. 9.; Idjhjkdhc djstdtutdljs soluc` bn rnqudrn` rnqudrn` tl then rnhsljhbcn fnhsurns fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` ton slurkn li iuj`s li kustlfnrs hj` bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs d`njtd﬈n` hs ]N]s. 9.0 Wonrn ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs djstdt utdljs hrn dj h busdjnss rnchtdljsodp wdto h ]N], ]N], tony soluc` bn rnqudrn` tl kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li toht rnchtdljsodp.

H``dtdljhc ncnfnjts 9.> Hrn ton rnqudrnfnjts li R.9 nxtnj`n` tl ]N]s wol olc` prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs `lfnstdkhccy< 9.9 Ohs ton 2==; ^jdtn` ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj Klrruptd lj bnnj sdgjn`, rhtd﬈n`, hj` iuccy dfpcnfnjtn`<

7>. IHPI Hjtd-Fljny Chuj`nrdjg hj` Klfbhtdjg Pnrrlrdst Idjhjkdjg Fntol`lclgy 2==0 (up`htn` Aujn 2==4).

??

Hppnj`dx I1 @drnktdvns li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc

@drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc li Lktlbnr 29, 2==>, lj ton prnvnjtdlj li ton usn li ton ﬈jhjkdhc systnf ilr ton purplsn li fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg 79 Hrtdkcn ; Ilr ton purplsns li tods @drnktdv @drnktdvnn ton ilcclwdjg `n﬈jdtdljs sohcc hppcy1 (?) –plcdtdkhccy –plcdtdkhc cy nxplsn` pnrsljs‖ fnhjs jhturhc pnrsljs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs hj` dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrs, lr pnrsljs ejlwj tl bn kclsn hsslkdhtns, li suko pnrsljs5

[NKPDLJ ;

Njohjkn` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn Hrtdkcn 8; 8. Fnfbnr [thtns sohcc rnqudrn ton djstdtutdljs hj` pnrsljs klvnrn` klvnrn` by tods @drnktdvn @drnktdvn tl hppcy, lj h rdse-snjsdtdvn bhsds, njohjkn` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn fnhsurns, dj h``dtdlj tl ton fnhsurns rninrrn` tl dj Hrtdkcns 7, ? hj` 4(9), dj sdtuhtdljs wodko by tondr jhturn khj prnsnjt h odgonr rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg lr tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg, hj` ht cnhst dj ton sdtuhtdljs snt lut dj phrhgrhpos 2, ;, 0 hj` dj ltonr sdtuhtdljs rnprnsnjtdjg h odgo rdse li fljny chuj`nrdjg lr tnrrlrdst ﬈jhjkdjg wodko fnnt ton tnkojdkhc krdtnrdh nsthbcdson` dj hkklr`hjkn wdto Hrtdkcn 0=(8)(k). 0. Dj rnspnkt rnspnkt li trhjshktdljs lr busdjnss rnchtdljsodps rnchtdljsodps wdto plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrpnrsljs rnsd`djg dj hjltonr hjl tonr Fnfbnr [thtn lr dj h todr` klujtry, klujtr y, Fnfbnr [thtns sohcc rnqudrn tolsn djstdtutdljs hj` pnrsljs klvnrn` by tods @drnktdvn tl1 (h) ohvn hpprlprdhtn rdse-bhsn` prlknùrns tl `ntnrfdjn wontonr ton kustlfnr ds h plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj5

79. Li﬈kdhc Alurjhc C ;=4, 2>/88/2==>, pp. ==8> ‛ ==;9.

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(b) ohvn snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc ilr nsthbcdsodjg busdjnss rnchtdljsodps wdto suko kustlfnrs5 (k) then h`nquhtn fnhsurns tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li wnhcto hj` slurkn li iuj`s toht hrn djvlcvn` dj ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp lr trhjshktdlj5 (`) kljùkt njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg li ton busdjnss rnchtdljsodp.

Klffdssdlj @drnktdvn 2==9/7=/NK li Hugust 8, 2==9, chydjg `lwj dfpcnfnjtdjg fnhsurns ilr @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK wdto rnghr` tl ton `n﬈jdtdlj li –plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrslj‖ hj` ton tnkojdkhc krdtnrdh ilr sdfpcd﬈n` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn prlknùrns hj` ilr nxnfptdlj lj grluj`s li h ﬈jhjkdhc hktdvdty kljùktn` lj hj lkkhsdljhc lr vnry cdfdtn` bhsds77 Wonrnhs1 (>) ]nrsljs ihccdjg uj`nr ton kljknpt li plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs soluc` jlt bn kljsd`nrn` hs suko hitnr tony ohvn knhsn` tl nxnrkdsn prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs, subankt tl h fdjdfuf pnrdl`.

Hrtdkcn 2

]lcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs 8. Ilr ton purplsns li Hrtdkcn ;(?) li @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, ‟jhturhc pnrsljs wol hrn lr ohvn bnnj njtrustn` wdto prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdljs— sohcc djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 (h) onh`s li [thtn, onh`s li glvnrjfnjt, fdjdstnrs fdjdstnrs hj` `nputy lr hssdsthjt fdjdstnrs5 (b) fnfbnrs li phrcdhfnjts5 (k) fnfbnrs li suprnfn klurts, li kljstdtutdljhc klurts lr li ltonr odgo-cnvnc au`dkdhc bl`dns wolsn `nkdsdljs hrn jlt subankt tl iurtonr hppnhc, nxknpt dj nxknptdljhc kdrkufsthjkns5 (`) fnfbnrs li klurts li hu`dtlrs lr li ton blhr`s li knjtrhc bhjes5 (n) hfbhssh`lrs, kohrgäs kohrgäs `—hiihdrns hj` odgo-rhjedjg li﬈knrs dj ton hrfn` ilrkns ilrkns55 (i)) fnfbnrs li ton h`fdjdstrhtdvn, fhjhgnfnjt (i fhjhgnfnjt lr supnrvdslry bl`dns li [thtnlwjn` njtnrprdsns. Jljn li ton khtnglrdns snt lut dj pldjts (h) tl (i ) li ton ﬈rst subphrhgrhpo sohcc bn uj`nrstll` hs klvnrdjg fd``cn rhjedjg lr flrn aujdlr li﬈kdhcs. Pon khtnglrdns snt lut dj pldjts (h) tl (n) li ton ﬈rst subphrhgrhpo sohcc, wonrn hppcdkhbcn, djkcu`n djkcu`n plsdtdljs ht Klffujdty hj` djtnrjhtdljhc cnvnc.

77. Li﬈kdhc Alurjhc C 280, 0/?/2==9, pp. ==24 ‛ ==;0.

4=

Hppnj`dx I1 @drnktdvns li ton Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` li ton Klujkdc

2. Ilr ton purplsns li Hrtdkcn ;(?) li @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, 2==>/9=/NK, ‟dffn`dhtn ihfdcy fnfbnrs— sohcc djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 (h) ton splusn5 (b) hjy phrtjnr kljsd`nrn` by jhtdljhc chw hs nqudvhcnjt tl ton splusn5 (k) ton kodc`rnj hj` tondr splusns lr phrtjnrs5 (`) ton phrnjts. ;. Ilr ton purplsns li Hrtdkcn ;(?) li @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK, ‟pnrsljs ejlwj tl bn kclsn hsslkdhtns— sohcc djkcu`n ton ilcclwdjg1 (h) hjy jhturhc pnrslj wol ds ejlwj tl ohvn aldjt bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li cnghc njtdtdns lr cnghc hrrhjgnfnjts, lr hjy ltonr kclsn busdjnss rnchtdljs, wdto h pnrslj rninrrn` rninrrn` tl dj phrhgrhpo 85 (b) hjy jhturhc pnrslj wol ohs slcn bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp li h cnghc njtdty lr cnghc hrrhjgnfnjt wodko ds ejlwj tl ohvn bnnj snt up ilr ton bnjn﬈t `n ihktl li ton pnrslj rninrrn` tl dj phrhgrhpo 8. 0. Wdtolut prnau`dkn tl ton hppcdkhtdlj, lj h rdse-snjsdtdvn bhsds, li njohjkn` kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn fnhsurns, wonrn h pnrslj ohs knhsn` tl bn njtrustn` wdto h prlfdjnjt pubcdk iujktdlj iujktdlj wdtodj ton fnhjdjg li phrhgrhpo 8 li tods Hrtdkcn ilr h pnrdl` li ht cnhst ljn ynhr, djstdtutdljs djstdtutdljs hj` pnrsljs rninrrn` tl dj Hrtdkcn 2(8) li @drnktdvn 2==>/9=/NK 2==>/9=/NK sohcc jlt bn lbcdgn` tl kljsd`nr suko h pnrslj hs plcdtdkhccy nxplsn`.

48

Hppnj`dx G1 Idnc` Fdssdlj [urvny‐ Xunstdljs ilr Bhjes, Rnguchtlrs, hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts

Cngdschtdvn/Rnguchtlry Irhfnwlre Xunstdljs ilr Bhjes hj` Rnguchtlrs 8. ]cnhsn `nskrdbn ton cnghc hj` rnguchtlry irhfnwlre irhfnwlre wdto rnghr`s tl ]N]s. Wol ds rnspljsdbcn ilr woht< 2. Olw hrn ]N]s `n﬈jn` dj ton rnguchtdljs/cngdschtdlj< (lbthdj klpdns li cngdschtdlj/rnguchtdlj) ;. Woht hrn ton cnghc hj`/lr hj`/lr rnguchtlry lbcdghtdljs lj ﬈jhjkdhc ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs wdto rnghr` tl ]N]s< Wol Wol ncsn ds klvnrn`< Wol ds nxnfpt< 0. @l ﬈rfs ohvn hkknss tl iurtonr iurtonr gud`hjkn lj olw tl djtnrprnt djtnrprnt ton ]N] lbcdghtdljs< Di sl, wol dssuns tods gud`hjkn hj` woht ds dts sthtus< Olw ds dt njilrkn`<

Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] [thj`hr`s by Bhjes Xunstdljs ilr Bhjes Ljcy

Lrghjdzhtdljhc Kljsd`nrhtdljs >. Woht hrn bhje plcdkdns lj ]N]s< Di hppcdkhbcn, hppcdkhbcn, `l ylu ohvn `diinrnjt plcdkdns ilr `diinrnjt `diinrnjt gnlgrhpodk gnlgrhpodk lr busdjnss phrts li ylur grlup< 9. Olw `lns ylur djstdtutdlj `n﬈jn h ]N]< Di ylur `n﬈jdtdlj `diinrs irlf ton cngdschtlr— cngdschtlr—s/rnguchtlr— s/rnguchtlr—s, s, wonj hj` woy `d` ylu `nkd`n tl hfnj` dt< @d` ylu kljsuct wdto ton rnguchtlr hj` woht wnrn ton rnsucts< 7. Olw `l ylu lrghjdzn ylur ]N] wlre (klfpcdhjkn, plcdky, plcdky, ntk.)< Ds tonrn h spnkd﬈k pnrslj lr ujdt dj dj kohrgn li ]N] dssuns< ?. Woht trhdjdjg hj` nùkhtdlj ds prlvd`n` lj K@@, K@@, N@@ ilr ]N]s, rnplrtdjg< Wol dfpcnfnjts dfpcnfnjts dt< Wol rnkndvns dt< Wonj ds dt `ncdvnrn` (irnqunjky)< Woht `lns dt klvnr< Hrn tonsn iujktdljs hu`dtn` by djsd`n/lutsd`n hu`dtlrs< ]rlknùrns ht Hkklujt Lpnjdjg

K@@ 4. ]cnhsn `nskrdbn ylur sthj`hr` K@@ plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns prlknùrns wdto rnghr` tl ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj` vnrd﬈khtdlj li ton kustlfnr hj` ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr. (Di h ilrf ds usn`, wn edj`cy rnqunst h klpy li tods ilrf.) Wdcc ylu h`hpt tonsn plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns tl then hkklujt li `diinrnjt rdse cnvncs< 8=. Di ylu khjjlt vnrdiy ton kustlfnr lr ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr li h jnw kustlfnr, cnghc njtdty/hkklujt, woht prlknùrns hrn ilcclwn`< 88. Woht hktdvdtdns khj bn khrrdn` lut lj bnohci li ton kustlfnr prdlr tl klfpcntdlj li ton vnrd﬈khtdlj prlknss<

4;


]N]s 82. @l ylu skrnnj hcc kustlfnrs ilr ]N] purplsns< @l ylu hppcy ]N] konkes tl bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs hs wncc< 8;. Woht stnps hrn thenj tl `ntnrfdjn di h kustlfnr ds h ]N]< Wonj hrn tonsn stnps thenj< Woht slurkns hrn usn`< 80. @l @l ylu fhdjthdj h cdst li ylur ]N] kustlfnrs< Wol fhdjthdjs tods cdst hj` olw litnj ds dt up`htn`< 8>. Woht prlknùrns hrn ilcclwn` ljkn h ]N] ds d`njtd﬈n` (ilr nxhfpcn, rdse hssnssfnjt, slurkn li wnhcto, slurkn li iuj`s, snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc)< Olw hj` wonj `l tonsn then pchkn< 89. Olw Olw `l ylu `ntnrfdjn ton fljny chuj`nrdjg rdse plsn` by h ]N] kustlfnr lr hppcdkhjt ilr busdjnss< 87. @l ylu nvhcuhtn ton rnputhtdlj rdse tl ylur djstdtutdlj li klrruptdlj< Olw `l ylu hssnss tods rdse< Woht stnps hrn djvlcvn`< 8?. Ilr tolsn ]N]s irlf klujtrdns wonrn tony fust ﬈cn h fhj`htlry ﬈jhjkdhc hj` busdjnss djtnrnst `dskclsurn, `l ylu rnqunst tolsn `dskclsurns bnilrn lpnjdjg hj hkklujt< Di sl, `l ylu konke wontonr ton lrdgdj li ton djtnj`n` `nplsdt khj bn d`njtd﬈n` dj cdgot li ton `dskclsurns< @l ylu hse ilr up`htn` djilrfhtdlj lj ton shfn bhsds ton glvnrjfnjt rnqudrns lr lj h `diinrnjt bhsds< Olw ds ton djilrfhtdlj prlvd`n` lj ton ilrf usn`< 84. @l ylu ohvn lr rnkhcc rnknjt nxhfpcns wonrn h ]N] whs d`njtd﬈n` by ton bhje hj` ton prlknss/stnps toht wnrn nxnkutn`<

Nxdstdjg Kustlfnrs hj` Bnjn﬈kdhc Lwjnrs 2=. @l @l ylu ruj ]N] konkes lj nxdstdjg kustlfnrs hj` bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrs< 28. Woht Woht trdggnrs suko konkes< 22. Woht Woht prlknùrns hrn ilcclwn` ljkn hj nxdstdjg kustlfnr lr, di hppcdkhbcn, bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr lwjnr,, ds d`njtd﬈n` hs h ]N]<

[lurkn li Wnhcto hj` [lurkn li Iuj`s 2;. Woht Woht stnps hrn thenj tl nsthbcdso ton slurkn li h kcdnjt—s kcdnjt—s wnhcto hj` ton slurkn li h kcdnjt—s kcdnjt—s iuj`s< 20. Dj ton nvnjt li `lubts hblut ton slurkn li iuj`s, woht ohppnjs< Djvnstdghtdlj< ]N] kljthktn`< Ljsdtn vdsdts<

Ljgldjg Fljdtlrdjg 2>. Olw hrn ]N] trhjshktdljs fljdtlrn`< 8. Olw `l ylu `ntnrfdjn ton irnqunjky li ton fljdtlrdjg< fljdtlrdjg< 2. Fhjuhc lr ncnktrljdk ncnktrljdk fljdtlrdjg fljdtlrdjg usn`< usn`<

^jusuhc Prhjshktdljs Prhjshktdljs hj` Rnplrtdjg li [uspdkdlus Prhjshktdljs/Hktdvdty Prhjshktdljs/Hktdvdty 29. Woht hrn ton plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns ilr d`njtdiydjg hj` hjhcyzdjg ujusuhc trhjshktdljs< Hrn tonrn spnkdhc prlknùrns di h ]N] ds djvlcvn`< 27. Olw Olw `l ylu `nkd`n wontonr h trhjshktdlj djvlcvdjg h ]N] hkklujt ds suspdkdlus< 2?. Wonj Wonj `l ylu y lu rnplrt< 24. Woht Woht hrn ton cdhbdcdty dssuns ilr rnplrtdjg hj` ihdcurn tl rnplrt< Pdppdjg lii<

Hu`dtdjg ;=. @l ylu rnguchrcy rnvdnw K@@ plcdkdns, systnfs hj` kljtrlcs, hj` trhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg systnfs dj rnchtdlj tl ]N]s< Woht `lns tods prlknss djvlcvn< Di h prl﬈cn/rdse `hthbhsn ds rncdn` uplj, olw ds tods tnstn`< ;8. Ohvn Ohvn ylu klfn hkrlss hjy `di﬈kuctdns lr dssuns< Woht rnklffnj`htdljs `l ylu ohvn tl dfprlvn olw rnguchtlrs hj` ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs h``rnss ]N] dssuns<

40

Hppnj`dx G1 Idnc` Fdssdlj [urvny

Klrrnsplj`njt Bhjedjg hj` Idjhjkdhc Djtnrfn`dhrdns ;2. @l ylu konke wontonr klrrnsplj`njt bhjes hj` ﬈jhjkdhc djtnrfn`dhrdns hrn h`nquhtncy hj` niinktdvncy klfpcydjg wdto K@@ hj` N@@ ilr ]N]s< ;;. @l ylu clle ht ]N]s dj ton kljtnxt li IHPI IHPI `nsdgjhtn` jlj﬈jhjkdhc busdjnssns hj` prlinssdljs<

Gnjnrhc/Niinktdvnjnss ;0. Wonrn Wonrn `l ylu todje ton rdses li ]N] fljny chuj`nrdjg hrn ton odgonst< ;>. Olw Olw niinktdvn `l ylu todje ]N] kljtrlcs hrn dj prnvnjtdjg ton chuj`nrdjg li prlknn`s li klrruptdlj< ;9. Woht `l ylu todje hrn ton fhdj bhrrdnrs tl ton niinktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] systnfs hj` kljtrlcs< (ilr nxhfpcn, prlbcnfs wdto ton d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s (`n﬈jdtdlj), chke li gud`hjkn, djsui﬈kdnjt buy-dj irlf sthii) ;7. Woht Woht `l ylu todje kluc` dfprlvn bhjes— klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] rnqudrnfnjts< ;?. Woht Woht fltdvhtns bhjes tl klfpcy wdto ]N] rnqudrnfnjts< (ilr nxhfpcn, inhr li shjktdljs, rnputhtdljhc rdse, ntodkhc kljsd`nrhtdljs) ;4. Ds tonrn kllr`djhtdlj wdto ltonr sthenolc`nrs dj ton prdvhtn hj`/lr pubcdk snktlr lj ton ]N] dssun<

Njilrknfnjt by [upnrvdslry Hutolrdtdns li ]N] [thj`hr`s Xunstdljs ilr Rnguchtlrs

Lrghjdzhtdljhc 0=. ]cnhsn `nskrdbn ylur hpprlhko tl supnrvdsdlj (rdse-bhsn`, klfpcdhjkn bhsn`, ntk.). Olw `l ylu hcclkhtn rnslurkns, hj` olw `l ylu `ntnrfdjn ton irnqunjky li vdsdts< 08. Woht Woht ds ylur rlcn dj rnchtdlj tl hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` ]N]s< 02. Olw ds ylur wlre (lj HFC/]N]) lrghjdzn`< 0;. Ohs ton supnrvdslr dssun` spnkd﬈k gud`ncdjns/fhjuhc toht snt lut ton rnguchtlry nxpnkthtdljs lj ]N]s< Woht ohppnjs di h ﬈rf `lns jlt rnspnkt tonsn< 00. @d` ton supnrvdslr `rhw up djtnrjhc gud`ncdjns lr djstruktdlj fhjuhcs tl hssdst ods/onr pnrsljjnc lj olw tl hssnss ]N] klfpcdhjkn< 0>. Hrn hcc supnrvdslrs trhdjn` tl hssnss h ﬈rf—s ﬈rf—s ]N] kljtrlcs<

[upnrvdsdlj (Lj/Lii-[dtn) 09. Olw `l ylu lrghjdzn HFC/]N] hssnssfnjts< 07. @l ylu systnfhtdkhccy supnrvdsn klfpcdhjkn wdto ]N] prlvdsdljs dj nhko djspnktdlj prlgrhf hj`/lr ljsdtn vdsdt< 0?. @l ylu `l thrgntn` HFC djspnktdljs< Di sl `l ylu ilkus lj ]N]s< Ohvn ylu nvnr kljsd`nrn` `ldjg h thrgntn` ]N] djspnktdlj< 04. @lns ton supnrvdslr rlutdjncy klccnkt djilrfhtdlj wdto rnghr` tl ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj, fljdtlrdjg, hj` rnplrtdjg (quhcdthtdvn hj` quhjtdthtdvn) irlf bhjes< Ilr nxhfpcn, hrn bhjes rnqudrn` tl trhjsfdt tl ton supnrvdslr klpdns li tondr ]N]-rnchtn` djtnrjhc prlknùrns< Wol ds rnspljsdbcn ilr hjhcyzdjg tonsn, hj` rnchtn`, `lkufnjts< >=. @lns ton ID^ djilrf ton supnrvdslr hblut bhjes toht hrn jlt subfdttdjg [PRs hj`/lr [PRs lj ]N]s< Di sl, woht stnps hrn thenj< >8. @lns @lns chw njilrknfnjt djilrf ton supnrvdslr li khsns djvlcvdjg ]N]s< Di sl, woht stnps hrn thenj< >2. Olw ds ton niinktdvnjnss li h ﬈rf—s ]N] systnfs hj` kljtrlcs hssnssn`< Di h prl﬈cn/rdse `hthbhsn ds rncdn` uplj, olw ds tods hssnssn`< >;. Wol ds rnspljsdbcn ilr prnphrdjg ton ljsdtn vdsdt hj` sncnktdjg tnhf fnfbnrs< Olw fhjy pnlpcn lj hvnrhgn hj` woht hrn tondr prlinssdljhc bhkegrluj`s< @l tony then hjy ]N] rnchtn` trhdjdjg<

4>


>0. Ds tonrn hjy kllr`djhtdlj bntwnnj ton lii-sdtn `nphrtfnjt hj` ton ljsdtn tnhf prdlr tl ton ljsdtn vdsdt< >>. Woht edj` li djilrfhtdlj/`hth ds klccnktn` hblut ton thrgnt bhje prdlr tl ton vdsdt, spnkd﬈khccy dj rnchtdlj tl ]N] rdses (ilr nxhfpcn, jufbnr li ]N]s, jufbnr li ]N] [PRs<) >9. Wodko Wodko fntol`lclgy `l ton ljsdtn nxhfdjnrs rncy lj (gnt h klpy)< >7. Olw `l tony hssnss K@@ hj` ETK5 ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj, rdse hssnssfnjt, hj` fljdtlrdjg5 hj` [PR klfpcdhjkn< Woht ds ton `npto li tondr nxhfdjhtdlj< >?. Woht ds ton nxhkt sklpn li ton ]N] ljsdtn djspnktdlj< @l nxhfdjnrs nxhfdjn (d) klfpcdhjkn wdto jhtdljhc rnguchtdljs< (dd) h`nquhky li djtnrjhc lrghjdzhtdlj, DP nqudpfnjt, hj` djtnrjhc fljdtlrdjg tllcs< (ddd) quhcdty lr niinktdvnjnss li ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj (niinktdvnjnss li `hthbhsns, slurkns rncdn` uplj)< >4. Olw `l nxhfdjnrs sncnkt ton ﬈cns lr hrnhs li hktdvdtdns tl bn hssnssn`< (]cnhsn nxpchdj sklpdjg hj` shfpcdjg prlknss.) 9=. Bnylj` Bnylj` ton nxhfdjhtdlj li ﬈cns, ds tonrn hjytodjg ncsn toht ds rlutdjncy `ljn tl hssnss klfpcdhjkn< 98. @l @l nxhfdjnrs lbthdj h klpy li [PRs ﬈cn` hj` snjt tl ton ID^< Di sl, `l tony nxhfdjn ton quhcdty li ton rnplrt<

Rnplrtdjg 92. @lns @lns ton supnrvdslr fhdjthdj sthtdstdks lj ﬈j`djgs< Ilr nxhfpcn, lj ton quhcdty li ]N] kljtrlcs< Di sl, olw hrn tonsn sthtdstdks bndjg usn`< 9;. Woht Woht hrn ton klfflj ]N] klfpcdhjkn ihdcurns< 90. Wonj Wonj ]N]s lr ]N] [PRs ohvn bnnj d`njtd﬈n` by nxhfdjnrs, woht stnps hrn thenj< 9>. @lns @lns ton ID^ rnkndvn h klpy li ton djspnktdlj rnplrts lr ht cnhst slfn nxknrpt<

Ilcclw-^p 99. Wonrn ylu ohvn d`njtd﬈n` prlbcnfs wdto h ﬈rf—s ]N] kljtrlcs, `l ylu ilcclw up< Woht hrn ylur lptdljs< 97. Hrn Hrn snrdlus ihdcurns dj ]N] klfpcdhjkn klffujdkhtn` tl ton ID^<

Rnguchtlry Hktdljs 9?. @l @l ylu kljsd`nr brnhkons li ]N] lbcdghtdljs tl bn snrdlus< 94. Woht Woht edj` li rnguchtlry hktdljs khj ton supnrvdslr hppcy tl h ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdlj toht ihdcn` tl klfpcy wdto ]N] rnqudrnfnjts (sklpn)< 7=. Hrn shjktdljs h`nquhtn hj` `ntnrrnjt< 78. Hrn hcc rucdjgs gdvnj by ton klfpntnjt hutolrdtdns rlutdjncy pubcdson`, hj` di sl, dj wodko `lkufnjt (hjjuhc rnplrt, li﬈kdhc glvnrjfnjt ghznttn)< 72. Wodko hutolrdty ds rnspljsdbcn ilr shjktdljdjg (ton supnrvdslr supnrvdslr,, h klurt, ton ID^)<

Niinktdvnjnss 7;. Wonrn Wonrn `l ylu todje ton rdse li ]N] fljny-chuj`nrdjg ds odgonst< 70. Olw niinktdvn `l ylu todje ]N] prlvdsdljs hrn dj `ntnrrdjg lr `ntnktdjg ton chuj`nrdjg li prlknn`s irlf klrruptdlj< 7>. Woht Woht `l ylu todje hrn ton fhdj lbsthkcns tl ton niinktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ton ]N] prlvdsdljs< 79. Bhsn` lj ylur supnrvdslry wlre, olw wluc` ylu hssnss lvnrhcc cnvncs li klfpcdhjkn wdto ton cnghc/ rnguchtlry ]N] rnqudrnfnjts< 77. Woht Woht kluc` bn `ljn bnttnr/woht ds fdssdjg< 7?. Ds tonrn kllr`djhtdlj hfljg sthenolc`nrs dj ton prdvhtn hj`/lr pubcdk snktlr<

49

Hppnj`dx G1 Idnc` Fdssdlj [urvny

Rlcn li ID^ dj [upplrtdjg Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li ]N] [thj`hr`s Xunstdljs ilr ID^s 74. Woht Woht ds ylur rlcn dj rnchtdlj tl HFC/]N]s (di hppcdkhbcn, bnylj` toht li h ID^)< ?=. Ohvn Ohvn `drnktdvns bnnj dssun` tl ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs tl nxpchdj olw tl rnplrt ]N] [PRs< ?8. Khj ylu d`njtdiy ]N]-rnchtn` [PRs< Di sl, olw< @l ylu rnklffnj` ton usn li h konke-blx lj ton [PR ilrf< ?2. Olw hrn ]N] [PRs prlknssn` hj` hjhcyzn`< ?;. Olw hrn ]N]-spnkd﬈k rnplrts prlùkn`< Olw hrn tony sohrn` wdto djvnstdghtdlj lr prlsnkutdlj hgnjkdns< ?0. @l ylu fhdjthdj sthtdstdks lj ]N] [PRs< ?>. @l ylu prlùkn ]N] typlclgdns, ]N] tornht hssnssfnjts, lr ltonr djilrfhtdlj tl supplrt ﬈rfs dj tondr klfpcdhjkn wdto cnghc hj` rnguchtlry lbcdghtdljs< ?9. @lns @lns ton ID^ djilrf ton supnrvdslr hblut bhjes toht hrn jlt subfdttdjg [PRs hj`/lr [PRs lj ]N]s< ?7. Ds tonrn kllr`djhtdlj hfljg sthenolc`nrs dj ton prdvhtn hj`/lr pubcdk snktlr<

Jhtdljhc hj` Djtnrjhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj Xunstdljs ilr Bhjes, Rnguchtlrs, hj` ID^s

Jhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj ??. Woht edj` li kllpnrhtdlj ohs bnnj nsthbcdson` sl ihr lj ]N]s hj` ]N]s [PRs wdto jhtdljhc hutolrdtdns (ilr nxhfpcn, ton ID^, ton plcdkn, kustlfs, hj` ltonr ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs/supnrvdslrs)< ?4. Olw ds ton kllpnrhtdlj ihkdcdthtn`< (Fnflrhjùf li ^j`nrsthj`djg/fuctd`dskdpcdjhry tnhfs)< Woht ds ton prlknss< 4=. Hrn tonrn hjy rnstrdktdljs lj ton hbdcdty tl nxkohjgn djilrfhtdlj bntwnnj jhtdljhc hgnjkdns< 48. Woht Woht ds ton rnchtdljsodp bntwnnj ton supnrvdslr hj` ton ID^< 42. Woht ds ton rnchtdljsodp bntwnnj ton supnrvdslr hj` ton chw njilrknfnjt hgnjkdns, djkcu`djg prlsnkutlrdhc hutolrdty<

Djtnrjhtdljhc Kllpnrhtdlj 4;. Woht edj` li djilrfhtdlj sohrdjg hj` kllpnrhtdlj ds tonrn wdto ilrndgj hi﬈cdhtn ﬈jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hj` klrrnsplj`njt bhjes< 40. Woht edj` li kllpnrhtdlj ohs bnnj nsthbcdson` sl ihr lj ]N]s wdto ilrndgj supnrvdslry hutolrdtdns lr ID^s hj` chw njilrknfnjt hgnjkdns< 4>. Olw ds ton kllpnrhtdlj ihkdcdthtn`< (Fnflrhjùf li ^j`nrsthj`djg<) 49. Hrn tonrn hjy cdfdthtdljs lj ton typn li djilrfhtdlj toht khj bn nxkohjgn` wdto ilrndgj hutolrdtdns< (]cnhsn prlvd`n nxhfpcns.)

47

Dj`nx

Blxns, ﬈gurns, hj` jltns hrn dj`dkhtn` by b, i, hj` j ilcclwdjg ton phgn jufbnrs.

H hkklujthjts hs djtnrfn`dhrdns, 89, 02 hjljyflus hkklujts, >0 hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC) kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn hj`, 80 `nskrdptdlj li rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, xvdd‛xvddd, 2;‛20 djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, xdv, >‛9 plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns, 8;‛80 trhdjdjg, 72 hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg hj` klfbhtdjg ton ﬈jhjkdjg li tnrrlrdsf (HFC/KIP) klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr, ;?, >8, >0, 72 hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, xvd‛xvdd, 08, 02b, 0?, 04, 9> httlrjnys hs djtnrfn`dhrdns, 89, ;>, 02 hutlfhtn` ]N] skrnnjdjg systnfs, 0>‛09

B bhjes ID^ gud`hjkn tl, 90 cnghc rdse plsn` by ]N]s, 89, 27 ]N]s klffdttnns, xvdd, >>, >9 ]N] cdst fhdjthdjn` by, xvdd‛xvddd, >0 rnguchtdlj li ]N] kljtrlcs, >4‛9= >4‛9= rnputhtdljhc rdse plsn` by ]N]s, 89, 27, 78 rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko tl HFC dj, 20 b trhdjdjg sthii, 0=, 78‛72 Bhsnc Klffdttnn lj Bhjedjg [upnrvdsdlj, xdv, 0, ?2 bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp `nkchrhtdlj ilrf ilr, xvd, ;7, ;?, ;4 b d`njtd﬈khtdlj li, xv, 89, 89 j;=, ;>‛0=, ;4b djtnrfn`dhrdns hj`, 89, 2=, ;>‛;9 ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj`, 84‛2=, ;; rnklffnj`htdlj, ;?, 7; –bchke cdsts,‖ 08, 0> brdbnry, ;j7

Bur`nsku, Ruxhj`rh, 02b busdjnss ejlwcn`gn, 08

K K@@. [nn kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn kclsn hsslkdhtns, xv `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s tl djkcu`n, ;, ; j?, 84, 2>, 2?‛24 dj IHPI, 9, 74, ?=, ?7 dj ^JKHK, >, 74, ?=, ?7 `di﬈kucty dj d`njtd﬈khtdlj, ;>, 0=, 08 gll` prhktdkn, 72 rnklffnj`htdlj, 24, 0; klffnrkdhc `hthbhsns, 08, 0>‛09 klffujdkhtdlj klffujdkhtd lj kohjjncs, 9= klfphjy ilrfhtdlj hgnjts, 2= klfpcnx lwjnrsodp strukturns, ;>, ;9, ;9 j>=, >0 klfpcdhjkn wdto djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, xv, 7, 7‛? i, 8;, 80 i, 8> i , 87‛2= klfpcdhjkn li﬈knr (HFC/KIP), ;?, >8, >0, 72 klj﬈`njtdhcdty, 8?, 09 klrplrhtn hj` cnghc njtdtdns, 87, ;>, ;9, ;9 j>= klrplrhtn vnodkcns, 89, 2=, ;>, ;9, ;9 j>= Klrruptdlj hj` ]nrknptdljs Dj`nx (K]D, Prhjsphrnjky Djtnrjhtdljhc), 0=‛08 Klrruptdlj Kljvnjtdlj. [nn ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj Kljv njtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn (K@@). [nn hcsl njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (N@@) IHPI IH PI rnqudrnfnjts, rnqu drnfnjts, > ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj hj`, 80, 89, ;;, 0= rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, 2; kustlfnr prl﬈cn up`htdjg, >>

@ `hthbhsns, 08, 0>‛09 `hth prltnktdlj chws, 8?, 09 `nkchrhtdlj li d`njtdty li bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, xvd, ;7‛0=, ;4 b

44

Dj`nx

`nkchssd﬈khtdlj li ]N]s, ;8‛;2, 77 `nsdgjhtn` jlj﬈jhjkdhc busdjnssns hj` prlinssdljs (@JIB]s), 89 j;= –@dskclsurn by ]lcdtdkdhjs‖ (@ahjelv nt hc.), 02 b, 0? @ahjelv, [dfnlj, 02 b, 0? `lfnstdk ]N]s, 84, 29‛2?, 9> ùn `dcdgnjkn. [nn kustlfnr ùn `dcdgnjkn (K@@)5 njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (N@@)

N Ngfljt Grlup li Idjhjkdhc Djtnccdgnjkn ^jdts, 9> nfbnzzcnfnjt, ;j7 njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn (N@@) `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s, xv‛xvd, 84, 29‛2? IHPI rnqudrnfnjts, 74‛?; dfpcnfnjthtdlj li, xv‛xvd, 8> rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, 2; Podr` N^ @drnktdvn rnqudrnfnjts, 29, 74‛?;, ?4‛4= tdfn cdfdts lj, ;8‛;2 ^JKHK rnqudrnfnjts, 74‛?; njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg, >;‛>9 `n﬈jn`, >;j98 gll` prhktdkns, >;, >9, 7? rnklffnj`htdljs, >0, >>, 7> Nurlpnhj ]hrcdhfnjt hj` Klujkdc, 84 j;;, ?4‛48. [nn hcsl Podr` N^ @drnktdvn Nxtrhktdvn Djùstrdns Prhjsphrnjky Djdtdhtdvn (NDPD), 08

I ihcsn plsdtdvns, 0> ihfdcy fnfbnrs li ]N]s `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s tl djkcu`n, ;, ;j?, 84, 2>, 2?‛24 `di﬈kucty dj d`njtd﬈khtdlj, 0=, 08 IHPI, 9, 74, ?=, ?7 ^JKHK, >, 74, ?=, ?> rnklffnj`htdlj, 24 IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg, > bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnrsodp, ;9 klfpcdhjkn wdto, xv, 7, 7‛? i, 8;, 80 i njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg, >; ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns `n﬈jn`, 2?‛24, 24j00 ]N]s `n﬈jdtdlj, 9, 29‛;=, 74, ?=, ?7

8==

]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj, 9, ;;, ;; j07 prnvnjtdvn fnhsurns, xdv, 0‛> rnklffnj`htdlj >, 80, 8> rnklffnj`htdlj 9, 8, 9, 7, ?, 8;, 80, 8> rnchtn` rnklffnj`htdljs, 29, 2?, 24, ;; trhdjdjg, 78‛72 ﬈nc` fdssdlj survny, 4;‛47 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI). [nn hcsl IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts, xv‛xvd, 84 aurds`dktdljs li li kljknrj, 08 08 ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj, 2> prnvnjtdvn fnhsurns, xdv, 0 rnklffnj`htdljs, djtnrprnthtdvn jltns, hj` fntol`lclgy, ?7‛?? ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts (ID^s) djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj hj`, 94 ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj gud`hjkn, 08 rnklffnj`htdljs, 90, 9>, 7> rnspljsdvnjnss li, 8? suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrtdjg hj`, 9;‛9> trhdjdjg, 78‛72 ilrndgj ]N]s, 84, 29‛2? ilrf ilr d`njtd﬈khtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, ;7‛0=, ;4 b iluj`htdljs, ;9

G gll` prhktdkns hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, 08 njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg, >;, >9, 7? jhtdljhc kllpnrhtdlj, 94‛7=, 7? ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj, ;0, 08, 77 ]N]s Klffdttnn, ;2, >9 rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, 09, >4, 9=, 7? snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc li ]N]s, >2, 7? slurkn li iuj`s d`njtd﬈khtdlj, 04, 77 tdfn cdfdts lj ]N] kchssd﬈khtdlj, ;2, 77 trhdjdjg hj` rnslurkns, 72, 7? grhj` klrruptdlj, `n﬈jn`, xddd grlup klfpcdhjkn, 08 Grlup li 2= (G2=), 9‛7, ;9 Gud`n tl Rnslurkn Rnvnjuns Prhjsphrnjky (DFI), 08

Dj`nx

D

]

djklfn hj` hssnt `nkchrhtdljs, xvd‛xvdd, 08, 02b, 07, 0?, 9> –Djklfn hj` Hssnt @nkchrhtdljs,‖ (Bur`nsku nt hc.), 02b dj-olusn `hthbhsns, 0>‛09 djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj, 94‛7= djtnrfn`dhrdns, 89, 89 j;=, 2=, ;>‛;9, 02 djtnrjhtdljhc cdsts li ]N]s, ;> Djtnrjhtdljhc Fljnthry Iuj` (DFI), 08 djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s kchrd﬈khtdlj li, xv, 8?‛84 klfpcdhjkn wdto, 7, 7‛? i, 8;, 80 i, 8> i ohrfljdzhtdlj li, xv, 8?‛84 ]N] `n﬈jdtdljs, 74‛?2 Djtnrjnt `hth slurkns, 08, 0>, 07, 0?

]N]-blx hpprlhko tl [PRs, 90 ]N]s Klffdttnn, xvdd, ;2, >>, >9 pnrdl`dk rnvdnw prlknss, >>‛>9 plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s) HFC plcdkdns hj` prlknùrns hj`, 8;‛80 hwhrnjnss li, >0 kclsn hsslkdhtns `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s tl djkcu`n, ;, ;j?, 84, 2>, 2?‛24 dj IHPI, 9, 74, ?=, ?7 dj ^JKHK, >, 74, ?=, ?7 `di﬈kucty dj d`njtd﬈khtdlj, xv, ;>, 0=, 08 gll` prhktdkn, 72 rnklffnj`htdlj, 24, 0; klfphrdslj li ]N]s `n﬈jdtdljs, 74‛?2 `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj, xv‛xvd, 84, 29‛27 ihfdcy fnfbnrs `n﬈jdtdlj li ]N]s tl djkcu`n, ;, ;j?, 84, 2>, 2?‛24 `di﬈kucty dj d`njtd﬈khtdlj, 0=, 08 IHPI, 9, 74, ?=, ?7 ^JKHK, >, 74, ?=, ?> rnklffnj`htdlj, 24 d`njtd﬈khtdlj li, xv, 80, 2>‛;=, ;;‛;0 klffnrkdhc klffnrk dhc hj` dj-olusn `hthbhsns, 0>‛09 gll` prhktdkns, ;0, 08, 09, 77 fntol`s, ;>‛0; rnklffnj`htdljs, 29‛24, ;;‛;0, 0;, 09, 70 tllcs ilr, 0=‛0; dfplrthjkn li ilkus lj, 89‛2= tdfn cdfdts lj N@@ ilr, ;8‛;2 typlclgdns li, xv, 84‛2=, 9=, 9;, 90, 7=, 72 plcdtdkhc wdcc, xv, 87, 8? prdjkdphc rnklffnj`htdljs, 2?, ;2, ;?, 04, >>, 7; prdvhky chws, 8?, 09 prdvhtn snktlr brdbnry dj, ; j7 klffujdkhtdlj klffujdk htdlj kohjjncs wdto w dto rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, 9= djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj hj`, 94 phrtjnrsodps, 7= ]ubcdk Hkklujthbdcdty Fnkohjdsfs Djdtdhtdvn (Wlrc` Bhje), 0?

A au`dkdhc li﬈kdhcs, ;=, ?=, ?2, ?7, 4=

E eny-wlr`s hpprlhko tl [PRs, 90 ejlw-ylur-kustlfnr (ETK) djilrfhtdlj, ;0, 0?, >0

C chw njilrknfnjt, 8=, 94 cnghc njtdtdns, 87, 2?, ;>, ;9, 0> cnghc rdse plsn` by ]N]s, 89, 27 cdfdtn` cdhbdcdty phrtjnrsodps, ;9 Cdst li Irhgdcn [thtns (W ( Wlrc` Bhje), 0=

F fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc li ]N]s, >8‛>2, 7>, 7? fljny chuj`nrdjg. [nn hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg (HFC)5 Idjhjkdhc Hktdlj Phse Ilrkn lj Fljny Chuj`nrdjg (IHPI) fljdtlrdjg. [nn njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg5 trhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg

J jhtdljhc kllpnrhtdlj, 94‛7=, 7>, 7? jhtdljhc cdsts li ]N]s, ;>

L lpnj-slurkn djilrfhtdlj, 0>, 09 lwjnrsodp strukturns, ;>, ;9, ;9 j>=, >0

8=8

Dj`nx

R rnklffnj`htdljs. [nn hcsl IHPI 0=+4 Rnklffnj`htdljs hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, 04, 7; `n﬈jdtdlj, 29, 2?, 24 `nkchrhtdlj li ton bnjn﬈kdhc lwjnr, ;?, ;?, 7; njohjkn` ljgldjg fljdtlrdjg, >0, >>, 7> ﬈jhjkdhc djtnccdgnjkn ujdts, 90, 9>, 7> jhtdljhc kllpnrhtdlj, 7=, 7> ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj, xv‛xvdd, 29 ‛24, ;;, ;0, 0;, 09, 70 prdjkdphc, xv‛xvddd, 2?, ;2, ;?, 04, >>, 7; rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, 0;, 09, 9=, 7> rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko, 20, 7;‛70 snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc li ]N]s, >8, 7> slurkn li iuj`s lr wnhcto d`njtd﬈khtdlj, 07, 70 suffhry cdst li rnklffnj`htdljs, 7;‛7> suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts, 90, 9>, 7> tdfn cdfdts lj ]N] kchssd﬈khtdlj, xvdd‛xvddd, ;2 rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns, >4‛98 `hth prltnktdlj chws, 8? njilrknhbcn cngdschtdlj lj ]N]s hj`, 8; gll` prhktdkns, >4, 9=, 7? djtnrhgnjky kllpnrhtdlj hj`, 94 ]N] kustlfnr cdsts hj`, >0 ]N] d`njtd﬈khtdlj gud`hjkn, 08 rnklffnj`htdljs, 9=, 7> trhdjdjg, 78‛72 trhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg gud`hjkn irlf, >; rnputhtdljhc rdse plsn` by ]N]s, 89, 27, 78 rnsd`njky li h ]N], 29 rnslurkns, 78‛72, 7? rdse-bhsn` hpprlhko hppcdkhtdlj li, ;=, ;8, ;;, 04, >>, 9= tl HFC, 2;‛20 rnklffnj`htdljs, xvdd‛xvddd, 20, 7;‛70

[ shjktdljs, 0>, 98 snhrko njgdjns, 08 snjdlr fhjhgnfnjt hpprlvhc li ]N]s, >8‛>2, 7>, 7? slurkn li iuj`s lr wnhcto `n﬈jn`, 07j>9

8=2

d`njtd﬈khtdlj li, 07‛04, 70, 77 rnklffnj`htdljs, 07, 04 sthii trhdjdjg, 0=, 78‛72, 7? [tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry ([tHR) Djdtdhtdvn, 0, 4, 4j2= subjhtdljhc plcdtdkhc plsdtdljs, 24 suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrts, 8>‛89, 9;‛9>, 7>

P Podr` N^ @drnktdvn Hrtdkcn 8; (0), 29‛27 klfphrdslj wdto djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, 74‛?; njohjkn` ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts, 29, 74‛?;, ?4‛4= ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns `n﬈jn`, 2?‛24 ]N] `n﬈jdtdlj, 84, 29‛27, ?4‛48 tnxt hj` djtnrprntdvn jltns, ?4‛48 tdfn cdfdts, ;8, 74 tdfn cdfdts lj ]N] kchssd﬈khtdlj, xvdd‛xvddd, ;8‛;2, 77 trh`djg dj djflunjkn, ;j7 trhdjdjg, 0=, 78‛72, 7? trhjshktdlj fljdtlrdjg njohjkn`, >;‛>0 hs d`njtd﬈khtdlj tllc, 0= suspdkdlus trhjshktdlj rnplrtdjg, 8>‛89, 9;‛9>, 7> Prhjsphrnjky Djtnrjhtdljhc Klrruptdlj hj` ]nrknptdljs Dj`nx, 0=‛08 trusts hj` trustnns, 2=, ;>, ;9, 02, >0

^ ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Kljvnjtdlj hghdjst Klrruptdlj (^JKHK) hjtd-fljny chuj`nrdjg, xdv, >‛9 Hrtdkcn >2, >, ?> hssnt hj` djklfn `nkchrhtdljs, 02b klfphrdslj wdto djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s, 74‛?; klrruptdlj `n﬈jn`, ;j7 `lfnstdk hj` ilrndgj ]N]s, 29‛24 ùn `dcdgnjkn rnqudrnfnjts, >, 84 ihfdcy hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns `n﬈jn`, 2?‛24, 2?j00 ihfdcy fnfbnrs, 24j00

Dj`nx

]N]s `n﬈jdtdlj, >, 29‛;=, 74, ?=, ?7 rnklffnj`htdlj, 29 tnxt hj` djtnrprntdvn jltns, >, ?>‛?9 ^jdtn` Jhtdljs Li﬈kn lj @rugs hj` Krdfn, 4

W Wnb sdtns hs djilrfhtdlj slurkn, 08, 0>, 07, 0? Wlcisbnrg Grlup, 7, 7 j84, 24, ?2

Wlrc` Bhje HFC/KIP hssnssfnjts, 08 lj klrruptdlj klsts, xddd, 0, 87 Cdst li Irhgdcn [thtns, 0= ]ubcdk Hkklujthbdcdty Fnkohjdsfs Djdtdhtdvn, 0? [tHR Djdtdhtdvn hj`, 4

8=;

Nkl-Hu`dt Njvdrljfnjthc Bnjnidts [thtnfnjt

Pon Wlrc` Bhje ds klffdttn` tl prnsnrvdjg prnsnrv djg nj`hjgnrn` ilrnsts hj` jhturhc rnslurkns. Pon Liidkn li ton ]ubcdsonr ohs kolsnj tl prdjt ]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs lj rnkykcn` phpnr wdto ;= pnrknjt plst-kljsufnr plst- kljsufnr whstn, dj hkklr`hjkn wdto ton rnklffnj`n` sthj`hr`s ilr phpnr ushgn snt by ton Grnnj ]rnss Djdtdhtdvn, h jljprlidt prlgrhf supplrtdjg sup plrtdjg pubcdsonrs pubcdsonrs dj usdjg idbnr toht ds jlt slurkn` irlf nj`hjgnrn` ilrnsts. Ilr flrn djilrfhtdlj, vdsdt www.grnnjprnssdjdtdhtdvn.lrg.

[hvn`1 • ? trnns • ; fdccdlj BP^—s li tlthc njnrgy • ?=0 cbs. KL2 nqudv. li grnnjolusn ghsns • ;,?79 ghccljs li whstnwhtnr • 2;> cbs. li slcd` whstn

Dj rnknjt ynhrs, rnvnchtdljs li grhj` klrruptdlj hj` ton pcuj`nr li sthtn hssnts ohvn cn` tl grnhtnr skrutdjy li �jhjkdhc rnchtdljsodps wdto plcdtdkhccy nxplsn` pnrsljs (]N]s)‐snjdlr glvnrjfnjt l﬋kdhcs hj` tondr t ondr ihfdcy fnfbnrs hj` kclsn hsslkdhtns. Jltwdtosthj`djg Jltwdtosthj `djg ton n﬍lrts n﬍lr ts by fhjy �jhjkdhc djstdtutdljs hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns tl prnvnjt klrrupt ]N]s irlf njtnrdjg hj` usdjg ton �jhjkdhc systnf tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj, tonrn ohs bnnj hj lvnrhcc ihdcurn dj ton n﬍nktdvn dfpcnfnjthtdlj li djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s lj ]N]s. Dfpcnfnjthtdlj li hj n﬍nktdvn ]N] rngdfn ds h krdtdkhc klfpljnjt dj ton prnvnjtdlj hj` `ntnktdlj li trhjsinrs li prlknn`s li krdfn hj`, tonrnilrn, uctdfhtncy dj ton prlknss li rnklvnrdjg tonf. ]lcdtdkhccy Nxplsn` ]nrsljs1 ]rnvnjtdvn Fnhsurns ilr ton Bhjedjg [nktlr ds `nsdgjn` tl oncp bhjes hj` rnguchtlry hutolrdtdns h``rnss ton rdses plsn` by ]N]s hj` prnvnjt klrrupt ]N]s irlf usdjg `lfnstdk hj` djtnrjhtdljhc �jhjkdhc systnfs tl chuj`nr ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj. Pon blle prlvd`ns rnklffnj`htdljs hj` gll` prhktdkns hdfn` ht dfprlvdjg klfpcdhjkn wdto djtnrjhtdljhc sthj`hr`s hj` djkrnhsdjg supnrvdslry n﬍nktdvnjnss. Dt ds hj dfplrthjt tllc ilr dj`dvdùhcs, glvnrjfnjts, �jhjkdhc hj` prdvhtn snktlr klfphjdns, hj` djtnrjhtdljhc lrghjdzhtdljs djvlcvn` dj `nvnclpdjg hj` dfpcnfnjtdjg sthj`hr`s hdfn` ht �gotdjg klrruptdlj hj` fljny chuj`nrdjg, hj` trydjg tl rnklvnr stlcnj hssnts hj` ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj.

[tHR‐ton [tlcnj Hssnt Rnklvnry Djdtdhtdvn‐ds h phrtjnrsodp bntwnnj ton Wlrc` Bhje Grlup hj` ton ^jdtn` Jhtdljs L﬋ kn lj @rugs hj` Krdfn toht supplrts supplr ts djtnrjhtdljhc n﬍lrts tl nj` shin ohvnjs ilr klrrupt iuj`s. [tHR ds wlredjg wdto blto `nvnclpdjg klujtrdns hj` �jhjkdhc knjtnrs tl prnvnjt chuj`nrdjg li ton prlknn`s li klrruptdlj hj` tl ihkdcdthtn ton flrn systnfhtdk hj` tdfncy rnturj li stlcnj hssnts.

47?-=-?28;-?204-;

[E^ 8?204

Politically Exposed Persons: A Guide on Preventive Measures for the Banking Sector

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