Pi per ackDesi gnPhi l osophy
I nt hi spageIwi l l t al kaboutt hepi per ac kdes i gnphi l os ophy .Pi per ac ki s t hemai nar t er yofanypl ant .Thi scar r i est hepi pesandc abl et r ay s ( r ac ewa ys )f r om oneequi pmentt oequi pmentwi t hi napr oc es suni t( c al l ed I SBLpi per ac k)orc ar r i est hepi peandc abl et r ay sf r om oneuni tt oanot her uni t( c al l edOSBLpi per ac k ) .Somet i mesy ouwi l l al s ofi ndt heAI R COOLEDHEATEXCHANGERSont hepi per ac k . Ther ear edi ffer entt y pesofpi per ac k: •
Cont i nuousPi per ac k s( c onv ent i onal pi per ac k)s y st em
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Nonc ont i nuousPi per ac k ss y s t em
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Modu l arPi per ac k
Con v ent i onal /Cont i nuousPi per ac k Cont i nuousPi per ac ks( c onv ent i onal pi per ac k)s ys t em:Thi si ses sent i al l y as y s t em wher emu mul t i pl e2di mens i ona l( 2D)f r amea s se mbl mb i es( c ommonl y c al l edbent s ) ,c ompr i s edoft woormor ec ol umnswi t ht r ans v er s ebeams , ar et i edt oget heri nt hel ongi t udi nal di r ec t i onut i l i z i ngbeam s t r ut s( f or s uppor toft r ans v er s epi peandr ac ewa yel ement sandf orl ongi t udi nal s t abi l i t yoft hes y st em)andv er t i c al br ac i ngt of or m a3Ds pac ef r ame ar r angement .Pi per ac k ss uppor t i ngequi pments uc hasai r c ool edheat e x c hanger smu mus tut i l i z et hec ont i nuouss y s t em appr oac h. St ep1:Dat ac ol l ec t i onf orpi per ac kdes i gn: Duet ot he“ f as tt r ac k ”nat ur eas soc i at edwi t hmos toft hepr oj ec t s ,of t ent he fi nal pi pi ng,r ac eway ,andequi pmenti nf or mat i oni snotav ai l abl eati ni t i at i on oft hepi per ac kdes i gn.Ther ef or e,asaCi v i l / St r uc t ur al Engi neer ,y ou s houl dc oor di nat ewi t ht hePi pi nggr oup,El ec t r i c al ,Cont r olSy st ems ,and Mec hani c al gr oupst oobt ai nasmu muc hpr el i mi nar yi nf or mat i onaspos s i bl e. Whenr ec ei v ed,al l des i gni nf or mat i ons houl dbedoc ument edf orf ut ur e
r ef er enc eandv er i fi cat i on.I nt hei ni t i al des i gn,t heEngi neers houl dus e j udgementwhenappl y i ngoral l owi ngf orl oadst hatar enotk nown,j us t i f y i ng t hem i nt hedes i gnbas i sunder" Des i gnPhi l os ophy "( apar tofy our c al c ul at i on) Thef ol l owi ngs houl dber ev i ewedf ordes i gni nf or mat i on: •
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Pl otpl ansandequi pmentl oc at i onpl ans 3Dmodels howi ngpi pi ngl ay out ,c abl et r ayl ay out ,Pi per ac kbent s pac i ngandel ev at i onofs uppor tl ev el si nt het r ans v er s edi r ec t i on, El ev at i onofl ongi t udi nalbeam s t r ut sandl oc at i onsofv er t i c al br ac i ng. andl oc at i onofpi pebr i dge,i fany . Pi pi ngor t hogr aphi cdr awi ngs . Vendorpr i nt sofequi pmentl oc at edont her ac k,e. g. ,ai rc ool er sand e x changer s . Thev endorpr i nt sshoul di nc l udet heequi pmentl a y out , mount i ngl oc at i onsanddet ai l s ,ac c es sandmai nt enanc e r equi r ement s ,andt hemagni t udeanddi r ec t i onofl oadsbei ng t r ans mi t t edt ot hepi per ac k. El ec t r i c al andc ont r ol s y s t emsdr awi ngss howi ngt her out i ngand l oc at i onofel ec t r i c al andi ns t r ument at i onr ac eway sand/ ors uppor t s . Under gr ounddr a wi ngst hats howt hel oc at i onsofbur i ed pi pes , c onc r et es t r uc t ur esandf oundat i ons ,duc tbank s,et c .i nt he ar eaoft hepi per ac k. Pi per ac kc ons t r uc t i onmat er i al ( St eel ,Cas t i ns i t uc onc r et e,Pr ec as t c onc r et e)s hal l beasperpr oj ec tdes i gnc r i t er i a.
Pl eas enot et hat ,Unl es sspec i fi cal l yex pl ai nedi nt hepr oj ec tdes i gn c r i t er i a,noal l owanc eorpr ov i s i onsshoul dbemadef orf ut ur eaddi t i ons f or pi peorr ac ewa ys pac eandr el at edl oadi ng. St ep2:Des i gnl oadsc ons i der at i on:
Fol l owi ngl oadsar et obec ons i der edf ort hepi per ac kdes i gn: Pi pi ngGr av i t yl oad( D) :I nt heabs enc eofdefi nedpi pi ngl oadsand l oc a t i o ns ,ana s sumedmi ni mum uni f or m pi pel oa do f2 . 0k Pash oul dbe us edf orpr el i mi nar ydes i gnofpi per ac ks .Thi sc or r es pondst oan equi v al entl oadof6i n( 150mm)l i nesf ul l ofwat erc ov er edwi t h2i n( 50 mm)t hi c ki ns ul at i on,andspac edon12i n( 300mm)c ent er s .Thi s as s umpt i ons houl dbev er i fi edbas edonc oor di nat i onwi t ht hePi pi ngGr oup, andc onc ent r at edl oadsshoul dal s obeappl i edf oranyant i c i pat edl ar ge pi pes .Whent heac t ual l oadsa ndl oc at i onsb ec omek nown,ast hepr oj ec t de v el ops ,t hes t r uc t ur al des i gns houl dbec hec k edagai ns tt hes eas s umed i ni t i al l oadpar amet er sandr ev i s edasr equi r ed.Ac onc ent r at edl oads houl d t henbeaddedf orpi pest hatar e12i n( 300mm)andl ar geri ndi amet er . Th ec o nc e nt r a t e dl o adPs h ou l db e: P=( W -sxpxd) , s=Spac i ngofpi per ac kb ent ,p=pi pewei ght c ons i der ed( k Pa) ,d=pi pedi amet erW =pi pec onc ent r at edl oad. Wher ec ons i der at i onofupl i f tors ys t em s t abi l i t yduet owi ndors ei s mi c oc cur r enc esi sr equi r ed,us e60% oft hedes i gngr av i t yl oadsasan" al l pi pesempt y "l oadc ondi t i on. Loadi ngduet ohy dr os t at i ct es t i ngofl i nesshoul dbec ons i der edi nt he des i gni fappl i c abl e.Coor di nat et het es t i ngpl an( s )wi t hCons t r uc t i on, St ar t up,and/ ort hePi pi ngGr oupasnec es sar y ,i nor dert of ul l yunder s t and hows uc hl oadswi l lbeappl i edt ot hepi per ac kst r uc t ur e.Undermos t nor mal c ondi t i ons ,mul t i pl el i neswi l lnotbes i mul t aneous l yt es t ed.The hy dr ot es tl oadsdonotnor mal l yneedt obec ons i der edc onc ur r ent l ywi t h t heot hernonper manentl oads ,s uc hasl i v el oad,wi nd,ear t hquak e,and t her mal .T ypi c al pr ac t i c ei st oper mi tanov er s t r es sof15% f ort hehy dr ot es tc ondi t i on.Bec aus eoft hes ec ons i der at i ons ,t hehy dr ot es tc ondi t i on wi l l notnor mal l ygov er nex ceptf orv er yl ar gedi amet erpi pes . El ec t r i c al Tr ayandCondui t s( D) :El ec t r i c al andc ont r ols ys t emsdr awi ngs and/ ort hepr oj ec t3Dmodels houl dber e vi ewedt odet er mi net he appr ox i mat ewei ghtandl oc at i onofel ec t r i c al t r ay s,c ondui t s ,and
i ns t r ument at i onc ommodi t i es .Unl es st hewei ghtoft hel oadedr ac ewa ys canbedefined,anassumedmi ni mum uni f or ml oadof1. 0kPashoul dbe us edf ors i ngl et i err ac eway s. Sel fwei ghtofPi per ac k( D) : Thewei ghtofal l s t r uc t ur al member s , i nc l udi ngfi r epr oofi ng,s houl dbec ons i der edi nt hedes i gnoft hepi per ac k. Wei ghtofEqui pmentonpi per ac k( D) :Equi pmentwei ght s ,i nc l udi ng er ec t i on,empt y ,oper at i ng,andt es t( i ft heequi pmenti st obehy dr ot es t ed ont hepi per ac k ) ,s houl dbeobt ai nedf r om t hev endordr awi ngs . The equi pmentwei ghts houl di nc l udet hedeadwei ghtofal l as s oc i at ed pl at f or ms ,l adder s ,andwal k way s ,asappl i c abl e. Spec i alLoads :Spec i al c ons i der at i ons houl dbegi v ent ounus uall oads ,s uc has l ar gev al v es , ex pans i onl oops ,andunus ual pi pi ngorel ec t r i c al c onfi gur at i ons . Li v eLoad( L) : Li v el oad( L)onac c es sp l at f or msa ndwal k wa y sandon equi pmentpl at f or mss houl dbec ons i der ed,asappl i c abl e. Sno w Load( S) :Sno wl oadt obec ons i der edonc abl et r a yandonl ar gedi a pi pes .Thi sl oads hal l bec al c ul at edperpr oj ec tappr o veddes i gnc odeand pr oj ec tdes i gnc r i t er i a.Gener al l y , y ouneedt oc ons i der100% s nowl oadon t opt i erand50% onot hert i erofpi per ac ks . Wi ndLoad( W) :T r ans v er s ewi ndl oadons t r uc t ur almember s ,pi pi ng, el ec t r i c al t r ay s, equi pment ,pl at f or ms ,andl adder sshoul dbedet er mi nedi n ac c or danc ewi t hpr oj ec tappr o v eddes i gnc ode.Longi t udi nal wi nds houl d t y pi c al l ybeappl i edt os t r uc t ur al f r ami ng,c abl et r ayv er t i c aldr op( i fany ) , l ar gedi api pesv er t i c al dr op( i fany )andequi pmentonl y .Theeffec t sof l ongi t udi nal wi ndonpi pi ngandt r ay sr unni ngpar al l elt ot hewi nddi r ec t i on s houl dbenegl ec t ed. Ear t hquak eLoads( E) :Ear t hquak el oadsi nt hev er t i c al ,t r ans v er s e,and l ongi t udi nal di r ec t i onsshoul dbedet er mi nedi nac cor danc ewi t ht hepr oj ec t des i gnc r i t er i a.Ver t i c al ,t r ans ver s e,andl ongi t udi nal s ei s mi cf or c es gener at edb yt hepi pes ,r ac ewa y s,s uppor t edequi pment ,andt hepi per ac k s t r uc t ur es houl dbec ons i der edands houl dbebas edont hei roper at i ng
wei ght s .Pi pesmus tbee v al uat edf ors ei s mi cl oadsunderbot hf ul l and empt yc ondi t i onsandt henc ombi nedwi t ht hec or r es pondi nggr av i t yl oads . Fr i c t i onLoadi ng( Tf ) :Fr i c t i onf or c escaus edbyhotl i ness l i di ngac r os st he pi pes uppor tdur i ngs t ar t upands hut downar eas s umedt obepar t i al l y r es i s t edt hr oughf r i c t i onbynear bycol dl i nes .Ther ef or e,i nor dert opr ov i de f oranomi nal unbal anc eoff r i c t i onf or c esac t i ngonapi pes uppor t ,a r es ul t antl ongi t udi nal f r i c t i onf or c eequal t o7. 5% oft het ot al pi pewei ghtor 30% ofan yoneormor el i nesk no wnt oac ts i mul t aneo us l yi nt hes ame di r ec t i on,whi c hev eri sl ar ger ,i sas sumedf orpi per ac kdes i gn.Fr i c t i on bet weenpi pi ngands uppor t i ngs t eel s houl dnotber el i edupont or es i s t wi ndors ei s mi cl oads . Anc ho randGui deL oads( T a) : Pi p er ac k ss ho ul db ec hec k e df oran c hor andgui del oadsa sdet er mi nedbyt hePi peSt r es sGr oup.I tma ybe nec es sar yt ous ehor i z ont al br ac i ngi fl ar geanc horf or c esar eenc ount er ed. Forc onv ent i onal pi per ac ks ys t ems ,i ti snor mal l ypr ef er r edt oei t herhav e t heanc hor ss t agger edal ongt hepi per ac ksot hateac hs uppor thasonl y oneort woan chor s ,ort oan c hormos tpi pesononebr ac eds uppor t .For i ni t i al des i gn,whenanc horandgui del oadsar enotk nown,us ea l ongi t udi nal anc horf or c eof5. 0k N ac t i ngatmi ds panofeac hbent t r ans ver s ebeam ( r ef erpr oj ec tdes i gnc r i t er i a) .Gui del oadsar eus ual l y s mal l andma ybei gnor edunt i l t he yar edefi nedb yt hePi peSt r es s Engi neer .Fornonc ont i nuouspi per ac ks y s t ems ,pi pi ngma ybe t r ans v er s el ygui dedoranc hor edatbot hc ant i l e verf r amesandanc hor ba y s .Longi t udi nal anc hor sma ybel oc at edonl yatanc horba y s . Pl eas eno t et hat ,al l f r i c t i onf or c esandanc horf or c eswi t hl es smagni t ude, ( s a y~5. 0k N) ,appl i edt ot het opfl angeoft hebeam,ma ybec ons i der edas r es i s t edb yt het o t al beam s ec t i on.Whenanc horl oadshav el ar ge magni t udeandar eappl i edt ot het opfl ang eoft hebeam,t heeff ec tof t or s i onmus tbeaddr es s ed. I ft hebeam s ec t i oni si nadequat et ot ak ec ar eof t hi st or s i onal f or c e,al t er nat i v est obec ons i der ed,s uc haspr o v i de hor i z ont al br ac i ngsatt hel oadl oc at i ons .
St ep-3:LoadCombi nat i onsandal l o wabl edefl ec t i onofpi per ac k : Youneedt oc r eat et hel oadc ombi nat i onspery ourpr oj ec tdes i gnc r i t er i a. Ho we v er ,Iha v er ef er e dher es omel o adc omb i nat i ons . Pl eas enot et hef ol l owi ng: •
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Ear t hquak el oadi saf ac t or edl oad. Forl oadc ombi nat i onst hati nc l udewi ndorear t hquak el oads ,us e onl yt henonf r i c t i onpor t i on( anc horandgui depor t i on)oft het her mal l oads ,i . e. ,f r i c t i onl oadsar enotc ombi nedwi t hwi ndors ei s mi cl oads . Fr i c t i onl oadsar ec ons i der edt obes el f r el i ev i ngdur i ngwi ndand e ar t h qu ak ean ds h ou l do nl ybec o mb i n edwi t ha nc h ora ndg ui d e l oadswhenwi ndorear t hquak el oadsar eno tc ons i der ed. Hy dr os t at i ct es tl oadsneedno tbec ombi nedwi t hwi ndand ear t hquak el oadsunl es st her ei sar eas onabl epr obabi l i t yoft he oc cur r enc eofei t heroft hes el oadsdur i nghy dr os t at i ct es t i ng.
Forc al c ul at i onoff oundat i ons oi lbear i ngpr es s ur esorpi l el oads ,s t abi l i t y c hec ksagai ns tov er t ur ni ng,s l i di ng,andbuoy anc y ,anddefl ec t i onc hec ks , t hef ol l owi ngunf ac t or edl oadc ombi nat i ons( ACI318)s hal l beus ed: 1. D 2. D+L+SL+Tf+T a 3. D+Tf+Ta 4. D+1. 3W +Ta 5. D+L+0. 5SL+1. 3W +Ta 6. D+L+S+0. 65W +T a 7. 0. 9De+1. 3W +Ta 8 . D+E/ 1 . 4+T a 9. D+0. 2S+E/ 1. 4+Ta 1 0.0 . 9 De+E/ 1 . 4+T a
LoadCombi nat i onsf ordes i gnoff oundat i ons( ACI318) :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8 .
1. 4D 1 . 4D+1 . 7L+1 . 7S 1. 4D+1. 4Tf+1. 4T a 0 . 75( 1 . 4D+1. 7L+1. 7 S+1. 4Tf+1. 4T a) 0. 75( 1. 4D+1 . 7L+1 . 7S+1 . 4T a)+1. 6W 1 . 2 D +0 . 2 S+1 . 0 E+1 . 2 T a 0. 9De+1. 6W +1. 2Ta 0 . 9 De+1 . 0 E+1 . 2T a
St eel Des i g nl oadc ombi nat i o ns :( AI SC-LRFD) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8 .
1. 4D 1 . 2D+1. 6L+0 . 5S+1. 2Tf+1. 2T a 1 . 2D+1. 6S+0. 5L+1 . 2Tf+1. 2T a 1. 2D +1. 6S+0. 8W +1. 2Ta 1. 2D +1. 6W +0. 5L+0. 5S+1. 2Ta 1 . 2 D +1 . 0 E+0 . 5 L+0 . 2 S+1 . 2 T a 0. 9De+1. 6W +1. 2Ta 0 . 9 De+1 . 0 E+1 . 2T a
Dei st hemi ni mum deadl oadont hes t r u c t ur e. FI NALANCHORANDGUI DELOADCHECK: Wher et hedesi gnoft r ansv er sebeamshasbeenbasedonanchorl oadsas e x pl ai n edi ns t ep2, afi nal c hec kofbeams( ando t hera ffec t edmember s ) s houl dbemadewhenfi nal defi ni t i onoft hes el oadsi sav ai l abl ef r om t he Pi peSt r es sEngi neer . Bas edont heEngi neer ' se x per i enc eandj udgement , ano v er s t r es si nan yel ement( ofupt o10%)c anbec ons i der ed,pr o vi ded pr operj us t i fi cat i oni sgi v en.Wher es uc hov er s t r es scannotbepr oper l y j us t i fi ed,modi fi c at i onss houl dbemadet ot hepi per ac ks t r uc t ur ei nor dert o br i ngt hes t r es sl ev el swi t hi nt henor mal al l owabl es .Modi fi cat i onscoul d ent ai l t headdi t i onofhor i z ont al br ac i ngt ot het r ans ver s ebeamst or es i s t s i gni fi c antl oadsf r om t heanc hor ( s ) ,r epl ac i ngand/ oraddi ngmember s ,
s t r engt heni ngmember s( i . e. , c ov erpl at i ng,et c . ) ,and/ orr el oc at i ngt he anc horandgui del oad( s ) . ALL OWABLEHORI ZONT ALANDVERTI CALDEFLECTI ON: Al l owabl edefl ec t i onsofpi per ac ks t r uc t ur esshal l beasperpr oj ec tdes i gn c r i t er i a.Howev er ,y ouc anc ons i dert hef ol l owi ngasl i mi tof defl ec t i on: Lat er aldefl ec t i onpr oduc edbyl oadc ombi nat i onst hati nc l ude wi ndors ei s mi cf or c es : Pi per ac k ss uppor t i ngequi pment :h/ 100,unl es sa mor es t r i ngentr equi r ementi sgi v enbyt hemanuf ac t ur eroft he equi pment . Pi per ac k ss uppor t i ngpi pi ngandr ac ewa yonl y :h/ 200orasper pr oj ec tdes i gnc r i t er i a. Lat er aldefl ec t i onpr oduc edbys us t ai neds t at i cf or c es s uc haspi peandanc horl oads :h/ 200orasperpr oj ec tdes i gn c r i t er i aVer t i c al defl ec t i onofbeamsduet ogr av i t ypi pel oads : asperpr oj ec t des i gnc r i t er i ah i st het ot al hei ghtoft hepi per ac kst r uc t ur e.
St ep4:Fr ami ngo fCont i nuous / Con v ent i onalPi per ac k: Fr ames Mai npi per ac k sar eus ual l ydes i gnedasmoment r es i s t i ngf r amesi nt he t r ans v er s edi r ec t i on. I nt hel ongi t udi nal di r ec t i on,t her es houl dbeatl eas t onecont i nuousl e v elofbeam s t r ut soneac hs i de.Forpi per ac k swi t hmor e t hanonet i er ,t hebeam s t r ut sshoul dbel oc at edatal ev el t hati sus ual l y equalt oonehal ft i ers pac i ngabov eorbel owt hebot t om t i er .Ver t i c al br ac i ngi nt hel ongi t udi nal di r ec t i ons houl dbepr ov i dedt oc ar r yt he l ongi t udi nal f or c es ,t r ans mi t t edt hr ought hebeam s t r ut s ,t ot hebas epl at e/ f oundat i onl ev el . T r a ns v e r s eBe am T r ans v er s ebeamsmus tbec apabl eofr es i s t i ngal l f or c es ,moment s ,and s hear sp r od uc edb yt hel o adc omb i nat i ons .T r ans v e r s ebeamsa r e gener al l yamoment r es i s t i ngf r ame,model edandanal y z edaspar toft he
f r ames y s t em.Theanal y s i smo delmus tr efl ec tt heappr opr i at ebeam end c ondi t i ons .I nt hedes i gnofbeams ,c ons i der at i ons houl dbegi v ent o •
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Lar gepi pest hatar et obehy dr ot es t ed. Anc horandf r i c t i onl oadwi t hl ar gemagni t ude( s ees t ep2,anc hor andf r i c t i onl oad)
Cent r alSpi ne: Fors t eel pi per ac k swi t hs pansofmor et han6m,ac ent ers pi nec ons i s t i ng ofas y st em ofhor i z ont albr ac esands t r ut sl oc at edatmi ds panofeac hl ev el ofpi pi ngs houl dbec ons i der ed.Thi saddi t i onal l i ghthor i z ont al f r ami ng gr eat l yi nc r eas est hec apac i t yoft het r ans v er s epi pes uppor tbeamst o r es i s tf r i c t i onandanc horf or c es ,andal s os er v est or educ et heunbr ac ed l eng t ho ft hebeam c ompr es s i onfl a ngei nfl ex ur eandt or educ et he unbr ac edl engt hoft hebeam aboutt heweak ax i si nax i alc ompr es s i on. Th i sc o nc e ptr e du c est h er e qu i r e db ea ms i z e san dp r o v i d esame c ha ni s m f orel i mi nat i ngormi ni mi z i ngdes i gn,f abr i c at i on,orfi el dmodi fi cat i onst hat c oul dot her wi s eber equi r edduet ol at er ec ei ptofunant i c i pat edl ar gepi pe anc horf or c es . Longi t udi nalBeam St r ut Fort y pi c al c ont i nuouspi per ac ks ys t ems ,t hel ongi t udi nal beam s t r ut s s houl dbedes i gnedasax i al l yl oadedmember st hatar epr o vi dedf or l ongi t udi nal l oadsands t abi l i t y .Addi t i onal l y ,t hel ongi t udi nalbeam s t r ut s t hats uppor tpi pi ngorr ac ewa ys houl dbedes i gnedf or50% oft hegr a vi t y l oadi ngas s umedf ort het r ans v er s epi peorr ac ewa ysuppor tbeams ,unl es s unus ual l oadi ngi senc ount er ed.Thi s50% gr av i t yl oadi ngwi l l ac countf or t heus ual pi pi ngandr ac ewayt ak eoffs .Nor mal l y ,t hegr av i t yl oadi ng c ar r i edbyt hebeam s t r ut ss houl dnotbeaddedt ot hedes i gnl oadsf ort he c ol umnsorf oot i ngssi nc epi pesorr ac ewaycont r i but i ngt ot hel oadont he beam s t r ut swoul dber el i ev i nganequi v al entl oadont het r ans v er s e beams .Conc ent r at edl oadsf orl ar gepi pesma ybet r eat edasi ns t ep2.
Foran yc ont i nuouspi per ac ks y s t em wher et heant i c i pat edpi pi ngand r ac ewa yt ak eoff sar emi ni mal ornone,t he50% l oadi ngc r i t er i adoesnot appl y .I ns uc hc as es ,t hebeam s t r ut ss houl dbedes i gnedpr i mar i l yas ax i al l yl oadedmember s .Dono tpr o vi debeam s t r ut si ft he yar eno tneeded f orpi pi ngorr ac eways uppor t ,orf ors y st em s t abi l i t y .Conv er s el y ,t he3D model s houl dbec hec k edt ov er i f yt hatbeam s t r ut ssubj ec t edt ounus ual l y l ar gel oads( s uc hasate xpans i onl oops )hav ebeengi v ens pec i al c ons i der at i on.Al l l ongi t udi nal beam s t r ut s ,i nc l udi ngc onnec t i ons ,s houl d bedes i gnedt or es i s tt heax i al l oadspr oduc edbyt hel ongi t udi nal f or c es . Whendes i gni ngt hel ongi t udi nalbeam s t r ut sf orfl ex ur all oads ,t hef ul l l engt hoft hebeam s houl dbec ons i der edast heunbr ac edl engt hf ort he compr essi onflange. Ver t i c al Br ac i ng Whenmoment r es i s t i ngf r amedes i gni snotus edi nt hel ongi t udi nal di r ec t i on,v er t i c al br ac i ngs houl dbeus edt ot r ans mi tt hel ongi t udi nal f or c es f r om t hebeam s t r ut st ot hef oundat i ons .Kneebr ac i ngorKbr ac i ngi smos t of t enus edf ort hi spur pos e.Unl es spr ec l udedb yequi pmentar r angement ori nt er f er enc es ,br ac i ngs houl dbepl ac edequi di s t antbet weent wo ex pans i onj oi nt s .Des i gncal c ul at i onsanddr awi ngsmus tr efl ec tabr eaki n t hebeam s t r utc ont i nui t ybet weenadj ac entbr ac eds ec t i onst hr ought he us eofs l ot t edc onnec t i onsorbyel i mi nat i ngt hebeam s t r ut si nt hebay s des i gnat edasf r eeba y s .Themax i mum l engt hofabr a ce ds ec t i ons ho ul d bel i mi t edt o48m t o50m.I ft hebr ac edba yi snotl oc at edequi di s t antf r om t hef r eeba y s ,t hemax i mum di s t anc ef r om t hebr ac edba yt oaf r eeba y s houl dbel i mi t eds uc ht hatt hemax i mum t ot al l ongi t udi nalgr owt hor s h r i n k ag eo ft h eu nr e s t r a i n eds eg me ntd oe sno te x c e ed4 0mm. Col umn Thec ol umnsmus tbecapabl eofr es i s t i ngal ll oads ,moment s ,andshear s pr oduc edb yt hel oadc ombi nat i ons . Amoment r es i s t i ngf r ameanal y s i s s houl dnor mal l ybeus edt odet er mi net heax i al l oad,moment ,ands hearat
poi n t sa l ongt h ec ol umns . Thef r amean al y s i smodels h oul dbeba s edon t hef ol l owi ng: •
Consi dercol umnbaseashi nge.
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Us e4bol tc onnec t i onsf ors af et ypur pos e
Fordes i gnofs t eelc ol umnssubj ec t edt ofl ex ur al l oads ,t hedi s t anc e be t we ent heba seandt hefi r s tt r a ns v e r s ebeam ort hek neebr ac e i nt er s ec t i ons houl dbecons i der edast hec ompr es s i onflangeunbr ac ed l engt h.
I nt hi spageIwi l l t al kaboutt he Nonc ont i nuouspi per ac ks y st em.Ihope y o uh av er e adt h eCon vent i onal pi per ac ks y st emdes i gnphi l os ophy .I fnot , pl eas er eadt hats ec t i onbef or e. No n-Co nt i n uo usPi p er a c k : Thi si sas y s t em c ompr i s edofi ndependentc ant i l ev er ed,f r ees t andi ng2D
f r amesnotdependentonl ongi t udi nalbeam s t r ut sf ors ys t em s t abi l i t y .Thi s s y s t em,wher ef eas i bl e,s houl dr es ul ti nl owert ot al i ns t al l edc os t( TI C) . St ep1:Dat ac ol l ec t i onf orpi per ac kdes i gn : Met hodofDat ac ol l ec t i onsi ss ameasc ont i nuouspi per ac k .Pl eas el ook i nt o3Dmodelandc ol l ec tal l t hedat aasr equi r ed. St ep2:Des i gnl oadsc ons i der at i on : Fol l owi ngl oadsar et obec ons i der edf ort henonc onv ent i onalpi per ac k des i gn: Gr av i t yl oad( D) :ForGr av i t yl oadc al c ul at i on,r ef er Conv ent i onal pi per ac k s ys t em Wi ndLoad( W) : ForWi ndl oadc al c ul at i on,r ef er Conv ent i onal pi per ac k s ys t em, Ear t hquak eLoads( E) :ForEar t hquak el oadcal c ul at i on, r ef erConv ent i onalpi per ac ks y s t em.Longi t udi nal s ei s mi cwi l lbeappl i edon anc horba yonl y . Fr i c t i onLoadi ng( Tf ) :Fr i c t i onf or c escaus edbyhotl i ness l i di ngac r os st he pi pes uppor tdur i ngs t ar t upands hut downdonotappl yoni ndi v i dualf r ame, asf r amewi l l defl ec tal ongt hepi pedi r ec t i on.Ther ef or e,t hi sf or c ewi l l be c on si der edonanc horba yonl y . Anc horandGui deLoads( T a) :ForAnc horandGui del oadc al c ul at i on, r ef erConv ent i onalpi per ac ks y s t em, St ep-3:LoadCombi nat i onsandal l o wabl edefl ec t i onofpi per ac k : ForLoadc ombi nat i onsandal l owabl edefl ec t i onofnonc on v ent i onal pi pe r ac k ,r ef erCon vent i onalpi per ac ks y s t em,
St ep-4:Fr ameso fnonc on vent i onal pi per ac k :
Con v ent i onal Pi pe r ac k Mo dul arPi p er ac k
Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Please do not print or copy of this page or any part of this page without written permission from Subhro Roy. isclaimer! "his page is prepared based on e#perience on Civil $ngineering esign. All de%nitions and most of the e#planations are ta&en from di'erent te#t boo&s and international design codes( which are referenced in the contents. Any similarity of the content or part of with any company document is simply a coincidence. Subhro Roy is not responsible for that.
nt hi spageIwi l l t al kaboutt he Modul arpi per ac ksy s t em.Ihopey ouha ve r eadt heConv ent i onalpi per ac ks y s t emdes i gnphi l os ophy .I fnot ,pl eas e r eadt hats ec t i onbef or e. Modul arPi per ac k Somet i mescl i ent sl ookf ormodul arpi epr ac k/modul ars t r uc t ur ef ort hei r pl an t s .Bu tdoy o uk no w whati samodul e?Modul ei sas er i e so fs t andar d uni t st hatf unc t i ont oget her .Ex ampl esar e: Bui l di ngmodul es :St r uc t ur al Fr amesc ompl et el yfi t t edwi t hMi s cl l aneous equi pmentandar c hi t ec t ur al fi ni s hes .
Pi per ac kModul e:St r uc t ur al Fr amesc ompl et el yfit t edwi t hpi pes ,Cabl e t r a y sandmi s c el l aneousequi pment . No wt heques t i oni s,wh ydowegof ormodul ars t r uc t ur es ome t i mes ?Her e ar esomer easons:
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I ft hepr oj ec ts i t ei satr emot el oc at i on,t heni twi l l bev er ydi ffic ul tt o getgoodl oc al c ont r ac t or . Par al l el c ons t r uc t i onac t i v i t i esar epos si bl e( f oundat i onandmodul e f abr i c at i on)andgai ni nt i mes chedul e
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Cont r ol l edc ons t r uc t i onenv i r onmenti spos si bl e
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Cont r ol l edqual i t yc ont r ol l ed
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I ns omec ount r i es ,l abourc os tats i t ei smor et hanl abourc os tat f abr i c at i on/modul eas sembl yshop.So,i fy ouf abr i c at eandfi tal l t he pi pes,c abl et r ay set c .ats hop,t heny ouc ans av et hepr oj ec tc os t .
Ho we v er ,t h er ear es omedi s adv a nt age sal s oandt he s ea r e:
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Lat ec hangesi ndes i gnhash ugeeff ec tons t r uc t ur eandmodul e assembl y .
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T r ans por t at i onc os tf r om modul es hopt os i t ema ybev er yhi gh.
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Tr ans por t at i on t i meneedst obec ons i der edi nt ot al pr oj ec ts chedul e.
Pi per ac kModul eT r ans por t at i on :Modul ec a nbet r a ns por t edb yr oa dwa y s a ndwa t e r wa y s .Ih av es omeex p er i e nc e si nr o ad wa y sp i p er a c kmo du l e t r ans por t at i on .I nAl ber t apr ov i nc e( Canada)100f t( l ong)x24f t( wi de)x 29f t 6i n( hi ghf r om r oads ur f ac e)PRM c anbet r ans por t edb yt r uc kf r om modul ey ar dt os i t e. Pl eas ec l i c kher ef ordi ffer entmodul es hi ppi ng en v el ope. Pi per ac kModul eLi f t i ng :4 poi ntl i f t sar epr ef er r edand8poi ntl i f t sar e
s ec ondpr ef er enc e. and10 poi ntl i f t i ngar edi ffic ul tands houl dbe 6 av oi ded.4 poi ntl i f t sr educ er i ggi ngc os tandas soc i at edmanpowerdur i ng s et t i ng.4poi ntl i f t sr es ul thi gherc r anec apac i t yands af erl i f t sduet o s hor t erboom r equi r ement s .Regar dl es soft hel engt h,t y pi c al s el f s uppor t i ngbr i dget r us ss t y l epi per ac kmodul esus e4l i f tpoi nt sl oc at edat t het opoft hemodul esc ol umnsi nt hewebs .Byl i f t i ngatt hes amel oc at i on t hatt hemodul ei ss uppor t edi ns i t u,t hef or c edi s t r i but i ont hr oughoutt he modul e i ss i mi l art ot hei ns i t udes i gn,ex ceptt hatt hemodul ec ol umnsar ei n c ompr es si oni ns t uandr ev er s edt ot ens i ondur i ngal i f t . Pl eas ec l i c kher e f or4poi ntmodul el i f t i ng . Fol l owi ngar es omes t epst odes i gnt heModul arpi per ac k : St ep1:Dat ac ol l ec t i onf orpi per ac kdes i gn : Me t hodofDat ac ol l ec t i onsi ss ameasConv ent i onal pi per ac ks y s t em. Pl eas el ooki nt o3Dmodel andc ol l ec tal l t hedat aasr equi r ed. St ep2:Des i gnl oadsc ons i der at i on : Fol l owi ngl oadsar et obec ons i der edf ort henonc onv ent i onalpi per ac k des i gn: Gr av i t yl oad( D) :ForGr av i t yl oadc al c ul at i on,r ef er Conv ent i onal pi per ac k s ys t em Wi ndL oad( W) : ForWi ndl oadcal c ul at i on,r ef er Conv ent i onal pi per ac k s ys t em, Ear t hquakeLoads( E) :ForEar t hquak el oadc al c ul at i on, r ef erConv ent i onalpi per ac ks y s t em. Fr i c t i onLoadi ng( Tf ) :ForFr i c t i onl oadc al c ul at i on,r ef er Conv ent i onal pi pe r ac ks y st em. AnchorandGui deLoads( Ta) :ForAnc horandGui del oadc al c ul at i on,
r ef erConv ent i onalpi per ac ks y s t em, Tr ans por t at i onl oads :Whenp i per ac kmodul esar et r an spor t edont her oad , di ffer entt y pesofhor i z ont al l oadsar egener at ed.Dur i nguphi l lordownhi l l mo v ementoft het r uc k,wegener al l ycons i der edahor i z ont al l oadofv al ue 30% oft ot all oad( o. 30xdeadwei ght )ac t st owar dst hel ongi t udi nal di r ec t i onoft hemodul e.Dur i ngat r uc kt ur norduet os uper el ev at i onoft he r oad,ahor i z ont al l oadi sal s ogener at ed( c ent r f ugal f or c e)andv al ueoft hat l oadi sal s o0. 30xwei ghtofmodul e( 30% oft ot al deadl oad)ac t i ng t r ans ver s edi r ec t i onofmodul es .Butbot ht hehor i z ont al l oads( l ongi t udi nal andt r ans ver s edi r ec t i on)donotac tt oget her .Ot hert hant hes ehor i z ont al l oads ,weal s oc ons i derwi ndl oadandv er t i c al i mpac tl oad. Summar yoft r ans por t at i onl oad:
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Ver t i c al I mpac tLoad( I V)–50% of( s el fwei ghtofs t r uc t ur e+Empt y wei ghtofpi pe+Cabl et r a y) Hor i z ont al I mpac ti nLongi t udi nal di r ec t i on( I L)–30% of( s el fwei ght ofs t r uc t ur e+Empt ywei ghtofpi pe+Cabl e t r ay ) Hor i z ont al I mpac ti nTr ans ver s edi r ec t i on( I T)–30% of( s el fwei ghtof s t r uc t ur e+Empt ywei ghtofpi pe+Cabl e t r a y) Wi n dl o ad( WL T)–Wi n dl o ad i sa pp l i e do np i p er a c kmo du l e s t r uc t ur e,pi peandc abl et r ay ,i nT r ans ver s edi r ec t i on.
Youne edt oc he ckt heFa ct orofs af e t yaga i ngs tov er t ur ni ngdur i ng t r a ns por t a t i ona ndv a l ueshoul dbemor et ha n1 . 5. Er ec t i onl oadsandl i f t i ngpoi nt s :I nt hi sc as ewegener al l yc ons i dera v er t i c ali mpac tl oad( l oadf ac t or=1. 5)onmodul e. St ep-3:LoadCombi nat i onsandal l o wabl edefl ec t i onofpi per ac k : ForLoadc ombi nat i onsandal l owabl edefl ec t i onofModul arpi per ac kf ori n-
s i t uanal y si sanddes i gn,r ef erConv ent i onal pi per ac ks y s t em, Modul arpi per ac kt obeanal y sedf ort r ans por t at i on andf orl i f t i ngal s o. Li f t i ngl oadc ombi nat i ons :L C1=2. 0xTot al deadl oad( ul t i mat el oad combi nat i onsf ormemberdesi gnperCanadi anst eel codeCI SC/NBC95) T r ans por t at i onl oadcombi nat i ons( ul t i mat el oadcombi nat i onsperCI SCCa na di a ns t e el c o de/NBC9 5f o rme mb erd es i g n) ) : L C1:1. 25xDeadl oad+1 . 5xI V+1 . 5xI L L C2:1. 25xDeadl oad+1 . 5xI V+1 . 5xI T LC3:1. 25xDeadl oad+1. 5xI V+1. 5xWi nd L C4 :1 . 2 5xDe adl o ad+1 . 0 5xI V+1 . 0 5xI T+1 . 0 5xWi n d L C5 :1 . 2 5xDe adl o ad+1 . 0 5xI V+1 . 0 5xI L+1 . 0 5xWi n d Abovel oadcombi nat i onsar ef orr ef er enceonl y .Youneedt of ol l ow yourpr oj ectdesi gncr i t er i af ort hepi per ackanal ysi sanddesi gn. St ep-4:Fr amesofModul ar l pi per ac k :
Pl easecl i c kher ef ort ypi ca lmodul a rpi per ac ksk et c h.
Con v ent i onal Pi pe r ac k nc onv ent i onalPi per ac k
No
Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Please do not print or copy of this page or any part of this page without written permission from Subhro Roy. isclaimer! "his page is prepared based on e#perience on Civil $ngineering esign. All de%nitions and most of the e#planations are ta&en from di'erent te#t boo&s and international design
codes( which are referenced in the contents. Any similarity of the content or part of with any company document is simply a coincidence. Subhro Roy is not responsible for that.
