NIFT, KANGRA
PLANT PLANT LAY LAYOUT Types of Industrial Shades
Submitted by:Abhishek Kumar Anmol Jain Himanshu Dixit Vishal Kashyap DFT - VII
Introduction Any uildin! stru"ture used y the industry to store ra# $aterials or for $anufa"turin! produ"ts of the industry is %no#n as an industrial uildin!& Industrial uildin!s $ay e "ate!ori'ed as Nor$al type industrial uildin!s and Spe"ial type industrial uildin!s& Nor$al types of industrial uildin! are shed type uildin!s #ith si$ple roof stru"tures on open fra$es& These uildin!s are used for #or%shop, #arehouses et"& These uildin! re(uire lar!e and "lear areas unostru"ted y the "olu$ns& The lar!e floor area pro)ides suffi"ient fle*iility and fa"ility for later "han!e in the produ"tion layout #ithout $a+or uildin! alterations& The industrial uildin!s are "onstru"ted #ith ade(uate headroo$ for the use of an o)erhead tra)elin! "rane& Spe"ial types of industrial uildin!s are steel $ill uildin!s used for $anufa"ture of hea)y $a"hines, produ"tion of po#er et"& The fun"tion of the industrial uildin! di"tates the de!ree of sophisti"ation&
Building configuration
Typi"ally the ays in industrial uildin!s ha)e fra$es spannin! the #idth dire"tion& Se)eral su"h fra$es are arran!ed at suitale spa"in! to !et the re(uired len!th&
ependin! upon the re(uire$ent, se)eral ays $ay e "onstru"ted ad+oinin! ea"h other& The "hoi"e of stru"tural "onfi!uration depends upon the span et#een the ro#s of "olu$ns, the head roo$ or "learan"e re(uired the nature of roofin! $aterial and type of li!htin!& If span is less,
portal fra$es su"h as steel ents -Fi!& .&.a/ or !ale fra$es -Fi!& .&./ "an e used ut if span is lar!e then uildin!s #ith trusses -Fi!& .&. " 0 d/ are u sed&
The hori'ontal and )erti"al ra"in!s, e$ployed in sin!le and $ulti1storey uildin!s, are also trusses used pri$arily to resist #ind and other lateral loads& These ra"in!s $ini$i'e the differential defle"tion et#een the different fra$es due to "rane sur!e in industrial uildin!s&
They also pro)ide lateral support to "olu$ns in s$all and tall uildin!s, thus in"reasin! the u"%lin! stren!th& Roof System
2hile plannin! a roof, desi!ner should loo% for follo#in! (uality li!htness, stren!th, #ater proofness, insulation, fire resistan"e, "ost, duraility and lo# $aintenan"e "har!es& Sheetin!, purloin and supportin! roof trusses supported on "olu$n pro)ide "o$$on stru"tural roof syste$ for industrial uildin!s& The type of roof "o)erin!, its insulatin! )alue, a"ousti"al properties, and the appearan"e fro$ inner side, the #ei!ht and the $aintenan"e are the )arious fa"tors, #hi"h are !i)en "onsideration #hile desi!nin! the roof syste$& 3rittle sheetin! su"h as asestos, "orru!ated and Trafford "e$ent sheets or du"tile sheetin! su"h as !al)ani'ed iron "orru!ated or profiled sheets are used as the roof "o)erin! $aterial& The defle"tion li$its for purloins and truss depend on the type of sheetin!& For rittle sheetin! s$all defle"tion )alues are pres"ried in the "ode&
Lighting
Industrial operations "an e "arried on $ost effi"iently #hen ade(uate illu$ination is pro)ided& The re(uire$ents of !ood li!htin! are its intensity and unifor$ity& Sin"e natural li!ht is free, it is e"ono$i"al and #ise to use dayli!ht $ost satisfa"tory for illu$ination in industrial plants #hene)er pra"ti"ale& Side #indo#s are of $u"h )alue in li!htin! the interiors of s$all uildin!s ut they are not $u"h effe"ti)e in "ase of lar!e uildin!s& In "ase of lar!e uildin!s $onitors are useful -Fi!& .&4/&
Ventilation
5entilation of industrial uildin!s is also i$portant& 5entilation #ill e used for re$o)al of heat, eli$ination of dust, used air and its repla"e$ent y "lean fresh air& It "an e done y $eans of natural for"es su"h as aeration or y $e"hani"al e(uip$ent su"h as fans& The lar!e hei!ht of the roof $ay e used ad)anta!eously y pro)idin! lo# le)el inlets and hi!h le)el outlets for air&
ROOF TRUSS Steel trusses are "o$$only used in "o$$er"ial "onstru"tion& They are pre1$anufa"tured to order and are $ade in an open #e desi!n& They are essentially a*ially loaded $e$ers #hi"h are $ore effi"ient in resistin! e*ternal loads sin"e the "ross se"tion is nearly unifor$ly stressed& They are e*tensi)ely used, espe"ially to span lar!e !aps& Trusses are used in roofs of sin!le storey industrial uildin!s, lon! span floors and roofs of $ultistory uildin!s, to resist !ra)ity loads& The ad)anta!e of usin! steel trusses for uildin! is that they are stron!er than #ood and !reater open spa"e inside a uildin! is possile& They are ideal for arns, lar!e stora!e uildin!s and "o$$er"ial "onstru"tion&
Analysis of Roof truss Generally truss $e$ers are assu$ed to e +oined to!ether so as to transfer only the a*ial for"es and not $o$ents and shears fro$ one $e$er to the ad+a"ent $e$ers -they are re!arded as ein! pinned +oints/& The loads are assu$ed to e a"tin! only at the nodes of the trusses& The trusses $ay e pro)ided o)er a sin!le span, si$ply supported o)er the t#o end supports, in #hi"h "ase they are usually stati"ally deter$inate& Su"h trusses "an e analysed $anually y the $ethod of +oints
or y the $ethod of se"tions& STAA Pro is used for the analysis of truss& Fro$ the analysis ased on pinned +oint assu$ption, one otains only the a*ial for"es in the different $e$ers of the trusses& 6o#e)er, in a"tual desi!n, the $e$ers of the trusses are +oined to!ether y $ore than one olt or y #eldin!, either dire"tly or throu!h lar!er si'e end !ussets& Further, so$e of the $e$ers, parti"ularly "hord $e$ers, $ay e "ontinuous o)er $any nodes& Generally su"h +oints enfor"e not only "o$patiility of translation ut also "o$patiility of rotation of $e$ers $eetin! at the +oint& As a result, the $e$ers of the trusses e*perien"e endin! $o$ent in addition to a*ial for"e& Further, the loads $ay e applied in et#een the nodes of the trusses, "ausin! endin! of the $e$ers& Su"h stresses are referred to as se"ondary stresses& The se"ondary endin! stresses "an e "aused also y the e""entri" "onne"tion of $e$ers at the +oints& The analysis of trusses for the se"ondary $o$ents and hen"e the se"ondary stresses "an e "arried out y an indeter$inate stru"tural analysis, usually usin! "o$puter soft#are #hi"h is ne!otiated in this paper& The $a!nitude of the se"ondary stresses due to +oint ri!idity depends upon the stiffness of the +oint and the stiffness of the $e$ers $eetin! at the +oint& Nor$ally the se"ondary stresses in roof trusses $ay e disre!arded, if the slenderness ratio of the "hord $e$ers is !reater than 78 and that of the #e $e$ers is !reater than 988& The se"ondary stresses "annot e ne!le"ted #hen they are indu"ed due to appli"ation of loads on $e$ers in et#een nodes and #hen the $e$ers are +oined e""entri"ally&
Representative truss A representati)e truss of span 7.$ is sele"ted and desi!ned as per the re(ire$ent& The shape of the roof truss is "hosen to e ar" of a "ir"le for t#o reasons: ; The e"ono$y of an ar"hed truss lies in the fa"t that the prin"ipal "o$pression $e$ers follo# appro*i$ately the line of !reatest strain, so that the ra"in! "an e $ade )ery li!ht& ; The effe"t of #ind loads on the truss "an e redu"ed if #e use a paraoli" ar"h o)er pit"hed
truss #ith lo# ele)ation&
