Plant Design CP5062 HAZOP Example for Hui Bee

2.3

Systemati System aticc Safety Safety Anal Analysi ysiss (HAZO (HAZOP) P) on Dist Distill illat ation ion Proc Process ess in in Acetone Manufacturing Process

One of the commonly used safety analysis systems in process design is HAZOP. HAZOP stands for Hazard and Operability Study. In typical scenarios, a HAZOP study is conducted by a team comprising of specialists in different fields (varying from process engineers to plant manager). The team uses a series of guide words to identify possible deviations from the intended design or operation of a given process. After identifying such deviations, there then comes about the discussion on how the deviations occur, consequences of these deviations, reliability of existing safeguards in preventing or mitigating the issue and possibly recommending additional safeguards safeguards into the system. In this report, the HAZOP study will be conducted on the second distillation distil lation column (IPA Column, C-101).

2.3. 2. 3.1 1

PFD PF D of of Dis Disti till llat atio ion n

Before performing HAZOP on the distillation itself, a draft Process Flow Diagram (PFD) with complete control loops are to be drawn. Following heuristics, there are to be these main control loops in a distillation column set-up (with other considerations of the usage of cascade loops and safety relief valves): 

Flowrate of feed



Flowrate of reflux



Level in distillation column



Level in overhead accumulator



Temperature of boil up return



Pressure in distillation column



Differential pressure across distillation column

The following is assumed: 

 

All control valves have a by-pass by-pass valve as well as isolation valves present but not drawn drawn into the PFD No proper level alarms for the process transmitter has been determined yet The pressure control systems are done separately separ ately through the use control valves PCV-101 and PCV-102

The preliminary PFD is shown in the following page.

40

PC 102

PC 101

PT 102 PT 101

PRV-101

PCV-101 LT 102

V-102

TT 101

LC 102

TC 101 TT 102

E-106

TC 102

TCV-102 FC 101

FT 101

FT 102

FC 102

CWS

CWR Bottoms from C-100

To Flare

PCV-102

C-101 FCV-101 P-102

PD 101

FCV-102

IPA for Recycle

P-103 TC 103

LCV-102

TT 103

FT 103

FC 103

LT 101

LC 101

Steam Inlet E-107

FCV-103

Steam Outlet LCV-101

Water for Discharge

Figure 2.3.1.1: PFD of Distillation Column Column C-101 with control control loops

2.3. 2. 3.2 2

HAZO HA ZOP P of of Dist Distil illa lati tion on

In this HAZOP analysis, there will be three parameters evaluated; (1) Level, (2) Temperature and (3) Pressure. These parameters have been assoc iated with a series of guidewords, forming a deviation. These deviations are as such and a HAZOP will be done done for each of them (in the following order): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

High level in C-101 Low level in C-101 No level in C-101 High level in V-102 High temper eraature in C-1 -10 01 Low te temperature in in CC-101

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

High temper erat atu ure in V-102 Low te temperature in in VV-102 High pressure in C-101 Low pre press ssu ure in CC-10 101 1 Hig Hi gh pre press ssu ure in VV-10 102 2 Low pre press ssu ure in VV-1 102

The HAZOP analysis made for the 12 deviations are presented in a table format per deviation in the followin following g pages. pages.

41

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) 2 0 1 - V T R P P ( ) ( s 2 e r i v e 0 l s t y t l i 1 - a v a C f m n s P a e ( i n l P a r r l e e O r t l Z e e r r o A r u t u H s s n s s 2 o e e r c r ) 0 P d P 1 1 ) 0 V ) n a a b 1 n i l e e e e t t u t v l e a e e a d r s r s l u b e E s o o A n r p s h o f e e t u u e m . w u g r t t i t d o o o a c . d e a l d e n o p c H l l u 2 o r s e f l l i c a m l m : u i i d . f 0 n n c u a t t v n 4 m u 6 r o 1 o g a . e s e a w r b f o r r i 0 o e o r t c i r 2 n h d . e i p t d 1 2 , t h i 3 V e e s s 2 s - f . p 0 x 0 s f E e s p a n c t e r o i g 2 o t 1 1 u e o b e d e t a m l - l f - i u t h i e r n r t e l t V s b l g g c i f w e l V l e o n u n b n i n t r i o , r i w i i t e o e o i a n n m l r e t l w e i e h g n h T e r l o t o a e t e u h f e r i n e t e t s e h e o f r d t e r v t r n c n s a e e t a s l u o u e m n l e e e a s t e n t e s s e u s r h n h d i e r c n s n s s h a l a i g g o n s e r o u d o i c e . e e g e e i r w r e r i r d n h l w c H R P P h v M l 6 c e c o o ) o n ) v r r o u f ) i w 0 ) e l ) n i o a p c s o b w l 1 c d f a t i b e f d e s a e 6 r c 0 n 1 I . E n o e t p i o n l r i e a t f a 2 w 0 g 1 - n l V i C o T o c

e c n t e l h u s , e 2 R 0 . 1 d e V s f o o l c t . l u e i o s a f w a e 2 l o r c 0 f n 1 i - r l V e s e v C s e e l L l

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, e n n t a v l a o g e c a t m e n o e l v v d v u i s l t . v e r . H n l s l i a a o o e l n n e a v t H e c o v c e t m i o n y r r l l i h u A t x n y e r t t n f o t e o l e d a . T g f c r n o s e i t s e i t i l e r e c l d s n d n x t a r o i o e i l n o p a u f a r r u g l e i l n a f c e u i e s e r f n s t e t s i r i r k s p b e 3 H n a e r e p c p c u o 0 e e d r r d r a 1 A e e i h p s p t d b u r s e p n o i n a - T m h t e s p t h a r r e a n V s s t e a s s C t a k e i p f v r e n t n r a a F r s i l o p e l o o t l r l s r t a a d a , o g e n e e p 1 s t p l n t e n h s w e s t i i e o 0 s s s e t a d t e n n o t I a u c S i I 1 c a n p b e ) e - x o v e e ) r ) n b t r e a h t b i r h c h t C e c p


o e t , t f o t o 1 h , 0 g 3 e p n o 1 - i 0 t t r 1 a C e e , t - r h C w . t n n t T l . o r m e a , e e 2 u l f l r l u 0 d o r m i e o 1 o t t c s s b a n a e e n V e c o o r o i c t s r p , l e t e e h e m a h t 1 l u d h l r 0 t t a g 1 i t d l l c n s s o o r i r x a t r C i d t u e C n t P e n l ) h o f ) o n a c e b t c e r



. n s l a l e i c e l a a e v l l v f d a s l a r a 3 a n v a d a v l 0 l p y o ( e 1 l - o r . t p s r t u P t n s e n l m i n d s e o i s u t a o c f a p a c c n p e r r u 2 e p e h t i n h 0 k e h c t t ) d p a 1 o i o n n o b V n n m i s s C a t u a k a a F l r p l l l r d a u a o p e t t g u s w e s s i s n t u a n f I I n k c a e c a ) h ) o n a c b b t b i o e t o , h o t f 1 o 0 t t n , i p 1 g 1 n 0 t e o - i t r 1 C e - a r e , t h C t n n e . T w t o , l a m e 2 u l f r l u 0 o d r x 1 e o c s t - t u s l a e f V n o c n r o p , c e o i r l t e e e m a h 1 l u h r d 0 l t d t a i t c 1 l . s o x s l - i o 1 a r r C d t l 0 u C t P e n f 1 n ) o ) o e h a t c r b c C

e l l s m o i i t V m u r o l l l n a r t l w l d o i y i u l e i n t e n i t d r . n s a V r a n e e x t v a w r s r a w w x l n o C s m h e e e u i e u h a t c o t v r l o g d l e F e l u n 6 t u r v b a i , n ( r f c o p f o 0 f t u r i p i t h l d e u e r 1 s h e t u o x a c r o a d n e r l o r l a c v i r u w w v o i v d s E u l a l u u g p t a o i r e d n a f r ) b e f n o o r e l v e i o i n v e p s y n c l f 7 h o a u s d b r t r 3 a e l y 0 l c e r s a n a 6 s u 0 o u p f g u e h r o m 1 i i a a t r y r 1 r 0 e t e s m a t h o c m 1 r c e t - n l u c e l h e E r p n n t t r m r P p ( e y d o u n i a s r i . v n E r l o l . r o a o , u o a p t l d l t ) c y f 3 i c f e f n r n a e i a n l e t l r n l n p l y / o e a e , e v e u g t v o t a 0 e i u i a t o t w f t n s o t r l u o s n i e 1 n r h r . e h . i l s c g t u n i e - s q u c i t b o i e o 2 o a 1 i V r e s m u e a c e i e n t h s h s a F ) s 0 d e i r n d H l d 0 a e s r l f u T 1 e W T 2 2 1 e n n s C u f c e e o e t r r ) s e r 0 l ) 0 a - ) i ) n h a F ( i t h t p b e r p o c V ) c o c 1 e r a 1 c C b y b a s u s E ) f 3 o r e 0 g l i 1 n - i o b V t a e e r C h F ( s g n i e s e v c s u l a x e v n o l n i t o r a c t n e s n i o g c n g n i y i t t l . l u p p 7 i u s r a t 0 F e r s 1

e . u ) e d h d t e n 2 a 0 x f b / o u d r 1 l g l o V f n ) C e r i l u o c 3 g o 0 F ( o n 1 s e i i c y e h P l f ( v i T a d t i . e v c r v m u l e r o o l a i r t e o r p a r f n n o t o r t s p c o r u m m y e t a o u l l t p e p t r a o u i t a L s v t f

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, . t n a n o m e g n o i t e l u i v a t v o e r l e i a c i t m s r v n l e u u r n e r f s o s e d y i e i l t r x e l e a o u r e t p f r l l a i e l r i f t e r e s p b e r i r v u e d o s r d o r s e p u n e s a m r h p s t o p f a e r r r e l f o o l s p a p t s n t t e n s t s e o 1 0 d e n v I e 1 c n e r ) x o c h t C e c p

, r n t g t e C a t n t m e c i i f h e l r g e r v i t e v u o h t l m e o o s t a c i r e l e e n v n e v l e a h o . n r p n f t s r o i o y t g e t t i e i r i t l t e r l n t e u s a e i e a r h e t a l l t r e h u l a t a i t t b p i o u t e a r a r s r d s r w i p u m e H n e d o d o s a l r o p t s r n u e r A c f a f p e s m e r h p T s t e e r d n t h t u p f a e e e t l l m i s t o r l o t l p i d a u a r a . r l t t w t u o e 1 s p 1 s o s ) s o s p 0 0 t c n e n s I I T 1 m 1 1 c e e e 0 ) r ) x e C b h a T ( 1 t t C e h t p

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 1 0 1 . e C n n o i e N r u t a e l e g r d s l e d u n i i V e i r d l e p y d r e d l t w l d u o f a l i n t e r . e m a s i n t o s t t l n a e o t c e s l w m l r a r r n n n h o y i e h o i i g e u e u e i l e e l t r l n h 6 h t s ( w f c h e l r n i , t e b e p i i g o 0 t c v a k n e . i r i g f ) r r e 4 o i r 1 s d t u u o d o u i h t 0 r u H b t l n s n e . a d i e e : n s t 0 e u c s E b r 0 a , e w h v 2 i a s l 1 r o i e r o e e u 5 1 r e u , o u h t e v h 0 r l t E - t . e e e o a n p s r t u r 2 1 s b d g a p h y e c a . d C s i g p r a r a u r u s r n a o i a 3 s t e f t y . u e e m d a e e a c a n e e n . s p e l e h l m p l 2 m V o c o r c i p r e l t 1 e u a m h l e y a 0 a p n d d o m m b e p l m r i y r n . l m e n a i d l a b u e r e r n , 1 t t e b l a w t o y v n a e n p f t e o t o n n n - c t h n p l e n a r t a i r r t e t v n , 6 l e e g C m u g i 1 o b e a e e i e o g e 0 o o T

r i u r r n s 0 h l n r 1 u u r i n h h h i t i b h q n q e p a s e t i 1 u u g o g t f s o e e m e e t e i l s i o m h h r s s a E c l s s s t s m o h s s h e u m T T C e n I H u t H 2 t n n l u e e s e ) o 0 l e ) l o a p r h r a ) f o h ) ) t a n o o e e r r c r p t d c 1 r a f a c e c p t c b o t t c f x e e o r t u e t u a r ( e d p 0 0 m e 1 t e C t . a f i o ) d 4 e s 0 m 1 m o E r t e t t o r n b e i l h m i o g o b i r H f e r

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d r o W e d i u G 1 0 1 1 C 0 , 1 n C m u n l i o e c r n u t o i a e t r r a l u e l p t i a t r s e m e i d p t w A m e o P I T L


. e n y e a v a l v c m l e a d . o m e t p n o v d v d a r l t v h a o n f l a a o n a L t c t a l e 2 i s l v t i L r o h y l l r A t s t 0 v o c a o t n k 1 y n r . - w c o L c r c t n r s o c e e e e n d l V e o c d i r h t h d o p a n r c n e t r n f c e u r h a o o i r 3 r k 3 a t L n f l f e p e u 0 1 f 0 l e c i a h u o A 2 A v n t d b 1 e P e P L o i n a g l e 0 I e n r c e 1 e v f h e p s s V a k t n C e o a F r a a l t g m l r d r V n n u u a a C w t o e e s t p i e t n p o e p e s w s s n L l e n a n t u c E i S p f p s v I e o a e ) a ) i t u r r u ) a n b m c t r o p d a h t b i c


p o t m w r , . o e u 3 e l p n 0 t . o e s i 1 2 n s t - a r h o 0 e a l 1 e t C w . t i e o i T l n v t t o r V l , f e a l l e c u n a c i i o w t r m o d d i t o n b i n 2 t l n a n f e e e o r e t v o 0 c s e t s e 1 m r e e e h r u 2 t d h p V t m p t g 0 a o t l n 1 c n c i - i n s o i u i 3 a r r l d 0 e T L e C t M n t 1 o ) v r ) o n ) e p c P a c e b l



. e n e a v l v c l e a v d v d a l v l a n n l o a v a t o y r l l r s t n o t k n r . o t n s c o e e c l n d c i h o p a c e n f c e u r h r k t 2 a f e p l e c a 0 h u o 1 t d b o i n a - g e e n r c s s V a k n e a C l r a F l r n u a o d e e t s t s s w e s n n a n t u c E i I a e n ) a ) a h t b i b m o t , C w o r 1 x u n l e . 0 l f m e 1 w 2 - e u h r l t l C f o e o 0 1 o T o c t t V , t e a l c e n n h i o u r u t d d i t t o g n n n i 2 n o e o 0 c m r s a i t 1 e e e t 2 - e r d h p 0 V t t n a e 1 l c n c - i s o u r m a t T l . a e d L C n e 1 o r 0 ) v ) e r a o c t s 1 b l p

2 r l 0 o e - d x d d o l t l 1 f l u e l i l e y e v l - l n e i l o l u l x i e V d i i t w l v a f i g y t V o u l e h r e l a t C v w n e n w n n c r a e t r f e u F n o c o t u c t i v b a . e m ( e u f r o i e r c i r e c r n o e a l i l d q p o p . h t l e u a e m c u e e d i u t 1 f w c . v l l w w a d o o r h g o l d v i s r u l 2 f t o l a y n 0 o ) v o o , e n o f a a t n a t 0 c n c f n . r p 1 r e r l o u 1 v f u 1 i n i 7 r o e p e 0 e r p e c 3 s - l p o - l t o u t 0 s c e C r s 1 l c 0 i n r h m w s m o o r o 1 t V o y u 1 y e a r m - l e u o t u a g c m u d t a t t s l d e o u o o C l h n E e s a m P t m n p e i e p h a e t t u n . p s r o s ( c i r r g n a l o u a i , a e a t e e r b p r u l r d e s ) p c n f 3 i n l v l v u t n i c e t a a n x g i l r n h m d d y n l d i r y r r o a 0 e i l e i a u a i c t u g a u r e x / e w e e a t l o s n T p t l e u u r i e s 1 n h s n s c e v t b . i e e m o o i l e t o s p i V a r u s a t t m a m s a e f e e e h l a h l e p s t a ) r a r i c e d F t n d u u L a i T e v L o W r 2 s e c C A u v o o e e f s s r r e h h r ) e f e P ) l r a a n ) 0 e t ) y t f ) F a ( d t t p b l e r I c a d c c i a 1 r s b b s o E ) f o 3 g r e 0 n l i 1 i - t o V a e b r C h e F g ( o n i e r n v o s u l a l e v n o l t i t t i o r l c t n e s n i o g c n g n i y i t t l . l u p p 7 i u s r a t 0 F e r s 1

- e P v ( s e l i a y h r v u b T l l i . a o d r t e m f d p n i a e v t c r m o o r s u y t p x p l o u g l u t a n f i e f . l e u d ) o r d n o g a 2 0 c i e / n b r s y d o 1 s f e V i ) l c t u 3 x c 0 C o e E r c 1 F (

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y a m m . o t p o e r h t o d f a L t c t i 2 i L s n a h v o e 0 A t 1 w a c L r l e c V r e t o y d d h c n r n t a o e 3 r i r u L i n A l f e 0 1 A 2 P v n e P L 0 I l e r e v e 1 e p t o h f a t g m r t i n u a V p C w n p o e p e e L l p s S i t v p f e o u r r u ) a r o p d c t c

y r a e C t m m . t o p d i f w s t o e n r h t o i L t a f o o m l a c s t e t L s e 2 i t i n e a l h l h 0 v a o c h t a r i n t t A 1 y t L - w c t r c r r e e w e e V e d o e r h r h t o n d l t l u r n t r a t f a o i r 3 t a a d d . L o u 0 r n f l e f 1 e e L n i 1 a f e 0 A 2 A v p t n e P e L A P l 1 m c I e v p - t e 0 e T t e e r C 1 f h e m t u a h o t g u e l t t r l V i d a g t i n p a a n p C w t n w t o r e i o s ) p e e r e L l n T 1 p t p s f v e S I t p u e o m i 0 ) r r u ) n a e e b t r o p d a T ( 1 t c

p m u . p n o n i o t a e t i n i l v a c w t o n l f e v m e u r p m o i t n i 3 0 M 1 ) c P l l A o i s m y P l w l I o u r a t f n t d n y e o o e i n u t a u x t o q n m d u c i l u f e u t e s o . 2 e d a r r 0 g n o a e a m l 1 r p o n c - m i p e c a r a y l r s h e c V d e u d i c w e i n o v o e h r l t e o p c r a u w l o e p l t v d y a f v n m e e r e e l u i n l c i r e c . n s p s b w e i o i e s 2 f t a t o f l e d c l 0 s i u u 1 L a i a L u s f s ) a n ) f v e e c l e r a d c i V

e t a r w o l 7 m f n 0 a e 1 m e - h t u t l s E l r l o o c o e r r l t i t o t n o n n o o i c c b e o x o r t u t o l f 1 3 t n 0 e 0 i r 1 1 l - g n C o C i o t T a T c e ) f ) a h b o d l V u . d n e 1 o i i r 0 u r w l u d 1 t q e e - d i a c C v l e e r m w e u t f o o e d l a o l f r n r d p e i i r y e e m r r a n u e o u o c e u t q t t o t i g l n a t d p d e l a e a i r r r e u . f e l c u e i v 7 p s o e f e w f r p l f r o 0 m l o a e e 1 i l e - w w n v a t d n l r o E o g i o r l e u e r o o i t t s t e n e w w a a s l i t r r o r e l . e i a L o h e u T L d 2 t n p e b s ) 0 ) e e a f g e r b n e e s ) c e r 1 o e r t u e t u a d r e ( p 0 0 m e 1 t C e t . a f o ) i 4 d 0 e s m 1 m o E r t t e t o r n b l e i i o w m b o o r L f e r

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 1 0 1 C n i e r u t a r e p m e t w o L : 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 e l b a T

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. e n e a v l v l e c a v d v d a l v l a n n l o a v a t o y r l l r s t n o t k . n r o t n s c e o e c l n d i c h o p a c e n f c e u r h r k t 2 a f e p l e c a 0 h 1 o t d b - u g o i n a V e e n c s s C r a k e a T r n l a l r n u a d o e e t s t s s w e s n n a n t u c E i I a e n ) a ) a h t b i b m


y f b o o 2 t s s p 0 e e r 1 o o t t - u c x , V s e 2 e s h t 0 i n e e r v t 1 p a - e e . i r s l V d 2 s u e e , s e r 0 t s c a e o 1 x c m t r u e r o V p 1 l d e e 0 n 2 x h h i 1 0 u t t e 1 l g r V - l f n o i . e r s C r t d e R u s P P e n n r e a ) r ) o e a h t c s l f b p



e n a v l e c a v d v l l a n o v a t y r l l n . o r t o s n t e c l n d o p i a c n u f e r k 3 e p e c a 0 h 1 t d b o i n a n s s V a k a C l F l r d a o e e t s w s s n t u a I a e c ) h n a t b i o t , 3 e 0 t 1 - a r C w . T l o r , f e l l i o r m o t b n a e e o t c s r e e e h t d h t g a l n c s o r i a t r e C n t ) o a c n e

, , t f e n e , s o e x u t m r l u 6 n u y d l d o l l t u i g i l 0 t a t y e t e u n n i f i b . n l 1 t i l 2 w r p v l v a 6 i e n l y - u r i 0 o o l d o e l l l E l r e e 0 u e h a b a l b c r o t y 1 i n e p r i s c a b t v 1 n v a p o r a s i i e h o o l d r h o n t p a u l d c o e r s E V p o t s i n e a l s s l o o r e o f s r c i n y r u i t r u w w v r . t n n n p p l t o o i e u u e a i o ) r e t e o t l n o n o v d a n d l l d c n w d e n s f m i c l p f 7 h o i o e e t o b n e e t n e u o 0 o t c e r c s o e a a o f u i i l s y r u p b i g r m 1 t i c i f o o a n t y r a y q e t e c e m a a a d o t h r d g l h l h e E s d e m t m h c i o e e t s t e s u . l t t i ( n s u u n e n u r h 2 , o a n y f , 2 s h a . a ) e r t o p 0 o u c t i 0 l a ) s r i o i f f t a t e f n n e d o o c a 1 c s u f h 1 n l 2 l 3 i l o a 0 n r t l v - e s a 0 e i u i d i e m n o T - g o e e r o t n o s l 1 l l r i n 1 h h e r . r i V - c s r i r e - s t t b e p e p o e o s e V h 1 e i a i V i V r c s u e o o t w h h h o s e 0 a t r l e r s e o T o p W r m T e h d e t s a n W l t 1 C n u C e e - l e e o c ) l c ) F c r o a i r ) v o h r r u ) n h a T ( o t w h t g d b o t t C a c e r l a c a x e a ( i t h t p f E ) ) 2 3 o r e 0 0 g l i 1 1 n - i o b V V t a e e r C . C h T F g 6 ( o ( s n 0 n s i e r 1 e e v o v c s u l l E a e a x e l v i v n n o l t l i t n t i o o r l n r a c o t t n n e i s n i t n i a o o g g c n s c n g n n i i y t y i e t t t l l . l u d l u p p 7 i u u n s s r a o a t 0 F e r c F e r s 1

0 5

o t . H s s n H e e c i o A h x t t e T g f c e d i s n o n r g e a t e s i n a H n p A e c i e p r T m h t t a s e t e i n i t a s n r a e r e g p n i i e h t l t o S i a b ) p e e r b t r h

r r y t g t l e C e t a t t n e h c t t i t r i f i i e a t e g r e e v i o h l r m m t l r o a m e s t s r a n e e e v p a v n n p d l o e a h a o . r n n r f t s r i t i r a t o g e t t p t e r i t p e r l s n t e e s u e a a i e e t r h r e a l r t r e h a u u p t a o t t u o t b c t u e t i a s a a d w r 1 r r d a . r e H n d e o u n r 0 e r m s e 2 a l o p t p i n s 1 0 r f u A a f e s o p 1 m m c e r t s m T C e n d t e t e e e r p t u l f r m e h H t V e t l s l t l o p u i l l i d a h g a r a a . l u t A n p e g i t w t o r T e 1 t i s o s ) s v o s r p 0 t c h n i n T 1 1 I n h e s I e I t t e e l e e m i 0 ) r ) ) e C b h a T ( 1 t t e r h t p c w h t n e

o e t f , h o 1 t g p 0 n o 1 - i t r C e e , t h t n n e . t a m u e r 2 l 0 d u e o 1 s t c s a e V c n o r o i p , l t e m a h 1 l u r 0 l t i 1 t d l - i s o x r u C d t P e n l ) h o f b t c e r

o e t , h f 1 o 0 t p 1 g n o - i t r C e e , t h t n n e . t a m u e r 2 l 0 d u 1 e o s c t s a e n V c o r , o i p l t e m a h 1 l u r 0 l t i t d 1 l s o x - i r u C d t P e n l f ) a h t o c e r

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 2 0 1 V n i e r u t a , l e d t r l t e d e s s i i d n e l f y r n d n a 6 r e d e l a h . 0 e b i p y l o e d w t n n r t f u e n l a t e a m 6 . a e a b y e 1 a . e k t m n n a l e p e l c l e r i n 0 1 s m m v g t s p e l o e i i e 0 t o t o u a r u 1 i n r o n d E i s n r u r l i h t n c n m s e s ( w i 1 a i u f u n u E i c e g s u a a t o a p 2 i l - r r e h e c i s q s c i l l o ) r o u r 4 u d 0 t s p e p n s r t e e r C s u 0 F H a d r s e a r i s o e l n e y e n p u 0 d r 1 - i r e r 0 : c e s t r i f o h u a 7 o o e 1 u s o n . e e s r u 1 s s p p t u , m p p r . r a l n . V t t o m 2 m a E e n m t u s p p y l p b t e a d r e 2 2 e r u a r r a l . a u u n C o r a a l 0 v s r u e s a a r d 1 v i c u o 3 r t r l t r r a 0 s n e l u v a f r e o . 1 n o u r e b e e l e m h e p o o u l - h . r t o h p i o s o e m e d 2 r c d n h i o a d c . l v e n p m t m o s p i n g o e V o s e t a h e a r s n o r 2 l v c i m c V m w n t a l b i e r e l c o l e i o b e a n v o i t e u i l a i o p r y h , d o a t r 2 e l f t e 0 n l n h i i y t r t a r i 1 t m u l n r u t t n a v p s T r 0 t i s r r l g l d e m h o w e e y e e o e a e g o w e i o

n s a r V i l r t 1 a h e s s n d m r u p l n l h i h h b h r - t t e n p t u o u e i g 2 u g i a e a i i t c s t x p o i l 0 e t g v e e i p V s r r p h s a h h e i e x p e i n n u u s h r d l r e u o m H s 1 O d r p e e c H o t h m e W e b l T c t l T u l e u e c f o ) e n v r ) a e l ) r t o e v ) e o o ) n n e q ) n o s r b r V i e p c c r a a f a t t e b f t c c i e r e d a t i o e o r t u e t u a r ( e d p 0 0 m e 1 t e C t . a f i o ) d 4 e s 0 m 1 m o E r t e t t o r n b e i l h m i o g o b i r H f e r

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. e n y e a v a l v c m l e a . o m e t p o v d v d a r l t v h o n f l d c t a a o n a L t i i a l s n v t 2 L r o a h y l l r A t v s t o e 0 a o t n k 1 w . n l r c o L c r t n s r c o c l e e e n d i h c d d y V e t o o p h a c n r c n e t n f c e u r h a o e i r 3 r k t L n r l 2 l u 0 a e p c e f 1 f e a 0 i A h u o A 2 P v n t d b 1 e P e I L o i n a V g l e e n r e v c t e 0 1 e p s s C r a k o n h e f a T r a a l t g m l r d r V n t i n u u a a o e e s t p w e t C n p o e p e s w s s n L l e n a n t u c E i S p f p s v I e o a e ) a ) i t u r r u ) a n b m c t r o p d a h t b i c


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o 6 t l . r m l i o 0 6 e l s o m u l w a u 0 u r e 1 o r b a n t 1 d v n i p g a y e d E n - a x o l l n a a n i E v u i i n g a u x v i l r r l t n a o u c i i v o m d l l d f t t n o e e u f l a l e s e o 2 g e o c n s r d a r u i u r s t 0 a r s t o A a e e f e n o r e 1 a l n c h r P - m i o s o d p p I t e n n c e a n l s e V d e i g r o e w c f u d y r t e d o c o n p v n t l n o l i l h t i e e e u f h e t n r p l u n c s e a u h u e m l , o e a t t t e ) c , o v u n f 2 r o r n v d y o t l e p i r e e a 0 e e l c l r n m e v m i . t i n n 1 i c . . h s a i e w i - s o r w c 2 s t t o i e r l 2 f i V t s u c t e f o l 0 0 e e e s c d y u t d u i o 1 L a i 1 L W C c e s f w c s a u h r ) e f o e ) e n ) x T a ( e d w T p V b l e l r c r i V


) 2 0 1 V C . T ( s 6 0 e s 1 e v c E l a x v e n l n i o r a n o t n i n i t a o s c g n n i y e t t l l d u u n a s e F r o c

2 5

. e n y e a v a l v c m l e a . o m e t p o v d v d a r l t v h o n f l d c t a a o n a L t i i a l s n v t 2 L r o a h y l l r A t v s t o e 0 a o t n k 1 w n l r . c o L c r t n r s c o c e e e n d l V e o y c d i h t d o p h c a n r c n e t n f c e u r h a o e i r 3 r k t L n r l u 0 3 l a e p c e f 1 f e a 0 i A h u o A 2 P v n t d b 1 e P e I L o i n a g l e 0 r e n r c e 1 e v e p s s V a k t o n C h e f a F r a a l t g m l r d r V n n u u a a C w t o e e s t p i e t n p o e p e s w s s n L l e n a n t u c E i S p f p s v I e o a e ) a ) i t u r r u ) a n b m c t r o p d a h t b i c p o t m w r , . o e u 3 e l p n 0 t . o e w 2 n i 1 t - a r h o 0 o a l 1 e t C w . t i e o i T l n v t t o r V l , f e a l l e c u n a c i i o w t r m o d d i t o n b i n 2 t l n a n f e e e o r e t v o 0 c s e t s e 1 m r e e e h r u 2 t d h p V t m p t g 0 a o t l n 1 c n c i - i n s o i u i 3 a r r l d 0 e T L e C t M n t 1 o ) v r ) o n ) e p c P a c e b l

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 2 0 1 V n i e r u t a e l r l u e i o o l d t l p e a s i l w l n e i e m b a n x v a e w r n i l e a y g l t u a o e t l h a a c u i i g n a f w v b r i o t m n a o i e c i o v a m l d r t p h t u a l a 2 d l L o a w d n r u o w v u r : t o i o A 0 a s 8 l t ) n o l r . e r 1 f c 7 e p p r P - 3 e 2 o I . e 0 s c e v r s e 0 e 3 V m f s r 1 . c l 2 y e a - l o i e u d n 1 t n e o t l h t E e e n l P n . l e t t u n . p s ( c h a i , 2 e e a . b r u p u ) i , o l f 3 i n e t a e v n v d c 0 y m i 1 e o r a 0 e l T e i l u i c l c f m u e r

t o s f V y 1 n h c s e - s t b u o i c a s w p e a i V r r t u e e e e e o s s e r r r c d n m n d L a i W i C c u o r L u e e f w e r ) r ) f ) a o c c t e e l o f o d a F ( d h t h t p b l E ) f o 3 g r e 0 n l i 1 i - t o V a e b r C h e F g ( o n i e r n v o s u l a e n l v o l t i t i o l t r t n c s n i e o g c n g n i y i t t l . l u p p 7 i u s r a t 0 F e r s 1

3 5

l l o e i , r t t C e T k r . n u c i s e e w P c P e 0 m m r a r o s g g l r r f s f 0 n s 1 o p l n a o e i n r a o u d w e s l a f - 0 r s e l e 1 r t r t o s 1 a a t H h p e b e a d e n u n e C n f e s n c . d s . i e r h e p e u e r d C a r a d x t . u d c p e n l m f g t u y m h o e n t e n t r n e d s e h t a o o o a o n f n r o . e l e i e e f c s s e r s g a 0 o f o i t f a e s e t e i p n p t t l e a v a c i i r e a h h 0 s m r s e S m r u 7 r o s u a p d t p d r r t f 1 l o t o e 0 1 m g e m e f i t n n n s a o 1 n p n a a m h i p 0 i r h l i o t a C i t 1 g g 1 n o e e i o s o t t t r i i t s s e v E h 0 o c i c n r a i n t , a o u i h h u e g t e d r 1 C i r r t e u c a b s i R a t . l s e n h a a c s o m t a s o c l i n a u C g i s o i d l e n p - l h h p r n l t r l l t t e r r n , t o m h a ) e n e d d a o r n i o o o o ) e u i g t b t i e c p c m A t H l c t s H n s v e a a m m c n e r o h n H . r a I e n t n r n A 1 r u o n I e e I I c e h 1 t u l A s g e e t t c e 0 p i ) h n h ) P 0 n t ) ) n H o a P ( 1 o h b y s t i t a ( 1 i i s b f a o c i n

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: m e t 1 s e y v e 0 1 S i - h l l g . e C o r n i r h n t t n o m a m o l s l u d e u C n o o p c a s o e e s r c e e l c l h i h t 1 t 0 o r w n 1 n - i P 1 i T e c 0 r P e r i 1 s u u a V s n s s e B C e h s e r r ) a P p w p

: m e t 1 s e y v e 0 1 S i - h l l g . e C o r n i r h n t t n o m a m o l s l u d e u C n o o p c a s o e e s r c e e l c l h i h t 1 t 0 o r w n 1 n - i P 1 i T e c 0 r P e r i 1 s u u a V s n s s e B C e h s e r r ) a P p w p . n . . t d y . t n e p y e t d c t p r r c c c a e n m u u n m t u o u n n e f e a a u t u h f e l p d f e l h d f i i p a n c s e r l a n c o u l o e g e h a r c u c r i r i y u u y m i u m i n f f o v t m i a s f f 6 s t n b u b u s n a y y o o a i l l l i e e 0 e e o m o o m o t t r y s n a s a 1 r a t n a c c e ’ ’ e m t m a e s i y p o e o r s s i n t d e r e 1 e 1 a E t p u i d e t u m d 0 0 h h r a o a a n n u u u s t 1 t m s 1 7 d e s e z z a a n n n - i i e n - e s r s i i 0 e s n C a e r f e r t t r a i i r e e t C n 1 r h f u u e n n p u - g e n t p n e s n e s d e r s a a E a r s s o s o s c d o c o c c d i c i n l e e e e n n r n m u u s e t t l r e r i s r o e e i h e a u u d d a a s p r r l p a c . p r r g i d l y e s u a s u e i r r h e w a e a e r i i r o t e t r s s h r n , , . e r p p e e e a b s c e e i g g 1 s u h l s e c e r v 1 v a e g d e e n 0 0 s s c c o r I n r I e O 1 R d d w O 1 H m p c p ) e n p ) e n u v o ) e e a a ) n ) ) u e a a s l f b C f i c h t h a C f i b h t h c d v m l . p n n 0 n d i n u E l 0 m e f o l s r i f o d m e 1 u s u t o l - l a , e , a a u i a l l e 3 f 2 C o i x d , u h s t e r c 0 a c o c i 0 r a l u b n o r n r 1 c 1 e b i c u m f n l t - e i e s u m i - o t e l n . n s i g A v n r s o P f u 1 r n i V l n i l n P e w i e A p 0 e e a I C a o a r t m s 1 r v h h h l c 1 F l v t u d . t o n u u i r m f o t n e s , 0 i , s e C o s f s o e 1 r a e o t h e r t - e m s t t p c o t e r r n a a a g n W m C , s a o a n p n . e v e m a m n i o e b h t e n n e r i c n t e a u s e d r e r o H i m r l n e i o t c c t i n b n o r u i o t h . s e h i i i o u t i l u l n h t d C v t l s s t h q i y g i c o f t i o e s o a u o l r . n A c e p n g p o u w l i n i y n q a 1 1 u n t e i i e P d a i l s a 0 l v h u f e 0 I n t h l s r u v w 7 e t s e e n m 1 t t t e 1 a a e o h o o n r 0 f e h e p M l o l f 1 h t o r t T o c t I C h h i p C

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o s e h t T g k t i c P e a y m h r l o l r v p i a f r o u h t s l p e g s a t t u c i a n e n s n h e e a r r d k e p i c u y m p c t n s h o h t e a e r s o l g e o r f t e i t p t s e a r e a h s s t s s a p d r f o n g e t f p n p n a o I h i . i 7 g e t 0 n e r t r i i s o , a u h t u u o 1 r i d . o c - t s a a e s c o E a e s . l e h p n s t l n t r t r n r i e e a o r p o ) e e t i s l c m t s H H v i u n t e r . a o n n i t o e e u I s b p h I A 1 t 0 n t ) a m ) P a ( 1 i i s b y s e r v w i l : m e t 1 s e y v e 0 1 S i - h l l g . e C o r n i r h n t t n o m a m o l s l u d e u C n o o p c a s o e e s r c e e l c l h i h t 1 t 0 o r w n 1 n - i P 1 i e c 0 e r T r i P 1 s u u a V s n s s e B C e h s e r r ) a P p w p . n e m p r o f m t u r u o f u . l p d y d l t o e A c u r i t u i r 1 P I n y b u c e 0 i a t p f g . 1 n m o e f n d a i o s h C t i e d e t e n a t c r a , b n u u a z a x l n i m d l i p u r f i l e t u e e u n l f w o s r a s e o e s c r t s n b e c i e r n o e a h y l u e r n l p l i t c l s i u i r t h , n s w e 1 s t s e i i e r i v 0 e d c e c t r W n i O 1 p e f e a ) ) a C f i b h t H f e w r l u s l l i l o C A u p , f w x n . a i 2 t e l x u s v r 0 a r u u f e l e f 1 e f o o o r - e h u r t e t s v , r d p V l n s m o i a o e e C a v i o u v n q g t r F l c r a p f h i f o n l e l n t h o t i r w i o i g s u i g n H o m . l n r W h n u o f . s e c i c n i h c i n o x 2 n e i t t a t o 0 e u i i r l h f 1 t e e e l - h u c t s s h e s n g o r n V t t p e u e n , , r . o i f e d l m h l s n v w l n a a l c o e u o o u i 1 r l 0 e M l c b d f c s w 1

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 1 0 1 C n i e r u s s e r P h g i H : 9 . 2 . 3 . 2 e l b a T

5 5

r o t s T T i c P e P e e e l m m s r r f f r r r e d u o u o u a t a s l s l s r t o t o s s a a t s a d a n n s k n n e e e r g u e e e e e e a r a r e r o r r t g d c d c v a p i p n d u n r p l u e n w r w r s s f s n a n e e w o o v w e o u o o s a e s p t t p t 3 e l l l S m e a a h e e r o r t r r l o l d d p p 0 f g g e . e w e r a m i n p i n p i s 1 e n t n i 7 n o w w n m o r o e r m s s c 0 o o o o a C e i , , b i u l u e l i 1 e t e e F h t d . C d t i R a t . a n c c a a s : s E a e c s d l e e l n n h s h l n S e r c d n d l e n e n i f l a t a t o C s o e e e t t ) ) s i i o l o A t I H H a t t s s v v i P g r L L e r . r . . s n A 1 e a n A 1 e a o n t r s I I u B u n t c b w o t t e 0 ) 0 t ) l o ) i i P e P n n o n L a ( 1 i s b i r l a c a ( 1 i s : t h : t t e g y : l p m p m m p g m n u i r e e i b e C h r t t t m m m , t h e a s s e e g d e s l n i h t b o t t i y t x a y t t y t c h a S a u s S a m u e S a m v u a l n l l n o s t d l s n . f . l a e a o o A s i r s o a a o a l e r r s e f r d t m t r c s u r r u t i y A n n n l r a n n i u i u . m s n i d n 2 r n e . o n i o r o r n a 6 u s n n n 0 d o l a C e l C a 0 c e e C e 1 p 1 e e x r u 1 p v - u p v 0 m c s s p a s P p g s s a u O o l o l o v E s l l e T e 1 e e e f - l l e e l t L f d c c l l l e c l i e n r i e T o d i o i n u h a c Z o o t o r h r r h h L S r w t e e w t w t d o e e A o P 2 P P h h h s g h n 1 1 n e e e t t H s a c c 1 e s W n c 0 0 c w e c 0 i i i i n 0 n h i r e n s s 1 1 u v u 1 t r i s e 2 e u c a d w l 1 a d 0 l a - e s d i r d o i e i n B C e V B B e V e C x 1 r p r 1 n p u C o - v C o o a o ) V o 0 v n ) ) E e e i G a L t V l a P t c v t b L t 1 l e r u . . l s n e y y i s e s t t d d d d c c e l l c a c l e v n n r 1 i i n n r e e a e e e a e e e P 0 l u r f f u s v i i f f 1 e b h e c c l c h a n i a n i w t g c n b n n i g o o o i m m , i f , f i C p n t y y t f f l e l t h u e t u e n b L d , e o a a l l l e o t e r n : n 1 u s i u s r e s i 0 m o m o v a t c c w i 0 q ’ ’ t n m c 1 n e a u e , i . e e s g 1 e 1 e 1 s u l l u r h r h o d 2 t s 2 - e i l 0 0 . d n n u u r d p l t 1 t 1 o C n i i i 3 n 0 s s o a o u t . c o 1 r s s u l o n c n v 2 o w n i i e e p c C C q u i C n r n e e g V d r n e p e s l 1 l o a p i e p p e e h i n , 0 b r l c c t o u t i o u v t o e 1 r n a i i a d d u a b l , . T t t h - e m y l i o s e e l e d d a a l n o u s s l T c a c n b i c m r l t . C u r u r r h t d r h n d a e a e a n s e r s r e o n i d d , c , t t p p e u c e l P P i u x i i e e e e e e e d u b s m t H s s c c u s . d l l R e n W R e n W u . o m w c l l A s e o a r f i r o e ) r e r p e ) p n ) ) o o P h h I P L a t h b p r d u a t h b w f c u i r p e n u u l . o b l l l o f i l e p l o e i 1 i r d l u u 0 , f h s i w a , f 7 r d t a s 1 3 e i n 1 n u v e w 0 h A t t u s w h e 0 0 o s i b , a a 1 o . h c t q l t i i o C l s 1 1 i t d 6 , l - e w e a 0 t - e f E h o s a V n n v , s p 1 e T v i e e i o V l l . r c r v m t o h n a e l i l 1 u e u C a t g l e C l v v b s c E 0 c i s F P h s n f i u D f l n y a r a t s l o 1 o s i f o t n - e . e e l o o f e l C b l o t o r r r A l e 1 u s n o e C b . i u s s n g n H g t o u s n p 0 n W ) . r . f A s n a i e e 1 n n s e t i o o n n e e r w i i ( e d r a r c c h s I m o t a s , P o v d n u u l o n e i n e C i a s i l n e t n e V n u i o t o , n l o o e i r i i i a o c p o a n h h r d t t s s u m t t v m c o a c c o l l h a c n m c o a e o u e o s i t n g p o l g v i l n g p e d p l r s C u N u e a u u i n t n e t A / , a a o r i i l s f f e u h P u o t s c t l l y i c l s v s s v v v o o I c l t t n a c a r u s e e n r e o i o a a o o r u l o l e e c c w h n r i n e c h d n h U P D M l t s i M l t p

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x c x c T T u u i s s l l i P P e e f f m l l m d d r r e e r r s e e r 1 e e r 1 r l r l a f a f o u o u d l l s s l l r r e 0 e r r 0 r t s a s a a t u h 1 e u h 1 e o o r r a d a n e n e t t n f n f g g - r e a a r r r e e p p i u e e i V u r d a r d a p p p p c c u u u g c h c h u u s n r R s s n r V s n n e d s s i i h h r r R s s a a f n i i e e s s s s d d g g e e o i o i P P i i t t a e e e p p t t r r s s r e a e a h h i i e e h h S m r a a e e r t T y h p r t T y h p p d r p r d l u a . l t e h n e g t u a . l t e g t n e a m h i n p h i n h p i p n n n h p h 1 i t g n g n o t 0 o e f i s o r t 1 o r i i s o e t u u c 0 o f i , . , . r r i h u h u 2 2 e 1 1 h h e e e e l t t e e y y d i d i 0 r 0 r i R a t . . a a l a a a l l c c w w 1 1 u e t u e t d l e s e s l h h n - V t - V t l l n l n l n l t n r t r n e e n n d l e e p R R a a r e r t e a a o t V P u u t i t ) H e i o t V P p ) e i i u u A t H s s t o t o s H . v s v c c r r s H . r a n m h l s a I n m h n i n i n A 2 r n l s s f f I e e I I t l 2 t l u u A 0 t t ) u 0 t ) u r i i e r n f r i i e r n f ) i n t n i a P ( 1 i s b d w w p a c u s ) a P ( 1 i s b d w w p a c u s : t n : t n e e e n l p p h m - s - s n . e m h i . m b i e s s m t t V e 1 V e 1 a w w e e s e s l 0 0 t t c c i R x 1 y t 2 r R x 1 y t 2 e r a u P P - S a 0 u a S e ( e V l 0 s ( s v V l s 1 s 1 n n f e f e A e o o a r a e e e v r v r i i m m s t n V p t n V r l l l p u u a l a n i n i n h d e e n r r r r h r o i o i V o d n g V o d n g a C e e e e i f f t u x r x C r i p e d u s p u h . e t h . s i i u u g d s o s o l l l l s a s a m e m e e e f e e l f e l l l s s f l l s s u c u c e e l e e i i a R l R r r o r d r r o r d a a S t t d d r r w p a w p a e e n n s s r r i e i e g n e P n e P e r x e r x u u i i u n c 2 c 2 u c c 0 0 s s i i l i l r r 2 2 s s s s u u 1 1 t f f s s i i u u 0 0 - d 1 e e e s e a - d s a V r r ) s i 1 r r e e s V B B x P ) r P r 1 s 1 e e e e 0 r ) C o T h 0 r ) C o T h ) ) E a 1 p 2 P t P t a 1 p b P t P t



s x e u u d i n l f t n e n r a o s n u c i e r n o r u o e i s g t s n a e a z r i p r d s u f i i s s . 2 e e r p r 0 u 1 u p - t p r d l e V u v m r i u O u y b a r ) o a d m t

s t x e u a e u d i n h l f t n e e n r e h r a o m v s t n u c o o a i e e t t y r n o r a u e s o e i n s g u i m d t s n a e 7 e a r z d s d i r s p 0 e 1 u e - g a i f i r s a E s . r m c 2 e e n r r 0 e a i u p l 1 u p . t d l y e - p - i r o t t d l b e n e V u e a r v m r i e g d u R y O u a b d d w o r ) o ) a d m t b n a u s l f

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d n E l e o l s r i , e u a l t , f e , c a 3 t e i h i , n 0 a r o c s c r n e . 1 b u n - e i e s u m r u H v n r s o . 2 u V l l o p 2 e a h A a o p 0 0 1 C a v c a 1 F l h v t . f o t e v - V i , s e r h o t r W m e e s t r r V o e a g n . a n o u n e e i m n s i o r i c n t s m s e c d n e i o d e t i i e n b n r o t t i i o u i l p h t a l s t h q l y g i c o f t i n u h n g p o u w l i g i u i n e t m d l f e h n h u u l e w 7 r a v c e t e a o p f s 0 l e e h M l o f 1 t o r c a h t

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x c T u i s l P e f l m d r e r e e r r l a f o u l s l r e r s a a t u h o r n e t n f g e a r e p i r d a p p c u c h u s n r n s i r h a i i e s s t d g o i e p t s r e a h e h a r i p d r t y u g e a T n p n t h . l h i p 1 i g t 0 n r i i s o o u , r h t u 2 1 d . a 0 - e r a a e c s l 1 u . e V l h n t l l n t e n e R a r a ) o t V P p e t i u u H s t s H . v r s r a n n m h l s I u t e t I A 2 t l u e i i 0 ) r r ) n i a P ( 1 i s b d w w p - s . V s e 1 0 R c 1 x P ( e V f e e v i m l u a l e r V r d o f x e t i u d l l e f e l e R l r a t e n r s i n u i e s s s r i e s r ) u P 1 s 0 e r ) a 1 p s x e u u d i n l f t n e n r a o s n u c i e r n o r u o e i s g t s n a e a z r i p r d s u f i i s s . 2 e e r p r 0 u 1 u p - t p r d l e V u v m r i u O u y b a r ) o a d m t n e r e n i s i l l i b V r s s u u u r l , f t s l u l i 2 t o u o e r p 0 a p s a p w m u 1 r e - e a v e r d p r v v t V l , i s o u e x - h e C a u h h d t v l l P l c f i t T f f o n a e u h . o b e 2 r o t r H n l t n g n . 0 i o l i i h n o n 1 t i c c a r o V l w u e n e i u s t t o u i s i a n h t e s s i h c t o d m e t m r n g p e u i c 2 t p u n i f e p c 0 r h . l s a v p 1 e g 2 a a l o a v i 0 e c t r n M l a V o h 1

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2 0 1 V n i e r u s s e r P w o L


T P e m r f r o u a t l s a n n s e e e a r d c r p u n r w s e o o s t p e l e a r d p n r e g n p i w i o r s o , u l i e d . a t c a s l n h l n t e e n a o e t ) i H t s L . v r n A 2 e a I u t 0 t ) i P n a ( 1 i s


. e l b a l i a v a d r a u g e f a s g n i t s i x e o N

) L T . e m P e A 2 L u m r f ( r r 0 n u o e a d 1 l s v t m a n n s r x r T t e e l a u e e a r l L r d c p a f n f u n r w l o i e s r e t o o e t n s p a n e v l i n e a r d c e r e l l p n e g r e n w d o v p i n t w i o r e e s o o l , u l p a r l i e e t d e . . a d p w s a a c s l e l n o h l n l n n o e n a i , l a t o t o e t ) i i e g s H s t t s L . v i c n r a n t n i n A 2 e a I r t u I u t a e t 0 ) u ) i i P n h a ( 1 i s b t H d s : : t n a p s i m m d e l e m C h t t a e n i g s e . s t e v y r m y t h e m a l S S u a l n 2 u l n r e 0 d a h s o a l o o 1 r r t d c t i t i x a n n e T l n n i n u e . s o o n l r n e L f a s C e e 1 m C l n o e r r p e 0 s e s v c u s c n h e o l s 1 e l e l e l l w h t c l i e T o i i c c o o o h n t L r r w e P w m i P 1 t h u d n l 2 r e e d e t i c 0 t c 0 e c h i n v 1 1 u s s e - d w i - p x l a a C l m u e V e B V r 1 v B C t e l w 0 e ) t f ) o o a L t 1 l b L a e r l


l l i . y f w p l f t o s o c t u t u e o n d h u r o n u r t i t b p e s f u n e o o a b c c t e s o n b i t u t e o i s c r a u l m s d f a i o e e h r h T g p t r . a t o l s r u t o o t l A p n e a ) a b v e s

- l e d . d l v e i e p r e o u l e g b r m h r h o d t i n n g f l o i , e i t l i n b l h t g e o r w i n n t v a i i 1 t t c e a e 0 s g b u l l s d i 1 n l r o d t i i t u r i c u l o p q w u u V p d i s n l 1 a p i o e 0 r l v t o e 1 r , . p e - e o o h v n n T C c n p e . o l m t s h n n d e t u e i b e m H l o n l u . o m W c N a l l r e i p ) o o c u i n ) a w f b m


9 5

s i s y l a n a P O Z A H 2 0 1 V n i e r u s s e r P w o L : 2 1 . 2 . 3 . 2 e l b a T

l l e n l l i e s i r b l l s m . f i w l l o e w u . o u 2 o u u l s r , f r , d 2 r t r x e 0 s 0 f 7 e i u V w d 3 2 t u 1 u w 0 e t o u e o 0 a p l h q o m l x 1 r - 0 a l o 1 f h t l 1 1 - t p b V V u , i f u - e a e l p e a r h r a E h v f v t v n l n w e a V l , e i u m o m V l o r c h v d i e n l r e u C a C a u l u t o x t t W r l v e v r s s i c h F P l h n f n u i a d t u . d l i o s o , l e e r f o n f o i b s f e n s v t x x o t o e o r r W e A n u e u u i u t a r i a r . r r o t g n H r l g o l e n . e s i h e l . l t p f l f a l n o n n t o n e i u T i e i e h n a s a y c c h s s r r t o t a s . n e i n e o l a v w i e i s f r e t n c o t o , , n r n n e i r i i s i i s i i u a u l h h r t t i s s u m t t m l o c c o u t o p i i c o a e o u p h e o . n g p n a p u w r n g p e d p l u T r 2 u u u n n t o a a i i i s f e s y v c d . 0 n s n f l m a l l l s t v v d 1 e t i i t i 2 s n a v a u e e o a a h p o r f u c o u o h u 0 e r l e e M l o c d o b T s M l c h d n t b 1 p V

2.3.3

PFD of distillation process after HAZOP

From the HAZOP analysis performed on the 12 deviations, the required safeguards to be built onto the current preliminary PFD is as such (with further considerations made through observation and evaluation) with reference to the preliminary column PFD: 

Introduce a parallel pump configuration for feed pump P-102



Introduce a parallel pump configuration for reflux pump P-103



Install a minimum flowline for feed pump P-102



Introduce a strainer each for all pumps

















Introduce a pressure relief valve (sized for two-phase flow) immediatel y at the top outlet of the column C-101, venting off to flare Introduce a rupture disc parallel to the pressure relief valve at the reflux tank which will lead to the flare Introduce a composition analyser for feed, top product (before the pipeline splits between distillate and reflux lines) and bottom product Install separate transmitters to provide alarm signals (from their Basic Process Control System, BPCS, counter parts) for the following process parameters (For high and low)  Pressure of column C-101 (For high and low)  Pressure in reflux tank V-102 (For high and low)  Level in column C-101 (For high and low)  Level in reflux tank V-102  Temperature of vapour boil-up after reboiler E-107 (For high only)  Temperature of top vapour flow out from column C-101 (For high only)  Temperature of condensed fluid flow after condenser E-106 (For high and low) Install a temperature transmitter (and indicator) along the feed inlet line with alarms set at high and low limits Installer safety interlock systems for the following process parameters  Low-low level switch for column C-101 which activates a solenoid valve that blocks liquid flow out of reboiler  Low-low level switch for reflux tank V-102 which will switch off all reflux pumps  High-high pressure switch for column C-101 which activates a solenoid valve that blocks steam flow into the reboiler  High-high temperature switch for vapour boil-up flow from reboiler E-107 which activates a solenoid valve that blocks steam flow into the reboiler Ensure there are scheduled trips to ensure that all equipment are in proper operating conditions, to confirm if reading transmitted is that on-site, and to perform regular control valve stroke checks Employ a split range pressure controller scheme that controls PCV-101 and PCV-102 rather than to use two separate control schemes

60

Main discussion pointers The main two recommendations from the HAZOP analysis that were not considered are the employment of a heat exchanger to cool the feed stream and to introduce additional back-up control valves parallel to their original ones. The former would be relatively unnecessary due to the fact that heat is generally lost over flow distance. Implementation of a heat exchanger would result to excessive energy and utility demands. If it is critically demanded that the stream is to be cooled, an exposed section of the piping coiled up as a heating coil can be implemented so as to exchange heat to the surroundings. For the latter idea, the idea of using extra control valves may cause confusions during operations which can result to miscommunications and process upsets. Also the idea of using a low selector switch between PC-101 (column pressure regulator) and TC-103 (temperature control of vapour outlet from reboiler) to then act as the master control for cascade controller FC-103 (steam inlet flow into reboiler) is not advisable. This is because the pressure in the column has its own BPCS to operate thus providing two conflicting signals may result to producing a vapour flowrate that is not desired; ultimately affecting the purity of the outlet streams. The edited overall IPA column PFD with all these considerations is presented as such:

PRV-101

PIT 101

PAH

PIT 101

PAL

To Flare

PC 101 PCV-101B

PCV-101A

TIT 102

TAH

TIT 103

E-106

TIT 102

TIT 103

CWS

CWR FIT 101

FIT 102

Bottoms from C-100

P-102A

TIT 101

TC 103

LIT 102

LAH

PIT 102

PAH

PAL

LAL

LIT 102

LSLL 102

LC 102

II

FC 102

P-103A AIT 102

C-101 FCV-101 AIT 101

TAL

V-102

TCV-103

FC 101

TAH

TIC 102

PSHH 101

PRV-102

P-103B

TAH

TAL

FCV-102

PDI 101

IPA for Recycle

HV-102

LCV-102 TSHH 104

P-102B

LIT 101

TIT 104

LAH

TAH

III TIT 104

TC 104 FIT 103

FC 103

LAL

Steam Inlet

LIT 101 LSLL 101 LC 101

FCV-103 UZV-101

E-107

HV-101

LCV-101

Steam Outlet

I

AIT 103

Water for Discharge

Figure 2.3.3.1: Edited PFD of C-101 with consideration of performed HAZOP analysis

61

Plant Design CP5062 HAZOP Example for Hui Bee

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