POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICS Genealogy: -polis (Greek): “city-state” -came from ancient Greece; was used about 2,800 years ago to denote a selfgoverning city -other words to remember: WORD MEANING polites citizen politikos politician politics as the art of politike citizenship and government constitution, rules of politeia politics political community, all those residents politeuma who have full political rights Definition: -the study of power and the powerful, relationship between those in control and not in control -struggle for advantage -the art of convincing people to take your side Definition (according to J. Salonga): -the capacity to say no to something dangerous and inimical to public interests (corruption, mediocrity, dishonesty, fraud, unethical practices) Definition (according to E. Maceda): -the art of compromise to achieve a certain end Definition (according to H. Lasswell): -who gets what, when, and how Definition (in broad sense): -the art and science (step-by-step process) of governance -the means by which the will of the community is arrived at and implemented -the activities of the government, politicians, or political parties
Approaches to the study of Politics: 1.) Traditional/Historical -concentrates exclusively in history, emphasizes chronology and the historical development of government structures -tracing of what happened back then to understand why we are what we are now 2.) The Scientific/Behavioralist -seeks to understand how individuals behave within a political institution and how informal behavior contributes to policy making -makes use of methodology, variables, and hypotheses to arrive at theory 3.) The Political Economy -economist + political scientist -relationship between the government and economics -economics involves conflict over scarce resources while politics involves decisions about who will pay and who will benefit 4.) The Systems Approach -Input-Process-Output (IPO) -basically: PEOPLE'S DEMAND
SUPPORT
PROCESSING
CONVERSION
OUTPUT (DECISION/ACTION/PROGRAM/LAW)
FEEDBACK
5.) Structural Functional Approach -in every political system there are certain structures, and these cannot be confused with each other -these functions must be performed to maintain the stability of the political systems -basically:
2.)
POLITICAL SYSTEM
IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURES
3.)
IDENTIFY THE ROLES (WHICH MUST BE PERFORMED WELL!)
4.) STABILITY
6.) General Theory Approach -basically: SOCIETY
5.)
IDENTIFY ALL CRITICAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES
EXPLAIN THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITH POLITICS
6.)
PREDICT GOVERNMENTAL OUTCOMES
7.) Images of Philippine Politics: 1.) Board Room Politics (BORO) -decisions made by business elites and professionals, but with important public consequences -businessmen give financial support/funding to the politicians;
they get power from the politicians who protect their businesses -ex. People Power 2 against Joseph Estrada Bureaucratic Politics (Bureau) -rulemaking and adjudication by bureaucrats, with inputs from clients and professionals -make decisions in favor of private business and political interests -ex. people in government (civil servants) Multimedia Politics (MUME) -mass media promotes the political interests and choices of those who own them, who pay them, and who use them -media can make or unmake a president or a leader Faith-based Politics (FABA) -decisions made by leaders and members of religious groups and have political implications -El Shaddai, JIL, INC, CBCP, NCCP, are some of the most prominent religious groups which take political positions on public issues Military Politics (Games of the Generals) -involves the calculated decisions of the military, police generals, and their subordinates to affect preferences in the political arena -key factor that changed government and government leaders Congress Politics (CON) -policy making by legislatures -laws affect private and public interests -legislation is politically beneficial Chief Executive Politics (CHEX) -a process dominated by presidents, governors, mayors, and their advisers -possess and exercise discretionary powers that are beneficial to majority but detrimental to some few Discretionary power -power of own will (very powerful)
-no question Discretionary fund -money used by the chief executive -own money to be used whenever or wherever Technical malversation -money used on a different project 8.) Court Room Politics (CORO) -court orders and decisions of judges, justices, and prosecutors in response to interest groups and aggrieved individuals 9.) Civil Society Politics (NGOs) -high profile socio-political engagement and proactive lobbying of voluntary groups such as NGOs, POs, cause-oriented groups, professional associations, cooperatives, and foundations that influence political issues 10.) X-men Politics (Gambling Lords) -people less prominently-mentioned, less openly named, less publicly involved but actively engaged in fixing and managing self-serving political decisions -drug lords, gambling lords, vice lords who support the career of politicians and bureaucrats who in return provide protection to syndicated crimes -ex. Leila de Lima The Isms of Politics: 1.) Political Idealism -what is ideal, what is good is ideal -for a political leader to be good, he must have the love of all the people, better if they feared him and best when he is loved and feared at the same time (N. Machiavelli) -use of power and influence in achieving the greatest welfare for the greatest number
-kung ano ang nakabubuti para sa lahat, dun tayo! -ex. Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, Benigno Aquino 2.) Political Realism -power makes right, might is right -only power exercised and grounded on reality will succeed (H. Kissinger, Father of Contemporary Real-Politics) -power is always predicated by the desires of self-interest, creating a strong basis for politics -ex. George Bush 3.) Political Rationalism -the forces of reason over the reason of force -power and influence must be exercise through rational dispositions, discourse, and decisions -deep reflection and dialogue have become the weapons of rationalists -ex. Fidel Ramos 4.) Political Extremism -the reality today is the reality forever -believes that the world today is still divided into bipolar relations, that the world is still in a cold war period -capitalists vs. socialists -ex. Jose Maria Sison, RAM CPP-NPA, MILF Is politics dirty? -men by nature have dual tendencies- one towards the good and another towards the bad (R.E. Agpalo) -elect good men and good politics becomes inevitable. Bad politics is the way of bad politicians (R.R. Dannug) Is politics an art or a science? ART SCIENCE lifestyle, music, data, fact sheet, poll charisma, surveys, research, knowledge, analysis, trending movement, conduct the power to the exactness of the perform selective variables of politics
recreation of reality Stylizes man’s consciousness to suit a person’s political objectives
POLITICAL SCIENCE Definition: -the study of governments, public policies and political processes -a social science concerned with the theory and practice of political system and political behavior -political scientists see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions -from these revelations, they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works -some political scientists seek to advance positive (attempt to describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be) theses by analyzing politics Subfields of Political Science: 1.) Sociology -socius (Latin): “companion” -socio: “society” -logos: “the study of” -the term sociology was first coined in 1780 by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, later defined by August Comte -study of society -involves both the informal and formal behaviors of people 2.) Economics -studies economic activity to gain and understanding of the processes that govern the production, distribution, and consumption of goods in a country 3.) Anthropology -anthropos (Greek): “human” -first appeared in Renaissance Germany, in the works of Marcus Hundt and Otto Casmann -study of humans’ past and present
-draws knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences 4.) Psychology -an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors 5.) History -records and analyzes past events -today is a reflection of yesterday; who we are now is because of yesterday
GOVERNANCE Definition: -the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are (or are not) implemented -considered to encompass all aspects of the exercise of authority in the management of the resource endowment of a state and the manner in which the power is exercised -the quality of governance is determined by the impact of this exercise of power on the quality of life enjoyed by citizens Definition (according to Williamson, 2005): -study of good order and workable arrangement GOOD GOVERNANCE Participatory Consensus-oriented Accountable Transparent Responsive Effective & Efficient Equitable & Inclusive Follows the rule of law
POOR GOVERNANCE Arbitrary policy making Unaccountable bureaucracies Unenforced or unjust legal systems Abuse of executive power A civil society unengaged in public life Widespread corruption
IDEOLOGY Genealogy: -ideologie: “new science of ideas” -was created during the French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy -first used in public in 1796 -the use of ideology as a political term has a lot to do with the work of Karl Marx Definition: -influences all of our lives, but works in such a way that we are often unaware of its presence -changes the way which we see and interpret the world, and how we make decisions 1.) Liberalism -ideology of the “industrialized West” -emphasizes the importance of the individual- the uniqueness of each individual and at the same time the equality of all individuals -commitment to individual freedom -however, this does not mean that an individual is free to do whatever s/he likes -there are still constraints on what you are actually allowed to do (ex. hurting others, pagiging paasa, pagkain ng tinagong pagkain ng iba sa ref, chz hahaha) BELIEF Faith in reason
Tolerance and pluralism
Justice
MEANING ability to use one’s intellect in taking action the idea that different moral, cultural, and political cultures can exist together each person should be given what they are due
2.) Conservatism CORE THEMES
Tradition
Imperfection
Organic society Hierarchy and authority
property
3.) Socialism CORE THEMES
Community
Cooperation
MEANING preservation of tradition, with regards to values, practices, and institutions tradition is one of the foundation society, and without it, they believe society will crumble human beings are imperfect and thus need stability and security, which the government can provide human beings cannot exist outside of society society is hierarchical and authority develops naturally it is important to own and invest in property, and have private earnings, for those seem to be a way of creating a stable world people are less likely to destroy someone else’s property if they also own property
MEANING human beings are tied to one another by the bonds of a common humanity the natural relationship among humans is one of
Equality
Class politics
Common ownership
cooperation rather than competition socialists are committed to equality emphasis is on social class as the determining factor of society no to private property because it causes competition, therefore resulting to social inequality all property should be communal from each according to his ability, to each according to his need (K. Marx)
What’s the distinction between the two? SOCIALISM COMMUNISM middle zone between thought to be a communism and classless society capitalism state attempts to re-direct society no hierarchy, no towards its authority communist ideal 4.) Fascism -born in the period between the first world wars and emerged dramatically in Italy and Germany -against rationalism -life is struggle, and the strongest survive (survival of the fittest by Charles Darwin) -does not believe in equality -believes in elitism (that some people are born leaders)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
-extreme embrace of nationalism (some nations are superior than others) -ex. Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler (Germany) Capitalism -an economic system focused on profit -freedom of ownership and competition -the market is the defining mechanism in ordering society; supply and demand -economic growth is when all people increase their material wealth and become better off Totalitarianism -the state (which is in the hands of perhaps one person or a small group/party) controls almost everything in its territory -no freedom -total system control, absolute power -rule by ideological manipulation (controlling the minds of its subjects), terror, and brutality Anarchism -chaos -not a form of government, but an ideology Nationalism -the nation should be the central principle of political organization
The Political Spectrum: POLITICAL LEFT POLITICAL RIGHT characterized by sympathy for principles such as characterized by liberty, equity, sympathy for fraternity, and principles such as progress authority, order, preference for hierarchy, and duty equality and common ownership
POWER Definition: -central to the study of politics -the heart of politics -no power, no politics, no maintenance of law and order Definition (according to M. Weber): -power as a tool for an individual or a group of humans to achieve their objectives even though their behaviors involves with violence or coercion Definition (according to K. Marx): -political power as an instrument for elite groups to maintain their influence and using power to rule other groups of people Definition (according to Ramanathan): -power is influence, absolute rights of individual as a ruler. Ability to settle problem, implement policy will influence the citizens’ loyalty Definition (according to R.H. Tawney): -the capacity of an individual, or group of individuals, to modify the conduct of other individuals or groups in the manner in which he (the power holder) desires Definition (as adapted from Robert Dahl): -an aspect of a relationship between two social actors, where actor A can induce or influence actor B to do something in line with A’s preferences, when one would not do that otherwise -basically kapag si A napagawa si B ng isang bagay na ‘di normally gagawin ni B Significance of Power: -an instrument for an individual to achieve objectives or aims -tool for the leader to gain support from the people as to implement certain policy -can be considered as a guarantee for the leader to convince people
Sources of Power: 1.) The people 2.) Constitution 3.) Parliamentary laws 4.) Conventions 5.) Knowledge and capability 6.) Organization 7.) Social status 8.) Religious status 9.) Control over mass media 10.) Economic position 11.) Charismatic personality 12.) Faith 13.) Skill 14.) Authority Sources of Power (according to French and Raven, 1959): 1.) Force: the Coercive Power -probably the most easily recognizable power -followers’ belief that the leader has the power to punish them for noncompliance 2.) Wealth: the Reward Power -political clientelism (political sociology) -followers’ belief that the leader has resources- benefits that will help the followers in reaching their goals and meet their needs 3.) Expertise: the Expert Power -expertise has provided individuals with power and influence -knowledge is power -leader possesses superior information and ability -pag mas marami kang experience at alam, bida ka! 4.) Position: the Legitimate Power -position in any organization is one of the surest avenues to power 5.) Popular Support: the Referent Power -based on the followers’ identification with the leader -popular support minimizes the need to use coercive power or reward power to obtain compliance to the decision of the government
Types of Power: 1.) Political Power -control of or influence on the state -ability to make or influence political decisions 2.) Economic Power -control of economic assets 3.) Military Power -ability to wage war or to compel others through intimidation or deterrence 4.) National Power -collective power of a nation which includes economic, political, emotional, and military power of a nation -through the use of this power, a nation establishes relations with other countries and gets its will enforced on other nations What is the distinction? POWER OVER prevalent kind of power
POWER TO the idea of one’s ability to realize one’s goals without coercing others
interactive process (you have to have someone to have power over)
individually (by exercising one’s freedom)
potential or active
collectively (by joining with others in a free and voluntary way)
purposeful activity promotive (gawin mo na PETA mo!) or preventive (wag ka na gumawa ng PETA!) balanced (democracy associated with balanced power) or unbalanced (absolute power
associated with visions of a good society, based on the ideals of freedom, equality, justice, solidarity, democracy
corrupts absolutely)
Specific Aspects/Three Distinct Faces of Power (according to Steven Lukes): 1.) Decision-making Power -open face -the ability to control or influence in an open and direct way -allows people to have a say, through elections, referendums, and lobbying -open to forms of scrutiny throughout and therefore it can be argued that power, in this case, can be seen as legitimized 2.) Agenda-setting Power -secretive face -power is exercised behind closed doors -you have real power if you can set the agenda (S. Lukes) -you can decide or limit what will be discussed and more importantly what cannot be discussed, effectively controlling the situation -effectively used by the powerful to ignore the demands of the weak through avoidance, delay, or bureaucracy 3.) Ideological Power -power to shape desires -seeks to identify the means through which power influences, shapes, or determines conceptions of necessities, possibilities, and strategies of challenge in situation of conflict (Gaventa, 1982:15) -allows powerful groups, such as government or big business, to make people think that they agree to something or want something that may actually be harmful to their own interests -can be exercised through religion, media, and the elite
Dimensions of Power (according to S. Lukes): 1.) Pluralist view -open, transparent system while recognizing that political resources are not distributed evenly, they are also not completely centralized with a small group of the elite -political actors are influenced by a number of other factors such as their constituents, lobbyists, and pressure groups -political agenda can be controlled or manipulated 2.) Elitist view -recognizes the power we can see, but also acknowledges that power is also involved when specific issues are left off the agenda in order to avoid conflict 3.) Supreme and most insidious exercise of power -an example would be the way in which capitalists have manipulated the interests of the working classes to believe that capitalism is in their best interest rather than communism -through education and media, the ruling class has been able to instill these values to the extent where people see no alternative -best illustrates the society we live in today, while the other two show a weaker power Power and Human Nature -power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely (Lord Acton) -we have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion (D&C, 121:39)
AUTHORITY Definition: -closely associated with power -formal or legal as distinguished from personal power -a position: authority is attached to positions -roles: the set of patterned expectations about behavior that the members of society attach to a position in an institution -power assigned to a position by the popularly accepted ground rules for the operation of the political system
Definition (according to Rogow and Lasswell, 1963): -authority can be defined as the legitimate (conforming to establish rules and procedures) exercise of power Definition (according to A.R. Ball): -authority is the recognition of the rights to rule without limited power obtained by the leader Definition (according to Roskin): -refers to the leader’s ability to gain loyalty Types or Sources of Authority (according to M. Weber): 1.) Traditional Authority -based on ancient customs, traditions, or conventions -closely tied up with hereditary systems of power and privilege -ex. Brunei Sultanate (eldest will be the Sultan), Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain 2.) Charismatic Authority -people following a leader because they believe that s/he has extraordinary personal qualities that command their obedience -ex. Mussolini, Hitler, Mao Zedong 3.) Legal-rational Authority -based upon acceptance of publicly articulated, society-wide
rules and regulations issued by duly authorized public officials -hold any position according o the legal procedures -power could only be legitimate if: power is exercised according to established rules, the rules are justified in terms of the shared beliefs of the government and the governed, and legitimacy is demonstrated by the expression of consent on the part of the governed (David Bentham)
STATE Definition: -a community of persons permanently occupying a definite portion of a territory, independent of external control, and possessing a government to which a great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience Theories on the origin of the State: 1.) The Natural Theory -man’s urge toward being part of the community 2.) The Force Theory -one person or group forced all people within an area to obey their rule -happens through war, where the strong dominates the weak 3.) The Divine Theory -God created the state and gave certain people the “divine right” to govern the lands 4.) The Divine Right of Kings Theory -spiritual power was given to certain people as sovereigns of the state -absolute power 5.) The Social Contract Theory -the state is essentially a contract between the leader and the people
Rights of the State: 1.) Right of Existence and Self-defense 2.) Right of Independence 3.) Right of Equality 4.) Right of Legation/Diplomatic Relation Roles of the State: -parens patriae: “parents of the country” -it is the role of the state as a sovereign to be the guardian of a person under legal disability (juveniles or the insane) -the state must care for those who cannot take care of themselves in terms of health, welfare, comfort, interstate water rights, and general economy of the state What is the distinction? STATE
presupposes a government and a definite territory
a political or legal concept where there is a state, there is at least one nation may be made up of one or more nations (poly-national state) or only one nation in one state (mononational state)
NATION a population having a common language and literature, tradition and history, customs, and consciousness of rights and wrongs inhabiting a territory of geographic unity an ethnical concept
there can be a nation without there being a state
Essential Powers of the State: 1.) Police power 2.) Power of Eminent Domain 3.) Power of Taxation
State Principles and Policies: 1.) Recognition of the Aid of Almighty God (preamble) 2.) Sovereignty of the People 3.) Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy 4.) Supremacy of civilian authority over the military 5.) Separation of Church and State 6.) Recognition of the importance of family as basic social institution and of the vital role of youth in nation building 7.) Guarantee of human rights 8.) Separation of Power 9.) Independence of Judiciary 10.) Guarantee of local autonomy 11.) High sense of public service morality and accountability 12.) Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected by public interest 13.) Non-suability of the state 14.) Rule of the majority 15.) Government of laws and not men
-must be sufficiently adequate to provide for its maintenance development, and growth -terrestrial, fluvial, aerial domains
Elements of State: 1.) People -must be sufficient in number, capable of maintaining its existence permanently -small enough to be ruled, big enough to be self-sufficient -requires the presence of both sexes -no fixed number required 2.) Territory -includes the land over which the state exercises control -also includes the rivers and lakes therein, certain areas of the sea which borders on its coast and the air space above them -a mass of land where people can permanently reside -no specific area is required
3.) Sovereignty -supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience from its people as well as to have freedom from foreign control -could be manifested internally through its freedom to rule within its territory, externally through its freedom to carry out its activities without control by other states 4.) Government
Contiguous zone -12 nautical miles away from the territorial sea Exclusive Economic zone -200 miles away from the territorial sea PLACE Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands/Kalayaan Group of Islands
Sabah
WHY IT’S OURS Within the 200mile Exclusive Economic zone (123 miles west of Subic Bay) Within the 200mile Exclusive Economic zone Sultan of Sulu was granted this territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei
GOVERNMENT Definition: -system of offices that oversee and guide the interactions of individuals in a political system
-successfully upholding a claim to exercise the exclusive regulation of the legitimate use of force in enforcing its rules within a territorial area -agency or instrumentality which formulates, expresses, and realizes the will of the people Why government? -human life in the state of nature is nasty, brutish, and short (Thomas Hobbes) -to create order -to protect life -to defend property rights -to enforce contracts
-government by occupation -the elevation from De Facto to De Jure will depend on the recognition of the international community Types of Government (according to who rules and who participates): 1.) Autocracy -rule by one -power to govern is held by one person -generally the power to rule is inherited or by military force TYPES
What is the distinction? GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION agency which formulates, expresses, and realizes the will of the people
group of people who run the system of the government for a given period of time
STATE cannot exist without a government, but it is possible to have a government without a state
Purpose and Necessity of Government: -to exist for the benefit of the people -without government, there would be no one to administer the affairs of society for the common good (chaos will prevail; bye bye to freedom, justice, truth, and equality) Kinds of Government (according to legitimacy): 1.) De Jure -established by authority of the legitimate sovereign 2.) De Facto -established in defiance of the legitimate sovereign -government by revolution -government by secession
Dictatorship
Absolute Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy
MEANING leader takes control over the government and has total power few admit they are dictators and almost always claim to be leaders of democracy ex. Kim Jong II (North Korea) usually headed by a king, queen, emperor, empress, tsar exercising the supreme power of government power is usually inherited and absolute ex. King Louis XIV (France, 1700s) the king/queen is limited by law and shares power with elected officials ex. present day England
2.) Oligarchy -government of the privileged few -when a family or small group of people holds the power to govern
-the power is derived from wealth, military power, social status, education, or some combination of these -ex. India, Russia, Great Britain, China, USA TYPES
Aristocracy
Theocracy
Military Junta
MEANING Power is derived from virtue, age, experience, wisdom, or education Rule by religious leaders ex. the Vatican, Afghanistan, Iran Power is consolidated under military force
3.) Democracy -rule by the people -people hold the govern to rule -sovereign power is vested to the people METHODS
Direct
Representative
MEANING power of government is controlled directly by the people; pure or absolute everyone votes on every issue people elect representatives who then make decisions for them parliamentary (voters elect members to a parliamentlegislature) presidential (voters elect legislators and directly/indirectly elect the
President) Democratic Republic -often, a nation calling itself a democratic republic is neither of the two, but a dictatorship -communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term -ex. the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the People’s Republic of China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Systems of Government (according to how power is distributed): 1.) Unitary -all decisions and power held at a central level -power is not shared between states, counties, or provinces -ex. China, France, Japan 2.) Federal -decisions and power split between national and state (or province) governments -power is shared by a powerful central government -states of provinces are given considerable self rule, usually through their own legislatures -ex. USA, Mexico, Germany, Canada, Australia, Brazil 3.) Confederation -vast majority of political power rests with the local governments; the central government has very little power -local governments have a great deal of freedom to act as they wish, but this freedom often leads to conflicts between states and the federal government -ex. Confederate States of America (1861-1865)
Commonwealth of Nations: -an organization of 53 independent states made up most of former colonies that were part of the British Empire -headed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, however this position is not a hereditary one -16 nations is The Commonwealth share Queen Elizabeth II as their Head of State, although each of these nations are governed separately -Commonwealth Realms include Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, etc.
CONSTITUTION Definition: -part of a country’s sovereignty -fundamental and supreme law of the land -basis of all other laws in the land -serves as a guide to the government in making decisions Kinds of Constitutions (according to origin and history): 1.) Conventional or Enacted -ex. Constitution of Japan, 1889 enacted/granted by the Monarch & Philippine Constitution 2.) Cumulative or Evolved -ex. English Constitution Kinds of Constitutions (according to form): 1.) Written -ex. Philippine Constitution 2.) Unwritten -English Constitution Kinds of Constitutions (according to manner of amending): 1.) Rigid or inelastic -ex. Philippine Constitution 2.) Flexible or elastic What is the distinction? CONSTITUTION STATUTE legislation direct legislation from the
from the people merely states the general framework of the law intended not merely to meet existing conditions but to govern the future supreme or fundamental law
people’s representatives provides the details of the subject of which it treats intended primarily to meet existing conditions only conforms to constitution
Genesis of Philippine Constitutions: 1.) 1987 Constitution -Philippines’ first constitution -also called the Biak na Bato Constitution -written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer -created in accordance with the establishment of the Biak na Bato republic -lasted only until Gen. Aguinaldo and Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera signed the Pact of Biak na Bato -almost the same as the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayu 2.) Malolos Constitution -written by Felipe Calderon -ratification and proclamation held at the Barasoain Church in Malolos -created in accordance with the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, 1899 -lasted until the Philippine-American war 3.) 1935 Constitution -written by Claro M. Recto -created in accordance with the establishment of the Commonwealth Republic -Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 caused the drafting of the 1935 Constitution -had to be approved by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt -ratification included women for the first time
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-effectivity was halted during the Japanese occupation -was continued in 1946 until 1972 1943 Constitution -drafted by the Phil Committee Phil Independence -created in accordance with the establishment of the Second Philippine Republic, or Puppet Republic -main purposes were to make Filipinos believe that they will be given independence, and to allow the Japanese to have more influence over Philippine territory and resources -lasted until the end of the Japanese Occupation, 1945 1973 Constitution -created in accordance with the declaration of Martial Law and the New Society -ratification was done through citizens’ assembly -main purpose before Martial Law was to reflect genuine Philippine independence and sovereignty -main purposes after Martial Law were to change the present government to parliamentary form, and to give Marcos more power and postpone the incoming 1973 elections -lasted until the People Power Revolution, 1986 Freedom Constitution -promulgated on March 25, 1986 -created in accordance with the establishment of the Revolutionary Government of 1896 -only parts about human rights were retained from the previous constitution -served as a temporary/transitional constitution 1987 Constitution -ratified February 2, 1987 -formulated by the Constitutional Commission (ConCom) led by Cecilia Munoz Palma
-pushed for the restoration of the presidential government and protection of human rights CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS CONSTI longer term, but without reelection for president abolition of capital punishment party list representation and creation of Sandigang Bayan creation of the Human Rights Commission (or CHR) controlled power of president in declaring Martial Law
Different Kinds of Laws made by the Government: 1.) National Laws -implemented throughout the country -drafted by the congress -also known as Republic Acts -ex. Tax Laws, Local Government Code OTHER LAWS IMPLEMENTED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY International Laws Laws coming from the President (Executive Orders) Laws administered by the Supreme Court 2.) Ordinances -passed by local government bodies in cities, municipalities, towns, provinces, etc. -implemented in LGUs because they are important to the communities -ex. change in street names, curfew 3.) Barangay Orders -passed in Sangguniang Barangay -implemented in barangays -usually related to cleanliness, peace, and order
-ex. prohibiting establishment of bars, collection of garbage, curfew PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
NATIONAL LAWS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES/AGREEMENTS ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUANCES TO IMPLEMENT NATIONAL LAWS ORDINANCES BY LGUs
Charter Change: AMENDMENT to change some parts of the constitution; piecemeal change
REVISION writing or substantial changing in the constitution
Methods for Proposing Amendment or Revision (Sections 1 & 2): 1.) By constituent assembly -by congress -upon a vote of ¾ of all its members voting separately 2.) By constitutional convention -called for the purpose -2/3 vote of Congress calling for plebiscite for a call for constitutional convention (pagbobotohan muna kung gagawa ng ConCon) -ConCon is a body assembled to frame, revise, or formulate amendments -members are elected by the voters 3.) By the people directly -through initiative -petition of at least 12% of the total registered voters and at least 3% of every legislative district therein -applied only to amendments or simple changes only
GLOBALIZATION Definition: -a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange -in specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or free trade Globalization can mean: 1.) The formation of a global village -closer contact between different parts of the world -increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between “world citizens” 2.) Economic globalization -free trade -increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization industry) -corresponding erosion of National Sovereignty in the economic sphere Signs of Globalization: 1.) Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy 2.) Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment 3.) Greater transborder data flow using technologies -mas madali nang makipagusap/magconnect sa ibang tao, regardless of location 4.) Greater international cultural exchange -ex. export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies 5.) Even terrorism has undergone globalization 6.) Spreading of multiculturalism
-better individual access to cultural diversity, and some reduction in diversity -assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization, or Sinosization (Chinese) of cultures 7.) Erosion of National Sovereignty and national borders through international agreements -formation of organizations such as the WTO and OPEC 8.) Greater international travel and tourism 9.) Greater immigration, including illegal immigration 10.) Development of global telecommunications infrastructure 11.) Development of a global financial systems 12.) Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations 13.) Increased role of international organizations that deal with international transactions 14.) Increase in the number of standard applied globally -ex. copyright laws Views on Globalization: ANTI PRO promotion of free trade leads to a corporatist agenda, more efficient which is intent on allocation of constricting the resources, with all freedoms of those involved in the individuals in the trade benefitting name of profit increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities leads to lower increasingly shape prices, more the political policy of employment, and nation-states better allocation of imposes creditresources based economics, resulting in unsustainable
growth of debt and debt crises
Globalization in the Philippines: -has been taking part in globalization ever since the country signed agreements with the World Trade Organization in 1995 -very effective in the Philippines -has allowed major changes such as more labor, and more Filipino and foreign companies have emerged in the nation in order to help the country’s developing economy ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Peaceful relations (most countries have Health issues trade relations with (more health risks each other in order and new threats to boost economy, and challenges for leaving behind bitter epidemics, past experiences if especially in the any) (ayan, kung transport of food mga bansa nga ‘di items from country bitter, edi kaya mo to country) (ex. rin! dawn of HIV/AIDS) #notoampalaya2k17) Employment (one of the most Loss of culture crucial advantages; (people may adapt numerous to the culture of the employment resident country, opportunitiesfollow the foreign companies are culture more, forget moving towards the their own roots; this developing countries may give rise to to acquire labor cultural conflicts) force) Education (with numerous Uneven Wealth educational Distribution institutions around the (rich are getting globe, one can richer, poor are move out from the getting poorer; home country for poverty is not better opportunities reduced) elsewhere) Product Quality Environment (product quality has Degradation
been enhanced to retain the customers)
Cheaper prices (globalization has brought in fierce market competition)
Communication (every single information is easily accessible; the internet has significantly affected the global economy) Transportation (wheel of every business organization; today once can conveniently deliver the products to a customer located at any part of the world) GDP increase (Gross Domestic Product is the money value of goods and service produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year) Free trade (a policy that does not levy taxes, duties, subsidies, or quota on the import/export of goods from other countries; allows consumers to buy goods and services
(industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling; burden on the environment) Disparity (structural unemployment owes to the created disparity; developed countries are moving their factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply available) Conflicts (has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence; loss of human life and economic resources)
Cut-throat competition (affects the local markets dramatically; local markets shrink and suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to advertise or export their products in a large scale)
at a comparatively lower cost) Travel and Tourism (international trade helps in increasing the number of tourists) External borrowing (opportunity for corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers to have better access to external finance)
Other terms to remember: backdoor entry to politics/congress -when people make party lists for the sake of wanting to run for congress political party -group of people who share common visions and goals party list -representatives of the marginalized sectors public servants -“alipin ng bayan” rightsizing -formerly called “rationalization of the government” -pagbabawas ng employees with duplicated positions Nepotism -practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, by giving them jobs political dynasty -a family in which several members are involved in politics bicameral -legislature that consists of two houses unicameral -legislature that consists of only one house
Extra readings that may help: 10 Point Prescription on Effective Leadership by Niccolo Machiavelli The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Green
Waaah, lodi!! You have officially reached the end of this reviewer- congrats! Good luck sa prelims <3 Prepared by: Danica Sarabia
