Piecework Jan Feb 2011 Collection

p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi

<]B OGG\OC

B`sthr`koc @[[\L L Ag`tt`gj @[[\ Clorg tbl ]lkbg`qul

Ag`tt`gj ot tbl

Zb`tl Bhusl

4-Lgm Ag A g`tt`gj he

Tl-Krlotl ?:tb-Klgtury J\GG@[]LT

[]HKA@GJ[

? VO]]LTG� ; Jlglrot`hgs he [hkòc Gltwhra`gj

NOG\OTP/ELDT\OTP 46??

��.�� \.[. ��.�� KOG.

Og g g o ^ ` ` c c d dh h h hr r j j‐ ‐ s s E ` ` r rl w l wh h r ra s a s [ h h k ka a s s

V o ot t t t l r l r g @ g g gs s ` ` m l m ! l !

                                                                     

                                                                      

ot =<0 Drhhil [trllt, Glw Phra, Phra, GP ?66?; (4?4) =46-2:05

U @ [ @ ] H \ T [ B H V



Ehr erll pottlrgs ogm tuthròcs, v`s`t hur dchj ot

ZZZ.V\TCDLL.KHI

Uhcuil R@R

Guidlr ?

E��/Vrhnlkts

?0

?6

E`rlwhras [hkas> @gsp`rlm dy ]rom`t`hg rom`t`hgoc oc Ag`tt`gj ogm Lidrh`mlry d y O g g o ^ ` c d h h r j Klcldrotl tbl Glw Plor w`tb tblsl splktokucor shkas.

?=

[tllplm `g Hrlgdurj ]rom`t`hg> O [ghw�oal [kore dy Joc`g o O. Abilclvo

M`skhvlr o mls`jg trlosurlm dy tbl cokl ag`ttlrs he Hrlgdurj.

?0

]��-L ��-L�� A�� A��> ��> O C�� C�� ]�� ]�� dy Korhc Buldsk b l r T b h o m l s

Lxpchrl �vl klgtur`ls he [wlm`sb tw`glm ag`tt`gj.

4?

Kuﬆs `g ]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj

4;

Klgtlr Dchkas> [wlm`sb ]wh-Lgm I`ttlgs

45

G�� N�� @�� C��

?= HG ]BL KHULT OGGO ^@CDHHTJ‐[ E@TLZHTA[ [HKA[, pojl ?6

TL-KTLO]L ?:]B-KLG]\TP J\GG@[]LT []HKA@GJ[, pojl =4 ? V O]]LTG> ; JLGLTO]@HG[ HE [HK@OC GL]ZHTA@GJ, pojl 45 AG@]]@GJ G@]]@GJ O] O] ]BL ZB@]L BH\[L, pojl =5

dy Aor`g Aobgcugm

dy @gjr`m Iurgogl

]rokl tbl shkòc cèl he o Dlstwoy ag`tt`gj pottlrg tbrhujb tbrll jlglrot`hgs.

42

]bl Dlst Dlstwoy woy Jchvls ]hmoy

;6

V�� @��> O J�� Z�� V�� V TOK]@KOC G LLMCLZHTA �� Z LCMHG L CMHG ‐[ V T OK]@KOC G L LMCLZHTA dy Erogac`g Bod`t

Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

CLOTG ]BL ]LKBG@_\L HE 4-LGM AG@]]@GJ, pojl ?0

dy Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls

dy Ogg Dumm

Ght occ Zlcmhg‐ Zlcmhg‐ss pottlrgs pott lrgs wlrl prokt`koc. prokt` koc.

;4

Tl`gs ehr Kb`cmrlg

;=

]�� J�� B�� ]�� [��

dy Erogac`g Bod`t dy Oggl Dlra

]bl outbhr rl-krlotls [khtt`sb a`ct shkas.

;<

?2=5 Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlr B`jbcogmlrss Tljìlgt ]orto ortog g [hkas

;0

Kcoss`k B`jbcogmlr‐s Docihroc Dhgglt

dy Oggl Dlra

dy Oggl Korrhcc J`cihur

Ag`t ogm eucc o phst‛Zhrcm Zor @@ i`c`tory dhgglt. K HC\IG[ /Mlportilgts

=4

dy Nokqulc`gl Ell

4 Ght`hgs

Ag`t outblgt`k ilg‐s sthka`gjs.

Clttlr erhi tbl lm`thr = Koclgmor

\pkhi`gj lvlgts

=5

5 Glklss`t`ls

]bl glw ogm ghtlwhrtby <4 Oddrlvòt`hgs ogm ]lkbg`quls

Ml�g`t`hgs ogm `ccustrot`hgs

E�� C�� J�� K�� [�� A�� K�� d y A r ` s t ` g l D y r g l s ]blrl wos ihrl th tbl sthry tbog ilt tbl lyl.

Vrhmukts he `gtlrlst 2 ]OVL[]TP

Tl-Krlot`gj tbl [lvlgtllgtb-Klgtur [lvlgtllgtb-Klgtury y Jugg`stlr [thka`gjs

=0

Jrokl Khhc`mjl‐s Jrlot-Jrogmiht Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐ blr‐ss Khugtlr pogl dy Ar`st`gl Dyrgls

H L U`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi ehr erll prhnlkts ogm ort`kcls, tbl V��Z�� V��Z�� `gmlx, `gmlx, doka `ssuls, ogm iukb ihrl.

G H  @ H G [ LM@]HT�@G�KB@LE> Nlogl

@

OI VCLO[LM H VTL[LG hur �eb b`sthr`koc ag`tt`gj `ssul. @ v`v`mcy rlilidlr hur �rst hgl (Noguory/Eldruory 466:) ogm iy jrlot ogx`lty os

th wbltblr tbl splkòc `ssul `mlo whucm whra ot occ. Phu‐vl prhdodcy julsslm dy ghw tbot occ h hur splkòc `ssuls ` ssuls bovl dllg bujl b`ts! @g tb`s `gstoccilgt, wl lxpchrl tbl trom`t`hg h ag`tt`gj rhi uraly (shurkl h tbl wlmm`gj shkas tbot wlrl Oggo ^`cdhhrj‐s `gsp`rot`hg hr blr splktokucor E`rlwhras [hkas, pojl ?6) th tbl Zb`tl Bhusl (–E`rst Comy Jrokl Khhc`mjl ogm tbl [thry h o Ag`ttlm Khugtlrpogl,’ pojl =5), ogm spog hur klgtur`ls, rhi tbl slvlgtllgtb klgtury‐s Jugg`stlr sthka`gjs (pojl =4) th khgtliphrory [wlm`sb ag`ttlrs wbh lidrokl tbl trom`t`hgoc tlkbg`qul h twh-lgm ag`tt`gj (pojl ?0). @g occ h tbl t bl sthr`ls ogm prhnlkts, wl hkus hg tbl plrshg hr plrshgs (iogy h tbli ugaghwg) wbh w`lcmlm twh hr ihrl iltoc, whhmlg, dhgl, hr `vhry p`gs, st`kas, hr gllmcls thjltblr w`tb yorg hr tbrlom th krlotl o tlxt`cl. Ihst h tbl hdnlkts wl lxoi`gl blrl wlrl glklss`t`ls, wori kchtb`gj hr o dlmkhvlr`gj, hr lxoipcl, dut shil wlrl mhwgr`jbt wokay. Erogac`g Bod`t‐s –Vrokt`koc @gsog`ty> O J`mmy Zb`rc tbrhujb tbl Vojls h Gllmclwhra’ (pojl ;6),

Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc

b`jbc`jbts o lw `g tbl cottlr kotljhry.

hmoy, tbl lghrihus phpucor`ty h Eokldhha ogm w`ttlr bos drhujbt us o glw tlri> shkòc gltwhra`gj. Dut tbl `mlo h shkòc gltwhra`gj `s ght glw. Doka `g tbl prl-@gtlrglt i`m-?0=6s, ilidlrs h hgl Lgjc`sb oi`cy krlotlm tbl`r hwg shkòc gltwhra rhi o pottlrg clo�lt hr o ag`ttlm j chvl. @gjr`m Iurgogl Iurgogl tlccs tb`s sthry `g –Ght Nust og @gstrukt`hg Clo�lt’ (pojl 45). ]lsl orl nust o lw lxoipcls h wbot‐s `g tb`s splkòc `ssul. Lokb ort`kcl ogm lokb prhnlkt bhghr ght hgcy hur r`kb ag`tt`gj blr`tojl dut ocsh tbl whra ioml dy shilhgl‐ shilhgl‐s bogms. @ llc lxkllm`gjcy cukay ogm jrotluc j rotluc tbot tb`s klgtur`ls-hcm tlkbg`qul khgt`guls th lgtbrocc us `gth tbl twlgty-�rst klgtury. Os ocwoys, @ wlckhil yhur llmdoka, ght hgcy hg tb`s `ssul dut ocsh hg V`lklZhra `g jlglroc. Phu ioy kocc, wr`tl, hr l-io`c us (khgtokt `ghriot`hg `s

`g tbl iostblom ot r`jbt). Vlrbops yhu whucm càl th dlkhil o ilidlr h hur Tlomlr Omv`shry Voglc ogm prhv`ml us w`tb hgjh`gj llmdoka. Ehr ihrl `ghriot`hg odhut tb`s hpt`hg, v`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi ogm kc`ka hg Tlomlr Omv`shry Voglc `g tbl c`st ot cle. [h blrl‐s th 46??. Ioy `t dl �cclm w`tb nhy ogm og odugmogkl h bogmwhra!

Butkb`gs Dltsy [troukb, Aorlg Drhka

O[[@[]OG] LM@]HT[> LM@]HT[>

Aotby Iocch Mloggo Bocc Zlst, Zlst, Aorlg Er`so, ]rokly ]rokly Mov`mshg LM@]HT@OC @G]LTG> Ihgào Uorjos

LM@]HT@OC O[[@[]OG]> ]LKBG@KOC LM@]HT[>

KTLO]@UL M@TLK]HT> C`gmo

VBH]H[]PC@GJ, @CC\[]TO]@HG> Ogg VTHM\K]@HG M@TLK]HT>

V@LKLZHTAIOJO^@GL.KHI

]r`sb Eoud`hg

Iork IkKhy Hwlgs VTHM\K]@HG LM@]HT>

Gogky Orgmt

KLH> Kcoy

D. Bocc V\DC@[BLT> Nhbg V. Dhcthg ILM@O [OCL[ M@TLK]HT> Nuc`l

Iokmhgocm

M@[VCOP OMULT]@[@GJ IOGOJLT>

[orob Thvlcc` KCO[[@E@LM OMULT]@[@GJ>

[tlpbog`l Jr`lss

IOTAL]@GJ [VLK@OC@[]>

Oclxogmro Cotìlr K@TK\CO]@HG IOGOJLT>

Gogky [`cevlg

V`lklZhra (@[[G

?65:-44=0) `s pudc`sblm dìhgtbcy dy @gtl rwlovl Vrlss CCK, 46? L. Ehurtb [t., Chvlcogm, KH 26<;:. (0:6) 550-:5:4. Vlr`hm`kocs phstojl po`m ot Chvlcogm, KH 26<;2 ogm omm`t`hgoc io`c`gj h﬋ kls. Occ khgtlgts he tb`s `ssul he V`lklZhra © @gtlrwlovl Vrlss CCK, 46??. Tlprhmukt`hg `g wbhcl hr `g port `s prhb`d`tlm, lxklpt lxklpt dy plri`ss`hg he tbl pudc`sblr. [udskr`pt`hg rotl `s $40.0 Vclosl slgm ommrlss kbogjls th V`lklZhra, VH Dhx =50?6:, Lskhgm`mh, KO 046=50?6:. [\D[KT@DLT[> Vclosl occhw s`x wllas ehr prhklss`gj ommrlss kbogjls.Phur kusthilr guidlr hg tbl ommrlss codlc `s yhur aly th tbl dlst slrv`kl phss`dcl. Vclosl `gkcuml `t w`tb occ khrrlsphgmlgkl th ovh`m mlcoys hr lrrhrs.

KHG]OK] \[ [udskr`pt`hgs> (266) ;=6-:=05. L-io`c p`lklwhra Fpkspudc`ga.khi, hr v`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi. Omvlrt`s`gj> [orob Thvlcc`, (::6) 52;-=:?=, srhvlcc`F `gtlrwlovl.khi1 [tlpbog`l Jr`lss (2::) 5?;-=5;6, sjr`lssF`gtlrwlovl.khi1 hr v`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl .khi. Tlto`c socls> (266) 4:4-4?0;, l-io`c soclsF`gtlrwlovl .khi. Lm`thròc `gqu`r`ls> (0:6) ::5- ?=;5, l-io`c p`lklwhra F`gtlrwlovl.khi.

Og Osp`rl Ilmò Khipogy U`s`t tbl @gtlrwlovl wlds`tl ot `gtlrwlovl.khi.

V@LKLZHTA

[wogshg

[T. VTHM\K]@HG KHHTM@GO]HT>

@gtlrwlovl, 46? Lost Ehurtb [trllt Chvlcogm, Khchromh 26<;: (0:6) 550-:5:4

4

C`jhg

Votr`kò Dhcthg, Gogky Dusb, Kotblr`gl Oihrhsh Clsc`l, [usog I. [trowg, Ilj [wogslg ML[@JGLT> Khgstogkl Dhcclg

LM@]HT@OC OMU@[HTP VOGLC>

N O G \ O T P / E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;

K O O CC LL G G M M O O T T K

LRB@D@]@HG[

Kocc ehr Lgtr`ls. Nugl 4=‛Oujust ?4. E`dlr Klcldrot`hg 46??, `gtlrgot`hgoc nur`lm �dlr orts lxb`d`t`hg, ot tbl Ovlg`r Iuslui he Mls`jg ogm Ilrkbogm`s`gj, Khchromh [totl \g`vlrs`ty, Ehrt Khcc`gs, Khchromh. Lgtry mlomc`gl> Iorkb =. (;6;) 5
Lvlg`gj jhwg. Mls`jglm dy Ir. Dcokawlcc. Iorodhu elotblrs, i`krh-pclotlm mhttlm [w`ss glt duttlr�y scllvls, rb`glsthgl stums. Jèt he tbl mls`jglr. (054.2). Ovlg`r Iuslui he Mls`jg ogm Ilrkbogm`s`gj, Khchromh [totl \g`vlrs`ty, Ehrt Khcc`gs, Khchromh. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he Nhl Ilgmhzo, Khchromh [totl \g`vlrs`ty.

Kocc ehr Lgtr`ls. Nugl 4‛?2. E`dlrZhras 46??, ot C`v`gj Orts he E`dlrZhras ]ucso, ]ucso, Hacobhio. Kurrlgt rls`mlgts he Hacobhio orl `gv`tlm th port`k`potl. Lgtry mlomc`gl he oktuoc whra> Ioy 42 ogm Ioy ;6. �dlrwhrasF�dl �dlrwhrasF�dlrort`stha.hrj1 rort`stha.hrj1 www.�dlrort`stsha.hrj.

.khchstotl.lmu/wlckhil/ iuslui.

M`str`kt he Khcuidò. Eldruory =‛Nucy ?6. [lkhgm C`vls> ]bl OjlHcm Ort he Tlkykc`gj ]lxt`cls, ]lxt`cls, ot ]bl ]lxt`cl Iuslui. (464) 55:6==?1 www.tlxt`cliu www.tlxt`cliuslui.hrj. slui.hrj.

Dhsthg, Iossokbusltts. ]brhujb Iorkb ?;. Lidrh`mlr`ls he Khchgòc Dhsthg> [oipclrs, ot tbl Iuslui he E`gl Orts, Dhsthg, Ort he tbl Oilr`kos Z`gj. (5?:) 45:0;661 www.ieo.hrj www.ieo.hrj..

Chwlcc, Iossokbusltts. Noguory 44‛Ioy ?. Oilr`kog ]oplstry ]oplstry D`lggòc L`jbt, ot tbl Oilr`kog ]lxt`cl ]l xt`cl B`sthry Iuslui. (0:2) ==?-6=661 www.otbi.hrj www.otbi.hrj..

Ehrt Khcc`gs, Khchromh.

[ocli, Iossokbusltts. ]brhujb

]brhujb Opr`c ?. Ir. Dcokawlcc> O Tltrhsplkt`vl, ot tbl Ovlg`r Iuslui he Mls`jg ogm Ilrkbogm`s`gj, Khchromh [totl \g`vlrs`ty \g`vlrs`ty.. (0:6) =0?-?02;1 www.mi.kobs

Noguory 0. ]bl Liplrhr‐s Vr`votl Vorom`sl> ]rlosurls erhi tbl Ehrd`mmlg K`ty, ot tbl Vlodhmy Lsslx Iuslui. (0:2) :=<-0<661 www.pli.hrj.

[t. Vouc, I`gglshto. ]brhujb Noguory ?:. Ioh th Ghw> Kb`glsl Eosb`hg erhi ?0=0 th tbl Vrlslgt, ot tbl Jhcmstl`g Iuslui Joccly, IkGloc Bocc, [t. Vouc Koipus, \g`vlrs`ty he I`gglshto. (5?4) 54=-:=;=1 jimFugi.lmu1 www .jhcmstl`g.mls`jg.uig.lmu.

Glw Phra, Phra, Glw Phra Phra.. ]brhujb Opr`c 4= ogm Ioy ?6‛Hkthdlr ?5. _u`cts> Iostlrwhras erhi tbl Oilr`kog Ehca Ort Iuslui, ot tbl Oilr`kog Ehca Ort Iuslui. (4?4) 45<-?6=61 www.ehcaort iuslui.hrj.

Glw Phra, Phra, Glw Phra Phra.. ]brhujb Nugl ;6. O [t`tkb `g Nlw`sb ]ìl> Vrhvhkot`vl ]lxt`cls, ot tbl Bldrlw \g`hg Khccljl-Nlw`sb @gst`tutl he Tlc`j`hg Iuslui. (4?4) 24=-440;1 ojcozlrFbu ojcozlrFbuk.lmu1 k.lmu1 www.buk.lmu/iuslui/gy.

Glw Phra, Phra, Glw Phra Phra.. ]brhujb

[oipclr st`tkblm dy [occy Nokashg. Lidrh`mlr Lidrh`mlrlm. lm. [`ca hg c`glg. Iossokbusltts, prhdodcy Dhsthg. K`rko ?::?. Iuslui purkbosl w`tb eugms mhgotlm oghgyihuscy ogm Eroga D. Dli`s Eugm. Iuslui he E`gl Orts, Dhsthg, Iossokbusltts. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he tbl Iuslui he E`gl Orts, Dhsthg.

[utro khvlr. Ioalr ugaghwg. Kb`go. ?<66‛?5==. Okqu`rlm dy Jlhrjl Blw`tt Iylrs, ?0;4. (
[lptlidlr 4<. [uplr [tors> _u`cts

(06:) ;<<-;;06

www.ioal?yorgs.ko

=6;.264.=::6 `gehFioal?yorgs.ko

=

V@LKLZHTA


erhi tbl Oilr`kog Ehca Ort Iuslui, ot tbl Oilr`kog Ehca Ort Iuslui C`gkhcg [quorl Drogkb. Drogkb. (4?4) 45<-?6=61 www.ehcaortiuslui www.ehcaortiuslui.hrj. .hrj.

Ogjhro

Khcuidò, Khcui dò, ]lgglss ]lgglssll. ll. ]brhujb Opr`c ;. I`mmcl ]lgglssll [oipclrs> –]b`s iy G oil [bocc Lvlr ]lgglssll Bovl,’ ot tbl Noils A. Vhca Ogklstroc Bhil. (0; ?) ;22-4;<=1 www.tlgglssllsoipclrs.khi1 www .noilsaphca.khi.

Goturoccy [het

Z`ccòisdurj, U`rj`gò. Noguory 40, 46??‛Mlkli-

[thiokblr. Ioalr ugaghwg. Lidrh`mlrlm s`ca. Odhut ?:<6. Borr`s Iuslui ogm Ort Jocclry, Vrlsthg, Cogkosb`rl, Lgjcogm. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he tbl Borr`s Iuslui ogm Ort Jocclry1 pbhth jropb dy Ghrwyg‐ Ghrwyg‐ss Ctm.

dlr ;?, 46?4. Eosb`hg Okklsshr`ls erhi Blom th ]hl ]hl,, ot tbl MlZ`tt Zoccokl Zoccokl Mlkhrot`vl Orts Iuslui. (:<:) 440-?6661 ikhttr`ccFkwe.hrj1 www.khchgòc www.khchgòc w`ccòisdurj.hrj/b`sthry/iusluis.

Cogkosb`rl, Lgjcogm. ]brhujb Opr`c 4;. Lidlcc`sblm> ]bl Ort he Eoduchus Eodr`ks, Eodr`ks, ot tbl Borr`s Iuslui ogm Ort Jocclry. == ?::4 4<24=21 borr`s .iusluiFprlsthg.jhv.ua1 www.borr`siuslui .hrj.ua.

Ulrhgo, @tocy. Iorkb 2‛?;. ]bl [`ca Thoms Illt `g

Ulrhgo, o nur`lm `gtlrgot`hgoc lxb`d`t he trom`t`hgoc ogm ihmlrg tlxt`cl ort, ot Vocozzh Ehrt”Iuslui he Ihmlrg Ort. www.osshkò www.osshkòz`hglomio`hro.`t1 z`hglomio`hro.`t1 www.vlrhgotlss`cl.`t. www.vlrhgotlss`cl.`t.

A`cw`gg`gj, Ghrtb Oyrsb`rl, [khtcogm. ]brhujb Noguory ;?. A`cd`rg`l [lw ‒g‐ [lw‐s Lxb`d`t`hg, ot tbl Iuslui he Oyrsb`rl Khugtry Cèl ogm Khstuil, Mocjorvlg I`cc. == ?40= <<4==21 www.mocjorvlgi`cc.hrj.ua. www.mocjorvlgi`cc.hrj.ua. [PI VH[ @\ I[, ZHTA[ BHV [, KH G[\ IL T [BHZ[, ]TOULC

Borr`sdurj, Vlggsycvogò. Iorkb ;‛5. Com`ls & Jlgtclilg he tbl ?256s Khgelrlgkl, ot Koip B`cc. (:?:) ;;:-642;1 www.jlgtll www.jlgtllcorts.khi. corts.khi.

Iors, Vlggsycvogò. Eldruory ??‛?;. V`ttsdurjb Ag`t & Krhkblt Elst`voc, ot tbl Ehur Vh`gts [blrothg, Ghrtb. (=?4) 05;-:6;61 www.pjb ag`togmkrhkblt.khi.

Borclqu`g Ilmocc`hg qu`ct.. Ioalr ugaghwg. qu`ct Jcozlm whhc. Glw LgIogkblstlr, Lgjcogm. Iorkb 5. Iogkblstlr jcogm. ?266‛?246. 2: Ú Ogt`qul ]lxt`cl Eo`r, ot tbl Ori`tojl Klgtrl, Eocchw- 05 `gkbls (44? Ú 4== ki). �lcm. oteFtlxt`clshk`lty oteFtlxt`clshk`lty.hrj.ua1 .hrj.ua1 www.tlxt`clshk www.tlxt`clshk`lty `lty Jèt he Kyr`c @rw`g Glcshg .hrj.ua. `g chv`gj ilihry he b`s Bowo``. Iorkb 4:‛Opr`c ?6. Bowo`` Ag`tt`gj & E`dlr jrogmporlgts Nhbg Z`ccòis ogm [hpb`l Oggo Ioky, Kru`sl w`tb Iyro Zhhm ogm Ar`st`gl Drhhas. Kroet ?02=. (;;.?). Oilr`kog Kru`sls. (2::) 0:4-:4;21 www.kroetkru www.kroetkru`sls.khi. `sls.khi. Ehca Ort Iuslui, Glw @gmò. Eldruory ?:‛Iorkb <. Lidrh`mlrlrs‐ Ju`cm Phra, P hra, Glw Phra. ]hur> ]hu r> O Nhurgly tbrhujb [hutblrg @gmò. == 46 20=; Vbhthjropb khurtlsy ?4401 oerogzFlid oerogzFlidrh`mlrlrsju`cm.k rh`mlrlrsju`cm.khi1 hi1 www he Iott Bhldlriogg, .lidrh`mlrlrsju`cm.khi. Glw Phra. Ilx`kh. Iorkb 0‛44. Kbòpos w`tb Kroet Zhrcm ]hurs. ]hu rs. (<2<) <=2-455:1 www.kroetwhrcmthu www.kroetwhrcmthurs.khi. rs.khi. Vlru ogm Dhc`vò. Opr`c ?6‛4=. Lostlr `g tbl Ogmls> Vlru ogm Dhc`vò w`tb Gogky ]bhios ogm Kygtbò ClKhugt [oioaà. Dlb`gm tbl [klgls Omvlgturls. Omvlgturl s. (
Voglc. Ioalr ugaghwg. Vo`gt ogm j`ct kcoy hg s`ca, z`tog whhm. 5<¹ Ú ;5¹ Ú ?¹ `gkbls (?55.= Ú 04.: Ú ;.2 ki). Vlodhmy Lsslx Iuslui, [ocli, Iossokbusltts. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he tbl Vocokl Iuslui, Dl`n`gj, Kb`go. KOCLGMOT HGC@GL

Vcyihutb Porg

®

]b`s `ssul‐s c`st`gj he lvlgts `s ocsh ovo`codcl hg hur wlds`tl. U`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi1 kc`ka hg @gs`ml ]b`s @ssul. Vclosl slgm yhur lvlgt `gehriot`hg ot clost ehur ihgtbs dlehrl tbl ihgtb he pudc`kot`hg. C`st`gjs orl ioml os spokl `s ovo`codcl1 wl kogght juorogtll tbot yhur yhur c`st`gj w`cc opplor.

Porg> P org> ?66% Ogjhro Vottlrg> ?02= pcyihutbyorg.khi Ehcchw us hg Eokldhha & Tovlcry


46??

V@LKLZHTA

<

G L K L [ [ @ ] @ L [ △

Tlpo`r `g [tycl Cogtlrg Ihhg‐s rlpo`r bhha, ovo`codcl `g rhslwhhm hr ldhgy, khils `g o bogmkroelm kosl. Cogtlrg Ihhg1 www.cog www.cogtlrg tlrg ihhg.khi.

Dutthg, Dutthg △ Omm p`zzozz th yhur ag`twlor w`tb ag`twlor mls`jglr ogm outbhr G`kay Lpstl`g‐s wb ìs`koc ogt`qul-s`cvlr dutthgs. Ovo`codcl rhi NBD @gtlrgot`hgoc. www.dutthgs.khi. www.dutthgs.khi.

△

Hptì`zl Hrjog`zot`hg Hb [gop! ilsb phukbls rhi Goiostl‐s Koc` Khcclkt`hg khil `g o vor`lty h s`zls th allp yhur gllmcls, okklsshr`ls, ogm yorg hrjog`zlm. www.goiostl`gk.khi.

△

Dloutèuc Gllmcls [`zl 4 (4.:< ii) ?=-`gkb (;<.5-ki) ag`tt`gj gllmcls w`tb st`cltth ph`gts ogm tlormrhp kops. Hgl h iogy kbh`kls rhi [`jgoturl Gllmcl Orts. www.s`jgot www.s`jgoturlgllmclorts.khi. urlgllmclorts.khi.

Kb`cmrlg‐s Kborilr △ Vbhldl‐s [wlotlr dy dy Nhoggo Nhbgshg, o

swllt kb`cmrlg‐s sthry odhut Vbhldl Ihusl w`tb ag`tt`gj pottlrgs hr o kb`cm‐s swlotlr, o stuﬆlm ihusl, ogm mhcc swlotlr swlotlr.. www.scot www.scotloccsprlss.khi. loccsprlss.khi.

Chha ehr tblsl prhmukts ot gllmclwhra, yorg, ogm kroet sthrls, `g io`c-hrmlr kotochjs hr hgc`gl, hr khgtokt tbl suppc`lr ehr tbl goil he o rlto`clr glor yhu.

www.ag`trhwog.khi lsti`gstlrr erhi Zlsti`gstl

E`dlrs 266-==<-04:5 266-==<04:5 [bhwg> ]oioro jchvls & skore erhi Thwog Iojoz`gl =2

5

V@LKLZHTA


Ag`tt`gj ]rom`t` Ag`tt`gj ]rom`t`hgs hgs Z`gtlr 46 46??

Erhi Oer`ko ogm Ljypt th Lurhpl ogm Oilr`ko, Ag`tt`gj ]rom`t`hgs toals ]rom`t`hgs toals yhu orhugm tbl whrcm ogm okrhss tbl klgtur`ls th sphtc`jbt ag`tt`gj‐s ag`tt`gj‐s r`kb b`sthr`koc khgtlxt. ]b`s khchreuc slkhgm lm`t`hg dr`gjs yhu =< prhnlkts! Clorg bhw th>  



 

[boj i`ttlgs. i`tt lgs. Ehcchw `g tbl ehhtstlps he ag`ttlrs erhi ogk`lgt k`v`c`zot`hgs th thmoy‐ thmoy‐ss thp mls`jglrs. M`skhvlr hgl iltbhm prokt`klm `g kucturls os m`vlrsl os Ogmlog ogm Vhrtujulsl. Lxoi`gl lxqu`s`tl ?2-klgtury ag`ttlm korplts. Lxpchrl tbl cèl he o U`kthròg ag`twlor mls`jglr, ogm ?0tb-klgtury hutcows wbh ag`ttlm cokl wb`cl slrv`gj pr`shg tlris.

Ag`tt`gj ]rom`t`hgs lxpchrls ]rom`t`hgs lxpchrls cokl, khchr, tlxturl, ogm tbl tìlclss dlouty he ag`tt`gj. 255.0=0.?5=5 N O G \ O T P / E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKLZHTA

:

 O V L [  T P @gs`ml tbl Ag`tt`gj Tlelrlgkl Tlelrlgk l C`drory ot tbl Z`gkblstlr [kbhhc he Ort ot tbl \g`vlrs`ty he [hutboipthg, `g Z`gkblstlr, Boipsb`rl, Lgjcogm. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he tbl Ag`tt`gj Tlelrlgkl C`drory.

O ]rlosurl ]rhv ]rhvl> l> ]bl Ag`tt Ag`tt`gj `gj Tlelrl Tlelrlgkl gkl C`dr C`dror ory y ]l \g`vlrs`ty he [hutboipthg `g Z`gkblstlr, Boipsb`rl, Lgjcogm, odhut 56 i`cls (0: ai) erhi Chgmhg, bos og lxklcclgt rlshurkl `g `ts Ag`tt`gj Tlelrlgkl C`drory, o khip`cot`hg he tbl ag`tt`gj orkb`vls he tbl cotl b`sthròg ogm khcclkthr Ihgtsl [togcly (?0=4‛?000), skbhcor ogm ehrilr d`sbhp T`kborm Tutt (?04<‛), ogm outbhr Nogl Zocclr Zocclr (?0==‛). ]l ug`vlrs`ty purkboslm [togcly‐ [togcly‐ss khcclkt`hg `g ?0001 blr jhhm er`lgm Tutt, o rlt`rlm pr`lst ogm outbhr he O he O B`sthry B`sthry he Bogm Ag`tt`gj Ag`tt`gj (?02:1 rlpr`gt, Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 466;), mhgotlm b`s pr`votl c`drory. ]l ug`vlrs`ty tblg purkboslm o corjl khcclkt`hg he v`gtojl pottlrgs erhi Zocclr. Zocclr. ]l c`drory khgto`gs ihrl tbog 266 hdnlkts, ?4,666 pottlrgs, ?,666 dhhas, ihrl tbog ?,666 phstkorms, ogm khugtclss nhurgocs bhuslm `g twh s`tls. Dhhas, nhurgocs, iojoz`gls, pottlrgs, ogm o siocc bogmc`gj khcclkt`hg orl ot tbl ug`vlrs`ty‐s Z`gkblstlr [kbhhc he Ort1 Ihgtsl [togcly‐s ag`tt`gj thhcs, ag`ttlm hdnlkts, pbhthjropbs, pbhthjropbs, phstkorms, ogm poplrs orl chkotlm `g [plkòc Khcclkt`hgs ot tbl ug`vlrs`ty‐ u g`vlrs`ty‐ss Bortcly C`drory. C`dror y. ]l Ag`tt`gj Tlelrlgkl C`drory `s hplg th occ. h sprlom tbl whrm odhut tbl khcclkt`hg, tbl c`drory bos bom og `gtlrokt`vl lxb`d`t`hg w`tb ag`tt`gj kcossls, stumy moys, ogm twh @g tbl Chhp ag`tt`gj khgelrlgkls (4662 `g Z`gkblstlr ogm 46?6 `g [bltcogm1 o tb`rm `s `g tbl pcogg`gj stojls ehr 46?4). U`s`t www.shthg.ok.ua/`gtblchhp ehr mlto`cs hg us`gj tbl khcclkt`hgs, lvlgts, c`gas th m`j`t`zlm tlxts, ogm omm`t`hgoc `gehrio `gehriot`hg. t`hg. ”@gjr`m Iurgogl

Bockyhg Porg           Kocc ehr yhur erll kotochj!

Klcldrot`gj hur Tudy Ogg`vlrsory!

BOCKPHG POTG

?0:? ‛ 46??

C`cy he tbl Uoccly [blcc

Erll pottlrg ogm sb`pp`gj w`tb purkbosl he       khml VZ46??

2

V@LKLZHTA


Phur P hur Tlshurkl ehr tbl Bogmioml Cèl Lsslgtòc Hgc`gl ogm He�`gl Tlshurkls ehr Ort`sts ogm Kroetlrs

Iojoz`gls

Dhhas

@gsp @g sp`r `rot ot`h `hg, g, prhn hnl lkt ktss og ogm pot pottl tlrg rgss er erhi th thp p ml mls`j `jg glrs

U`mlh & ]lclv`s`hg ]lclv`s`hg

@iil @i ilrs rsl l yhu yhurs rsl lce `g yhu hurr pos posss`h `hg g ehr ehr �dl dlr r

Hgc`gl

]lkbg`quls er erhi to toclgtlm, wl wlcc-aghwg `g `gstru rukkth thrrs

[toy kh khgglktlm w` w`tb yh yhur �d �dlr kh khiiug`ty `gtlrwlovlsthrl.khi

sp`gheeiojoz`gl.khi

wlov`gjthmoy. khi

@gtlrwlovl‐ss iuct`-ilmò opprhokb th �dlr w`cc allp @gtlrwlovl‐ yhu `g st`tkbls w`tb dhhas, iojoz`gls, tlclv`s`hg sbhws, MUMs, `gtlrokt`vl hgc`gl khiiug`t`ls, lDhhas, m`j`toc mhwgchoms, lIojs, ogm hgc`gl sbhpp`gj lxplr`lgkls.

.KHI

E`rlwhras [hkas @G[V@TLM dy ]TOM@]@HGOC AG@]]@GJ ogm LIDTH@MLTP O G GO

Oggo ^`cdhrj‐s ag`ttlm ogm lidrh`mlrlm E`rlwhras shkas. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

?6

V@LKLZHTA


^ @ C D H H T J

@

g tbl post, ag`tt`gj trovlclm dy ort`okt. O trovlclr thha o ag`ttlm hdnlkt th o glw chkot`hg, wblrl plhpcl wbh

wlrl `gtr`julm dy wbot tbly sow `jurlm hut bhw tbly khucm mh `t tblislcvls. ]lg tbly ioml tbl`r hwg ort`okts pottlrglm okkhrm`gj th tbl`r hwg ìoj`got`hgs. ` ioj`got`hgs. ]us ml-

vlchplm m`ﬆlrlgt ag`tt`gj a g`tt`gj iltbhms il tbhms ogm o gm m`ﬆlrlgt m`ﬆlrl gt ltbg`k pottlrgs ogm stycls. hmoy, wblg tbl aghwclmjl h ag`tt`gj trovlcs tbrhujb iojoz`gls, dhhas, tbl @gtlrglt, ogm tlokblrs, wl bovl okklss th occ tbl woys plhpcl ag`t ogm tbl tb`gjs tbly ioal. Zl kog lgjojl `g Zhrcm Ag`tt`gj, o jlgrl tbot mhls ght mlplgm hg tbl wbìs h tbl ihilgt dut mrows `ts `gsp`rot`hg rhi iogy trom`t`hgs, ilcm`gj tbli borihg`huscy. blsl port`kucor shkas dljog w`tb o wlmm`gj shka rhi Ahgyo `g uraly. ura`sb ura`sb wlmm`gj wlm m`gj shkas wlrl owoys IOLT@OC[

Vcyihutb Boppy Ellt erhi tbl Myl ehr Il Khcclkt`hg, 06% suplrwosb ilr`gh whhc/?6% gychg yorg, �gjlr`gj wl`jbt, =26 yorms (=;2.0 i)/=.= hz (?4< j)/ sal`g, ? sal`g he #400 Zb`tl1 www.pcyihutbyorg .khi Dcul Blrhg Toyhg Iltocc`k, ?66% royhg yorg w`tb iltocc`k tbrlom, <<6 yorms (<64.0 i)/2 hz (445.2 j) sal`g, ? sal`g he Ihssy Vcokl ehr tbl lidrh`mlry1 www.dcul blrhgyorgs.khi Gllmcls, slt he < mhudcl ph`gtlm, s`zl ? (4.< ii) hr s`zl gllmlm th hdto`g joujl Nhbg Noils Gllmcls, toplstry ehr lidrh`mlry ogm d`gm`gj hee1 www.khchgòcgllmcl.khi E`g`sblm s`zl> Odhut : `gkbls (?2 ki) ehht k`rkuielrlgkl, 2 `gkbls (46 ki) ehht clgjtb erhi t`p he thl th doka he bllc, ogm 0 `gkbls (4; ki) clj clgjtb erhi dosl he bllc th thp he kuee Joujl> 2 sts ogm ?4 rhws 9 ? `gkb (4.< ki) `g [t st [ll pojl <4 ogm dlchw ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs [ VLK@OC ODDTLU@O@HG

Z&]”Zrop ogm ]urg> Z&]”Zrop ]urg> [c`p tbl tbl glxt st`tkb erhi tbl clet clet gllmcl. Dr`gj tbl yorg th tbl erhgt è ag`tt`gj, th tbl doka è purc`gj. Tlturg tbl sc`pplm st`tkb th tbl clet gllmcl. ]urg tbl whra orhugm ogm khgt`gul `g tbl htblr m`rlkt`hg. EOG VOLTG Tgm ?> Ph,

a?, Qp;, a?Y = tìls, yh.

Tgm 4 ogm occ lvlg rgms> A. Tgm ;> A?,

yh, a?, Qp;, a?Y = tìls, yh, a?. yh, a? Qp;, a?Y = tìls, yh, a4. Tgm :> A;, yh, a? Qp4thj, p?, a?Y = tìls, yh, a;. Tgm 0> A=, yh, a? Qp4thj, a?Y = tìls, yh, a=. Tgm ??> A<, yh, a? Qsc 4thj, a?, p4ssh”vlrt`koc mhudcl mlk, a?Y tw`kl, yh, a<. Tgm ?4> A. Tgm <> A4,

h �gl wb`tl whhc w`tb t`gy t`gy,, mlc`kotl pottlrgs h tw`stlm trovlc`gj st`tkbls (tbl tlkbg`qul tbot ihvlm th tbl Oustròg Ocps ogm jovl us tbhsl whgmlruc surokl mlkhrot`hg mlkhrot`hgss tbot chha càl whhm korv`gj). @ wogtlm tbl sp`r`t h tblsl shkas w`tbhut bov`gj th ag`t ot ?4 st`tkbls plr `gkb (odhut < st`tkbls plr ki). @g omm`t`hg, @ wogtlm th lidrh`mlr iy ag`tt`gj. Lidrh`mlry Lidrh`mlry `s got`vl th sh iogy plhpcls. [hil ylors ojh, @ hugm iyslc s`tt`gj w`tb twh yhugj whilg `g o `lcm `g \zdla`stog. bly wlrl wotkb`gj o �hka h sbllp ogm lidrh`mlr`gj siocc p`lkls h kchtb. @ bom n h`glm tbli th sll wbot tbly wlrl mh`gj. @ lxplkt `t wos os lxht`k og lxplr`lgkl hr tbli os `t wos hr il, dut `t wos tblg ogm tblrl tbot @ mlk`mlm tbot shilbhw @ whucm lidrh`mlr iy ag`tt`gj `g o woy tbot khipclilgtlm dhtb tbl ag`tt`gj ogm tbl st`tkb`gj. Ghw tb`ga`gj h o wlmm`gj shka, @ wos chha`gj hr o st`tkb pottlrg th lidrh`mlr lidrh`mlr.. @ hugm tbl pottlrg, wb`kb sploas th il h �rlwhras, `g ]l Borihgy Ju`ml th Ag`tt`gj> lkbg`quls ogm [t`tkbls, [t`tkbls, lm`tlm dy Mldro Ihugthrm (Glw Phra> Borihgy Dhhas, ?004). @ mh ght aghw wblrl `t koil rhi, dut @ whucm julss tbot `t hr`j`gotlm `g o g`gltllgtb-klgtury khugtlrpogl pottlrg dlkousl h `ts sì`cor`ty th htblr sblcc-sboplm pottlrgs ogm `ts usl h jortlr st`tkb. @ drhujbt `t up th motl o d`t dy ìprhv`gj tbl chhas h tbl mlkrlosls”o mlto`c tbot sploas th il h hur kurrlgt tlkbg`koc pr`ss`glss. ]l sbop`gj tlkbg`quls `g tblsl shkas orl ihmlrg. ]l sbhrt-rhw thl ugt`c rlklgtcy wos uslm hgcy `g iokb`glioml shkas. @ càl `ts sìpc`k`ty ogm losl. ]l Lostlrg thl dlj`gg`gj gllms gh sloi`gj hr jroe`gj. ]l ogacl sbop`gj ogm bllc rlprlslgt o glw `gtljrot`hg h tbl bllc `gth tbl hht dy iostlr ag`tt`gj lgj`gllr Kot Dhrmb`. @t `s ug th mh, ogm `t `s losy th omnust tbl k`rkuilrlgkl h tbl ogacl dy `gkrlos`gj ihrl hr lwlr st`tkbls hg tbl hht. ]l upplr lmjl h tbl shka usls o slwg d`gm-hﬆ tbot `s ihrl lcost`k tbog ogy htblr @ aghw aghw.. @t wos o jè th tbl ag`tt`gj whrcm rhi hur potrhg so`gt, Lc`zodltb ^ìilriogg.

Mlto`c he Oggo ^`cdhhrj‐s E`rlwhras shkas, sbhw`gj tbl bllc ogm ehht. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

@G[T\K@HG[

hl \s`gj tbl chgj-to`c iltbhm (sll –lk –lkbg`quls’ bg`quls’ hg pojl <4), KH 40 sts. Zhra sbhrt-rhws os hcc, Thw ?> [c ?> [c ?, p4:, Z&. Thw 4> A4:, 4> A4:, Z&. Thw ;> V45, ;> V45, Z&.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

??

]bhios‐s M`kt`hgory he Lidrh`mlry [t`tkbls, lm`tlm dy Nog Lothg, khurtlsy he ]roeocjor [quorl [t`tkb mòjrois erhi Iory ]bhios‐s Dhhas1 www.troeocjordhhas.khi. www.troeocjordhh as.khi.

Thw => A4<, Z&.

Khgt `g tb`s iogglr, whra`gj ? clss st dlhrl Z& lokb rhw, ugt`c yhu bovl a0, Z&. Glxt Thws> V0, Z&1 a?6, Z&1 p??, Z&1 a?4, Z&. Khgt whra`gj ? ihrl st lokb rhw ug[tli [t`tkb t`c occ 40 sts orl `g usl. M`v`ml sts hg 4 gllmcls. Ehht Tlihvl KH dy p`ka`gj up lokb dhtthi cp w`tb o gllmcl ogm pucc`gj hut tbl t bl lgm. Phu w`cc bovl 4: sts hplg. Orrogjl sts hg = gllmcls sh tbot ?: sts `g tbl klgtlr h tbl `gstlp orl hg ? gllmcl Kodcl-Kbo`g [t`tkb ogm ?; sts hg lokb h tbl htblr ; gllmcls. Dlj ot tbl `gstlp gllmcl (Gllmcl ?), whra Eog pott1 hg Gllmcl 4, a;, p4, a21 hg Gllmcl ;, a1 hg Gllmcl =, a2, p4, a;. Tlp tb`s rgm ugt`c tbl hht ilosurls <¹ `gkbls (?=.6 ki) clss tbot tbl thtoc mls`rlm clgjtb h tbl hht. @ phss`dcl, lgm hht w`tb Thw ?4 h `gstlp pott. Voclstr`go Aght Khgt tbl pott hg tbl `gstlp, dlj orkb `gks> Hg tbl glxt shcl gllmcl (Gllmcl ;), a5, yh rhgt th doka, a?, yh doka th rhgt. w`st w`st tbl yhs hg tbl glxt rgm th ovh`m bhcls. Zhra 4 rgms. Tgm ;> A5, yh rhgt  rhgt th doka, a;, yh doka th rhgt. Zhra Zhra 4 rhws `g lstodc`sblm pott, tw`st`gj tbl yhs th prlvlgt o bhcl. Khgt th `gk lvlry ;rm rgm oelr ag`tt`gj 5 sts ogm dlhrl ag`tt`gj tbl cost 5 sts. ]l `gks hri o wlmjl `g tbl i`mmcl h tbl shcl. @gk ?= tìls. ]lrl orl ghw 40 sts `g tbl wlmjl. ]lsl w`cc dl tbl bllc sts. ]lrl orl 5 sts hg lokb s`ml h tbl wlmjl. Ihvl tblsl sts th tbl`r omnoklgt s`ml gllmcls. urg bllc, A okrhss 40 bllc sts. Thw ?> [c ?, p4:, Z&. Thw 4> A4:, Z&. Thw ;> V45, Z&. Thw => A4<, Z&. Khgt `g tb`s iogglr, whra`gj ? clss st dlhrl Z& lokb rhw, ugt`c yhu bovl a0, Z&. V okrhss occ bllc sts. Os yhu khil th tbl wrops, p`ka

?4

V @LKLZ HTA


lokb up, pcokl `t hg tbl cle gllmcl, ogm p `t thj w`tb tbl glxt st. urg. A okrhss occ bllc sts p`ka`gj up wrops ogm ag`tt`gj tbli thj w`tb tbl t bl glxt st. urg. Bllc �op, Ehr losl `g whra`gj, rlkhg�jurl sts hg gllmcls> M`v`ml tbl `gstlp gllmcl hgth 4 gllmcls. Omm th lokb h tblsl gllmcls : sts rhi omnoklgt s`ml gllmcls. M`v`ml tbl bllc sts hgth 4 gllmcls. [c rli s`ml sts hgth bllc gllmcls. Zhra`gj hg bllc gllmcls, Thw ?> [c ?, p th ? st dlhrl jop cle dy turg`gj hg tbl cost rhw. V4 thj. urg. Thw 4> [c ?, a th ? st dlhrl jop cle dy turg`gj hg tbl cost rhw. [sa. urg. Tlp tblsl 4 rhws ugt`c occ ?4 sts hg tbl s`mls h tbl shcl p`lkl bovl dllg mlk‐ m lk‐m”40 m”40 sts hg gllmcl. Kut yorg. Ghtl> @ yhur hht bos lgmlm `g o i`mmcl rhw h tbl Eog pott, yhu w`cc bovl th dlj`g tbl doka Eog pott dlhrl tbl bllc cop `s `g`sblm. Dlj tbl guidlr h rhws dlhrl tbl rhgt lgmlm. Ehr lxoipcl, ` yhu lgmlm tbl hht ot Thw :, yhu sbhucm dlj w`tb Thw ? slvlg rhws dlhrl tbl lgm h tbl bllc cop. Phu kog khugt tblsl rhws dy khugt`gj tbl thtoc guidlr h sts cle th mlk dlhrl tbl bllc �op `s �g`sblm. Clj Tlorrogjl tbl sts hg tbl gllmcls hgkl ihrl sh tbot tblrl orl ?: sts hg tbl rhgt h tbl clj, ?: sts hg tbl t bl doka, ogm ?; sts hg lokb s`ml gllmcl. Zhra tbl Eog pott hg dhtb rhgt ogm doka h tbl shka. Hg tbl s`ml gllmcls, a;, p4, a;, p4, a;. Zblg tbl shka `s mls`rlm clgjtb, a < rgms. E`g`sb`gj DH. Kut yorg, clov`gj o to`c h odhut 4< `gkbls (5; ki). ]rlom tb`s hgth tbl corjlr toplstry gllmcl> *@gslrt gllmcl os ` th p tbrhujb 4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Vucc yorg tbrhujb. @gslrt gllmcl os ` th a `gth ?st st hg cle gllmcl. Vucc yorg tbrhujb ogm mrhp tb`s st hﬆ gllmcl. (Mh ght pucc tbl yorg tbrhujb t`jbtcy!) Tlp rhi * ugt`c occ sts orl d hugm hﬆ. Lidrh`mlry [ll st`tkb mòjrois odhvl. Zhra stli st`tkb `g tbl i`mmcl h lokb og r`d, toa`gj o st`tkb `g lvlry rhw. Ot tbl lgm h lokb r`d, whra o Voclstr`go aght (ocsh kocclm o mhudcl aght). Zhra o kodcl-kbo`g st`tkb mhwg t bl klgtlr h lokb p4-r`d hg tbl s`mls h tbl shkas. [t`tkb hvlr 4 rhws hr lokb kb ogm ? rhw hr lokb kodcl. O D H \   BL M L [ @ J G L T . Iostlr ag`ttlr Oggo ^`cdhhrj c`vls `g tbl

Dcul T`mjl Ihugto`gs he h e U`rj`gò, splgm`gj blr tìl ag`tt`gj, mls`jg`gj, mls`jg`gj, ogm sp`gg`gj.

Bhghr`gj tbl T`kb B`sthry B`sthry he Gllmclwhra

]HJL]BL ]H JL]BLT T O] CO[]! C O[]! Kur`hus8 U`s`t nìiydlogswhhc.khi/chrgos nìiydlogswhhc.khi/chrgos hg tbl ?st he lokb ihgtb th ﬏gm hut ihrl…

5 `ssuls ehr $4= p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi

PH\T CHKOC POTG []HTL…HGC@GL! ZZZ.N@IIPDLOG[ZHHC.KHI (2::) NDZ - AG@] (<40 (<40-< -<5= 5=2) 2) U@[@] H\T [BHV @G TLGH, GU EHCCHZ \[


46??

V@LKLZHTA

?;

Joc`go O. Abilclvo‐s ag`ttlm [ghw�oal skore.

Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

?=

V@LKLZHTA


[tllplm `g Hrlgdurj ]rom`t`hg O [GHZECOAL [KOTE JOC@GO O. ABILCLUO

]

bl cokl ag`ttlrs h Hrlgdurj b`sthr`koccy bovl lidroklm tbl [ghw�oal ([glzb`gao ( [glzb`gao)) mls`jg os hgl h tbl`r ihst trlosurlm iht`s> @t syidhc`zls tbl`r chvl ogm rlsplkt hr goturl `g jlglroc ogm tbl dlouty dl outy ogm spclg-

mhr h Hrlgdurj w`gtlrs `g port`kucor. ]l [ghw�oal iht` ioy dl hugm `g ocihst lvlry p`lkl h cokl prhmuklm `g tb`s rlj`hg, typ`koccy `g ` g tbl `gglr dhrmlr h o �vl-mòihgm hr ilmocc`hg sbowc. @g tb`s voròt`hg h tbl [ghw�oal iht`, @ kbhsl th usl mòjhgocs os tbl loturlm dos`k lclilgt. [iocc mòihgms, ocsh ioml rhi tbl mòjhgoc dos`k lclilgt, surrhugm lokb sghw�oal. @ �gm tbl [ghw�oal iht` hgl h tbl ihst sot`sy`gj ogm lgnhyodcl th ag`t ogm plrbops tbl ihst lcljogt loturl h Hrlgdurj Hrlgdurj cokl mls`jg. @ bhpl yhu bovl os iukb ug w`tb tb`s mls`jg mls`j g os @ m`m. Boppy ag`tt`gj! @G[T\K@HG[

Ghtl> [c ?st st h lvlry rhw pw`sl wy. Ghtl> \s`gj chgj-to`c iltbhm (sll –lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4), bhcm`gj 4 gllmcls thj, KH 0 sts1 pucc hut 4gm gllmcl. Ehcchw`gj Dhtthi Dhrmlr hg Kbort O, whra Thws ?‛?5 o thtoc h : tìls t` ils th j`vl yhu : dhtthi dhrmlr tlltb. h ioal KH sts los`lr th �gm cotlr, pcokl hr`j`goc 0 sts hg st bhcmlr oelr ? hr 4 tlltb bovl dllg khipcltlm. urg ?st Khrglr Ot gorrhw port h hhtb hhtb #:, yhu sbhucm bovl ?6 sts (ot Thw ??4). Phu orl ghw rlomy th turg Khrglr #?. Zhra sbhrt rhws th i`tlr khrglr os hcchws,

IOLT@OC[

Z`gmy Uoccly Ius ahx _`vùt _ `vùt Cuxur Cuxuryy Dcl gm, =<% =< % q`v`q`v` ut/=<% lxtro�gl ilr`gh whhc/?6% s`ca yorg, 4/42 coklwl`jbt, =;5 yorms (;02.: i)/? hz (42.; j) docc, 4 doccs he #46?0 Osplg1 www.w`gmyvocclyiusahx.glt [`jgoturl Gllmcl Orts Gllmcls, s`zl ? (4.4< ii) hr 4 (4.:< ii) hr s`zl gllmlm th hdto`g joujl1 www.s`j goturlgllmclorts.khi [t`tkb bhcmlr [t`tkb ioralrs, 4 mèelrlgt khchrs ]oplstry gllmcl E`dlr Eogtosy Ag`tt`gj Vrhmukts Dchkalrs A`t (khgto`gs stèe ogm �lx`dcl dchka`gj w`rls, ]-p`gs, yormst`ka)1 www .whhcsthka.khi E`g`sblm s`zl> Odhut 4 yorms (4 i) chgj ogm 0 `gkbls (4; ki) w`ml1 ?? mòihgm rlps1 odhut 2:4 yorms (:0: i) he yorg thtoc1 lokb pott rlp rlqu`rls odhut 5: yorms (5? i) he yorg Joujl> ;; sts ogm =? rhws 9 = `gkbls (?6.4 ki) `g dchkalm [ghw�oal pott [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

Thw ?> [c ?> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a;, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thws 4, =, 5, 2> A 2> A os rlturg rhws. Thw ;> [c ;> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a=, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thw <> [c <> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a5. Ot tbl lgm h Thws ? ogm ;, a ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl krlotlm 4 cps. \sl ? cp th �x d`j jop dltwllg sts> V`ka up ? cp ogm pcokl hg cle gllmcl ogm a4thj w`tb cost st h Thw <, pcokl tb`s glw st doka hg cle gllmcl”? st ghw hg cle gllmcl. Thw :> [c :> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a5, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Tlturg Thw 2 sbhucm bovl ?= sts. Khgt th hcc Kbort O. [lt-\p Thw ?> (T[) ?> (T[) [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a5, pi. Z`tb Z[ h dhrmlr ok`gj, p`ka up ogm a tdc <: sts (2 sts p`kalm up hr lokb h : tlltb pcus ? KH st 9 <: sts1 a `g tbl doka h lokb p`kalm up st th j`vl o krhsslm pott ogm th prlvlgt o corjl bhcl). Hg tbl lgm, pcokl o m`ﬆlrlgt khchr ioralr. urg 4gm Khrglr V`ka up ogm a 0 blcm KH sts. urg. urg. Thw ?> (Z[) ?> (Z[) [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a4, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thws 4, =, 5, 2, ?6> A ?6> A os rlturg rhws. Thw ;> [c ;> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a;, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thw <> [c <> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a<. Ot tbl lgm h Thws ? ogm ;, a ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl krlotlm 4 cps. \sl ? cp th �x d`j jop dltwllg sts> V`ka up ? cp ogm pcokl hg cle gllmcl ogm a4thj w`tb cost st h Thw <, pcokl tb`s glw st doka hg cle gllmcl”? st ghw hg cle gllmcl.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

?<

Thw :> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a<, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg

cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thw 0> [c ?, a4, yh, a4thj, yh, a5, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. A rlturg Thw ?6”sbhucm bovl ?= sts w`tb yorg huts`ml. Vott rhw hr cle-s`ml dhrmlr w`cc dl whralm hg tbl Z[ h prhnlkt. [lt-\p Thw 4> (Z[) [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a5, pi. Phu w`cc gllm th mlk = sts hg tb`s rhw1 mlk lvlgcy ochgj rhw”dltwllg is sbhucm bovl <; sts. ]`s rhw ([lt-up Thw 4) `s rlturg rhw hr T[ dhrmlr. Ehcchw kborts rhi Thws ?‛=0=. Zhra Kbort O tbrhujb Thw 2=. Zhra ?? rlps h Kbort D ogm tblg Thws =6<‛=0= h Kbort K. Hg Kbort O

pott Thw =0=, hg cle-s`ml dhrmlr, hg cle gllmcl sbhucm dl ?= sts, pi, <; sts h dhmy h skor, pi, ogm ?= sts hg rlturg rhw h T[ dhrmlr. Hg w`ml port h thhtb, stort th whra Khrglr #;. urg ;rm Khrglr Phu sbhucm bovl ?= sts hg cle gllmcl os rlturg Thw =0= h T[ dhrmlr. Thw ?> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a=, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thws 4, =, 5, 2> A os rlturg rhws ogm a4thj ot lgm h lokb rhw,, mlk s`ml rhw s` ml h thhtb. Thw ;> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a;, a? st ogm pcokl

2= 2; 2;

24

2? 2?

26

:0 :0

:2

:: ::

:5

:< :<

:=

:; :;

:4

:? :?

:6

50 50

52

5: 5:

55

5< 5<

5=

5; 5;

54

5? 5?

56

<0 <0

<2

<: <:

<5

<< <<

<=

<; <;

<4

<6

=0 =0

=2

=: =:

=5

=< =<

==

=; =;

=4

=? =?

=6

;0 ;0

;2

;: ;:

;5

;< ;<

;=

;; ;;

;4

;? ;?

;6

40 40

42

4: 4:

45

4< 4<

4=

4; 4;

44

4? 4?

46

?0 ?0

?2

?: ?:

?5

?< ?<

?=

?; ?;

?4

?? ??

?6 2 5 = 4 [lt-\p Thw 4 (Z[)

:

<

<

;

;

?

?

Khrglr ?

Khrglr 4

Khrglr ?

0 0

: :

< <

; ;

? ?

[ s l l t t \ u p r r h h w w s s

? ?

; < ; <

Dhtthi Dhrmlr

V @LKLZ HTA

0

:

[lt-\p slt upThw rh ? (T[)

Khrglr 4

?5

0


: :

0 0

? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ; < ; <

0 0 : :

0 0 0 0

? ? 6 6 ? ?

? ? 6 6 ; ;

? ? ? ? ? ? 6 6 6 6 6 6 < 0 < : : 0

? ? ? ? ? ?

? ; ; < < ?

: :

Kborts ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl.

doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thw <> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a;. Ot tbl lgm h Thws ? ogm ;, a ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl krlotlm 4 cps. \sl ? cp th �x d`j jop dltwllg sts> V`ka up ? cp ogm pcokl hg cle gllmcl ogm a4thj w`tb cost st h Thw <, pcokl tb`s glw st doka hg cle gllmcl”? st ghw hg cle gllmcl. Thw :> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, yh, a4thj, a?, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl1 rlturg Thw 2 sbhucm bovl ?6 sts thtoc. hp Dhrmlr Ehcchw hp Dhrmlr h Kbort K rhi Thws ?‛???. Hg tbl cost st h tbl dhrmlr (hmm rhw), a4thj w`tb ?st st h dhmy h skor ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl. urg ogm a rlturg rhw1 rlp tb`s hplrot`hg ugt`c hhtb #:. Ot tbl gorrhw port h tbl thhtb ogm hg hmm Thw ???, tblrl sbhucm dl ?? sts, w`tb yorg `gs`ml. Ot dlj h [lt-up Thw 4, = sts wlrl mlk‐m1 hr thp dhrmlr, gllm th `gk = sts. Zhra = slts h sbhrt-rhws spoklm lvlgcy okrhss thp dhrmlr dy whra`gj tbl glxt T[ rhw th ? st rhi lgm, turg (mh ght a cost st thj w`tb dhmy st), whra Z[ rhw. rhw. Khgt whra`gj dhrmlr hgth dhmy. ]l thp dhrmlr `s �g`sblm hg pott Thw ???. Z`tb yorg `gs`ml ogm i hg cle-s`ml dhrmlr, ihvl i th r`jbt-bogm gllmcl ogm a rlturg rhw h cle-s`ml dhrmlr”?= sts. [tort th whra Khr-

glr #= hg Z[ h ag`tt`gj. urg =tb Khrglr yh, a4thj, a=, a? st ogm pcokl Thw ?> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4 sts hg cle gllmcl. Thws 4, =, 5> A os rlturg rhws ogm a4thj ot lgm h lokb rhw,, mlk s`ml h thhtb. rhw Thw ;> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, yh, a4thj, a;, a? st ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl1 mh ght whra cost st”4sts hg cle gllmcl. Thw <> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a;. Ot tbl lgm h Thws ? ogm ;, a ogm pcokl doka hg cle gllmcl krlotlm 4 cps. \sl ? cp th �x d`j jop dltwllg sts> V`ka up ? cp ogm pcokl hg cle gllmcl ogm a4thj w`tb cost st h Thw <, pcokl tb`s glw st doka hg cle gllmcl”? st ghw hg cle gllmcl. Thw :> [c ?, a;, yh, a4thj, yh, a4thj, a?, a? ogm pcokl doka hg tbl cle gllmcl1 mh ght ght whra cost st. Vcokl tblsl twh cost sts hg r`jbt gllmcl”yhu gllmcl ”yhu sbhucm bovl ?? sts hg lokb gllmcl. Tlihvl is ogm jroe rli ?? c`vl sts thj. Jroe Dhrmlrs [c ? st rhi r`jbt gllmcl th cle gllmcl. Dr`gj 4gm st hg cle gllmcl tbrhujb tbl sc st, sc tb`s st th r`jbt gllmcl, mrhpp`gj tbl ?st st hﬆ tbl gllmcl. Dr`gj 4gm st hg r`jbt gllmcl tbrhujb tbl sc st, sc tb`s st hgth cle gllmcl, mrhpp`gj tbl ?st st hﬆ. Khgt `g tb`s iogglr ugt`c ? st rli. Kut o sbhrt

Kbort D ?=2 ?=: ?=: ?=5 ?=< ?=< ?== ?=; ?=; ?=4 ?=? ?=? ?=6 ?;0 ?;0 ?;2 ?;: ?;: ?;5 ?;< ?;< ?;= ?;; ?;; ?;4 ?;? ?;? ?;6 ?40 ?40 ?42 ?4: ?4: ?45 ?4< ?4< ?4= ?4; ?4; ?44 ?4? ?4? ?46 ??0 ??0 ??2 ??: ??: ??5 ??< ??< ??= ??; ??;

s s l l i ` i ` t t ? ? ? ? t t o o l l p p l l T r

??4 ??? ??? ??6 ?60 ?60 ?62 ?6: ?6: ?65 ?6< ?6< ?6= ?6; ?6; ?64 ?6? ?6? ?66 00 00 02 0: 0: 05 0< 0< 0= 0; 0; 04 0? 0? 06 20 20 22 2: 2: 25 2< 2<

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V @LKLZ HTA

?:

p`lkl he yorg ogm usl `t th t`l o aght tbrhujb rli st th prl vlgt rovlc`gj. Zlovl Zlovl `g occ lgms. Dchka`gj Vrhklss \sl E`dlr Eogtosy Ag`tt`gj Vrhmukts Dchkalrs A`t hr ehcchw tbl `gstrukt`hgs `gstrukt `hgs dlchw. Dlj ot hgl khrglr> brlom gychg khrm chhslcy erhi doka th erhgt, tbrhujb lokb thhtb ph`gt. `l tbl lgms he tbl khrm thjltblr. ]hrhujbcy wlt tbl p`lkl ogm s qullzl hut lxklss ih`sturl. Hg o �ot sureokl, us`gj -p`gs, p`g tbl ehur khrglrs th j`vl tbl prhnlkt `ts dos`k sbopl ogm

s`zl. Khgglkt tbl khrglr -p`gs w`tb o slporotl clgjtb he khrm th iora �goc mìlgs`hgs. Vucc tbl khrm dltwllg lokb thhtb hut th tb`s hutlr khrm ogm ogkbhr w`tb -p`gs. Ocwoys p`g `gth tbl chhps ehrilm dy tbl khrm, ght `gth tbl prhnlkt `tslce. Omnust tbl p`gs ogm khrm os glklssory ugt`c tbl skore `s strltkblm tout. Clovl Cl ovl ugt`c mry. O D H \   B L M L [ @ J G L T . Joc`go O. Abilclvo he Ehrt Khcc`gs,

Khchromh,, `s tbl hwglr he [aosao Mls`jgs ogm o erlqulgt khgtr`duthr th Khchromh V`lklZhra. [bl bos dllg tlokb`gj tbl ort he Hrlgdurj coklioa`gj th \.[. ag`ttlrs s`gkl ?005. U`s`t blr wlds`tl ot www.saosao.khi.

]hp Dhrmlr ]hp Dhrmlr ? 0 : < ; ? 0 : < ; ? ? 6 0 6 : 6 < 6 ; 6 ? 0 0 0 : < ; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6 ? 6 ? 6 ? 6 ? 6 0 0 ? ? ? ?

Kbort K

?

?

?

?

?

0

0

:

:

<

<

;

;

Aly Aly

?

?

?

a hg T[ ogm Z[

Jroet ??-st lmjl thj Jroet ?? st lmjl thjltblr

yh

Khrglr ; Khrglr ;

Khrglr Khrglr ==

a4thj

:: << ;; ?? =0= =0=

:

<

<

;

;

?

?

sc ? pw`sl wye

a;thj

=0; =0;

=04 =04

=0? =0?

=06 =06

a? ogm rlturg st th clet gllmcl

=20 =20

=22 =22

=2: =2:

=25 =25

=2< =2<

=2= =2=

=2; =2;

=24 =24

=2? =2?

=26 =26

=:0 =:0

=:2 =:2

=:: =::

=:5 =:5

=:< =:<

=:= =:=

st clet ugwhralm wblg turg`gj khrglr p`ka up ogm a tdc a cost dhrmlr st thj w`tb ? thp lmjl st ogm rlturg st th clet gllmcl KH sts

=:; =:;

=:4 =:4

=:? =:?

=:6 =:6

=50 =50

=52 =52

=5: =5:

=55 =55

=5< =5<

=5= =5=

=5; =5;

=54 =54

pott rlp usl sbhrt-rhws th omm rhws th dhrmlr (sll `gstrukt`hgs) ioralr phs`t`hg

=5? =5?

=56 =56

=<0 =<0

=<2 =<2

=<: =<:

=<5 =<5

=<< =<<

=<= =<=

=<; =<;

=<4 =<4

=
=<6 =<6

==0 ==0

==2 ==2

==: ==:

==5 ==5

==< ==<

=== ===

==; ==;

==4 ==4

==? ==?

==6 ==6

=;0 =;0

=;2 =;2

=;: =;:

=;5 =;5

=;< =;<

=;= =;=

=;; =;;

=;4 =;4

=;? =;?

=;6 =;6

=40 =40

=42 =42

=4: =4:

=45 =45

=4< =4<

=4= =4=

=4; =4;

=44 =44

=4? =4?

=46 =46

=?0 =?0

=?2 =?2

=?: =?:

=?5 =?5

=?< =?<

=?= =?=

=?; =?;

=?4 =?4

=?? =??

=?6 =?6

=60 =60

=62 =62

=6: =6:

=65 =65

?2

:

=6< =6<

V @LKLZ HTA


m`rlkt`hg he ag`tt`gj

]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj O C@U@GJ ]TOM@]@HG K O T H C B \ L D [ K B L T T B H O M L [

]

ZH�LGM �HT Z@GLM�  Z@GLM� AG@ @GJ `s o tlkbg`qul tbot tbot usls twh strogms h yorg tbrhujbhut1 tbrhujbhut1 `t ioals o �ri odr`k. @g sthka`glttl st`tkb, tbl strogms orl octlrgotlm rhi st`tkb th st`tkb, w`tb tbl glw strogm ocwoys tw`stlm hvlr tbl hcm strogm. ]l pco`glst twh-lgm ag`tt`gj `s h o s`gjcl khchr, khchr, w`tb hgl strogm khi`gj rhi tbl klgtlr h tbl yorg docc ogm tbl htblr rhi tbl huts`ml (blgkl tbl goil –twh-lgm’). \s`gj twh khchrs lgc`vlgs tbl ag`tt`gj ogm, wblg hgl strogm ihvls th tbl rhgt h tbl odr`k wb`cl tbl htblr stoys dlb`gm, tbl mlkhrot`vl phss`d`c`t`ls iuct`pcy iuct`pcy.. Okkhrm`gj th wr`ttlg rlkhrms, tb`s `gtr`ju`gj iltbhm h ag`tt`gj bos dllg prokt`klm `g [wlmlg hr odhut �vl klgtur`ls. O jchvl hugm `g Eocug bos dllg motlm th dlhrl ?5261 og lvlg hcmlr p`lkl wos rlklgtcy hugm hugm `g tbl soil orlo. wh-lgm ag`tt`gj `s los`lst th whra dy us`gj tbl r`jbt bogm th tbrhw tbl yorg. ]l tlkbg`qul �hur`sblm `g tbl g`gltllgtb klgtury dut dljog th m`l hut wblg skbhhcs dljog tlokb`gj tbl khgt`glgtoc stycl h ag`tt`gj (`g wb`kb

tbl yorg `s blcm `g tbl cle bogm). ]l m`skhvlry `g ?0:= h tbl slvlgtllgtb-klgtury jchvl sporalm o glw `gtlrlst `g twh-lgm ag`tt`gj> stumy ju`mls, pottlrg dhhaclts, ogm D`rj`tto Mogmoglcc ogm \cco Mog`lcsshg‐s dhha ]vìígms Qwh-Lgm Ag`tt`gjY (?02=) prhv`mlm og `gtrhmukst`kaot Qwh-Lgm t`hg ogm `gsp`rot`hg hr iogy ag`ttlrs. Iy hwg `gtlrlst `g twh-lgm ag`tt`gj koil odhut kh`gk`mlgtoccy. [tumy`gj [wlm`sb `g \ppsoco `g tbl suiilr h Zb`cl tbl eoi`cy wocas, o whiog ag`ts o glw wb`tl ehht ehr o sthka`gj (tbl clj he tbl sthka`gj `s mora). Vbhthjropb dy Nhbog Hbiog. [wlmlg. K`rko ?0?6. Vbhthjropb © Mocorgos Iuslui, Eocug, [wlmlg.

N OG\OTP/ELDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

?0

Mlto`c he bocetbuid erhi o boce-jchvl. Ioalr ugaghwg. Ag`ttlm. [`cnogstroatlg, Mocorgo, [wlmlg. ?266s. Vbhthjropb © Mocorgos Iuslui, Eocug, [wlmlg.

46

?02:, @ mlk`mlm tbot ag`tt`gj rhi [wlm`sb dhhas whucm dl o ug woy th prokt`kl tbl cogjuojl. whlgm ag`tt`gj bom nust khil doka `g vhjul, ogm @ dhujbt slvlroc dhhas ogm toujbt iyslc tbl tlkbg`qul. Cotlr, @ rlturglm th [wlmlg ogm shujbt hut `gstrukthrs wbh kblkalm iy whra th ioal surl tbot @ bom ioml tbl st`tkbls khrrlktcy. @ ocsh ilt slvlroc lcmlrcy whilg wbh bom twhlgm-ag`ttlm s`gkl kb`cmbhhm. Iogy htblrs bom prlv`huscy mhgl hgcy rljucor ag`tt`gj ugt`c, `gsp`rlm dy ]vìígmsst`kaot , tbly clorglm bhw th twh-lgmag`t ogm whralm tbl`r woy tbrhujb tbl dhha‐s pottlrgs. ]l lipbos`s ot tbl tìl h iy rlturg v` s`t sllilm th dl thworm rl-krlot`gj b`sthr`k ihmlcs, dut o lw mls`jglrs bom sllg tbl phss`d`c`t`ls hr mlvlchp`gj tbl tlkbg`qul. O b`tblrth ocihst lxt`gkt ag`tt`gj trom`t`hg wos hg tbl woy th dlkhi`gj c`vlc`lr ogm ihrl w`mlsprlom. Octbhujb tbl rlv`voc bos dllg ihst w`mlsprlom `g [wlmlg, ag`ttlrs `g Mlgiora ogm Ghrwoy ocsh bovl rllxoi`glm tbl`r hwg trom`t`hgoc twh-lgm ag`tt`gj stycls. ]lrl `s o khgstogt strujjcl, `g ogy kucturl, dltwllg prlslrv`gj tbl hcm ogm lgkhuroj`gj `gghvot`hg, `gghvot`hg, o kbocclgjl th allp o trom`t`hg oc`vl, th ioal `t rlsb ogm `gtlrlst`gj w`tbhut chs`gj `ts lsslgtòc osplkts. Ag`ttlrs `gtlrlstlm `g hcmlr stycls ogm tlkbg`quls bovl o strhgj mls`rl th p`gph`gt tbl prlk`sl –woy’ hgl sbhucm mh shiltb`gj. @g tbl kosl h twh-lgm ag`tt`gj, tbl `gblrlgt O-D-O-D octlrgot`hg h tbl strogms ìphsls pbys`koc cì`tot`hgs hg pottlrg `gghvot`hg. Ehr `gstogkl, whra`gj w`tb tbrll hr ihrl khchrs `s phss`dcl, dut `t jrlotcy `gkrlosls tbl càlc`bhhm h togjc`gj wblg iog`pucot`gj tbl strogms. Octbhujb twh-lgm ag`tt`gj `s khgs`mlrlm th bovl hr`j`gotlm `g Mocorgo (o rlj`hg odhut tbrll bhurs dy tro`g ghrtb h [thkabhci), dhhas, iojoz`gls, ogm tbl @gtlrglt bovl sprlom `ghriot`hg odhut `t tbrhujbhut tbl whrcm.

V@LKLZHTA


Zb`cl `g`tòccy `t ottroktlm ihstcy hcmlr ag`ttlrs, ihrl rlklgtcy `t bos dllg toalg up dy ag`ttlrs h occ ojls. bl [wlm`sb dchj www.v`4`shiior.dchjspht.khi hﬆlrs iogy glw twh-lgm mls`jgs `g `ts lgtr`ls ogm c`gas, dut th jlt o slgsl h bhw twh-lgm ag`tt`gj bos hgkl ojo`g dlkhil port h tbl ag`tt`gj kucturl `g [wlmlg, @ `gtlrv`lwlm tbrll ag`ttlrs, lokb h wbhi `s mlvlchp`gj blr hwg stycl. LT@AO J\[LC@\[

]l yhugjlst h tbl tbrll whilg wbhi @ `gtlrv`lwlm, Lrào Juslcùs, c`vls `g Mocorgo. Lrào `s o toclgtlm ag`ttlr wbh lgnhys php ius`k, oelrghhg tlo, ogm bhil khha`gj. [bl wos l`jbt ylors hcm wblg blr jrogmihtblr toujbt blr bhw th ioal ag`t st`tkbls1 sbl tblg clorglm th purc hg blr hwg. Lvlgtuoccy sbl lgrhcclm `g o tlxt`cl prhjroi `g wb`kb stumlgts tr`lm hut vor`hus hcmlr tlxt`cl tlkbg`quls, `gkcum`gj twh-lgm ag`tt`gj. O �ci, dhhas, chvlcy hcm i`ttlgs, tbl tlxt`cl khcclkt`hg ot tbl Mocorgo Iuslui `g Eocug, ogm og lgkhuroj`gj ogm blcpuc tlokblr occ `gsp`rlm Lrào th urtblr urt blr lxpchrot`hg h tbl tlkbg`qul. Lrào ghw mls`jgs blr hwg whra ogm tlokbls `g dhtb hrioc ogm `ghrioc sltt`gjs. [bl lgnhys whra`gj w`tb blr hcmlr stumlgts, iogy h tbli hcmlr tbog sbl dy twlgty ylors hr ihrl, dut sbl `s ocsh lgkhurojlm wblglvlr yhugjlr plhpcl �gm tbl soil spora h `gtlrlst tbot sbl m`m. Lrào‐s stycl `s rhhtlm `g trom`t`hgoc whra tbot sbl omi`rls ogm v`lws, os sbl soys, w`tb –o tw`gacl `g iy lyl.’ [bl whras w`tb dhcm khchrs ogm o i`x h yorgs ogm stycls. Iogy h blr i`ttlgs loturl twh-khchr vlrt`koc str`p`gj, o strhgj bhr`zhgtoc c`gl hr twh, ogm kbo`g-st`tkb rlc`l pottlrgs. [bl lxplrìlgts w`tb dhtb [- ogm ^-pc`lm yorgs. Zblg osalm wbltblr twh-lgm ag`tt`gj `s mlvlchp`gj o ihrl ihmlrg stycl, Lrào rlpc`lm, –Pls ogm gh. Iogy Iogy wogt th bhcm hgth tbl hcm woys. @ chvl tbl b`sthry dlb`gm tbl tlkbg`qul, dut tbl trom`t`hg w`cc m`l hut ` `t glvlr kbogjls ogm mhlsg‐t dlkhil rlsb ogm glw. Iy twh-lgm ag`ttlm jorilgts orl port h iy c`l thmoy ogm orl ioml th dl whrg, ght th dl iuslui p`lkls.’ Lrào‐s twh-lgm ag`ttlm p`rotl shkas (sll www.mhmlr jha.dchjspht.khi1 kc`ka hg tvìígmsst`kaoml p`rotshkahr `g tbl c`st hg tbl r`jbt) orl o surl s`jg tbot tblrl `s c`l (ogm ug) `g tbl hcm tlkbg`quls. AOT@G AOBGC\GM

Aor`g jrlw up `g Eocug, tbl klgtlr h Mocorgo ogm twhlgm ag`tt`gj. Zblg sbl wos s`x, sbl clorglm th krhkblt ogm shhg oelrworm, sbl clorglm th ag`t rhi blr ihtb-

lr. Zblg sbl sow o dosalt ucc h twh-lgm ag`tt`gj `g o kcoss sbl wos toa`gj w`tb Jug Er`sa `g ?02=, Aor`g aglw sbl bom hugm blr poss`hg. Aor`g khgt`gulm blr tro`g`gj ot Bogmordltlts Uígglr QEr`lgms h BogmkroeY `g [thkabhci ogm lvlgtuoccy dljog iokb`gl ag`tt`gj hr blr c`vlc`bhhm. @g ?000, sbl hplglm blr whrasbhp, \ppst`kaorlg, \ppst`kaorlg, `g Clasogm, Mocorgo Khugty, wblrl sbl ghw c`vls. O skbhcorsb`p rhi [vlgsao Bliscõnmsõrlg`gjorgos Tàsõrdugm Q\g`hg h [wlm`sb Bogmkroe Osshkòt`hgsY ogm tbl Ghrm`k Iuslui occhwlm blr th lxpchrl t bl orkb`vls h tbl iuslui, wblrl sbl hugm o wloctb h `gsp`rot`hg tbot khgt`guls th `g�ulgkl blr whra. [bl bos toujbt kcossls ot dhtb [ítlrjcígtog ogm Bogmordltlts Uígglr. [tumlgts (`gkcum`gj o khupcl h ilg) rogjlm `g ojl rhi twlgty-�vl th slvlgty. h ag`t twh-lgm sukklssuccy, Aor`g bom th sw`tkb th r`jbt-bogm tbrhw`gj, tbl iltbhm tbot prlmhi`gotlm `g [wlmlg dlhrl ?066. [bl bos s`gkl m`skhvlrlm tbot iogy htblr hcmlr ag`ttlm tlxt`cls orl dlst rl-krlotlm w`tb tbot iltbhm. Aor`g ag`ts vlry t`jbtcy ogm ocsh uccs tbl odr`k sc`jbtcy th prhmukl o �ri surokl. Aor`g‐s mls`jgs, octbhujb kclorcy `gsp`rlm dy hcmlr tlxt`cls ogm iht`s, bovl o m`st`gktcy ihmlrg co`r. Os sbl soys, sbl càls th –allp iy llt `g [wlm`sb trom`t`hg.’ [bl port`k`potls `g ogm supphrts tbot trom`t`hg dy us`gj Zìcstlmts yorg, wb`kb `s spug rhi chkoc prì`t`vl-drllm whhcs ot o siocc oi`cy-rug i`cc. Cotlcy Cotlcy,, sbl bos dllg lxpchr`gj sihhtb s`gjcl-khchr twh-lgm ag`tt`gj �g`sblm w`tb lidrh`mlry. Ehr ihrl hg blr whra, v`s`t blr wlds`tl, www .uppst`kaorlg.khi ogm sll blr prhnlkt hr twh-lgm i`ttlgs hg pojl 4;. [OGGO BHT[ [AÕCM

[oggo bhrs [aõcm c`vls `g [ogmvàlg dut jrlw up `g Eocug. [bl clorglm tbl dos`ks h ag`tt`gj rhi blr ihtblr dut m`mg‐t rloccy stort ag`tt`gj ugt`c sbl wos g`gltllg.

Ot \ilì \g`vlrs`ty, sbl bom tbl hpphrtug`ty th clorg twh-lgm ag`tt`gj os port h tbl ag`tt`gj prhjroi. Octbhujb sbl wos `gtlrlstlm `g occ typls h ag`tt`gj, twhlgm wos lsplkòccy `gtr`ju`gj dlkousl sbl bom jrhwg up `g Mocorgo. [bl stortlm w`tb o boc-jchvl, whra`gj rhi o dhha w`tb blcp rhi blr tlokblr. Cotlr sbl stum`lm ot tbl [wlm`sb kroe skbhhc [ítlrjcígtog w`tb Aor`g Aobgcugm. [oggo ghw tlokbls ag`tt`gj, `gkcum`gj o dos`k ag`tt`gj kcoss w`tb o ug`t hg twh-lgm ag`tt`gj, ot Bogmordltlts Bogmordltlts Uígglr `g [thkabhci. [bl slccs blr bogm-mylm twh-lgm ag`tt`gj yorgs, htblr yorgs, ogm pottlrgs hg blr wlds`tl, www.soggst`kas.sl ogm lxb`d`ts blr whra w`tb htblrs `g tbl jrhup Uogtioaorgo. Dhtb tbl trom`t`hgoc t rom`t`hgoc ogm tbl ihmlrg `g�ulgkl [oggo‐s whra. [bl `s kurrlgtcy lxpchr`gj twh- ogm tbrllkhchr mls`jgs ogm pottlrg iht`s rhi orlos h [wlmlg tbot mh ght bovl o twh-lgm trom`t`hg. Càl ihst htblr twh-lgm ag`ttlrs `g [wlmlg, [oggo whras prìor`cy w`tb tbl ^-pcy yorgs rhi Aoipls ogm Zìcstlmts. Zìcstlmts. [bl ihst lg nhys tbl kbocclgjl h `gtr`kotl mlto`cs wb`cl dclgm`gj trom`t`hgoc ogm ihmlrg stycls. ❕ E \ T  B L T T L O M @ G J Dusb, Gogky. Go gky. –]vìíg –]vìígmsst` msst`kag` kag`gj> gj> [wlmlg‐s ]wh-Lgm Ag`tt Ag`tt`gj.’ `gj.’ V`lklZhra,, Noguory/Eldruory V`lklZhra Noguory/Eldruory 466:. Mogmoglcc, D`rj`tto ogm \cco Mog`lcsshg. ]vìígmsst`kaot Q]whLgm Ag`tt`gjY. [thkabhci, [wlmlg> Mocorgos Iuslui ogm C]s Eõrcoj, Eõrcoj , ?02=.]rogscotlm dy Thd`g Hri Bogslg os o s ]w`glm Ag`tt`gj> O [wlm`sb Ehcakroet ]lkbg`qul . Chvlcogm, Khchro mh> @gtlrwlovl, ?020. Mogmoglcc, D`rj`tto, \cco Mog`lcsshg, ogm Alrst`g Ogalrt. ]vìígmsst`kaot Q]wh-Lgm Q]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gjY. 4m lm. Eocug, [wlmlg> Mocorgos Iuslui, 46?6. 46?6. Nõgsshg, Alrst`g. ]vìígmsst`kag`gj> I`go iõgstlr ogm `màlr Q]wh Q]whLgm Ag`tt`gj> Iy Vottlrgs ogm @mlosY. Moggàl, [wlmlg> Alrst`g Nõgsshg, 466;. C`gj, Oggl-Ion. ]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj> O ]rom`t`hgoc ]rom`t`hgoc [kogm`govò g ]lkbg`qul ( ocsh aghwg os –]w`glm –]w`glm Ag`tt`gj’) erhi Dos`ks th Glw Tl�glilgts ogm Mls`jgs. Mls`jgs. V`ttsv`ccl, Z`skhgs`g> [kbhhcbhusl Vrlss, 466=.

Kuﬆs `g ]wh-Lg ]wh-Lgm m Ag`t Ag `tt` t`gj gj K O T H C B \ L D [ K B L T T B H O M L [

Z

blg osalm th mls`jg tblsl kuﬆs, @ ìilmòtlcy tbhujbt h shil chvlcy bogm-mylm [-pc`lm whhc/s`ca Vr`si yorg rhi Coidspug h Khchromh tbot @ bom prlv`huscy uslm hr twh-lgm ag`tt`gj. Octbhujb ^-pcy yorg `s los`lr th whra w`tb hr twh-lgm ag`tt`gj, og [-pcy kog whra wlcc ` ag`ttlm w`tb gllmcls shilwbot corjlr tbog tbhsl typ`koccy uslm hr og [-pcy yorg. ]l pottlrg`gj `g tblsl kuﬆs bos nust lghujb kbogjl h pokl th allp `t `gtlrlst`gj. @t ocsh khgtrhcs tbl s`ca‐s s`ca‐s sc`pplr`glss ogm mropl sh tbot tbl kuﬆs w`cc �t g`klcy w`tbhut sojj`gj.

N O G \ O T P /E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKL Z HTA

4?

IO]LT@OC[

Coidspug he Khchromh Vr`si, <6% ilr`gh whhc/<6% s`ca yorg, �gjlr`gj wl`jbt, <5< yorms ( 5³ `gkbls (?<.0 ki) k`rkuielrlgkl ogm =³ `gkbls (?6.2 ki) chgj Joujl> Hgl :-st x :-rhw dchka 9 < ⁍ 2 x < ⁍ 2 `gkbls (?.5 x ?.5 ki) `g twh-lgm ag`tt`gj, oetlr dchka`gj [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

strogms O ogm D, ocwoys dr`gj`gj glw yorg ugmlr hcm. hcm. Tgm 4> Zhra 4> Zhra os ehr Tgm ?, dut ocwoys dr`gj glw yorg hvlr hcm. A ? rgm. DH aw`sl rotblr t`jbtcy us`gj hgcy ? strogm he yorg. E`g`sb`gj Zlovl `g chhsl lgms glotcy hg Z[ ogm bogmwosb kuﬆs jlgtcy `g gh-r`gsl whhc wosb. Thcc kuﬆs `g thwlc th odshrd lxklss ih`sturl. Coy �ot th mry. O D H \ ] ] B L O \ ] B H T O G M M L [ @ J G L T . Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls c`vls `g Iom`shg, Z`skhgs`g, wblrl sbl trogscotls [kogm`govòg [kogm`gov òg ag`tt`gj dhhas `gth Lgjc`sb ogm wr`tls ehr [p`g.Hﬆ , V`lklZhra, ogm htblr pudc`kot`hgs. [bl tlokbls kcossls hg vor`hus [kogm`govòg ag`tt`gj tlkbg`quls ogm trom`t`hgs orhugm tbl \g`tlm [totls ogm odrhom . Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls‐s kuﬆs ag`ttlm w`tb tbl twh-lgm tlkbg`qul. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

44

@G[]T\K]@HG[

Ghtl > [ll –]`ps ehr ]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj’ s`mldor hg Ghtl> pojl 4=. Dlj`g w`tb o sc`paght w`tb dhtb strogms he yorg blcm thj ogm KH :6 sts us`gj tbl ]wh-Lgm Kost-Hg 4 (ocsh kocclm Jlriog-tw`stlm kost-hg iltbhm1 ghrioccy hgl usls ; strogms ehr tb`s twh-lgm kost-hg dut @‐vl sìpc`�lm `t1 sll –] –]lkbg`quls’ lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4). Mrhp sc`paght (yhu kog ugt`l `t ogm wlovl `g to`cs cotlr). M`v`ml sts sh tbot tblrl orl 4? sts hg tbl ?st gllmcl, 42 sts hg tbl 4gm gllmcl, ogm 4? sts hg tbl ;rm gllmcl. Dl`gj korleuc ght th tw`st tbl sts, nh`g `gth `gth o k`rkcl. k`rkcl. Zhra `g twh-lgm ag`tt`gj tbrhujbhut . A ? rgm (octlrgotl a w`tb strogm O ogm strogm D, ocwoys dr`gj`gj glw yorg hvlr hcm). hcm). Zhra 4-rgm p dro`m os ehcc> Tgm ?> Dr`gj ?> Dr`gj dhtb strogms th T[, p orhugm, octlrgot`gj strogms O ogm D, ocwoys dr`gj`gj glw yorg hvlr hcm. hcm. Tgm 4> Z 4> Zhra hra os ehr Tgm ?, dut ocwoys o cwoys dr`gj glw yorg ugmlr hcm. hcm. A 4 rgms. Zhra Thws ?‛?= he kbort 4 tìls, tblg whra Thws ?‛: hgkl ihrl. A 4 rgms. Zhra 4-rgm p dro`m os ehcc> Tgm ?> Dr`gj ?> Dr`gj dhtb strogms th T[, p orhugm, octlrgot`gj

V@LKLZHTA


Kuﬆ

?; ?? 0 : < ; ?

Kbort ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl. usl.

Aly 4-lgm a dr`gj ? strogm th erhgt, Qp? w`tb erhgt strogm, a? w`tb doka strogmY ; tìls1 p? w`tb erhgt strogm, dr`gj erhgt strogm th doka dr`gj ? strogm th erhgt, Qa? w`tb doka strogm, p? w`tb erhgt strogmY ; tìls1 a? w`tb doka strogm, dr`gj erhgt strogm th doka pott rlp

Klgtlr Dchkas [wlm`sb ]wh-Lgm I`ttlgs AOT@G AOBGC\GM

[ll – wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj> O C`v`gj rom`t`hg’ rom`t`hg’ dy Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls hg pojl ?0 hr `ghriot`hg hg Aor`g Aobgcugm ogm blr poss`hg hr twh-lgm ag`tt`gj. ”Lm`thr IOLT@OC[

Zìcstlmts Porg, ?66% whhc ^-pc`lm twh-lgm twh -lgm yorg, :¹ `gkbls (?0.? ki) bogm k`rkuielrlgkl ogm 0¹ `gkbls (4=.? ki) chgj Joujl> ;2 sts ogm ;2 rgms 9 = `gkbls (?6.4 ki) `g twhlgm [t st [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

@G[T\K@HG[

Ghtl> [ll –`ps hr wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj’ s`mldor hg Ghtl> pojl 4=. Kut o =-yorm (;.:-i) p`lkl h Dcoka yorg. Ioal o sc`paght us`gj ; lgms> tb`s strogm h Dcoka, o strogm h Dcoka, ogm o strogm h Zb`tl rhi tbl docc1 tbl sc`paght mhls ght khugt os o st. KH :4 sts us`gj tbl wh-Lgm KostHg ? (sll –lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4), bhcm`gj tbl slporotl Dcoka strogm `g tbl cle bogm ogm o Zb`tl ogm Dcoka strogm rhi tbl docc `g tbl r`jbt bogm. Octlrgotl tbl yorgs `g tbl r`jbt bogm th hri tbl cps hg tbl gllmcl, dlj w`tb tbl Dcoka yorg. M`v`ml tbl sts lvlgcy hgth hur mpg. Mrhp tbl sc`paght rhi tbl gllmcl, tblg nh`g `gth o k`rkcl, dl`gj korluc ght th tw`st tbl sts. T`jbt I`ttlg Ghtl>> Ioal surl tbot lokb gllmcl dlj`gs w`tb o Dcoka Ghtl st. Dr`gj dhtb Dcoka strogms th tbl rhgt h tbl whra ogm p 4 rgms, ocwoys dr`gj`gj glw yorg ugmlr hcm. hcm. Zhra kbort os hcc> Zhra Zhra ;5 sts (Gllmcls ? ogm 4) okkhrm`gj th kbort, Qa? w`tb Dcoka, a? w`tb Zb`tlY ?2 tìls (Gllmcls ; ogm =), ocwoys dr`gj`gj glw yorg hvlr hcm. hcm. Khgt `g pott tbrhujb Thw ?2 h kbort. ]uid Jusslt Tgm ?0> Zhra ?0> Zhra kbortlm sts, tblg a? w`tb Dcoka1 `g glxt st,

`gk dy a `gth st w`tb Dcoka, tblg a Zb`tl `gth soil st (dhtb sts whralm `gth erhgt `gth erhgt h h st)1 khgt `g pott th lgm h rgm”:; sts. @gk `g tb`s iogglr lvlry rgm ?; ihrl tìls, io`gto`g`gj tbl str`pl slqulgkl (hg lvlry htblr rgm, tblrl w`cc dl 4 omnh`g`gj Dcoka sts)”25 sts1 Thw ;4 h kbort `s khipcltl. Zhra 0 rgms lvlg”Thw =? h kbort `s khipcltl. Tgm =4> Zhra =4> Zhra kbortlm sts, tblg a? w`tb Dcoka1 pcokl glxt 4; sts hgth bhcmlr1 KH 0 sts (octlrgot`gj Zb`tl ogm Dcoka), tblg whra `g pott th lgm h rgm”:4 sts rli. Zhra lvlg tbrhujb Thw :6 h kbort, whra`gj cost st h cost rgm w`tb Dcoka. [bopl `p Mlk Tgm> *@gslrt Tgm> *@gslrt r`jbt gllmcl (lipty gllmcl) tbrhujb doka cps h �rst 4 sts hg glxt gllmcl, tw`st r`jbt gllmcl doka ogm p`ka up cost st hg prlv gllmcl (mrhpp`gj

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

Aor`g Aobgcugm‐s Klgtlr Dchkas i`ttlgs

ag`ttlm `g tbl trom`t`hgoc [wlm`sb twhlgm tlkbg`qul. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

V@LKLZHTA

4;

]bl doka he he hgl he Aor`g Aobgcugm‐s Klgtlr Dchkas

i`ttlgs ag`ttlm `g tbl trom`t`hgoc [wlm`sb twhlgm tlkbg`qul. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

`t hﬆ prlv gllmcl), dr`gj p`kalm-up st tbrhujb tbl 4 cps ogm mrhp tbli hﬆ*, whra `g pott th dlj h Gllmcl ;, rlp rhi * th *, whra `g pott th cost st h Gllmcl =, a? w`tb Dcoka”= sts mlk‐m. Tlp mlk rgm lvlry rgm ?; ihrl tìls”?5 sts rli. Orrogjl sts hg 4 mpg ogm, bhcm`gj gllmcls porocclc, nh`g sts us`gj A`tkblglr [t`tkb (sll – lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4). ]uid Vcokl 4; sts rhi bhcmlr hgth mpg, tblg KH ?? sts (octlrgot`gj Dcoka ogm Zb`tl th io`gto`g str`pl slqulgkl)”;= sts thtoc. M`v`ml sts hgth = mpg, w`tb tbl dlj h rgm ot huts`ml lmjl h tbuid. Zhra `g str`pl pott hr ?2 rgms, hr ugt`c tbuid rlokbls klgtlr h tbuidgo`c. Mlk hg lvlry rgm 5 tìls tìl s os hr thp h i`ttlg”?6 sts rli. E`g`sb os hr thp h i`ttlg, nh`g`gj us`gj A`tkblglr [t`tkb. Cle I`ttlg KH (?st st bos th dl Zb`tl) ogm whra 4 p rgms os hr r`jbt i`ttlg. Zhra kbortlm pott os hcc> QA? w`tb Zb`tl, a? w`tb DcokaY ?2 tìls (Gllmcls ? ogm 4), whra ;5 sts (Gllmcls ; ogm =), rlom`gj kbort rhi cle th r`jbt. Khgt `g pott tbrhujb Thw ?2 h kbort. ]uid Jusslt Tgm ?0> Zhra ?0> Zhra th cost 4 sts h Gllmcl 41 `g glxt st, `gk dy a `gth st w`tb Zb`tl, tblg a `gth soil st w`tb Dcoka1 khgt `g pott th lgm h rgm”:; sts. @gk `g tb`s iogglr lvlry rgm ?; ihrl tìls, io`gto`g`gj tbl str`pl slqulgkl (hg lvlry htblr rgm tblrl w`cc dl 4 omnh`g`gj Dcoka sts)”25 sts1 Thw ;4 h kbort `s khipcltl. Zhra 0 rgms lvlg”Thw l vlg”Thw =? h kbort `s khipcltl. Tgm =4> Zhra =4> Zhra 45 sts `g pott, pcokl glxt 4; sts hgth bhcmlr1 KH 0 sts (octlrgot`gj Dcoka ogm Zb`tl), a? w`tb Dcoka, tblg whra `g kbortlm pott th lgm h rgm”:4 sts rli. Zhra lvlg tbrhujb Thw :6 h kbort, whra`gj cost st h Gllmcl = hg cost rgm w`tb Dcoka. [bopl t`p os hr r`jbt

i`ttlg, ioa`gj surl th whra cost st h Gllmcl 4 ogm = w`tb Dcoka hg occ rgms. Zhra tbuid os hr r`jbt r `jbt i`ttlg. E`g`sb`gj Zlovl `g chhsl lgms glotcy hg Z[. C`jbtcy ucc tbl i`ttlgs `g shopy cualwori wotlr1 r`gsl tbhrhujbcy. Thcc `g o thwlc th odshrd lxklss wotlr. Coy cot th mry. O D H \   B L M L [ @ J G L T . Aor`g Aobgcugm c`vls ogm whras `g Clasogm, [wlmlg. Vottlrg trogscot`hg dy Korhc B. Tbhomls.

I`ttlg 2; 2; 2? 2? :0 :0 :: :: :< :< :; :; :? * :? 50

50

5:

5:

5<

5<

5;

5;

5?

5?

<0

<0

<:

<:

<<

<<

<;

<;

=0

=0

=:

=:

=<

=< =;

=; =4 *=4 =? ;0 ;: ;< ;; ;? 40 4: 4<

=? ;0 ;: ;< ;; ;? 40 4: 4<

4;

4;

4?

4?

?0 *

?0

]`ps ehr ]wh-Lgm Ag`tt`gj (w`gm`gj st`ka) ` phss`Z`gm yorg `gth o klgtlr-pucc docc hg o gòstlp`ggl gòstlp`ggl (w`gm`gj dcl hr o docc w`gmlr. Bhcm`gj Bhcm`gj tbl twh lgms (hgl rhi tbl klgtlr h tbl docc ogm tbl htblr rhi tbl huts`ml), pucc hut odhut ? yorm (? i) h yorg1 ioal o sc`paght glor tbl docc ogm sc`p `t hvlr tbl thp h tbl docc (thp `s wblrl tbl `gs`ml strogm lilrjls)1 pcokl tbl sc`paght ot tbl –wo`st’ h tbl docc ogm t`jbtlg. Zblg yhu gllm th pucc hut ihrl yorg, sc`ml tbl sc`paght hvlr tbl thp h tbl docc1 ugmh tbl chhp, pucc hut shil yorg, ogm ioal oghtblr sc`paght os dlhrl. ]`s sc`paght iltbhm occhws yhu th mrhp tbl yorg docc wblglvlr yhu gllm th ugtw`st tbl strogms> sìpcy mrhp tbl docc (ioa`gj surl tbl sc`paght bhcms) ogm sc`ml o �gjlr mhwg dltwllg tbl strogms os tbly ugtw`st. Os yhu ag`t, sc`ml o �gjlr dltwllg tbl strogms hkkos`hgoccy th allp tbl tw`st owoy rhi tbl ag`tt`gj. @ usuoccy ugtw`st tbl strogms ot tbl lgm h lvlry rhugm. Ocwoys octlrgotl tbl twh strogms, dr`gj`gj tbl glw yorg hvlr tbl hcm, hr tbl sihhtblst ag`tt`gj. ”K. B. T.

4=

V@LKLZHTA


?:

?:

?<

?<

?;

?;

??

??

0

0

:

:

<

<

;

;

?

?

* Zhra os j`vlg `g m`rlkt`hgs * Zhra os j`vlg `g m`rlkt`hgs

Kbort ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl.

Aly

4-lgm a w`tb Zb`tl 4-lgm a w`tb Dcoka dr`gj Zb`tl th erhgt, *p? w`tb Zb`tl, a? w`tb Dcoka1 rlp erhi * os gllmlm, p? w`tb Zb`tl, dr`gj Zb`tl th doka dr`gj Dcoka th erhgt, *p? w`tb Dcoka, a? w`tb Zb`tl1 rlp erhi * os gllmlm, p? w`tb Dcoka, dr`gj Dcoka th doka

@

ioj`gl o iojoz`gl tbot toals yhu tblrl> clorg sp`gg`gj `g tbl Vlruvòg b`jbcogms, lxplr`lgkl bhw tw`st lglrjy sbopls o jorilgt, hr v`s`t og ocpoko eori th sll og

E`dlr, gllmcls, E`dlr, sp`gmcl, wbllc

uctro-cuxur`hus uctrocuxur`hus glw ﬏dlr hg tbl bhhe. Aoyl Khcc`gs, Aotbryg Oclxogmlr,, Num`tb IokAlgz`l, Oclxogmlr

Lxplr`lgkl o whrcm he ﬏dlr ﬏rstbogm w`tb [p`gAg`t, hur glw mygoi`k m`j`toc lIoj. @t's dloutèuc, ìilrs`vl, ogm pokalm w`tb lxplr`lgkls tbot ioal rlom`gj ihrl eug tbog lvlr.

Vr`sk`cco J`dshg-Thdlrts ogm htblr ort`sts wbh bovl sboplm hur kroet orl occ wo`t`gj th illt yhu tbrhujb [p`gAg`t. Clorg erhi tbli, tblg bhgl yhur sa`ccs w`tb dloutèuc ogm kbocclgj`gj pottlrgs. [p`gAg`t dr`gjs tbl whrcm he ﬏dlr th yhu. Ghw, mhg‐t nust rlom odhut `t ” dl tblrl!

@gtu`t`vl gov`jot`hg clts yhu lﬆhrtclsscy lxpchrl lokb `ssul tbrhujb> U`mlh thurs ogm `gtlrv`lws [c`ml sbhws tbot occhw yhu th zhhi `g ot i`krhskhp`k clvlcs Mhwgchomodcl ag`tt`gj pottlrgs tbot orl losy th pr`gt ogm toal w`tb yhu Zld rlshurkls th blcp yhu m`j lvlg mllplr

[p`gAg`t lxpogms tbl bhr`zhgs he bogmsp`gg`gj”o eus`hg he tbl ogk`lgt kroet he bogmsp`gg`gj w`tb tbl vlry kutt`gj lmjl he m`j`toc tlkbghchjy. ]bl lxplr`lgkl `s ghtb`gj sbhrt he ioj`koc.

255-0=0-?5=5 N O G \ O T P / E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKLZHTA

4<

Ght Nust

og

@G[]T\K]@HG CLOECL] @GJT@M I\TGOGL

B

OUL PH\ LULT KHG[@MLTLM tbl –shkòc c`l’ c`l’ h o ag`tt`gj pottlrg8 ]l shkòc khgglk-

t`hgs tbot hgl ?0=6s pottlrg bos hrjlm `g tbrll jlglrot`hgs h iy oi`cy mur`gj tbl post slvlgty ylors bos kouslm `t th ilog or ihrl th us tbog sìpcy o iog‐s jchvl pottlrg.

]bl erhgt khvlr khvlr he tbl Dlstwoy Ag`twlor pottlrg dhhaclt, k`rko ?0=?, sbhw`gj tbl iog‐s jchvls ag`ttlm hg twh gllmcls.

Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he @gjr`m Iurgogl.

45

@g ?0=6, iy iotlrgoc jrogmihtblr, Iyrtcl Jrllg, tblg `g blr i`mtwlgt`ls, wos whra`gj `g o bodlrmosblr‐s `g Glwphrt, @scl h Z`jbt, Lgjcogm. Dr`to`g wos `g tbl jr`p h Zhrcm Zor @@ (?0;0‛?0=<). Hg tbl bhil rhgt, whilg”lvlg _ullg Iory (?25:‛?0<;)”wlrl ag`tt`gj Ehrkls Khihrts hr tbl trhhps. Iyrtcl ogm blr ihtblr, C`cy, ag`ttlm jchvls ogm docokcovos hr ilidlrs h tbl Boipsb`rl ogm @scl h Z`jbt Tljìlgt �jbt`gj `g Lurhpl. ]ly uslm o jchvl pottlrg, wb`kb khucm dl ag`ttlm l`tblr hg twh hr hg hur gllmcls, rhi o Dlstwoy Ag`twlor dhhaclt dhujbt ot tbl`r chkoc yorg sbhp, ]l Gllmclwhiog. Oelr tbl wor, tbl pottlrg, ochgj w`tb iogy htblr pottlrgs, wos sthrlm `g –tbl ag`tt`gj doj.’ @t hkkos`hgoccy wos drhujbt hut th ioal jchvls hr htblrs `g tbl oi`cy, `gkcum`gj Iyrtcl‐s glw busdogm, Jlhrjl, ogm `t wos opporlgtcy port h o pottlrg swop w`tb htblr glw w`vls.

V@LKLZHTA


Iyrtcl‐s s`stlr-`g-cow Iyrtcl‐s Nhykl Erogk`s dhrrhwlm `t th ag`t shil jchvls hr blr hwg busdogm. ]l pottlrg‐s –shkòc k`rkcl’ w`mlglm. Iyrtcl ogm Jlhrjl bom o moujbtlr, Jrokl, wbh cotlr whucm dlkhil iy ihtblr. Zblg Jrokl wos slvlg ylors hcm, Iyrtcl toujbt blr th ag`t. [hhg tbl twh h tbli ioml o po`r h dcoka jchvls rhi tbl pottlrg hr Jlhrjl th wlor th whra os o ro`cwoy juorm. Jrokl soys, –@t wos tbl `rst ‒d`j‐ tb`gj tbot @ ioml, ogm `t sllilm tlrr`dcy khipc`kotlm. @ wos sh prhum h tbl jchvls”@ lvlg blcplm th slw tbli up, ogm @ iust bovl dllg hgcy odhut l`jbt hr g`gl, ogm bl whrl tbli th whra lvlry moy.’ Eèllg ylors posslm. Jrokl jrlw up, tro`glm os o gursl, iorr`lm, ogm ihvlm th [`gjophrl, wblrl blr busdogm, Vouc, wos stot`hglm. @t wos `g bht, bui`m [`gjoph [`gjophrl rl tbot Jrokl toujbt blr r`lgm C`z th ag`t. Os ag`tt`gj pottlrgs wr`ttlg `g Lgjc`sb wlrl

skorkl tblrl, Iyrtcl slgt blr moujbtlr shil. Oihgj tbli wos tbl Dlstwoy jchvl pottlrg, wb`kb Jrokl ogm C`z uslm w`tb m`sbkchtb khtthg khtthg yorg th ioal jchvls tbot tbly uslm hr must`gj”tbly stortlm shiltb`gj h o trlgm oihgj tbl`r r`lgms. Jrokl rlkoccs dl`gj rotblr ottokblm th tbl pottlrg os `t rli`gmlm blr h c`v`gj `g [`gjophrl ogm h tbl jrlot tìls sbl bom w`tb blr r`lgm C`z. @ wos dhrg sbhrtcy oelr Jrokl ogm Vouc ihvlm doka th Dr`to`g. Jrokl rlturglm tbl pottlrg th Iyrtcl –os sbl whucm usl `t tbl ihst.’ @g ?02?, wblg @ wos `vl, Iyrtcl (iy Gog) toujbt il th ag`t wb`cl @ wos hg bhc`moy ot blr bhusl. Os tbl hgcy jrogmkb`cm ot tbot tìl, @ rlkl`vlm pclgty h ottlgt`hg. @ bom occ tbl usuoc prhdclis w`tb mrhpplm st`tkbls ogm bhcls `g iy jortlr-st`tkb tlmmy-dlor skorvls. [hhg lghujb, @ dljog th usl pottlrgs1 `g okt, @ clorglm th `gkrlosl ogm mlkrlosl rhi tbl Dlstwoy jchvl pottlrg. @ oi hgm h tbot jchvl pottlrg”ghw”ogm oi prhum tbot shil h iy ag`tt`gj sa`ccs koil rhi us`gj `t w`tb Gog. Dut `g ?02:, @ hugm iyslc `g dhorm`gj skbhhc ogm `g gllm h o glw po`r h jroy w`gtlr skbhhc jchvls. Dltwllg tbli, iy ihtblr ogm jrogmihtblr omoptlm tbl Dlstwoy pottlrg th �t o kb`cm‐s bogms ogm ag`ttlm up o po`r hg twh gllmcls, sudst`tut`gj mhudcl ag`tt`gj yorg hr tbl =-pcy splk`�lm `g tbl `gstrukt`hgs. Octbhujb tbot ioml o kbugay jchvl, tbl io`g tb`gj wos tbot tbly bom ag`ttlm tbl jchvls hut h chvl `gstlom h nust duy`gj o po`r. @ yhu tb`ga tbot @ wos jrotluc hr tb`s chvlcy bogmkroelm po`r h jchvls, ioml nust hr il, yhu‐rl wrhgj. @ wb`glm tbot tbly wlrl tbl wrhgj khchr, m`mg‐t �t r`jbt, ogm `g jlglroc wlrlg‐t wlrlg ‐t tbl soil os tbl jchvls occ iy skbhhc r`lgms bom> iokb`gl-ag`ttlm hgls rhi Ioras ogm [plgklr. Iui ogm Gog r`jbtcy kocclm il ugjrotluc. @ rluslm th lvlr wlor tbl jchvls, ogm tbly wlrl khgs`jglm th sthrojl. (Phu kog sll rhi tbl t bl pbhthjropb ot r`jbt

tbot tbly bovl susto`glm o c`ttcl sto`g moiojl `g tbl `gtlrvlg`gj ylors.) Zblg Iyrtcl m`lm, `g ?00=, @ `gblr`tlm occ h blr gllmcls. Iui alpt shil pottlrgs1 sbl port`kucorcy `gkcumlm tbl Dlstwoy jchvl pottlrg, os `t wos hgl h tbl cost hgls tbot Iyrtcl bom uslm `g ag`tt`gj hr o oi`cy ilidlr. Dlkousl h tbl`r khgglkt`hg w`tb Iyrtcl, Iui ocwoys bos alpt tbl pottlrg ogm tbl skbhhc jchvls thjltblr. thjltblr. @g 466:, os port h iy iostlr‐s mljrll, @ rlslorkblm tbl sthry h tbl Dlstwoy jchvl pottlrg. @ bom aghwg tbot `t bom dllg uslm hr wortìl ag`tt`gj, dut @ ghw rloc`zlm bhw iukb `t wos port h iy hwg oi`cy‐s ag`tt`gj b`sthry. @ mlk`mlm tbot @ sbhucm ioal o rlpc`ko h iy skbhhc jchvls, tbl d lttlr th opprlkòtl tbl whra ogm lﬆhrt tbot bom jhgl `gth ioa`gj tbli. (Iui coujblm wblg @ thcm blr tb`s.) @ bom iogy prhdclis w`tb yorg ogm joujl. @ `t bom dllg ogy htblr pottlrg, @ prhdodcy whucm bovl odogmhglm `t ot tb`s ph`gt ogm kbhslg oghtblr. ]ot @ khucm ght dr`gj iyslc th mh sh prhvlm th il tbot iy liht`hgoc `gvlstilgt `g tbl pottlrg ogm tbl jchvls wos ihrl tbog @ bom tbhujbt. ]l ihst `gtlrlst`gj tb`gj odhut tb`s pottlrg hr il thmoy `s `ts rhcl os og ojlgt h shkòc gltwhra`gj. ]l kbort hg pojl 40 sbhws tbl pottlrg dhhaclt‐s dhhaclt‐s khgglkt`hgs th plh-

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

@gjr`m Iurgogl‐s iog‐s jchvl tbot sbl ag`ttlm `g 466:, us`gj tbl Dlstwoy pottlrg. Vbhthjropb dy J`cls Dodd`mjl.

]bl jchvls jchvls tbot @gjr`m Iurgogl‐s ihtblr ogm jrogmihtblr ag`ttlm ehr blr wblg sbl wos ot dhorm`gj skbhhc. ]bly omoptlm tbl Dlstwoy iog‐s jchvl pottlrg. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he @gjr`m Iurgogl.

V@LKLZHTA

4:

pcl wbh ag`ttlm jchvls us`gj `t (sbhwg w`tb jrllg orrhws), tbhsl wbh clorglm th ag`t us`gj `t (dcul orrhws), ogm tbhsl wbh rlkl`vlm jchvls ag`ttlm erhi `t (rlm orrhws). ]l Dlstwoy pottlrg `s og `gstrukt`hg clo�lt, `t‐s trul, dut ehr il, `t‐s ocsh o togj`dcl c`ga th iy jrogmihtblr jrogmihtblr,, th tbl ag`tt`gj sa`ccs tbot sbl posslm ochgj th iy ihtblr ogm il, ogm th tbl tìls wblg wl ag`ttlm thjltblr. @t lvhals phwlreuc ilihr`ls, ogm `t `s o port he hur eoi`cy ag`tt`gj b`sthry. ❕

]bl

]`s ort`kcl wos omoptlm rhi o clkturl tbl outbhr prlslgtlm ot tbl 4662 @g tbl Chhp ag`tt`gj khglrlgkl `g Z`gkblstlr, Lgjcogm, ogm pudc`sblm dy ag`thgtblglt.khi `g @ssul 0, [lptlidlr 4, 4660. ODH\ BL O \BHT. @gjr`m Iurgogl `s o jromuotl h tbl ios-

tlr‐s prhjroi `g B`sthry h lxt`cls ogm Mrlss ot tbl lxt`cl Khgslrvot`hg Klgtrl `g Z`gkblstlr, Z`gkblstlr, Lgjcogm. [bl `s o tlxt`cl ort`st ogm sa`ccs tlokblr, kroe sa`ccs rlslorkblr, ogm allg ag`ttlr. [bl ocsh `s o rllcogkl loturl wr`tlr, ag`twlor mls`jglr, ogm oss`stogt lm`thr h ag`thgtblglt.khi hgc`gl iojoz`gl. U`s`t blr wlds`tl ot www .`gjr`miurgogl.khi1 .`gjr`miurg ogl.khi1 sbl `s ocsh hg Tovlcry os @gjr`m Iurgogl. Iurgogl .

Dlstwoy Jchvls ]hmoy OGG D\MM

]bl iog‐s jchvls ag`ttlm dy Ogg Dumm, us`gj tbl Dlstwoy pottlrg. O pbhthjropb toalg `g tbl ?0;6s he Iyrtcl Jrllg, @gjr`m Iurgogl‐s jrogmihtblr, wbh purkboslm tbl Dlstwoy Ag`twlor dhhaclt, dhhaclt, `s ot r`jbt. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

42

V @LKLZ HTA


@

ag`ttlm tbl jchvls sbhwg blrl, us`gj twh sal`gs h khgtliphrory yorg (_u`gkl & Khipogy‐s

Kb`kaomll Q?66% Oilr`kog whhcY `g Thd`g‐s Ljj) ogm s`zl 4 gllmcls (4.:< ii), rhi tbl hr`j`goc `gstrukt`hgs –Ehr wh V`gs’ `g tbl Dlstwoy pottlrg clo�lt m`skusslm `g @gjr`m Iurgogl‐s ort`kcl, –Ght Nust og @gstrukt`hg Clo�lt, C lo�lt,’’ hg pojl 45. Dlkousl tbl jchvls orl ag`ttlm �ot, t bly rlqu`rl slois ochgj tbl s`ml h lokb �gjlr ogm tbl s`ml h tbl bogm. ]hsl ochgj tbl �gjlrs orl ihrl v`s`dcl hg tbl doka h tbl r`jbt jchvl ogm hg tbl poci s`ml h tbl cle jchvl1 bhwlvlr, bhwlvlr, lokb jchvl ioy dl whrg hg l`tblr bogm. ]l jortlr-r`d pottlrg hg tbl poci ogm doka h tbl bogm `s whralm sh tbot lvlry st`tkb `s ag`ttlm hg r`jbt-s`ml rhws ogm twh hut h tbrll st`tkbls orl ag`ttlm hg wrhgj-s`ml rhws. ]`s kousls tbl purc st`tkbls th prlmhi`gotl wblg tbl jchvl `s v`lwlm rhi tbl r`jbt s`ml. Dlkousl tbl pottlrg splk`�ls guidlrs h rhws th ag`t rotblr tbog `gkbls, yhu ioy gllm th whra ihrl hr lwlr rhws th kusthi`zl tbl clgjtbs h tbl kuﬆ, bogm, ogm �gjlrs. ]l typls h kost-hgs ogm `gkrlosls orl ght splk`�lm1 @ uslm tbl �lx`dcl hcm Ghrwljòg kost-hg ot tbl kuﬆ, tbl kodcl kosthg wblg omm`gj st`tkbls dltwllg tbl �gjlrs, ogm a?&d th `gkrlosl st`tkbls hr tbl jusslt. ODH\ BL M L[@JGLT. Ogg Dumm `s tbl outbhr he sl v-

lroc dhhas, tbl glwlst he wb`kb `s Ag`tt`gj `s Ag`tt`gj Jrllg> Khg vlrsot`hg vlrs ot`hgss ogm o gm Vcog Vcoglt lt Er`l gmcy Vrhnl Vrhnlkts kts (Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 46?6). 46?6) .

Jchvl Vottlrg os og Ojlgt h [hkòc Gltwhra`gj Iyrtcl Jrllg Jlhrjl Erogk`s

Occ`lm ]rhhps ]rhhps

]bl pojl erhi tbl Dlstwoy Ag`twlor pottlrg pottlrg dhhaclt, k`rko ?0=?, sbhw`gj tbl m`rlkt`hgs ehr ag`tt`gj tbl iog‐s iog‐s jchvls hg twh gllmcls (kocclm –p`gs’ `g tbl dhhaclt.

Jrokl (Jrllg) Erogk`s

Dlstwoy Ilg‐ Dlstwoy Ilg‐s Jchvl Vottlrg

C`z Jocclr

Iyrtcl‐s er`lgms

Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he @gjr`m Iurgogl. Dlstwoy Ag`twlor pottlrg Ag`twlor pottlrg dhhaclt © @VK+[ygm`kot`hg.

Aly Ag`ttlm jchvls erhi tbl pottlrg

Nhykl Erogk`s Erogk`s Ocdlrt Erogk`s

@gjr`m (Erogk`s) Iurgogl

]oujbt ] oujbt th ag`t w`tb pottlrg pottlrg Tlkl`vlm Tlkl`v lm jchvls ag`ttlm ag`ttlm erhi tbl pottlrg pottlrg

Kbort khurtlsy he @gjr`m Iurgogl.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

40

Vrokt`koc @gsog`ty O J`mmy Zb`rc tbrhujb tbl Vojls he ZLCMHG‐[ VTOK]@KOC GLLMCLZHTA ETOGAC@G BOD@

Z

LCMHG‐[ VTOK]@KOC GLLMCLZHTA . [ukb o g`kl, shc`m goil hr o dhha. @t sploas h

stro`jbt dokas ogm st`ﬆ upplr c`ps1 h slgs`dcl �gjlrs ag`tt`gj pco`g sthka`gjs wb`cl og hdlm`lgt glpblw rloms ochum rhi upplr‐s Vrhvlrdòc Vb`chshpby . Gh rhhi, surlcy, hr jìkrokas

ogm jlwjows dlglotb o khvlr okrhss wb`kb tbl whrm –prokt`koc’ iorkbls `g typl os po`guccy upr`jbt os o plw ucc h tliplrogkl ogot`ks.

Bot ehr o Dody Dhy, Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Krhkblt , ]wlgt`ltb ]wlgt`ltb [lr`ls (Uhcuil 2).

;6

@gmllm, tbl vhcuils h Zlcmhg‐s, prhmuklm Zlcmhg‐s, prhmuklm `g Chgmhg dltwllg tbl cotl ?226s (wblg U`kthrò plrkblm r`j`mcy hg tbl tbrhgl) ogm ?0?< (`vl ylors otlr blr ihrl ugdutthglm shg Lmworm sc`m h `t hr tbl cost tìl), hﬆlr shdlr whhclgs su﬋k`lgt th kchtbl og lgt`rl hig`dus h M`kalgsòg hrpbogs. Gllm o kblop sbowc hr o phhr whiog8 Khgsuct Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr, E`rst [lr`ls, `g Uhcuil ?. Ag`tt`gj hr og `gvoc`m w`tb khcm llt8 Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr , b`rm [lr`ls (Uhcuil ?), bos tbl vlry dhhts hr bì hr blr. Dut Zlcmhg‐s bos oghtblr, c`jbtlr s`ml. @t `s helg styc`sb, shiltìls lvlg ovogt jorml. jorml. Erhi tbl �rst, pco`g p`lkls orl i`xlm w`tb ogky> blrl o sìpcl i`ttlg, tblrl o dlomlm kuﬆ. Hkkos`hgoccy o prhnlkt w`tb lxht`k hvlrthgls”o Ducjoròg Blom Mrlss (Vrokt`koc (Vrokt`koc Krhkblt , Lclvlgtb [lr`ls, Uhcuil <)”phps up càl o trhp`koc dchhi `g o dlm h pltugòs. Os tbl ylors posslm ogm sudskr`dlrs thha up osb`hgodcl glw postìls sukb os d`kykc`gj ogm jhc, tbl pudc`sblrs rlsphgmlm w`tb splkòccy mls`jglm jorilgts ogm sthka`gjs.

V@LKLZHTA


bly lvlg khgmlsklgm bly lvlg th r`pplry. bl tlgtb slr`ls h Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Krhkblt (`g (`g Uhcuil <) tlosls rlomlrs w`tb o �`rty Hplro Bhhm ogm Khccorlttl ihmlclm dy o wosp-wo`stlm gyipblttl wbhsl bhtsythtsy jozl sujjlsts hgl thh iogy ugkboplrhglm plrhriogkls h Korilg Korilg.. Hg hkkos`hg, Zlcmhg‐s prokt`koc`ty c`ls r`jbt hut tbl porchr w`gmhw. oal Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Kr`gaclm ]`ssul Voplr Zhra, Zhra, khcclktlm `g Uhcuils : ogm 0. ]`s chgj-hrjhttlg kroe `gvhcvls ilrk`clsscy thrtur`gj `gghklgt rhccs h tlxturlm t`ssul poplr (–ghw th dl bom `g lvlry khgkl`vodcl sboml ogm vor`lt`ls th su`t occ tostls’) `gth ort`�kòc dhuqults, swojs ogm dhws, �hwlrpht khvlrs, ogm htblr mhilst`k dr`k-æ-drok. Iukb h tbl –whra’ ml`ls mlskr`pt`hg. bl Ehurtb [lr`ls (Uhcuil 0) hﬆlrs og lyl-phpp`gj mhudcl sprlom h kr`gaclm norm`g`ârls> hgl og `vy-khvlrlm Zlcsb Zlcsb borp1 tbl htblr (jrogmcy t`tclm –Khrhgot`hg Vht’), o j`jogt`k [t. Lmworm‐s Krhwg w`tb o phttlm poci `g pcokl h tbl hrd ogm krhss. Ihst ocori`gj, bhwlvlr, orl tbl mhzlgs h poplr sbomls hr h`c coips, jos nlts, ogm kogmcls. Kog-

mcl [boml Gh. 45 (E`rst [lr`ls, Uhcuil tbot o rlomlr whucm tb`ga, –Ot cost, shil:) j`vls o kurshry ghm th `rl solty `g tb`gj th allp Lupbliò rhi occ`gj hut rlkhiilgm`gj �rlprhh poplr, dut ihst h tbl io`c kort’8 Zlrl tbl strops mlkhhtblrs khg�gl tblislcvls purlcy th olsrotlm w`tb tbl kb`cm‐s goil os og o`m th tblt`ks. [boml Gh. ?;, o whgay duttlr�y `mlgt`y`gj ogm rlturg`gj occlg kb`cmrlg8 (ocsh E`rst [lr`ls), `s rlkhiilgmlm splOgm wbot ilssojl whucm tbl –okklptkòccy hr pògh kogmcls, –os `t sbomls tbl odcl c`ttcl jè’ khgvly th tbl byphtblt`c`jbt rhi tbl lyls w`tbhut m`vlrt`gj `t koc ihtblr h sugmry, sc`pplry kb`cmrlg> rhi tbl ius`k.’ (@ kog‐t blcp whgmlr`gj –Blrl, @ ioml tb`s hr yhu s`gkl yhu allp bhw iogy kbori`gj plrhriogkls h skottlr`gj yhur a`ms `g tbl pora ogm glvlr –Bhil, [wllt Bhil’ wlrl ru`glm wblg slli th ght`kl wblg hgl h tbl c`ttlr jhls tbl pòg`st wlgt up `g �oils.) i`ss`gj’8 (Clorg`gj, cotlr, rhi ]l Dchj Zlcmhg‐s lgtbusòst`k Zlcmhg‐s lgtbusòst`k `gtrhmukt`hg th he tbl Vroi Iuslui ot Iuslui ot www.proiwotkb iokroià `g tbl �rst vhcuil khils os o .khi tbot tbl io`c kort wos o prlkurshr h sbhka th shilhgl wbh ocwoys ossuilm tbl ihmlrg dody korròjl wos i`cmcy” tbot iokroià jlglrotlm sphgtoglhusdut hgcy i`cmcy”rlossur`gj.) cy `g tbl lorcy ?0:6s wblg o dhttcl h @ rls`stlm tblsl ogm htblr mls`jgs hr potkbhuc` h`c ogm o nuj h kblop w`gl lcc kb`cmrlg, dut wblg @ sphttlm Tl`gs hr Tottcl ogm Zb`stcl Zb`stcl Khid`glm, Khid`glm, `gth o rlmwhhm bht tud. ]l lm`thrs rllr ]uc`p Tottcl Kb`cmrlg `g Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr, Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Krhkblt , ]wlgtyth `t tbrhujbhut os iokroià cokl cokl,, dut tbl Eèb [lr`ls (Uhcuil 4), @ sthpplm mlom Eètb [lr`ls ( Uhcuil ?6). wocc bogj`gjs `g tbl E`rst ogm [lkhgm [l`g iy trokas. @t shugmlm càl shiltb`gj r`ls chha nust càl tbl`r ugcoky twlgt`ltb-klg twlgt`ltb-klgtury tury khugtlr- iy porlgts whucm bovl vlry iukb opprlkòtlm wblg iy ports. ]l ]`rm [lr`ls drogkbls hut `gth dlcc puccs, th`clt yhugjlr s`stlr wos twh, ogm ojo`g wblg sbl wos hurtllg. t`m`ls, whra dojs, ogm wocc phkalts, dut mlsp`tl tbl oppor- Mlsp`tl tbl goil, bhwlvlr, tbl rl`gs orl supphslm th dl o lgt plgkbogt h Zlcmhg‐s Zlcmhg‐s sudskr`dlrs sudskr`dlrs hr lgkos`gj �hwlr- thy thy,, juorogtllm th –oﬆ –oﬆhrm hrm o jrlot mloc m loc h oiuslilgt, dlphts `g kr`gaclm poplr poplr,, tblrl orl gh pottlrgs hr iokroià s`mls dl`gj kop`toc lxlrk`sl.’ Iy omoptot`hg h tbl Zlcpcogt bhcmlrs. mhg‐‐s `gstrukt`hgs hr tbl rl`gs hcchws tb`s ort`kcl. mhg Kb`cmrlg‐‐s jorilgts, os`ml  rhi og hkko s`hgoc bot Kb`cmrlg sh thp-blovy `t sllis càlcy th sgop tbl dody‐s glka `g twh, orl ihstcy `gghkuhus ogm rlqulgtcy opploc`gj. @t‐s Odhut Zlcmhg‐s tbl thys ogm okklsshr`ls tbot hplg o w`gmhw hgth `gg og lﬆhrt th dr`gj gllmclwhra th og lilrj`gj i`mmcl kc oss `g U`kthròg ml-s`âkcl mls`âkcl kb`cmbhhm tbot i`jbt dl dlttlr alpt sbut. Lgjcogm, slvlroc Chgmhg khipog`ls dljog pudc`sb`gj pottlrgs ogm `gstrukt`hgs `g tbl cotl g`gltllgtb klgtury. \gcàl htblr khgtliphrory plr`hm`kocs, Khgs`mlr tbl uc`p Tottcl ogm Zb`stcl Khid`glm wb`kb rog hgl hr twh gllmclwhra prhnlkts plr `ssul, tblsl glw pudc`kot`hgs `g Zlcmhg lcmhg‐s ‐s Vrokt`koc Krhkblt, wlgty-Eèb [lr`ls (Uhcwlrl mlvhtlm shclcy th gllmclwhra. uil ?6), o cllr`gj pop`lr-iäkbà slvlrlm blom hg o st`ka Zlcmhg‐s, wb`kb dljog os o poplr pottlrg khipogy, dlkoil hgl h tbl lilrj`gj rhi o kcustlr h iuct`khchrlm krhkbltlm pltihst rlkhjg`zlm gllmclwhra pudc`sblrs `g Lgjcogm. Odhut ?22<, Zlcmhg‐s dljog pudc`sb`gj pottlrgs ogm `gstrukt`hgs `g ihgtbcy glwsclttlrs ovo`cocs. ]l bogmcl `s korvlm os o wb`stcl, prlsuiodcy sh tbot odcl dy sudskr`pt`hg. Lokb hurtllg-pojl `ssul khgto`glm iotlròc hg o o kb`cm `gsu﬋ k`lgtcy trouiot`zlm trou iot`zlm dy tbl s`jbt s `jbt h og lv`c s`gjcl sudnlkt> Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr , Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Votkbwhra, Votkbwhra, Zlcsp`r`t phpp`gj hut h o �hwlr kog dl st ortclm `gth kotothmhg‐‐s Vrokt`koc Dozoor Ort`kcls mhg Ort`kcl s , Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Krhkblt , Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc gò dy o sbr`cc dcost `g b`s lor. Krhss-[t`tkb, ogm Krhss-[t`tkb, ogm sh hg1 tbly wlrl guidlrlm khgslkut`vlcy, khgslkut`vlcy, dlj`gg`gj w`tb tbl E`rst [lr`ls. ]rll ylors cotlr, tbl khipogy dljog th pudc`sb o slr`ls h ]lg tblrl‐s tbl Io`c Kort [trop `g Zlcmhg‐ lcmhg‐ss Vrokt`ko V rokt`kocc vhcuils t`tclm Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Gllmclwhra, lokb o khip`cot`hg h twlcvl Ag`ttlr, ]`rty-Eèb [lr`ls (Uhcuil ?4), wb`kb tbl lm`thr h tbl glwsclttlrs. Uhcuil ?6, hr lxoipcl, ` gkcumls oppc`quà lidrh`mlry, omv`sls –w`cc ioal og okklptodcl c`ttcl jè hr tbl ihtblr h krhkblt, ag`tt`gj, clotblrwhra, p`gkusb`hgs, ph`gt cokl, ogm r`ddhg pco`t`gj. @gtlrwlovl pudc`sblm oksì`cl lm`t`hgs h tbl �rst twlcvl vhcuils h sugmry siocc kb`cmrlg wbh orl yhugj lghujb th rug shil Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Vrok t`koc Gllmclwhra Gll mclwhra.. Uhcuils 4 ogm < tbrhujb ?4 orl ovo`codcl ot r`sa h occ`gj hut h tbl io`c kort wblg toalg hut hr tbl`r p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi1 p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.kh i1 kc`ka hg Dhhas `g tbl kotljhry c`st hg tbl cle. mo`cy o`r`gj.’ @ bom th whgmlr> Zbot wlrl tbl kb`cmrlg mh`gj `g o io`c kort8 Zlrl io`c korts sukb o khiihg bozorm

@

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;?

]l rlqu`rlm iotlròcs wlrl lw toca doka. Lvlg blr tlmmy dlor sploas tbrll cogjuojls. @ ogm kchsl ot bogm. [hhg @ wos stor- susplktlm tbot wblg khgrhgtlm w`tb o thy wbhsl w`cm`gj ot tbl khipcltlm ort`kcl ogm”os @ lst loturl `s o n`gjcl dlcc, sbl whucm l`tblr sp`t up hr mhzl bovl gh kb`cmrlg”llc`gj sc`jbtcy r`- hﬆ. Zl sc`pplm blr oris tbrhujb tbl pommlm chhps, blr m`kuchus. @ kocclm tbl yhugj ihtblr ihtblr thha tbl rl`gs, ogm wl wo`tlm. upsto`rs ogm osalm ` @ khucm put o slt [hpb`l chhalm puzzclm. ]lg sbl thha o stlp. ]l dlccs h rl`gs hg blr twh-ylor-hcm moujb- n`gjclm. [bl [bl j`jjclm. [bl [bl thha oghtblr stlp. Ihrl Ihrl n`gjc`gj. n`gjc`gj. tlr. [hpb`l htlg bos dllg prlsslm [bl bhpplm, sbìi`lm, ogm tblg thha hﬆ ot o  ucc jocchp. `gth ihmlc`gj htblr hmm d`ts h ag`t–]`s `s oioz`gj!’ sbhutlm blr ihtblr hvlr tbl rokat`gj sh blr ihtblr ojrllm `gstlom h lt h dlccs ogm squloc`gj. [hpb`l [ hpb`l progklm càl o C`p`zzogpbhg`gj Kb`cm Vrhtlkt`vl [lrv`kls. lr `g p`ga hvlroccs. –[bl‐s jh`gj th scllp càl o chj thg`jbt! [hpb`l `s o tbhrhujbcy ihmlrg Kog wl allp tb`s8’ thmmclr, okkusthilm th khiputlr[hiltìls, `t sllis, tbl ìprokt`koc kog dl vlry prok`zlm thys tbot n`jjcl ogm cosb ogm t`koc. [khrl hgl hr Zlcmhg‐s. ❕ Khrhgot`hg Vht, Zlcmhg‐s

Mhwgchomodcl Lclktrhg`k Zlcmhg‐s

Vrokt`koc Kr`gaclm ]`ssul Voplr Zhra , Ehurtb [lr`ls (Uhcuil 0).

rhi Uhcuil ? h Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc GllEhur V`lklZhra lDhhas khgto`g`gj tbl �rst hur slr`ls h Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr rhi mclwhra orl ghw ovo`codcl ghw ovo`codcl hr mhwgchom. Hplg`gj o

w`gmhw hg turg-h-tbl-twlgt`ltb-klgtury Chgmhg, tbl hur khgto`g `gstrukt`hgs ogm `ccustrot`hgs hr o thtoc h ?=: –\sluc Ort`kcls hr Com`ls, Jlgtclilg ogm Kb`cmrlg,’ `gkcum`gj `gslrt`hgs ogm lmj`gjs, sbowcs, sc`pplrs, dlomlm kuﬆs, shkas, dody dhgglts ogm dhht`ls, qu`ct squorls, i`tts, bots, p`gkusb`hgs, swlotlrs, jchvls, ogm skorvls. ]l E`rst [ lr`ls `gkcumls jlglroc `ghriot`hg ogm ml�g`t`hgs h ag`tt`gj tlris os tbly wlrl `g U`kthròg Lgjcogm (o vocuodcl rllrlgkl hr tbl prhnlkts `g tb`s ogm sudslqulgt slr`ls). U`s`t p`lklwhraiojoz`gl.khi1 kc`ka hg Dhhas `g tbl kotljhry c`st hg tbl cle. Omm`t`hgoc Zlcmhg‐s lDhhas orl hrtbkhi`gj.

Tl`gs ehr Kb`cmrlg ETOGAC@G BOD@ Tl`gs ehr Kb`cmrlg,

Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Ag`ttlr , Eètb [lr`ls (Uhcuil 4).

E

rogac`g Bod`t trogscotlm tbl pottlrg hr Tl`gs hr Kb`cmrlg rhi Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Gllmclwhra, Uhcuil 4 (Eoksì`cl lm`t`hg. lm`t `hg. Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 4666). Zlcmhg lcmhg‐‐s, o Chgmhg pottlrg khipogy, khipogy, dljog pudc`sb`gj tbl gllmclwhra pottlrg dhhas `g tbl cotl ?226s (sll –Odhut –Odhut Zlcmhg Zlcmhg‐‐s’ s`mldor hg pojl ;?). ]l pottlrg stotls, –]lsl rl`gs orl qu`kacy ogm los`cy ag`ttlm, ogm oﬆhrm o jrlot mloc h oiuslilgt th kb`cmrlg, dls`mls dl`gj kop`toc lxlrk`sl.’ ]hsl U`kthrògs! @G[T\K@HG[ Ghtl> [c ?st st h occ rhws wy.

Kblst Voglc KH 4= sts. A 55 rhws. DH. Zlovl `g lgms hg Z[. Z`tb o mhudclm strogm h lidrh`mlry tbrlom, lidrh`mlr < corjl stors hg rhgt h tbl kblst poglc os sbhwg. \s\s`gj whhc yorg, �ricy t`l tbl dlccs th tbl rhgt h tbl poglc orhugm tbl klgtlr stor. Ori Chhps (ioal 4) M`v`ml khtthg khrm `gth twh ¹-yorm (6.<-i) clgjtbs. *Hvlrcop lgms h ? clgjtb odhut ³ `gkb (5 ii) ogm wb`pst`tkb thj w`tb slw`gj tbrlom th hri o kchslm chhp h odhut <¹ `gkbls (?= ki) `g mòiltlr. Tlp w`tb 4gm clgjtb. Kut tbl tw`cc `gth 4 rlktogjcls ilosur`gj =< ⁍ 2 dy ?2

;4

V@LKLZHTA


`gkbls (??.: dy =<.: ki). Zrop tbl khrm chhp `g tbl dott`gj th o tb`kaglss he odhut 4 `gkbls (< ki). Zrop ? eodr`k str`p clgjtbw`sl orhugm tbl pommlm khrm. V`g ogm slw tbl clgjtbw`sl sloi w`tb rugg`gj st`tkb, tblg p`g ogm slw tbl lgm sloi w`tb wb`pst`tkb. KH ?4 sts. A ugt`c p`lkl ilosurls ?2¹ `gkbls (=:.6 ki). DH. Zlovl `g lgms hg Z[. Zrop tbl ag`ttlm str`p orhugm tbl pommlm chhp (`t w`cc dl o sguj e`t1 yhu w`cc gllm th strltkb tbl str`p ugt`c tbl lmjls illt) ogm p`g w`tb soelty hr doidhh iora`gj p`gs. \sl clgjtbs he whhc yorg th slw tbl clgjtbw`sl sloi, tblg tbl lgm sloi w`tb iottrlss st`tkb (sll –]lkb –]lkbg`quls’ g`quls’ hg pojl <4). Zlovl Zlovl `g lgms. Tlp erhi * ehr 4gm chhp. [trop KH 2 sts. A ugt`c p`lkl ilosurls 4¹ yorms (4.; i). DH. Zlovl `g lgms hg Z[. Osslidcy Z`tb whhc yorg, e`ricy wb`pst`tkb tbl klgtlr erhgt lmj-

Erogac`g Bod`t‐s ag`ttlm Tl`gs ehr Kb`cmrlg1 ihmlclm dy twh-ylor-hcm [ovoggob Dco`r. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

IO]LT@OC[

Kcoss`k Lc`tl Porgs [t-Mlg`s Ghrm`qul, ?66% whhc yorg, MA wl`jbt, ?<6 yorms (?;: i)/<6 j (?.2 hz) docc, 4 doccs he #<2<2 Tlm1 www.kcoss`klc`tlyorgs.khi Gllmcls, s`zl : (=.< ii) Khrm, ghgstrltkby khtthg hr c`glg, odhut ³-`gkb (5-ii) tb`ka, sukb os Ulgltòg dc`gm khrm, ? yorm (6.0 i) [lw`gj tbrlom, khtthg, mora rlm hr dcoka Lidrh`mlry tbrlom, s`ca, jhcm ]w`cc, khtthg hr whhc, rlm, ? ⁍ ; yorm (6.; i) Dott`gj, khtthg hr whhc N`gjcl dlccs, jhcm-�g`sblm, ?4 ii, = V`gs, s`ca, stro`jbt, hr mrlssioalr‐s, ? mhzlg [oelty p`gs hr doidhh iora`gj p`gs [lw`gj gllmcl ]oplstry gllmcl E`g`sblm s`zl> Kblst poglc, odhut <³ `gkbls (?; ki) tocc ogm 2¹ `gkbls (44 ki) w`ml1 strop, odhut 4 `gkbls (< ki) w`ml ogm 06 `gkbls (440 ki) chgj Joujl> = sts ogm < rhws 9 ? `gkb (4.< ki) `g [t st1 = sts ogm 2 rhws 9 ? `gkb (4.< ki) `g jortlr st

ls he tbl ori chhps th KH ogm DH lgms he tbl kblst poglc. Zb`pst`tkb tbl strop th tbl klgtlr doka lmjls he tbl ori chhps, toa`gj korl tbot tbl strop `s ght tw`stlm. O D H \ ] ] B L O \ ] B H T O G M M L [ @ J G L T . Erogac`g Bod`t `s o mls`jglr, pbhthjropblr, ogm outbhr he @t @t @tkbls> O [tosb he Ag`tt`gj Korthhgs (Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 4662) ogm prhpr`lthr he tbl ag`tt`gj dchj ]bl Voghpt`khg (tbl-poghpt`khg.dchjspht.khi). Bl trovlcs w`mlcy th sploa ogm tlokb, hetlg hg thp`ks rlcotlm th tbl b`sthry he ag`tt`gj, lsplkòccy tbl euggy d`ts. Occ he tbl `ccustrot`hgs `ccustrot`hgs sbhwg blrl orl erhi erhi @gtlrwlovl‐s eoksì`cl lm`t`hgs lm`t`hgs he Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Gllmclwhra . ]bl vhcuil guidlr `s c`stlm `g tbl kopt`hg.

[ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;;

H﬋ klr he tbl t bl 04gm Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs Tlom`gj th tbl ]rhhps, ]rhh ps, Lm`gLm`gdurjb Kostcl. Vbhthjropb dy Thdlrt Omoishg (?24?‛?2=2). Opr`c 0, ?2=5. [octlm poplr pr`gt erhi poplr gljot`vl.
;=

]bl

Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs ogm ]BL@T [HKA[ OGGL DLTA

]

BL VT@IOTP HD[OKCL ok`gj gllmclwhra b`sthrògs `s tbl coka h ovo`codcl ort`okts. ]`s `s lsplkòccy trul hr bogmag`ttlm hdnlkts, wb`kb wlrl ioml th dl whrg. Vottlrgs os wl aghw tbli thmoy bovl khil th us dy whrm h ihutb hr os ghtls skr`ddclm `g mòr`ls, shurkls tbot orl dhtb skorkl

ogm m`﬋kuct th `gtlrprlt. ]l rl-krlot`hg h khstuils rhi  rhi [khtt`sb b`sthry `s ioml io ml lvlg ihrl kbocclgj`gj dy tbl m`sopplorogkl h v`rtuoccy occ tortog pottlrgs oelr Dr`to`g‐s Mrlss Okt h ?:=5 rlstr`ktlm tbl wlor`gj h trom`t`hgoc [khtt`sb kchtb`gj th [khtt`sb shcm`lrs �jbt`gj hr Lgjcogm. ]l [khtt`sb 04gm Tljìlgt h tbl Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs wos hrilm `g ?262 th blcp prlvlgt Erlgkb hrkls rhi sprlom`gj okrhss [po`g. Oelr Gophclhg wos mllotlm `g ?2?< ot t bl Dottcl h Zotlrchh, Zotlrchh, tbl Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs slrvlm `g tbl Zlst @gm`ls ogm htblr ports h tbl Dr`t`sb Lip`rl ogm wlrl tbl rls`mlgt rljìlgt ot Lm`gdurjb Kostcl dltwllg Nucy ?2=< ogm Opr`c ?2=5.

V @LKLZ HTA


Ot odhut tb`s tìl, Mov`m Hktovùs B`cc (?264‛?2:6), og Lm`gdurjb phrtro`t po`gtlr, dljog o khccodhrot`hg w`tb Thdlrt Omoishg (?24?‛?2=2), wbh bom dljug krlot`gj phrtro`ts us`gj tbl glw ilmùi h pbhthjropby. ]lsl lorcy pbhthjropbs, pbhthjropbs, kocclm kochtypls, uslm wr `t`gj poplr hr dhtb tbl gljot`vl ogm phs`t`vl ìojls. ]l poplr wos trlotlm w`tb phtossùi `hm`ml ogm s`cvlr g`trotl, lxphslm th c`jbt, ogm tblg mlvlchplm `g jocc`k ok`m ogm s`cvlr g`trotl. bl prhklss occhwlm B`cc ogm Omoishg th ioal b`jbcy mlto`clm phrtro`ts. Zb`cl thur`gj Lm`gdurjb `g tbl spr`gj h ?2=5, B`cc ogm Omoishg v`s`tlm Lm`gdurjb Kostcl ogm thha wbot plrbops orl tbl `rst pbhthjropbs h o i`c`tory rljìlgt> tbl 04gm Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs. bl pbhthjropb sbhwg ot cle, ghw `g tbl khcclkt`hg h tbl Iltrhphc`tog Iuslui h Ort, kclorcy mlp`kts tbl rljocò, `gkcum`gj tortog a`ct shkas, ogm ioy dl tbl lorc`lst aghwg lv`mlgkl h iuct`khchrlm ag`tt`gj `g khipclx pottlrgs. A`cts `g [khtcogm motl th tbl cotl s`xtllgtb klgtury, ogm

clj khvlr`gjs (komomb) (komomb) càlcy càlcy koil `gth usl ot tbl soil tìl. ]lsl lorcy clj khvlr`gjs orl dlc`lvlm th bovl dllg whvlg tortog iotlròc, wb`kb wos wropplm orhugm tbl clj hg tbl dòs th ioxì`zl tbl strltkb`gls strltkb`glsss he tbl eodr`k ogm ìprhvl tbl �t1 o jortlr wos t`lm orhugm tbl thp th slkurl `t. Octbhujb o mora dogm ot tbl thp he tbl shkas `g tbl pbhthjropb khucm dl o jortlr, tbl pottlrg`gj he tbl mòihgms hg tbl clj mhls ght sujjlst o pco`m iotlròc slt s`mlwoys.

mhi. @g blr dhha ]l Vrokt`koc Khipog`hg K hipog`hg th tbl Zhratodcl Khgto`g`gj M`rlkt`hgs ehr Ag`tt`gj, Gltt`gj, ogm Krhkblt Zhra (Chgmhg> Zhra (Chgmhg> [ìpa`g, Iorsbocc, Iorsbocc, ?2=<), Lc`zodltb Nokashg (motls ugaghwg) `gkcumls o pottlrg ehr o pco`g sthka`gj ag`t `g tbl rhugm w`tb o r`ddlm lmj`gj. Doslm hg tbl odhvl, @ bovl khgkcumlm tbot tbl Jhrmhg J hrmhg B`jbcogmlrs‐ tortog shkas wlrl bogmag`ttlm. @t `s càlcy [khtswhilg wlrl khii`ss`hglm th ag`t tbl`r shkas.

. . . `gkcum`gj tortog a`ct shkas, ogm ioy dl tbl lorc`lst aghwg lv`mlgkl he iuct`khchrlm ag`tt`gj `g khipclx pottlrgs pottlrgs.. Eurtblr, `t `s ugcàlcy tbot kchtb wrops whucm bovl dllg @ mlk`mlm th rl-krlotl tbl shkas whrg dy tbl Jhrmhg whrg ot o tìl wblg ihrl khiehrtodcl bogmag`ttlm sthka- B`jbcogmlrs `g ?2=5 us`gj tbl ihst outblgt`k yorgs ogm `gjs wlrl w`mlcy ovo`codcl hr tbot og `gelr`hr clj jorilgt khgstrukt`hg tlkbg`quls tbot @ khucm. ]l rlsucts he iy omwhucm bovl dllg kbhslg th khipclilgt tbl hdv`huscy vlgturl orl `g tbl prhnlkt tbot ehcchws. ehcchws. ❕ wlcc-ioml ugèhris he tbl B`jbcogmlrs. E \ T  B L T T L O M @ G J O po`r he sì`cor shkas `g tbl tlxt`cl khcclkt`hg he tbl Drukl, Mov`m. [ug V`kturls> ]bl B`cc-Omoishg Kochtypls. Kochtypls . GhrU`kthrò ogm Ocdlrt Iuslui `g Chgmhg wos iokb`glwoca, Khgglkt`kut> Glw Phra Jropb`k [hk`lty, ?0:=. Hut ag`ttlm dy Z. B. Ihrcly (motls ugaghwg) ehr Lgjcogm‐s he pr`gt. Jrlot Lxb`d`t`hg he tbl Zhras he @gmustry he occ Got`hgs Eorrlcc, Nlrliy. [hkas ogm [thka`gjs [thka`gjs.. Bhccywhhm, Kocèhrgò> _u`tl [plk`�k Ilmò, ?004. Hut he pr`gt. he ?2 Hxehrm \g`vlrs`t ?2<6‛?0?= \g`vlrs`ty y Vrlss, Vrl ss, ?00?. Hut bhr`zhg wlrl lgtlrlm `g lxb`d`t`hgs sukb os tb`s, ogm he pr`gt. www.dymogm tblrlehrl `t `s mhudteuc tbot shkas sukb os tblsl, ioml he –]bl Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs Tlj ìlgtoc B`sthry’1 www.dymogm .khi/b`sthry.bti. s`ca w`tb lcost`k`zlm r`dd`gj ot tbl thp, whucm bovl dllg Clsc`l, Kotblr`gl Oihrhsh. Gllmclwhra tbrhujb B`sthry> Og Lgkyhg tbl ioralt ogm ovo`codcl th o [khtt`sb rljìlgt s`x kchplmò.. Zlstphr kchplmò lstphrt, t, Khgglkt`kut> Khgglkt `kut> Jrllgwhhm, 466:. 466: . ylors lorc`lr. Dy tbl i`mmcl he tbl g`gltllgtb klgtury, Chjog Chjog,, ]bom ]bom.. ]bl U`kthr` U`kthròg og Vorchur> O Kucturoc Kuctu roc [tumy . Glw G lw Phra Phra>> Koidr`mjl \g`vlrs`ty Vrlss, 466 4665. 5. bogmag`tt`gj wos wlcc lstodc`sblm `g tbl \g`tlm A`gj-

?2=5 Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs Tljìlgt ]or ]ortog tog [hkas [hk as OGGL DLTA

@

g rl-krlot`gj tbl Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs‐ shkas mlskr`dlm `g tbl okkhipogy`gj ort`kcl, @ dljog dy slclkt`gj s lclkt`gj iy yorg. ]l pbhthjropb (pojl ;=) sbhws tbl sthka`gjs th bovl dllg kchsl-�tt`gj ogm ag`ttlm ot o �gl joujl. @

kbhsl o sihhtb, c`jbtwl`jbt whhc yorg w`tb trul, kclor khchrs. ]l c`jbtcy pc`lm yorg plri`ts wlov`gj tbl lgms `g ogm hut he tbl pc`ls th slkurl tbli �ricy, o d`j omvogtojl wblg whra`gj w`tb `gtorsò pottlrgs. Ihmlrg Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs wlor sthka`gjs he rlm ogm wb`tl, w`tb tbl io`g khchr o rlm/wb`tl iorclm yorg (o khid`got`hg he rlm ogm wb`tl strogms pc`lm thjltblr), dut tbl oktuoc khchrs uslm `g tbl ?2=5 shkas kogght dl mltlri`glm erhi tbl dcoka-ogm-wb`tl pbhthjropb. @ kbhsl jrllg ehr iy io`g khchr os `t bos tbl r`jbt `gtlgs`ty th

hﬆslt tbl mora ogm c`jbt mòihgms po`rlm w`tb `t. @ tblg kbhsl mora jroy ogm wb`tl ehr tbl mòihgms. Ag`tt`gj o swotkb sbhwlm tbot tbl hvlrocc lﬆlkt wos rlioraodcy sì`cor th tbl opplorogkl he tbl shkas `g tbl pbhthjropb ogm occhwlm o jlglrhus eodr`k ehr lvocuot`hg he joujl. Os ehr tbl lmj`gj, tbl pbhthjropb sbhws tbl shka

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;<

Oggl Dlra‐s rl-krlotlm Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlr shka. A`ct ogm okklsshr`ls erhi tbl khcclkt`hg he Alccy Hrdog`k. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

@gtorsò ]`ps • Zblg nh`g`gj glw yorg, yorg, clovl o 5-`gkb (?<.4-ki) to`c hr wlov`gj wlov`gj `g cotlr. cotlr. • Clovl yorgs os chhsl strogms sh tbly kog dl pucclm tbrhujb tbrhujb os tbly togjcl w`tb `gtlrchka`gj hr w`gm slporotl khchrs `gth yorg duttlr�`ls. • Zblg kbogj`gj khchrs, khchrs, clt tbl hcm khchr mrhp hvlr tbl glw khchr, khchr, pucc tbl glw khchr up rhi ugmlr tbl hcm khchr, ogm whra tbl glxt st`tkb. ]l hcm khchr sbhucm dl chkalm `gs`ml tbl glw hgl. Dl korluc ght th pucc thh t`jbtcy w`tb tbl glw khchr khchr,, allp tlgs`hg lvlg. • Kblka tbl r`jbt s`ml h tbl whra oelr lokb nh`g th osslss tbl lvlgglss h tbl whra ogm th ioal surl tbot tbl yorg wos chkalm `g.

;5

V @LKLZ HTA


thpplm w`tb o wb`tl str`p w`tb o mora str`p dlchw `t, phss`dcy o w`ml wb`tl dhrmlr w`tb o mora kchtb jortlr t`lm hvlr `t hr slkur`ty. [`x ylors oelr tbl pbhthjropb, tbl lcost`k`zlm thp h tbl iokb`gl-ag`ttlm shkas dy Z. B. Ihrcly (mlskr`dlm `g tbl ort`kcl) wos khgs`mlrlm o ionhr `gghvot`hg, dut o jortlr h whvlg odr`k sllis plrlktcy phss`dcl hr tbl ?2=5 bogmag`ttlm shka, wb`kb whucm bovl dllg ihrl lcost`k tbog o iokb`gl-ag`ttlm hgl. Hg tbl htblr bogm, og ?2=< pottlrg hr o bogmag`ttlm shka dhrmlrlm `g r`dd`gj `s lv`mlgkl hr tbl lx`stlgkl h tb`s khgstrukt`hg iltbhm os wlcc. @ kbhsl th mh iy lmj`gj `g str`plm r`dd`gj.

]l kcor`ty h tbl pbhthjropb`k ìojl plri`ttlm o vlry okkurotl clj mls`jg. @ kbortlm tbl mòihgms th iotkb tbl pbhthjropb pbhthjro pb ogm ag`ttlm tbl kbort �vl tìls, tìl s, ioa`gj surl tbot o wb`tl mòihgm wos hg tbl klgtlr h tbl thp rhw os `g tbl pbhthjropb pbhthjropb.. ]l khgstrukt`hg h tbl hht, b`mmlg os `t wos `g tbl sbhl, wos b`jbcy prhdcliot`k. Gogky Dusb‐s lxklcclgt Ehca [hkas> ]l B`sthry & lkbg`quls he Bogmag`ttlm Ehhtwlor (Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, ?00=) khgto`gs og ugmotlm pbhthjropb h ortog ortog [hkas w`tb o trom`t`hgoc trom`t` hgoc Khiihg Bllc. ]lsl shkas, bhwlvlr, opplor th bovl dllg or blov`lr tbog tbl Jhrmhg shkas ogm sì`cor `g ` g khgstrukt`hg th tbl Jlgtclilg‐s ortog Bhsl `g Uhcuil < h Zlcmhg‐s Vrokt`koc Gllmclwhra, hr`j`goccy Gllmclwhra, hr`j`goccy pudc`sblm `g Lgjcogm `g tbl ?226s (oksì`cl lm`t`hg, Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 466?). ]l hht trlotilgt tbot @ lvlgtuoccy omhptlm opplors `g Mls`jgs ehr Ag`tt`gj A`ct Bhsl ogm Ag`kalrdhkalr [thka`gjs, [thka`gjs , khcclktlm dy Ulrhg`ko Jo`ghrm ogm hr`j`goccy pudc`sblm `g [khtcogm `g ?0:2 (rlv`slm lm`t`hg, V`ttsv`ccl, Z`skhgZ`skhgs`g> [kbhhcbhusl Vrlss, ?00=). C omy Jo`ghrm wos dhrg `g Chgmhg `g ?066 ogm c`vlm `g Orjycc, [khtcogm, oelr blr busdogm dlkoil Chrm Jo`ghrm `g tbl ?0;6s. [bl wos o ag`ttlr rhi tbl ojl h �vl ogm khcclktlm ag`tt`gj pottlrgs rhi blr oi`cy ogm khiiug`ty. khiiug`ty. ]lrl `s og Orjycc [hka pottlrg `g tbl dhha (dut gh pbhthjropb hr okkhipogy`gj mrow`gj), wb`kb sbl ghtls khils rhi –Z.T.@. Blomquortlrs.’ (Octbhujb @ kog‐t ìoj`gl wby tbly whucm bovl pudc`sblm og orjycl shka pottlrg, tbl ihst càlcy `mlgt`ty h –Z.T.@.’ `s Zor Tls`stlrs @gtlrgot`hgoc, og hrjog`zot`hg hugmlm `g Lgjcogm `g ?04?.) Okkhrm`g Okkhrm`gjj th tbl pottlrg, tbl bllc `s spc`t `gth twh p`lkls mhwg tbl klgtlr. @ bom th ag`t `t th �gm hut wbot `t whucm chha càl ogm wbltblr `t whucm

dl tbl ihst outblgt`k kbh`kl hr tbl Jhrmhg shkas. @gtorsò-doslm pottlrgs orl ag`ttlm �ot hr losl h lxlkut`hg. [hkas jlglroccy orl nh`glm `g tbl rhugm hr tbl hht otlr khipclt`gj tbl `gtorsò phrt`hg. Comy Jo`ghrm‐s pottlrg mhls ght `gkcuml tb`s kusthiory stlp dut m`rlkts t bl ag`ttlr th whra tbl lgt`rl shka hg twh gllmcls. blrl orl m`st`gkt omvogtojls th tb`s iltbhm> hgcy twh gllmcls orl rlqu`rlm, ogm tbl dchka`gj ogm wlov`gj `g h lgms orl sìpc``lm. bl khgstrukt`hg iltbhm sllis hmm th o ihmlrg ag`ttlr, dut hgkl yhu try `t, yhu rloc`zl bhw losy `t `s khiporlm th whra`gj �ot ogm tblg khgvlrt`gj th whra`gj `g tbl rhugm. ]l Z.T.@. Z.T.@. pottlrg `s ug`qul `g bov`gj o s`gjcl sloi tbot rugs mhwg tbl clj ogm bllc ogm ugmlr tbl hht. @t ioy dl ugusuoc, dut `t‐s ug th ag`t, ogm `t‐s tbl hgcy outblgt`koccy [khtt`sb pottlrg tbot @ bovl hugm `g pr`gt. ]l �g`sblm shka `s vlry khihrtodcl. ]l sloi `s `gv`s`dcl rhi tbl r`jbt s`ml h tbl whra ogm ght port` kucorcy ght`klodcl th tbl wlorlr. M`skhvlr`gj tbl lorcy pbhthjropb h tbl Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlrs wlor`gj tbl`r tortog sh kas wos og oioz`gj jè. Tlslorkb`gj bhw tbl shkas ioy bovl dllg khgstruktlm, mlk`m`gj bhw th rl-krlotl tbli, ogm oktuoccy ag`tt`gj o po`r h shkas tbot chha càl tbl hgls mlp`ktlm `g tbl pbhthjropb bos dllg og omvlgturl. Octbhujb yhu orl wlckhil th sudst`tutl o ihrl ihmlrg hht khgstrukt`hg, @ bhpl tbot yhu w`cc try tb`s ugusuoc pottlrg.

Hgl he Oggl Dlra‐s rl-krlotlm Jhrmhg B`jbcogmlr shkas dlehrl sloi`gj. Vbhthjropb dy Ogg [wogshg. [wogshg.

IOLT@OC[

Zlds Uoccly Uoccly Porgs Bugt`gjthg, :<% :<% ilr`gh whhc/4<% whhc/4<% gychg yorg, �gjlr`gj wl`jbt, 4?2 yorms (?00.; i)/<6 jroi (?.:< hz) boga, 4 bogas he #6026 Ihss Jrllg (IK), ? boga lokb he #66?6 Goturoc (KK?) ogm #656< Jrly (KK4)1 www.yorg.khi [`jgoturl Gllmcl Orts [`gjcl Vh`gt Gllmcls, ?6 th ?= `gkbls (4<.= th ;<.5 ki) chgj, s`zl 4 (4.: ?6 `gkbls (4<.= ki) `g k`rkuielrlgkl ogm ??¹ `gkbls (40.4 ki) chgj erhi doka he bllc th t`p he thl Joujl> ?2 sts ogm 44 rhws 9 4 `gkbls (<.? ki) `g [t st [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

@G[T\K@HG[

Z`tb KK?, KH 06 sts. Zhra �ot `g a?, p? r`d hr ? `gkb (4.< ki). Kut KK?, ottokb KK4, ogm whra �ot `g a?, p? r`d hr 4 `gkbls (<.? ki), lgm`gj w`tb o T[ rhw”p`lkl ilosurls ; `gkbls (:.5 ki) rhi KH. Kut KK41 ottokb IK. Glxt rhw> (Z[) rhw> (Z[) V. Thw ?> (T[) ?> (T[) A? w`tb KK?, whra 22 sts okkhrm`gj th Mòihgms kbort, a? w`tb KK?. Zhra`gj �rst ogm cost st h l okb rhw `g KK? hr KK4 (soil khchr os �rst ogm cost st h kbort), whra Thws ?‛=4 h kbort 4 tìls, tblg t blg whra Thws ?‛4? hgkl ihrl. E`rst Boc h Bllc Zhra bllc us`gj IK hgcy. [lt up rhw> (Z[) rhw> (Z[) V 4; sts, turg whra. Zhra tb`s boc h bllc doka ogm hrtb hg tblsl 4; sts. Thw ?> [c ?> [c ?, a44.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;:

Thw 4> V4;. 4> V4;. Tlp Thws ? ogm 4 �ellg ihrl tìls”?5 sc sts hg `gs`ml lmjl. A ? rhw. ]urg Bllc Thw ?> V5, ?> V5, p4thj, turg. Thw 4 ogm occ lvlg-guidlrlm rhws> A. rhws> A. Thw ;> V:, ;> V:, p4thj, turg. Thw <> V2, <> V2, p4thj, turg. Thw :> V0, :> V0, p4thj, turg. Thw 0> V?6, 0> V?6, p4thj, turg. Thw ??> V??, ??> V??, p4thj, turg. Thw ?;> V?4, p4thj, turg. Thw ?<> V?;, ?<> V?;, p4thj, p?”?< sts rli hr bllc. Drloa IK. Z`tb Z[ ok`gj, nh`g KK? th klgtlr sts (`gstlp). [lt up ehr 4gm boce he bllc hg htblr s`ml> (Z[) Zhra == sts okkhrm`gj th Thw ? h kbort, p4; w`tb IK. [lkhgm Boc h Bllc Z`tb IK, whra tb`s boc h bllc doka ogm hrtb hg 4; sts. Thw ?> A4;. ?> A4;. Thw 4> [c 4> [c ?, p44. Tlp Thws ? ogm 4 �ellg ihrl tìls”?5 sc sts hg `gs`ml lmjl. ]urg Bllc Thw ?> A5, ?> A5, a4thj, turg Thw 4 ogm occ lvlg-guidlrlm rhws> V rhws> V.. Thw ;> A:, ;> A:, a4thj, turg. Thw <> A2, <> A2, a4thj, turg. Thw :> A0, :> A0, a4thj, turg. Thw 0> A?6, 0> A?6, a4thj, turg. Thw ??> A??, ??> A??, a4thj, turg. Thw ?;> A?4, ?;> A?4, a4thj, turg. Mòihgms Aly

=?

IK

;0

KK?

;: ;<

KK4

;;

pott rlp

;? 40 4: 4< 4; 4? ?0 ?: ?< ?; ?? 0 :

Kbort ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl. usl.

;2

V@LKLZHTA

< ; ?


Thw ?<> A?;, ?<> A?;, a4thj, a?”?< sts rli hr bllc. Jusslt Khgt w`tb T[ ok`gj ogm IK, p`ka up ogm a ?5 sts ochgj s`ml h bllc, pi, whra == `gstlp sts okkhrm`gj th Thw 4 h kbort, pi, w`tb IK, p`ka up ogm a ?5 sts ochgj s`ml h bllc, a th lgm”?65 sts thtoc. [bopl Jusslt Thw ?> (Z[) V th i w`tb IK, whra `gstlp sts `g kbortlm pott, p th lgm w`tb IK. Thw 4> (T[) 4> (T[) A th ; sts dlhrl i w`tb IK, a4thj, a?, whra `gstlp sts `g pott, w`tb IK a?, a4thj tdc, a th lgm”4 sts mlk‐ mlk‐m. m. Tlp cost 4 rhws : ihrl tìls”06 sts rli. Zhra lvlg `g [t st tbrhujb lgm h kbort (tblg whra Thws ?‛4? h kbort hgkl ihrl, ` mls`rlm). Tlihvl is. Ehht Zhra lvlg w`tb IK hgcy ugt`c p`lkl ilosurls 2¹ `gkbls (4?.5 ki) rhi doka h bllc hr ; `gkbls (:.5 ki) clss tbog mls`rlm `g`sblm clgjtb, lgm`gj w`tb o T[ rhw. ]hl [lt-up Thw> (Z[) V4, p4thj, p th cost = sts, p4thj, p4” 22 sts rli. [bopl ]hl Thw ?> A?0, ?> A?0, a4thj, a?, pi, a?, a4thj tdc, a;2, a4thj, a?, pi, a?, a4thj tdc, a?0”2= sts rli. Thw 4 ogm occ lvlg-guidlrlm l vlg-guidlrlm rhws> rhws> V V.. Thw ;> (mlk rhw) *A th ; sts dlhrl i, a4thj, a?, sc i, a?, a4thj tdc1 rlp rhi * hgkl ihrl, a th lgm”= sts mlk‐m. Tlp Thws 4 ogm ; hurtllg ihrl tìls, tblg whra Thw 4 hgkl ihrl”4= sts rli. [c sts hgth wostl yorg bhcmlr. E`g`sb`gj Zlovl `g chhsl lgms us`gj tbl toplstry gllmcl. gllm cl. Zlovl Zlovl `gth ogm orhugm tbl `gtlrchkalm sts, slkur`gj korluccy ochgj tbl Z[ surokl. Z`tb o moip kchtb ogm bht `rhg, prlss korluccy. [lw up sloi us`gj iottrlss st (sll –]lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4), dl`gj korluc th iotkb rhws. [trltkb sloi os yhu st`tkb th occhw ucc lcost`k`ty. M`v`ml blcm sts lvlgcy hg 4 gllmcls w`tb sloi ot klgtlr hg ? gllmcl ogm jroe thl sts us`gj A`tkblglr [t`tkb (sll –]lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4). O DH\] ]B L O \]BHT OG M M L[@JGLT. Oggl Dlra, o Vhrtcogm, Hrljhg, hpthiltr`st wbh `s iorr`lm w`tb twh jrhwg kb`cmrlg, lgnhys m`stogkl rugg`gj ogm `s o ]AJO-klrt`�lm iostlr ag`ttlr ag`ttlr.. [bl bos dllg tlokb`gj `gtorsò ag`tt`gj s`gkl 466? ogm krlm`ts Cuky Glotdy ehr dl`gj blr `gsp`rot`hg. [bl `s tbl outbhr he tbl MUM Ag`tt`gj Ag`tt`gj Mo`cy Zhrasbhp> @gs`ml @gtorsò (Chvlcogm, @gtorsò (Chvlcogm, Khchromh> @gtlrwlovl, 46?6). Blr kurrlgt poss`hg `s orjycl shkas1 sbl `s tbl mls`jglr ogm outbhr he [b`du` Orjycl,, o dhhaclt he orjycl pottlrgs (Vhrtcogm, Hrljhg> [b`du` Ag`ts, Orjycl 46?6). [bl tbogas Aotbcllg Ogmlrshg, D`cc Dlra, Mldhrob Dlra, Jr`gglcc Khccljl C`drory, [tlvl Lca`gs, Mldhrob Thdshg, ogm [usog [trowg ehr tbl`r oss`stogkl hg tb`s ort`kcl ogm prhnlkt .

Kcoss`kk B`jb Kcoss` B`jbcogm cogmlr lr‐‐s DOCIHTOC DHGGL] OGGL KOTTHCC J@CIH\T

]

b`s dhgglt `s doslm hg o phst‛Zhrcm Zor @@ Thyoc B`jbcogm Tljìlgt

Dcoka Zotkb I`c`tory Docihroc. Iy otblr, Jlhrjl Vb`c`p Korrhcc, whrl hgl wblg bl

Oggl Korrhcc J`cihur‐s ag`ttlm ogm elctlm B`jbcogmlr‐s Docihroc dhgglt. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

slrvlm os o mruiilr `g tbl Kogomòg oriy `g tbl cotl ?0<6s (sll –Burrob hr tbl Dhgglts h Dcul’ s`mldor dlchw). Bl mhgotlm b`s –woca`gj-hut’ (poroml) mrlss ug`hri, w`tb dhtb b`s Docihroc dhgglt ogm Jclgjorry bots, th tbl [i`tbshgòg‐s Oilr`kog B`sthry Iuslui. Bl bom nust ìi`jrotlm th tbl \g`tlm [totls ogm wos blcp`gj tbl \.[. Oriy lstodc`sb `ts Hcm Juorm E`l ogm Mrui Khrps.

Burrob ehr tbl Dhgglts Dhgglts he Dcul Dcul

Zblg @ slrvlm os o mruiilr `g tbl Kogomòg oriy `g tbl cotl ?0<6s, wl wlrl rlqu`rlm th purkbosl mora dcul Docihroc blomjlor th rlpcokl tbl aboa` whhc oi H‒[bogtlr tblg hg `ssul th B`jbcogm trhhps. ]l Docihroc, goilm oelr tbl oihus [khtt`sb kostc l ogm tbl surrhugm`gj orlo, wos kut w`tb o siocclr krhwg, bom o ilmùi-s`zlm –thhr`l’ (phi-phi, usuoccy rlm) hg thp, ogm wos ioguokturlm w`tb o –m`klm’ (kblkalm) dhrmlr hr shil rljìlgts. O vlrs`hg h tbl Docihroc `g hgl sboml hr oghtblr h whhc bom dllg o khiihg blommrlss `g [khtcogm hr ihrl tbog 466 ylors. Hurs `g tbl Dcoka Zotkb Thyoc B`jbcogmlrs h Kogomo Dogm wlrl h pco`g dcul dut sphrtlm o rlm –bokacl,’ o lotblr pcuil ottokblm th tbl blommrlss. ]l usl h tbl rlm bokacl wos o chgj-stogm`gj `gtlrgoc `gtlrgoc rljìlgtoc mrlss rljucot`hg mot`gj os or doka os ?25;. Octbhujb wl lxlrk`slm tbl trom`t`hgoc r`jbt h slrv`klilg th jruidcl odhut bov`gj th poy hr tbl blomjlor, wl wlrl jcom th lxkbogjl `t hr tbl mlk`mlmcy ugbogmshil whhc toi. ]l dhgglt khipcltl w`tb corjl wb`tl iltoc rljìlgtoc domjl h [t. Ogmrlw surihugtlm dy o pcuil h rlm vucturl lotblrs, wb`kb wl whrl w`tb hur ucc-mrlss ug`hri, wos rlputlm th bovl lvhcvlm rhi tbl –Dhgglt h Dcul’ klcldrotlm `g tbl dojp`pl tugl –Occ –Occ tbl Dcul Dhgglts Orl hvlr tbl DhrD hrmlr.’ [`r Zoctlr [khtt (?::?‛?2;4) wrhtl tbl whrms th tbl shgj1 s hgj1 tbly �rst opplorlm `g b`s ghvlc ]l Ihgostlry, wb`kb Ihgostlry, wb`kb wos pudc`sblm `g ?246. ”Jlhrjl Vb`c`p Korrhcc

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;0

@G[]T\K]@HG[

Dhgglt Dogm Z`tb k`rkucor gllmcl ogm drhwg, us`gj tbl chgj-to`c iltbhm (sll –]lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4), chhslcy KH 02 (?64, ?65) sts. Mh ght nh`g. A ; rhws. Ot dlj he glxt rhw, KH ? st us`gj tbl kodcl iltbhm (sll –]lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4), pi ehr dlj he rgm, KH ? st, a th lgm he rhw, nh`g `gth o k`rkcl, a? th i”?66 i”? 66 (?6=, ?62) ?6 2) sts. Zhra Thws Thws ?‛?4 he M`kl kbort. Ghtl> Zblg whra`gj kbort, dl vlry korleuc ght th pucc �hots thh t`jbtcy. Kbogjl th jrllg. A ? rgm. [bopl Krhwg Dosl Glxt Tgm> A: (<, :), *a4thj, a41 rlp erhi * th cost 0 (:, 0) sts, a4thj, a: (<, :)”:2 (26, 2<) sts rli. A 4 rgms lvlg. [`zl ?0¹ `gkbls (=0.< ki) hgcy> Glxt Tgm> A?6, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y = tìls, Qa?e&d ; tìls, a?Y 2 tìls, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y < tìls, a0” ?46 sts. [`zl 46¹ `gkbls (<4.? ki) hgcy> Glxt Tgm> A5, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y < tìls, a4, Qa?e&dY ;< tìls, a4, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y < tìls, a<”?;< sts. [`zl 44 `gkbls (<<.0 ki) hgcy> Glxt Tgm> A<, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y < tìls, Qa?e&dY =< tìls, Qa?e&d 4 tìls, a?Y < tìls, a<”?<6 sts. Occ s`zls> A ?2 (?0, 46) rgms lvlg.

IO]LT@OC[

Drhwg [bllp Goturl [pug Zhrstlm, ?66% whhc yorg, whrstlm wl`jbt, 4=< yorms (44= i)/?66 j sal`g, ? (4, 4) sal`g(s) he #G4? Ioccorm (jrllg), ogm ? sal`g lokb he #:;6 Goturoc ogm #:6? [thgl (drhwg)1 www .drhwgsbllp.khi Gllmcls, 46-`gkb (<6-ki) k`rkucor ogm slt he = hr < mhudcl ph`gtlm, s`zl ?6¹ (5.< ii) hr s`zl gllmlm th hdto`g joujl Ioralr Jrhsjro`g r`ddhg, ?¹ yorms (?.= i) he ?¹-`gkb (;.2ki) w`ml dcoka ]w`cc topl, 4= `gkbls (5?.6 ki) he ·-`gkb (?.0-ki) w`ml jhhm quoc`ty, dcoka, ehr omnustilgt t`ls [lw`gj iokb`gl w`tb o blovy-muty gllmcl [lw`gj tbrlom, dcoka V`ga`gj sblors [lw`gj p`gs, chgj sborp ]oplstry gllmcl E`g`sblm s`zl> ?0¹ (46¹, 44) `gkbls (=0.< Q<4.?, <<.0Y ki) dogm k`rkuielrlgkl, oetlr eucc`gj1 s`zl ioy dl omnustlm up hr mhwg odhut 4 `gkbls (< ki), us`gj omnust`gj t`ls Joujl> ?5 sts ogm 46 rgms 9 = `gkbls (?6.4 ki) `g [t st, dlehrl eucc`gj [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

=6

V@LKLZHTA


[bopl Krhwg ]hp Ghtl> Kbogjl th mpg wblg glklssor y. Mlk Tgm ?> *A?;, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”??4 (?45, ?=6) sts rli. A ; rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm 4> A5, ssa, *a?4, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost 5 sts, a5” ?6= (??:, ?;6) sts rli. A ; rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm ;> *A??, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”05 (?62, ?46) sts rli. A ; rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm => A<, ssa, *a?6, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost < sts, a<” 22 (00, ??6) sts rli. A 4 (;, ;) rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm <> *A0, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”26 (06, ?66) sts rli. A 4 rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm 5> A=, ssa, *a2, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost = sts, a=” :4 (2?, 06) sts rli. A 4 rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm :> *A:, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”5= (:4, 26) sts rli. A 4 rgms lvlg. Mlk Tgm 2> A;, ssa, *a5, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost ; sts, a;” <5 (5;, :6) sts rli. A ? (?, 4) rgm(s) lvlg. Mlk Tgm 0> *A<, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”=2 (<=, 56) sts rli. A ? rgm lvlg. Mlk Tgm ?6> A4, ssa, *a=, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost 4 sts, a4” =6 (=<, <6) sts rli. A ? rgm lvlg. Mlk Tgm ??> *A;, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”;4 (;5, =6) sts rli. A ? rgm lvlg. Mlk Tgm ?4> A?, ssa, *a4, ssa1 rlp erhi * th cost st, a?”4= (4:, ;6) sts rli. A ? rgm lvlg. Mlk Tgm ?;> *A?, a4thj1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”?5 (?2, 46) sts rli. Mlk Tgm ?=> *[sa1 rlp erhi * th lgm he rgm”2 (0, ?6) sts rli. Mlk Tgm ?<> *A4thj1 rlp erhi * th cost 6 (?, 6) st, a6 (?, 6)”= (<, <) sts rli. \s`gj rli = (<, <) sts, whra < rhws he @-khrm. Drloa yorg, mrow to`c tbrhujb rli sts ogm eostlg hﬆ hg Z[. E`g`sb`gj Zlovl `g chhsl lgms. Eucc dhgglt `g wosb`gj iokb`gl, us`gj o bht wosb ogm khcm r`gsl, o chw-wotlr clvlc, rljucor mltlrjlgt, ogm `gkcuml blovy `tlis sukb os nlogs hr kog vos tlgg`s sbhls th o`m `g eucc`gj. (Glvlr `gkcuml c`gty hr

whrg `tlis dlkousl dl kousl c`gt c` gt kog st`ka th ag`tt`gj ag`tt `gj ogm `s m`﬋ kuct th rlihvl.) Kblka dhgglt lvlry < i`gutls hr sh th ovh`m hvlr-ucc`gj. hvlr-ucc`gj. Oì hr nust lghujb ucc`gj th sihhtb hut sts w`tbhut ioa`gj odr`k thh st`ﬆ wb`cl st`cc jltt`gj khrrlkt s`zl. [hil omnustilgts th s`zl ioy dl ioml w`tb omnustilgt t`ls ogm dhtthi dogm. Dchka`gj Zb`cl st`cc moip, pcokl tbl dhgglt hvlr o pht hr sì`cor-s`zlm hdnlkt ogm clt mry hr ot clost 4= bhurs. Klgtlr Doka T`ddhg T` ddhg o`cs o`cs Zosb jrhsjro`g r`ddhg th shelg `t ogm ioal `t ihrl pcòdcl. Kut o 44-`gkb (<<.0-ki) clgjtb h r`ddhg1 k ut o sborp ogjcl ot lokb lgm. Ehcm `g boc th hri o trògjcl ot hcm, hvlrcopp`gj r`jbt hvlr cle vlry sc`jbtcy. Vrlss, tblg thpst`tkb tbl twh lmjls thjltblr rhi oplx th odhut 5 `gkbls (?< ki) mhwg tbl clgjtb. Omnustilgtt `ls Omnustilg \s`gj tbl p`ga`gj sblors, kut tbl tw`cc topl `gth twh ?4-`gkb (;6.< ki) p`lkls. \s`gj klgtlr doka scht os o ju`ml ogm rljucor sk`sshrs, kut stro`jbt up dltwllg tbl 4 KH sts th thp h m`kl pott. (Ag`tt`gj w`cc ght rovlc dlkousl `t `s ucclm.) [lw hgl p`lkl h tw`cc topl th lokb s`ml h scht hg Z[ h dhgglt ot chwlr lmjl, iotkb`gj kut lgm h topl th scht lmjl. Ehcm topl hvlr sloi ogm thpst`tkb th rl`ghrkl.

M`kl

#:6? [thgl (drhwg)

Dhtthi Dogm Lmjl Ehcm ogm slw o gorrhw bli hg ? lgm h rlio`g`gj r`ddhg. Z`tb r`jbt s`ml thjltblr, p`g, dostl, ogm slw r`ddhg orhugm dhgglt dogm, oc`jg`gj chwlr lmjl h r`ddhg th upplr lmjl h jortlr-st`tkb dhgglt dogm ogm slw`gj vlry kchsl th r`ddhg‐s r`ddhg‐s lmjl. ]`s stlp ioy dl uslm th �gl-tugl s`zl dy strltkb`gj r`ddhg vlry toujbt th losl `g ogy lxtro uccglss. rì lxklss r`ddhg, us`gj p`ga`gj sblors1 clovl lghujb hr o gorrhw bli. [lw gorrhw bli. Ehcm r`ddhg vlry sgujcy orhugm dhtthi lmjl h dhgglt1 prlss ogm p`g `g pcokl. Z`tb T[ ok`gj, thpst`tkb `g m`tkb dltwllg r`ddhg ogm ag`tt`gj, ioa`gj surl th kotkb r`ddhg hg tbl wrhgj s`ml w`tb st`tkb`gj. [tloi-prlss. Klgtlr Doka T`ddhg o`cs o`cs V`g ogm thpst`tkb hcmlm r`ddhg to`cs th klgtlr doka scht us`gj o vlry vlr y gorrhw lmjl-th-lmjl hvlrcop.

pott rlp

Korrhcc cc J`cih J`cihur ur c`vls c`vls `g tbl tbl Zosot osotkb kb O D H \  B L M L[@JGLT. Oggl Korrh

?? 0 : < ; ? Aly #G4? Ioccorm (jrllg) #:;6 Goturoc

Kbort ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl.

Doka v`lw he Oggl Korrhcc J`cihur‐s ag`ttlm ogm elctlm B`jbcogmlr‐s Docihroc dhgglt. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

Ihugto`gs he \tob ogm vlgturls hut hkkos`hgoccy th tlokb whrasbhps `g sp`gg`gj, wlov`gj, wlov`gj, ogm ag`tt`gj. Blr whra bos dllg eloturlm `g iogy dhhas ogm iojoz`gls, ogm ag`twlor mls`jg `s o io`g poss`hg.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V @LKLZ HTA

=?

Tl-Krlot`gj tbl tbl [LULG]LLG]B-KLG]\TP J\GG@[]LT []HKA@GJ[ NOK_\LC@GL ELL

@

g –Jugg`stlr Iog‐s Ag`ttlm Vhsslss`hgs’ ( V`lklZhra, [lptlidlr/Hkthdlr 4664), tbl cotl Mldhrob Vuccòi mlskr`dlm tbl ort`kcls he cotl-slvlgtllgtb-klgtury iog‐s kchtb`gj ehugm `g tbl ?0
chj`koc lxkovot`hg he o sbocchw dhj jrovl `g Jugg`stlr, [khtcogm. ]l ott`rl, ghw `g tbl khcclkt`hg he tbl Got`hgoc Iuslui he [khtcogm `g Lm`gdurjb, `gkcumls o po`r he ag`ttlm mora drhwg whhclg sthka`gjs. Vo`r he ag`ttlm mora drhwg whhclg sthka`gjs1 port he tbl iog‐s kchtb`gj ehugm `g tbl ?0
=4

Oumrly [. Blg`gjs, tbhsl prhphrsbocc ogm [tuort Ioxt`hgs bovl dllg uslm, wlcc‐ss –Kchtb`gj ogm wlcc‐ ihmèy`gj tbli Htblr Ort`kcls erhi wblrl tbly slli th o Cotl ?:tb-Klgtudl `gokkurotl. Ehr ry Jrovl ot Juglxoipcl, tbl k`rkuig`stlr, [bltcogm’ `g elrlgkl ot tbl thp he ]bl Vrhkllm`gjs he tbl sthka`gj `s stottbl [hk`lty he Ogt`lm os dl`gj 0 `gkbls quor`ls he [khtcogm (44.0 ki). Ght aghwhe tbl Got`hgoc Iu`gj wbltblr tb`s wos slui he Ogt`qu`t`ls, o typhjropb`koc lrLm`gdurjb, [khtcogm, rhr `gtlgmlm th dl Uhcuil 25 (?0
V@LKLZHTA


ag`t st`tkb th ogy iogglr h purc/ag`t khid`got`hgs hri`gj r`ds ogm/hr w`mlr ihss-st`tkb mls`jgs. Blgsbocc ogm Ioxwlcc mlskr`dl o ?=-st`tkb klgtlr doka sloi, wb`kb @ whralm os wr`ttlg. @t storts dlchw tbl wlct thp ogm khgt`guls mhwg tbl lgt`rl clj th tbl stort h tbl bllc �op. ]l sbop`gj hr tbl tb`jb, koc, ogm chwlr clj hcchw tbl `gkbdy-`gkb sbop`gj h tbl clgjtb h tbl sthka`gj1 bhwlvlr, tbl guidlr h `gkrlosls/mlkrlosls ot lokb sbop`gj ph`gt kbogjls `g prhphrt`hg th tbl omm`t`hgoc st`tkbls rlqu`rlm. Os dhtb llt hg tbl hr`j`goc sthka`gjs bovl dllg rlpcoklm, hgl w`tb o ag`ttlm odr`k whralm ot ?6¹ st`tkbls plr `gkb (odhut = st`tkbls plr ki), ogm tbl htblr w`tb o whvlg od-

r`k, tbl iltbhm h khgstrukt`hg h tbl hr`j`goc llt `s ugaghwg. ]l umhr [quorl Bllc whucm dl outblgt`k dut wlors owoy qu`kacy> Os whrg mo`cy dy `gtlrprltlrs ot Vcìhtb Vcogtot`hg `g Vcyihutb, Iossokbusltts, tbl jortlrst`tkb bllc �ops h tbl umhr sthka`gjs khgglktlm w`tb o tbrll-gllmcl d`gm-hﬆ bovl o vlry sbhrt c`l dlhrl tbl llt gllm th dl rlpcoklm. Ehr prokt`koc`ty, prokt`koc`ty, tblrlhrl, tbl bllc ogm thl orl whralm `g tbl ihmlrg ihml rg iogglr, hr llc rll th sudst`tutl oghtblr prllrrlm stycl. Ag`tt`gj `g o rl`ghrklilgt tbrlom”o [bltcogm-wl`jbt whhc hr o dclgm w`tb 4< plrklgt phcylstlr ` outblgt`k`ty `s ght o prìl khgs`mlrot`hg”whucm ioal tbli cost lvlg chgjlr.

Kchtb`gj ogm Htblr Ort`kcls erhi o CO]L ?:]B-KLG]\TP JTOUL ot J\GG@[]LT, [BL]COGM



bl ag`ttlm sthka`gjs ilosurl 4; `gs. rhi tbl thp th ugmlr tbl bllc. ]l clgjtb h tbl hht `s odhut ?? `gs.1 tbl k`rkuilrlgkl h tbl thp 0 `gs. ]l llt h dhtb sthka`gjs orl whrg owoy, owoy, ogm bovl dllg rlpcoklm dy htblr iotlròc. ]lrl orl bhcls ot tbl aglls, shil rhujbcy ilgmlm. ]l whhcclg yorg `s blovy, spug [, 4 pcy. @t `s mora drhwg `g khchur, o i`xturl h vor`hus sbomls h drhwg �dlrs, `gkcum`gj shil dcoka. ]l sp`gg`gj ogm ag`tt`gj orl vlry lvlg. ]l whra `s mhgl hg hur gllmcls, :¹ s t`tkbls ogm ?6 rhws th tbl `gkb. ??= st`tkbls orl kost hg ot tbl thp, ogm : rhws h jortlr st`tkb hcchw. ]l rlio`gmlr h tbl sthka`gj `s whralm `g sthka`gj st`tkb, lxklpt hr tbl kchkas ot tbl ogacl ogm tbl poglc mhwg tbl doka. ]l cottlr `s whralm `g octlrgot`gj rhws h ? pco`g st`tkb, ? purc, ; pco`g, ? purc, 4 pco`g, ogm 4 pco`g, ? purc, ; pco`g, ? purc, ? pco`g, tbus hri`gj 4 ihss st`tkb r`ds m`v`mlm dy o r`d h 4 pco`g st`tkbls. Hg l`tblr s`ml h tb`s poglc tbl `gkrlos`gj ogm mlkrlos`gj h tbl sbop`gj `s korr`lm hut. ]l �rst 4 `gkbls h tbl whra `s stro`jbt, tblg `g tbl glxt =· `gs. tblrl orl ?= mlkrlosls, 4 h tbli ght ojo`gst tbl doka poglc, sbop`gj tbl tb`jb. ]l koc `s hrilm dy ?; `gkrlosls `g tbl glxt = `gs. · `g. ugsboplm ogm ?; mlkrlosls `g t bl glxt :¹ `gs. 46¹ `gs. dlchw tbl thp h tbl sthka`gj tbl bllc-sbop`gj dlj`gs. 4= st`tkbls rhi lokb s`ml h ogm `gkcum`gj tbl doka poglc orl m`v`mlm rhi tbl rlst ogm whralm hg twh gllmcls th rlokb ugmlr tbl bllc. Octbhujb tbl ugmlrglotb h tbl hht `s ght prlslgt, `t `s kclor tbot tbl =? rlio`g`gj st`tkbls wlrl nh`glm th st`tkbls p`kalm up  rhi tbl s`ml h tbl bllc, occ h wb`kb wlrl whralm hg hur gllmcls th hri tbl hht. ]lrl orl kchkas hg tbl `gs`ml ogm huts`ml h tbl ogacls, `g tbl hri h o mòihgm hvlr og `gvlrtlm pyroi`m rhi wb`kb tblrl `s o vlrt`koc r`d. ]l mòihgm `s whralm `g ihss st`tkb, dlj`gg`gj w`tb ? purc st`tkb, 4 `g tbl glxt rhw rhw,, ; `g tbl glxt, t`cc tblrl orl 2 purc st`tkbls ot tbl ioxìui. ]l trògjcl hcchws ìilmòtlcy hg tbl mòihgm, tbl �rst rhw h ?: purc st`tkbls1 tbl 4gm rhw : purc, ? pco`g, : purc1 ;rm rhw, 5 purc, ? pco`g, 5 purc, mlkrlos`gj th tb`s ph`gt. ]l r`d storts w`tb ?6 purc st`tkbls, oelr wb`kb tblrl orl octlrgotl rhws h pco`g ag`tt`gj ogm 4 purc, 4 pco`g, 4 purc, 4 pco`g, 4 purc hr ?2 rhws, wb`kb `s hcchwlm dy tbl bllcsbop`gj `g sthka`gj st`tkb. Hgl sthka`gj bos tbl hht rlpcoklm dy t bl clj h oghtblr sthka`gj. ]l whhc `s ocihst `mlgt`koc th tbot h t bl wbhcl sthka`gjs dut tbl yorg `s �gl, 4-pcy ^, ?6 st`tkbls ogm ?< rhws, th tbl `gkb. @t `s whralm `g sthka`gj st`tkb hg hur gllmcls lxklpt hg tbl thp, wb`kb `s whralm dlchw tbl kost`gj-hg w`tb ? pco`g rhw, ? purc rhw, = rhws, h r`d h ? pco`g st`tkb, ? purc st`tkb, ? pco`g rhw, ? purc rhw, ogm mhwg tbl doka h tbl sthka`gj wblrl 4 c`gls h o s`gjcl purc st`tkb `s slporotlm dy 4 pco`g st`tkbls. ?2 `gkbls h tbl clgjtb h tbl sthka`gj rlio`gs. 5· `gs. dlchw tbl thp h tbl mlkrlosls stort, ogm ` gkrlosls ogm mlkrlosls hr tbl koc kog dl s llg. ]lrl `s gh hht th tbl sthka`gj, ogm tblrl orl bhcls `g tbl clj. @t `s rhujbcy slwg hur coylrs tb`ka hg th tbl dhtthi h tbl wbhcl sthka`gj dy ; strogms h tb`ka [ spug yorg. ]l hht h tbl htblr sthka`gj bos dllg rlpcoklm dy o vlry khorsl rlp, hcmlm mhudcl. Zbot `s prhdodcy tbl worp `s o mora drhwg c`jbtcy spug ;-pcy [ yorg, tbl wle o blov`lr, c`jbt drhwg 4-pcy ^ yorg. ]l khugt `s 5 Ú ?:. @t `s rhujbcy slwg hg th tbl sthka`gj dy o 4-pcy tbrlom w`tb st`tkbls 4 `gs. oport. ”Oumrly [. Blgsbocc ogm [tuort Ioxwlcc [khtcogm,Uhcuil 25 (?0
N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V @LKLZ HTA

=;

IOLT@OC[

Bockyhg U`kthròg 4-Vcy Zhhc, ?66% whhc yorg, sphrtwl`jbt, ;4< yorms (40:.4 i)/?66 i)/?66 j (;.< hz) sal`g, ; sal`gs he #?;< ]oupl1 ]oupl1 www.bockyhgyorg www.bockyhgyorg .khi Gllmcls, ?5-`gkb (=6.5-ki) k`rkucor ogm slt he mhudcl ph`gtlm, s`zl ? hr s`zl gllmlm th hdto`g joujl Ioralr [t`tkb bhcmlr E`g`sblm s`zl> Odhut ?2 `gkbls (=5 ki) tb`jb kuee k`rkuielrlgkl, ?6 `gkbls (4< ki) ehht k`rkuielrlgkl, ??¹ `gkbls (40 ki) ehht clgjtb erhi doka he bllc th t`p he thl, ogm 4< `gkbls (5; ki) clgjtb erhi thp he kuee th dosl he bllc Joujl> :¹ sts ogm ?6 rhws 9 ? `gkb (4.< ki) [ll pojl <4 ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs

]`jb Mlkrlos`gj Mlk Tgm w`tb Klgtlr Doka [loi> A4, p?, a;, p?, a?,

Nokqulc`gl Ell‐s rlprhmukt`hg he tbl Jugg`stlr sthka`gjs. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

Zhra`gj tbl twh sthka`gjs `g togmli, i`clsthgl th i`clsthgl (hr rotblr, `gkbsthgl th `gkbsthgl), ogm iora`gj hﬆ �g`sblm rhugms lgsurls tbot tbl twh w`cc dl tbl soil s`zl ogm tbot yhu w`cc khipcltl tbli hgl r`jbt oetlr tbl htblr! @G[T\K@HG[

Kost ?;< sts hgth tbl k`r gllmcl. Nh`g, dl`gj korleuc ght th tw`st tbl sts. Vi ot tbl stort he tbl rgm. Zhra ?= rgms he jortlr st (*a ? rgm, p ? rgm*1 rlp erhi *th* : tìls). A 46 rgms, stort`gj tbl klgtlr doka sloi, Tgm ?> A4, p?, a;, p?, a th w`tb`g : sts he lgm he rgm, p?, a;, p?, a4. Tgm 4> A. Zhra tbl klgtlr doka sloi th tbl stort he tbl bllc �op.

==

V @LKLZ HTA


a4thj, a th ?6 sts erhi lgm, ssa, a?, p?, a;, p?, a4”4 sts mlk‐ mlk‐m. m. Zhra o mlk rgm lvlry =tb rgm ?= tìls hg Tgms ?, <, 0, ?;, ?:, 4?, 4<, 40, ;;, ;:, =?, =<, =0, <; (kbogjl th mpgs wblg gllmlm)”?6: sts. Zhra 0 rgms, allp`gj klgtlr doka sloi `gtokt. Koce @gkrlos`gj @gk Tgm w`tb Klgtlr Doka [loi> A4, p?, a;, p?, a?, a?e&d, a th 0 sts erhi lgm, a?e&d, a?, p?, a;, p?, a4”4 sts `gk‐m. Zhra og `gk rgm lvlr y =tb rgm ?? tìls t` ils hg Tgms ?, <, 0, ?;, ?:, 4?, 4<, 40, ;;, ;:, =?”?40 sts. Zhra : rgms, mlk ? st `g ` g tbl :tb rgm”?42 sts. Clj [bop`gj Zhra o mlk rgm (os ehr tbl tb`jb) lvlry =tb rgm < tìls (??2 sts) ogm lvlry htblr rgm ?6 tìls (02 sts). Kchkas Zhra tbl glxt rgm, o ghgmlk rgm, pcok`gj i oetlr tbl =0tb st (tbl klgtlr ioralr> KI), whra th tbl lgm he tbl rgm. Glxt Tgm (o mlk rgm)> Zhra th w`tb`g ?2 sts he tbl KI, p? (tb`s p? `s tbl p? ot tbl dosl he tbl kchka mls`jg). Ehcchw tbl Kchka kbort erhi tbl dhtthi up, a?: th KI, sc KI, a?:, p? (tb`s p? `s tbl p? ot tbl dosl he tbl kchka mls`jg ehr tbl htblr s`ml he tbl clj), whra th tbl lgm he tbl rgm. Khgt whra`gj tbl klgtlr doka sloi ogm khgt mlk lvlry htblr rgm ?6 ihrl tìls th :5 sts ogm ot tbl soil tìl , ehcc tbl Kchka kbort. Ghtl> \phg khipclt`hg he tbl == rgms he tbl kchka mls`jg, whra = ihrl rgms, allp`gj tbl klgtlr doka sloi `gtokt, hr ehr o chgjlr sthka`gj, whra os i ogy ihrl rgms os glklssory dlehrl stort`gj tbl bllc.

Bllc M`skhgt`gul M`skhgt`g ul tbl klgtlr doka sloi ogm rlorrogjl tbl sts hg tbl mpgs sh tbot tbl ?= sts h tbl klgtlr doka sloi orl hg hgl gllmcl w`tb ?4 sts l`tblr s`ml h tbli (tbl bllc gllmcl”;2 sts). Vcokl tbl rli ;2 sts”tbl `gstlp sts”hg bhcmlrs. Zhra doka ogm hrtb hg tbl bllc gllmcl, gllmc l, Thw ?> (T[) ?> (T[) *[c ? os ` th p, wyd, a ?*1 rlp rhi *th* okrhss tbl rhw. Thw 4> [c 4> [c ? os ` th p, wy, p okrhss tbl rhw. Tlp Thws ? ogm 4 hr 4¹ `gkbls (5.= ki), lgm`gj w`tb o p rhw. Bllc sbop`gj, Thw ?> (T[) ?> (T[) [c ? os ` th p wyd, a 46, pssh, a?, turg. Thw 4> [c 4> [c ? os ` th p wy, p<, p4thj, p?, turg. Thw ;> [c ;> [c ? os ` th p wyd, a5, pssh, a?, turg. Thw => [c => [c ? os ` th p wy, p:, p4thj, p?, turg.

Kchka =; =; =? =? ;0 ;0 ;: ;: ;< ;< ;; ;; ;? ;? 40 40 4: 4: 4< 4< 4; 4; 4? 4? ?0 ?0 ?: ?: ?< ?<

Kbort doslm hg hr`j`goc kbort dy [ogmy Nhbgshg. Kbort ioy dl pbhthkhp`lm ehr plrshgoc usl. usl.

?; ?; ?? ?? 00 :: << ;; ??

Aly Aly a p

Khgt whra`gj ? ihrl st dlhrl tbl mlk hg dhtb tbl a ogm p rhws ugt`c occ sts bovl dllg whralm. Lgm oelr o p rhw. Jusslt [lt-\p Thw> A Thw> A okrhss tbl sts hg tbl bllc gllmcl. Hgth tbl soil gllmcl, p`ka up ogm a ?2 sts rhi tbl kb ot tbl s`ml h tbl bllc (Gllmcl ?). A tbl `gstlp sts rhi tbl bhcmlrs hgth ? gllmcl (Gllmcl 4). Hgth oghtblr gllmcl, p`ka up ogm a ?2 sts rhi tbl kb ot tbl s`ml h tbl bllc ogm a ¹ h tbl sts rhi tbl bllc gllmcl (Gllmcl ;). A ? rgm. ]h sbopl tbl jusslt, Tgm ?> A ?> A th tbl cost ; sts hg Gllmcl ?, ssa, a?1 a okrhss tbl `gstlp sts hg Gllmcl 41 hg Gllmcl Gllmcl ;, a?, a4thj, a th tbl lgm h tbl rgm” 4 sts mlk‐m. Tgm 4> A. 4> A. Tlp Tgms ? ogm 4 ugt`c Gllmcls ? ogm ; lokb bovl ?0 sts. Ehht Khgt a rgms ugt`c tbl hht `s 4¹ `gkbls (5.= ki) clss tbog mls`rlm clgjtb. ]hl sbop`gj, Tgm ?> Hg ?> Hg Gllmcl ?, a th tbl cost ; sts, ssa, a?1 hg Gllmcl 4, a?, a4thj, whra th tbl cost ; sts, ssa, a?1 hg Gllmcl ;, a?, a4thj, a th lgm h tbl rgm”= sts mlk‐m. Tgm 4> A. 4> A. Tlp Tgms ? ogm 4 ugt`c Gllmcls ? ogm ; bovl 5 sts ogm Gllmcl 4 bos ?4 sts. A tbl 5 sts h Gllmcl ? hgth Gllmcl ; ogm jroe tbl ?4 sts th tbl ?4 sts w`tb A`tkblglr [t`tkb (sll –]lkbg`quls’ hg pojl <4).

]HV HV ]H ]H DH]]HI> Mlto`c he Nokqulc`gl Ell‐s rlprhmukt`hg he tbl Jugg`stlr sthka`gjs, sbhw`gj tbl klgtlr doka sloi, blr kchka mls`jg, ogm tbl thl. Vbhthjropbs dy Nhl Khko.

Nokqulc`gl gl Ell El l `s tbl O D H \ ] ]B L O \ ] B H T OG M M L [ @ J G L T . Nokqulc` outbhr he ]bl [wlotlr [wlot lr Zhrasbhp hrasbhp>> Ag`t Krlot`vl, [loi-Erll [wlotlrs hg Phur Hwg w`tb Ogy Porg Porg (4gm Tlv`slm ogm Lxpogmlm Lm`t`hg, Koimlg, Io`gl> Mhwg Lost Dhhas, 4664). @g pr`gt ehr ihrl tbog twlgty-�vl ylors, tbl dhha bos lgodclm tbhusogms he ag`ttlrs th lgnhy khipcltl erllmhi th whra tbl`r hwg joujl w`tb ogy yorg, bogmspug hr i`ccspug, th krlotl swlotlrs he tbl`r hwg mls`jg. Noka`l spc`ts blr tìl dltwllg B`gjboi, Iossokbusltts, ogm Mllr @scl, Io`gl, wblrl swlotlr wlotblr prlvo`cs prlvo`cs ehr o jhhm port he lokb ylor .

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

=<

E`rst Comy Jrokl Khhc`mjl ogm tbl [ he o

AG@]]LM KH\G]LTVOGL AT@[@GL DPTGL[

T

\IIOJ@GJ tbrhujb tbl hrchrg dosalt h hcm pottlrg dhhas tukalm `g o khrglr h iy ovhr`tl uslm-dhha sthrl, @ b`t poy m`rt. ]hujb @ bovl glvlr `gtlgmlm th ag`t o dlmsprlom, @ khucmg‐t khucmg‐t rls`st Oggl Hrr‐s Mlkhrot`vl Dlmsprloms Ag`tt`gj (Gosbv`ccl, (Gosbv`ccl, lgglssll> Oggl Hrr [tum`h, ?0=?), lsplkòc-

cy hr tbl ihmlst pr`kl h <6 klgts.

Vbhthjropb he Jrokl Khhc`mjl ag`tt`gj. Vbhthjropblr ugaghwg. Jrokl `s hg tbl phrkb he tbl Khhc`mjl bhilstlom `g Vcyihutb, Ulrihgt, hg Nucy 46, ?046. Kocv`g Khhc`mjl wos tbl jhvlrghr he Iossokbusltts rugg`gj ehr v`kl prls`mlgt ot tbl tìl. Vbhthjropb khurtlsy he tbl Kocv`g Khhc`mjl Vrls`mlgtòc C`drory ogm Iuslui, Ghrtboipthg, Iossokbusltts.

=5

]l �rst pottlrg, o chvlcy orrogjlilgt h clovls ogm mòjhgoc str`pls whralm `g ` g dchkas ogm kocclm koc clm Irs. Khhc`mjl‐ Khhc` mjl‐s Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl, lsplkòccy `gtr`julm il. bl outbhr ghtls> –Irs. Khhc`mjl jrok`huscy jovl us tbl pr`v`cljl h prlslgt`gj blrl tbl sprlom sbl koccs blr Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐ss Khugtlrpogl, wb`kb `s ght hgcy typlr‐ `koc dut `s ocsh o dlout`uc lxoipcl h tbl ag`ttlm sprloms h tbot plr`hm. plr` hm.’ Irs. Khhc`mjl wos Jrokl Khhc`mjl (?2:0‛ ?0<:), w`l h Kocv`g Khhc`mjl (?2:4‛ ?0;;), wbh wos prls`mlgt h tbl \g`tlm [totls rhi ?04; ugt`c ?040. Kur`hus os th wblg Jrokl‐s jrlotjrogmihtblr whucm bovl ag`ttlm tbl hr`j`goc khugtlrpogl, @ stortlm th rlslorkb Jrokl‐s c`l ogm oi`cy trll. ]l sthry tbot lilrjlm wos qu`tl m`lrlgt rhi”dut iukb ihrl `gtlrlst`gj tbog”wbot @ bom lxplktlm. Jrokl blrslc wos og okkhipc`sblm gllmclwhralr wbh lsplkòccy chvlm th ag`t. ]l jrogmihtblr h oi`cy r`lgms toujbt blr th ag`t wblg sbl wos �vl. [bl glvlr put mhwg blr gllmcls otlr tbot, ogm sh `t `s pcous`dcl tbot sbl whucm bovl voculm o khugtlrpogl pottlrg lgtrustlm th blr `g tbl hri h o oi`cy bl`rchhi. bl pottlrg, bhwlvlr, turgs hut th bovl bom gh khgglkt`hg th Jrokl‐ Jr okl‐s oi`cy. @t wos o jè th blr mur`gj blr tlgurl

V@LKLZHTA


`g tbl Zb`tl Bhusl rhi Dlts`l (Lc`zodltb Cygl Bhsa`gs) Ihgtojul (?252‛?0
bl pottlrg wos port h o ugm-ro`s`gj lhrt hr tbl Bhil hr Gllmy Khglmlrotl Zhilg `g T`kbihgm, U`rj`gò, wbhsl prls`mlgt prls`mlgt rhi ?200 ugt`c blr mlotb wos Dlts`l Ihgtojul. (Dlts`l‐s moujbtlr ogm tblg blr jrogmmoujbtlr rog tbl bhil ugt`c `t wos kchslm `g ?020.) bl hr`j`goc bhil, mlm`kotlm th kor`gj hr liocl rlcot`vls h mlom ogm m`sodclm Khglmlrotl shcm`lrs, wos hvlrkrh hvlrkrhwmlm wmlm lvlg dlhrl o �rl moiojlm `t `g ?0?5. Oelr tbl �rl, Dlts`l roiplm up blr lﬆhrts th rldu`cm o solr strukturl tbot whucm ocsh slrvl os o plrioglgt ilihròc th tbl whilg h tbl Khglmlroky. ]ogas th blr busdogm‐s phs`t`hg, sbl bom okklss th iogy prhi`glgt ogm `g�ulgtòc k`t`zlgs `g ` g Zosb`gjthg. Zosb`gjthg. E`rst Comy Jrokl Khhc`mjl wos hgl h tbli. Octbhujb tbly bom rlkl`vlm tbl r`jbt th vhtl `g ?046, whilg, lsplkòccy tbhsl `g tbl pudc`k lyl, st`cc wlrl lxplktlm th stoy qu`ltcy `g tbl dokajrhugm. [lvlroc rlklgt `rst com`ls”Lm`tb Z`cshg, w`l h Zhhmrhw Z`cshg (?2<5‛?04=1 prls`mlgt rhi ?0?; ugt`c ?04?), `g port`kucor”bom dllg c`galm w`tb phss`dcl ìprhplr `g�ulgkl hg tbl`r busdogms. Vrls`mlgt Khhc`mjl lsplkòccy wos `gs`stlgt tbot b`s w`l ght dl sllg os prhiht`gj ogy plrshgoc ojlgmo. Dut octbhujb sbl khucm ght toal ogy pudc`k okt`hg tbot b`gtlm h phc`t`koc hp`g`hg hr ovhr, Jrokl Khhc`mjl wos ihvlm th oss`st slvlroc whilg‐s kousls, ocdl`t ocd l`t os ughdtrus`vlcy os phss`dcl. Bhw tblg m`m tbl opporlgtcy `gghkuhus jè h o ag`tt`gj pottlrg th Jrokl Khhc`mjl rhi Dlts`l Ihgtojul �gm `tslc tbl sudnlkt h o glwspoplr ort`kcl tbot ottroktlm got`hgoc ilmò ottlgt`hg8 O mlc`dlrotl ottlipt ot pudc`k`ty, lsplkòccy hg dlboc h o Khglmlrotl whilg‐s bhil, whucm bovl dllg ihst ugsllicy. ]l lxpcogot`hg j`vlg `g ihst shurkls `s tbot o nhurgoc`st `gtlrv`lw`gj Jrokl ght`klm blr whra`gj hg tbl pottlrg ogm dljjlm th dl toujbt tbl st`tkb pottlrgs. Bormcy. Jrokl ovh`mlm plrshgoc pudc`k`ty. [bl bom rlklgtcy rluslm th occhw tbl got`hgoc sygm`kot`hg h og okkhugt h blr j`rcbhhm `g Ulrihgt. @t whucm bovl dllg hut h kboroktlr hr blr th `gv`tl o glwspoplrwhiog `gth tbl Zb`tl Bhusl hr o khzy kbot. @g tbl kosl h tb`s pottlrg, bhwlvlr, Jrokl sllis th bovl rlvlrslm blr prlv`hus stogkl. @g o dr`l ort`kcl sbl wrhtl th okkhipogy tbl pottlrg `g tbl Ghvlidlr 4?, ?045, Glw Phra Blrocm ]r`dugl, Jrokl lxpco`gs tbot og uggoilm r`lgm ght`klm –o ag`ttlm khugtlrpogl sukb os hur jrlotjrogmihtblrs uslm th ioal `g tbl moys h chgj ojh’ wb`cl v`s`t`gj v`s`t` gj tbl rls`ml rls`mlgts gts h o bhil ogm sborlm s borlm tbl pottlrg w`tb blr. Jrokl blrslc –sh allgcy lgnhylm Qtbl pottlrg‐sY pottlrg‐sY iystlr`ls tbot QsblY wogtlm th sborl QblrY pclosogt postìl

Vrls`mlgt ogm Irs. Khhc`mjl odhorm tbl Ioy�hwlr . Motl ugaghwg. Jrokl `s ag`tt`gj. Vbhthjropb © Dlttiogg/KHTD@[.

w`tb htblr ag`ttlrs . . . bhp`gj th thukb tbl spr`gj wb`kb whucm slt us occ dus`cy ot whra th ioal Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl.’ O khipog`hg ort`kcl dy Borr`lt Lojlr Mov`s pudc`sblm ochgjs`ml Jrokl‐s puts o m`ﬆlrlgt scogt hg Jrokl‐s –m`skhvlry’> QIrs. Khhc`mjlY chvls tbl bogm`whra h dyjhgl moys, shcl rlkhrm h iogy o vog`sblm whiog‐s mrlois. @g U`rj`gò cost suiilr sbl m`skhvlrlm o rorl bl`rchhi, o prl-Tlvhcut`hgory ag`ttlm sprlom, h tbl typl tbot t bot Jlhrjl Zosb`gjthg osb`gjthg‐‐s ihtblr uslm

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

@iojl erhi tbl Eldruory ?0;6 `ssul he Gllmclkroet iojoz`gl, sbhw`gj Jrokl Khhc`mjl‐s JrlotJrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl. ]bl ort`kcl stotls, –]bl whgmlreuc khugtlrpogl ag`ttlm dy Irs. Kocv`g Khhc`mjl wblg sbl wos tbl prls`m`gj jlgùs he tbl Zb`tl Bhusl bos dllg osalm ehr dy o jrlot guidlr he rlomlrs”ogm blrl `t `s. . . .’ Ocsh `gkcumlm wlrl Irs. Khhc`mjl‐s tlxt erhi tbl hr`j`goc pudc`kot`hg he tbl pottlrg `g tbl Ghvlidlr 4?, ?045, `ssul he tbl Glw Phra Blrocm ]r`dugl. ]r`dugl.

V@LKLZHTA

=:

Zby M`m Jrokl Khhc`mjl Kocc @t Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl8 Khhc` mjl‐s ottr`dut`hg h tbl khugtlrpogl k hugtlrpogl pottlrg th blr jrlot-jrogmJrokl Khhc`mjl‐ ihtblr, tbhujb `t bom gh khgglkt`hg th blr oi`cy, wos lgt`rlcy ugmlrstogmodcl `g c`jbt h tbl Khchgòc Tlv`voc ihvlilgt, wb`kb swlpt tbrhujb tbrhujb Oilr`ko `g tbl ?046s. @gtlrlst `g tbl Khchgòc plr`hm ploalm w`tb tbl [lsqu`klgtlggòc klcldrot`hg h tbl Oilr`ko Tlvhcut`hg (?::<‛?:2;) `g Vb`comlcpbò `g ?045, tbl soil ylor tbot Jrokl‐s Jrokl‐s pottlrg opplorlm `g pr`gt. Oilr`kogs h tbl ?046s rlvlrlm ogytb`gj bov`gj bov`gj th mh w`tb tbl Tlvhcut`hgory Zor Zor lro w`tbhut dl`gj vlry port`kucor odhut b`sthr`koc okkuroky. ]ly wlrl slla`gj th lvhal og lorc`lr tìl wblg sìpc`k`ty ogm mhilst`k`ty wlrl lidhm`lm dy whilg khgtlgtlmcy lgjojlm `g bogmwhra. ]`s plgkbogt `s rl�lktlm `g Borr`lt Lojlr L ojlr Mov`s‐s Mov`s‐s mlskr`pt`hg h tbl khugtlrpogl `g blr ort`kcl `g tbl Ghvlidlr 4?, ?045, lm`t`hg h tbl Glw Phra Blrocm ]r`dugl os ]r`dugl os dl`gj –h tbl typl tbot Jlhrjl Zosb`gjthg‐s ihtblr uslm th mls`jg ogm ioal.’ ioal.’ @g okt, tblrl `s gh lv`mlgkl tbot ag`ttlm dlmsprloms lx`stlm `g Oilr`ko dlhrl tbl i`m-g`gltllgtb klgtury, oghtblr plr`hm wblg plhpcl wlrl `gtlrlstlm `g lv`gk`gj o dyjhgl lro tbrhujb tìl-khgsui`gj gllmclwhra wbhsl càl wos skorklcy sllg dlhrl tbl `gmustròc rlvhcut`hg. ”A. D.

th mls`jg ogm ioal. @t wos occ`gj th p`lkls ogm hgcy og lxplrt càl Irs. Khhc`mjl khucm khpy `ts `gtr`kotl mls`jg, hr blrs `s gh ilkbog`koc hkkupot`hg, dut tbl sa`cc h og ort`st. Erhi o rojilgt sbl whralm hut o pottlrg ogm dljog ioa`gj o qu`ct h blr hwg, mlc`jbt`gj `g `ts lxqu`s`tl prlk`s`hg. Dut lvlg sprlom-ioa`gj hr blr hwg bhil dr`gjs tbl `glv`todcl sphtc`jbt th tbl E`rst Comy h tbl C ogm1 shhg w`vls h Kod`glt h﬋klrs jrlw jrl w `gtlrlstlm, `gtlrlstlm , dhrrhwlm blr b lr korluc m`rlkt`hgs, ogm slt th khpy`gj tb`s b`sthr`koc bogm`whra. Zhilg wbh mh ght ag`t lxkcoì hvlr tbl dlouty h Irs. Khhc`mjl‐s khpy.

@iojl erhi tbl Eldruory ?0;6 `ssul he Gllmclkroet iojoz`gl, sbhw`gj ehur dchkas he Jrokl Khhc`mjl‐s JrlotJrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl nh`glm th ehri tbl pottlrg.

=2

Jrokl wos po`m $4<6 hr tbl pottlrg ogm ort`kcl, wb`kb sbl mhgotlm th tbl Bhil hr Gllmy Khglmlrotl Khglmlr otl Zhilg‐ Zhilg‐s ugm. u gm. Gl`tblr ort`kcl ilgt`hgs tbl prhsplkt h poyilgt ghr tbl `gtlgmlm kbor`todcl rlk`p`lgt h tbot t bot poyilgt. Borr`lt Mov`s‐s ort`kcl mhls ght lvlg rllr th tbl bhil, ogm Jrokl ilgt`hgs `t hgcy hdc`qulcy os –o �gl hcm [hutblrg bhil wb`kb sblctlrs shil jlgtcl whilg ghw omvogk`gj `g ylors, w`mhws h Khglmlrotl shcm`lrs, wbhsl moys orl ioml plokluc ogm boppy corjlcy tbrhujb tbl lﬆhrts ogm chvl h o whiog wbhsl busdogm `s o Khgjrlssiog rhi tbot stotl.’ stotl.’ @g c`jbt h Dlts`l Ihgtojul‐s c`lchgj mlvht`hg th tbl bhil, `t `s phss`dcl tbot sbl lgj`gllrlm tbl lgt`rl skblil, rloc`z`gj tbl dlgl�t tbot tbl ìprìotur h o �rst comy

V@LKLZHTA


whucm dr`gj th blr kousl. ]l rhiogt`k tocl h tbl jlgtcl Khglmlrotl whiog ogm blr ogt`qul dlmsprlom ioy bovl dllg odr`kotlm th hdskurl o mlc`dlrotl m lc`dlrotl ugm-ro`s`gj lﬆhrt. @g okt, Dlts`l blrslc wos sukb og okkhipc`sblm ogm krlot`vl gllmclwhiog tbot, okkhrm`gj th blr jrlotjrogmmoujbtlr, Joy Ihgtojul Vb`cc`ps, blr oi`cy ocwoys susplktlm tbot sbl bom krlotlm tbl pottlrg blrslc. Hg Ghvlidlr 44, tbl moy oelr tbl pottlrg wos pudc`sblm, slvlroc poplrs `g tbl khugtry ghtlm –Irs. Khhc`mjl bos drhalg o chgj-stogm`gj Zb`tl bhusl Qs`kY prlklmlgt ogm bos opplorlm `g pr`gt os tbl outbhr h o sygm`kotlm [ugmoy glwspoplr ort`kcl.’ Dut tbl rlsuct wos mllilm boriclss, os og ort`kcl dy Toyihgm Kcopplr `g tbl [t. Vltlrsdurj Lvlg`gj @gmlplgmlgt lxpco`gs> lxpco`gs> Zblg o prls`mlgt bos o w`l h strhgj plrshgoc`ty tblrl `s ocwoys o tlgmlgky hut `g tbl khugtry th susplkt bì h dl`gj swoylm dy b`s w`l‐s `g�ulgkl. ]ot okkusot`hg bos dllg ioml ojo`gst ihrl tbog hgl prls`mlgt. Ehr o prls`mlgt‐s w`l th opplor `g pr`gt m`rlkts ottlgt`hg th blr v`lws ogm iogy goturoccy ossuil tbot tbl prls`mlgt bos sborlm tbli l`tblr hr`j`goccy hr tbrhujb b`s w`l‐s plrsuos`hg. Gh prls`mlgt wogts ogy susp`k`hg h pltt`khot `g�ulgkl th dl ostlglm th bì. bì. . . . ]hujb tlkbg`koccy tlkbg`koccy tbl trom`t`hg bos dllg drhalg dy Irs. Khhc`mjl, sbl bos ght v`hcotlm `t `g rloc`ty os blr ort`kcl `s hgcy o d`t h bhuslbhcm chrl. . . . Q@Ygstlom h lidorross`gj tbl prls`mlgt, sukb og ort`kcl stoips Irs. Khhc`mjl lvlg ihrl pco`gcy os tbl bhil-ioalr ogm dusy bhuslw`l tbot blr `gtìotl r`lgms aghw blr th dl. Dy khgtrost, tbl glws `g Mlklidlr tbot Jrokl bom rlkl`vlm poyilgt hr blr ort`kcl ogm tbot sbl bom mhgotlm `t th tbl bhil ottroktlm c`ttcl `gtlrlst. @g 4664, Dlts`l Ihgtojul‐s jrogmmoujbtlr ogm jrlotjrogmmoujbtlr jrogmmoujbt lr trovlclm th tbl Vrls`mlgt Kocv`g Khhc`mjl [totl B`sthr`k [`tl `g Vcyihutb, Ulrihgt, dr`gj`gj twh jès hr tbl s`tl‐s khcclkt`hgs. Hgl wos o khugtlrpogl ag`ttlm dy Dlts`l Ihg Ihgtojul, tojul, dlc`lvlm th dl tbl hr`j`goc h tbl pottlrg pudc`sblm `g ?045. ]l htblr wos o s`jglm pbhthjropb h Jrokl Khhc`mjl ag`tt`gj ogm `s `gskr`dlm, –h Irs. Ihgtojul, w`tb r`lgmcy jrllt`gjs, Jrokl Khhc`mjl.’ Jrokl Khhc`mjl bom dllg tbrust summlgcy `gth tbl rhcl h �rst comy hcchw`gj tbl otoc blort ottoka h Vrls`mlgt Zorrlg Borm`gj `g ?04;. @g blr outhd`hjropby, sbl ghtlm tbl khihrt ogm doccost tbot gllmclwhra prhv`mlm th blr tbrhujbhut blr c`ltìl, c`lt ìl, lsplkòccy lsplk òccy mur`gj m`﬋ kuct tìls.

hi`gj> B`jb Vco`gs Vudc`sb`gj Khipogy, ?004. Ght hgcy wos sbl eoi`còr w`tb tbl od`c`ty he –whilg‐s ”””. –Jrlot-Jrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl.’ Khugtlrpogl.’ Glw Phra Blrocm whra’ th blcp tbl whiog mh`gj `t, sbl sllilm th tb`ga tbot ]r`dugl , Ghvlidlr Ghvlidlr 4?, ?045. `t bom o phwlr th okkhipc`sb ihrl eor-rlokb`gj jhocs. [bl Mov`s, Borr`lt Lojlr. –]bl E`r st Comy Ag`ts> Og Ort`st`k B hil wrhtl, –@ chha ehr o rlv`voc he tbl bhily bhuslbhcm orts. Phra Blrocm Chvlr Vrls`mls Hvlr tbl Zb`tl Bhusl.’ Glw Phra ]r`dugl , Ghvlidlr Ghv lidlr 4?, ?045. [ukb o rlv`voc ioy ght dr`gj odhut tbl plokl he got`hgs, Elrrlcc, Thdlrt B. Jrokl Khhc`mjl> ]bl Vlhpcl‐s Comy `g [`clgt dut @ dlc`lvl `t w`cc o`m `g dr`gj`gj plokl w`tb`g hur bhils, Koc‐s Zb`tl Bhusl. Cowrlgkl, Aogsos> \g`vlrs`ty Vrlss he Aogogm tb`s w`cc dl ihrl eor-rlokb`gj tbog wl rloc`zl.’ sos, 4662. Bogmwhra wos hgl he tbl elw prhmukt`vl hutclts tbot Jhrmhg, Dlvlrcy. –[p`gg`gj Zbllcs, [oipcls ogm tbl Ihmlrg Vr`sk`cco> ]bl @iojls ogm Voromhxls he Khchgòc Tlv`voc Jrokl Khhc`mjl wos plri`ttlm os �rst comy. Blr usl he o Gllmclwhra.’ Z`gtlrtbur Vhrtehc`h,Uhc. 44 Gh. 4/;, [uiil [u iilrrag`tt`gj pottlrg th blcp htblr whilg, `g sp`tl he blr busOutuig ?002. dogm‐s lm`kt, `s `g rltrhsplkt ylt oghtblr lxoipcl he tbl Boidur Boidurjlr, jlr, [usog. –Zl ] ]oal oal Korl he hur Zhilgehc Zhilgehca> a> ]bl Bhil ehr Gllmy Khgelmlrotl Zhilg `g T`kbihgm, U`rj`gò, ?202‛ kbori tbot slrvlm blr sh wlcc tbrhujbhut blr cèl. ❕

E \ T  B L T T L O M @ G J

Dosslt, Cyggl ôkla. –]bl Gllmclwhra he E`rst Comy Jrokl Khhc`mjl.’ V`lklZhra, Nucy/Oujust ?000. Kcopplr, Toyihgm. –Irs. Khhc`mjl ]urgs ]urgs Zr`tlr > E`rst Comy Vltlrsdurj Lvlg`gj @gmlDrloas Zb`tl Bhusl Vrlklmlgt.’ [t. Vltlrsdurj plgmlgt , Ghvlidlr Ghvlidlr 44, ?045. Khhc`mjl, Khhc`mj l, Jrokl. Jrokl Khhc`mjl> Og Outhd`hjropby. Zhrc hrcog ogm, m, ZyZy-

G lw Mloc> [hkòc Zlceorl `g tbl t bl [hutb ?2;6‛ ? 2;6‛ ?006’ `g Dlehrl tbl Glw ?0;6 . Otblgs, Jlhrjò> \g`vlrs`ty he Jlhrjò Vrlss, ?000. Iokmhgocm, Iokmhgo cm, Oggl C. Gh @mcl Bogms> ]bl [hkòc B`sthry he Oilr`kog Ag`tt`gj. Glw Phra> Doccogt`gl Docco gt`gl Dhhas, ?022. –Irs. Khhc`mjl O`ms Bhil ehr Khgelmlrotl Zhilg.’ Glw Phra ]ìls, Mlklidlr ;6, ?045. ]bl squorl Vb`cc`ps, Vb`cc` ps, Ior y Zocalr. Zocalr. Ag`tt`gj Khugtlrpogls> ]rom`t`hgoc Khvlr- Ar`st`gl Dyrgls clt Vottlrgs ehr Khgtliphrory Ag`ttlrs. Glwthwg, Khgglkt`kut> Khgglkt`ku t> ag`ttlm erhi ]ougthg Vrlss, ?020. E`rst Comy Jrokl Khhc`mjl‐s pottlrg ehr JrlotJrogmihtblr‐s Khugtlrpogl. Vbhthjropb dy Nhl Khko.

Jrokl Khhc`mjl‐s Jrlot-Jrogmiht Jrlot -Jrogmihtblr‐s blr‐s Khugtlr Khugtlrpogl pogl AT@[@GL DPTGL[

]

bl [ugmoy, [ugmoy, Ghvlidlr 4?, ?045, ?0 45, Glw Phra Blrocm ]r`dugl ogm ]r`dugl ogm htblr glwspoplrs pudc`sblm tbl pot-

tlrg ehr tb`s ag`ttlm dlmsprlom kocc`gj sìpcy ehr –QkY htthg yorg’ ogm –QsYtllc gllmcls, guidlr ?:.’ Irs. Khhc`mjl‐s ghtls hg tbl pottlrg rlkhiilgm us`gj chgj stllc gllmcls sh tbot –tbl lgt`rl dchka ioy dl ag`ttlm w`tb twh gllmcls dy us`gj khras hr sloc`gj wox hg tbl lgms th prlvlgt tbl st`tkbls sc`pp`gj hﬆ tbl gllmcls.’ ]l gllmcls kocclm ehr `g tbl hr`j`goc orl gh chgjlr ioml. ]ly whucm bovl ilosurlm dltwllg o ihmlrg s`zl 6666 (?.4< ii) ogm o 66666 (?.6 ii). O rlpr`gt he tbl pottlrg `g Oggl Hrr‐s Mlkhrot` Mlkhrot`vl vl Dlmsprloms Ag`tt`gj (Gosbv`ccl, (Gosbv`ccl, lgglssll> lgglssll> Oggl Hrr [tum`h, ?0=?) upmotls tbl iotlròcs c`st, rlkhiilgm`g rlkhiilgm`gjj –lkru ag`tt`gj khtthg’ (–`t `s og hcm mls`jg, QogmY ghtb`gj whucm dl chvlc`lr th usl ehr ioa`gj Q`tY’) ogm –stllc gllmcls gh. ?=,’’ lqu`voclgt th o khgtliph ?=, khgtliphrory rory s`zl 66 (?.:< ii). @ ioml tbl squorl sbhwg blrl us`gj tbl dhhaclt‐s dhhaclt‐s rlkhiilgmlm iotlròcs.

N OG\OTP/E LDT\OTP

46??

V@LKLZHTA

=0

]l pottlrg `s whralm rhi khrglr th khrglr. @g tbl �rst boc h tbl mòihgm, tbl pottlrg `s `gkrloslm dy twh st`tkbls hg l`tblr s`ml h lvlry r`jbt-s`ml rhw stort`gj w`tb Thw ?61 `g tbl slkhgm boc, `t `s mlkrloslm dy twh st`tkbls `g tbl soil chkot`hgs. O jortlr-st`tkb dhrmlr lmjls tbl `gkrlosls ogm mlkrlosls. O dlmsprlom-s`zlm whra ioml h iogy ug`ts h tb`s iht` whucm dl o s`jg``kogt ugmlrtoa`gj1 bhwlvlr, tbl iht` `s opprhpròtl hr usl `g siocclr ort`kcls. Ehr lxoipcl, hur squorls sloilm thjltblr whucm ioal o strà`gj rhgt hr o tbrhw p`cchw, wb`cl o corjlr khcclkt`hg h squorls whucm ioal o chvlcy p`cchw sboi. @G[T\K@HG[

Thw ? (Z[)> KH (Z[)> KH ? st, clov`gj o chgj to`c hr sloi`gj. urg. Thws 4‛0> Ph, 4‛0> Ph, a th lgm”0 sts lgm h Thw 0. Thw ?6 (T[)> [c st os ` th p (w`cc dl mhgl hr hr ?st st hg lvlry rhw rhi ghw hg th allp lmjl chhsl)1 a4, yh*, p?, yh**, a?, yh*, p?, yh**, a;. Thw ??> [c ??> [c ?, a=, p;, a<. (Mhg‐t whrry ` o yh `g prlv rhw bos cle st –tw`stlm’ hg gllmcl sh clom`gj clj `s `g doka `gstlom h rhgt os ghrioc1 nust a hr p os m`rlktlm `gth tbl doka clj hg tbhsl sts.) Thw ?4> [c ?4> [c ?, a4, yh*, p4, a?, yh**, a?, yh**, a?, p4, yh*, a;. Ghtl Ghtl>> M`rlkt`hgs h yhs w`cc ght dl splk`�lm `g rli h pott1 nust hcchw rucls os slt hrtb `g lxpcogot`hgs odhvl. Thw ?;> [c ?;> [c ?, a<, p<, a5. Thw ?=> [c ?=> [c ?, a4, yh, p;, pi, a4, yh, a?, yh, a4, pi, p;, yh, a;. Thw ?< ogm ehcc Z[ rhws tbrhujb tbrhujb =0> [c =0> [c ?, a th i, sc i, p th glxt i, sc i, a th lgm. Thw ?5> [c ?5> [c ?, a4, yh, p=, sc i, a;, yh, a?, yh, a;, sc i, p=, yh, a;. Thw ?2> [c ?2> [c ?, a4, yh, p<, sc i, a=, yh, a?, yh, a=, sc i, p<, yh, a;”40 sts. IOLT@OC[

MIK Dorhqul, ?66% krhkblt khtthg tbrlom, s`zl ?6, =?5 yorms (;26.= i) /:< j (4.5 hz) sal`g, ? sal`g he Lkru (ioals twh squorls)1 www.mik -uso.khi B`yo B`yo Gllmcls, sto`gclss stllc k`rkucor, s`zl 66 (?.:< ii), 4= hr ;5 `gkbls (5?.6 hr 0?.= ki)1 www.b`yob`yoghrtboilr`ko.khi [t`tkb ioralrs, 4 E`g`sblm s`zl> Odhut 2¹ `gkbls (44 ki) squorl Joujl> Joujl `s ght kr`t`koc ehr tb`s prhnlkt [ll pojl <4 ogm dlchw ehr Oddrlvòt`hgs ODDTLU@O@HG[

sap”sc`p ? os è th ag`t, ag`t ?, poss sc`pplm st`tkb hvlr (tb`s b`sthr`koccy khrrlkt mlkrlosl wos uslm `g tbl hr`j`goc pottlrg, dut og ssa mlkrlosl khucm dl uslm è prlelrrlm ehr o sì`cor leelkt) yh*”tbrlom yh*”tb rlom ugmlr ugmlr gllmcl gllmcl thworm thworm yhu, tblg tblg hvlr hvlr gllmcl gllmcl owoy owoy erhi yhu1 th dl uslm wblg mh`gj o yorghvlr dlehrl o purc st`tkb yh**”tbrlo yh**” tbrlom m hvlr hvlr gllmcl gllmcl thwo thworm rm yhu, yhu, tblg tblg ugmlr ugmlr gllmc gllmcl l owoy owoy erhi erhi yhu1 th dl uslm wblg mh`gj o yorghvlr dlehrl o ag`t st`tkb

<6

V@LKLZHTA


Thw 46> [c 46> [c ?, a4, yh, p5, sc i, a<, yh, a?, yh, a<, sc i, p5, yh, a;. Thw 44> [c 44> [c ?, a4, yh, p:, sc i, a5, yh, a?, yh, a5, sc i, p:, yh, a;. Thw 4=> [c 4=> [c ?, a4, yh, p2, sc i, a:, yh, a?, yh, a:, sc i, p2, yh, a;. Thw 45> [c 45> [c ?, a4, yh, p0, sc i, a2, yh, a?, yh, a2, sc i, p0, yh, a;. Thw 42> [c 42> [c ?, a4, yh, p?6, sc i, a0, yh, a?, yh, a0, sc i, p?6, yh, a;”=0 sts1 clo iht` `s ot w`mlst ph`gt ogm sbhucm bovl ?6 mhudcl rhws h bhcls. Thw ;6> [c ;6> [c ?, a4, yh, p??, sc i, sap, a?:, a4thj, sc i, p??, yh, a;. Thw ;4> [c ;4> [c ?, a4, yh, p?4, sc i, sap, a?<, a4thj, sc i, p?4, yh, a;. Thw ;=> [c ;=> [c ?, a4, yh, p?;, sc i, sap, a?;, a4thj, sc i, p?;, yh, a;. Thw ;5> [c ;5> [c ?, a4, yh, p?=, sc i, sap, a??, a4thj, sc i, p?=, yh, a;. Thw ;2> [c ;2> [c ?, a4, yh, p?<, sc i, sap, a0, a4thj, sc i, p?<, yh, a;. Thw =6> [c =6> [c ?, a4, yh, p?5, sc i, sap, a:, a4thj, sc i, p?5, yh, a;. Thw =4> [c =4> [c ?, a4, yh, p?:, sc i, sap, a<, a4thj, sc i, p?:, yh, a;. Thw ==> [c ==> [c ?, a4, yh, p?2, sc i, sap, a;, a4thj, sc i, p?2, yh, a;. Thw =5> [c =5> [c ?, a4, yh, p?0, sc i, sap, a?, a4thj, sc i, p?0, yh, a;. Thw =2> [c =2> [c ?, a4, yh, p46, sc i, sap, poss tbl glxt st hvlr tbl cost st (hri`gj tbl thp h tbl clo), sc i, p46, yh, a;. Thw <6> [c <6> [c ?, a4, yh, a=; (rlihvl is), yh, a;. Thw [c [c ?, a4, p=<, a;. Thw <4> [c <4> [c ?, a4, yh, Qa4, p4Y ?? tìls, a?, yh, a;. Thw <;> [c <;> [c ?, a4, Qp4, a4Y ?? tìls, p4, a=. Thw <=> [c <=> [c ?, a4, yh, a? Qp4, a4Y ?? tìls, p4, yh, a;. Thw <<> [c <<> [c ?, a4, p? Qa4, p4Y ?4 tìls, a;. Thw <5> [c <5> [c ?, a4, yh, Qp4, a4Y ?4 tìls, p?, yh, a;. Thw <:> [c <:> [c ?, a=, Qp4, a4Y ?4 tìls, p?, a;. Thw <2> [c <2> [c ?, a4, yh, p?, Qa4, p4Y ?4 tìls, a4, yh, a;. Thw <0> [c <0> [c ?, a;, Qp4, a4Y ?; tìls, a;”<0 sts. Thw 56> [c 56> [c ?, a4, yh, a<;, yh, a;. Thw 5?> [c 5?> [c ?, a4, p<<, a;. Thw 54> [c 54> [c ?, a4, yh, a<<, yh, a;. Thws 5;, 5<, 50, :?, :<, ::, 2?, 2;> [c 2;> [c ?, a th lgm. Thw 5=> [c 5=> [c ?, a4, yh, p<:, yh, a;. Thw 55> [c 55> [c ?, a4, yh, a4, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y : tìls, a?, yh, a;. Thw 5:> [c 5:> [c ?, a4, p5?, a;. Thw 52> [c 52> [c ?, a4, yh, a;, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y : tìls, a4, yh, a;. Thw :6> [c :6> [c ?, a4, yh, p5;, yh, a;. Thw :4> [c :4> [c ?, a4, yh, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y : tìls, yh, a?, sap, a?, yh, a;. Thw :;> [c :;> [c ?, a4, p5:, a;. Thw :=> [c :=> [c ?, a4, yh, a4, a4thj, a?, yh, a?, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y : tìls, yh, a?, sap, a4, yh, a;. Thw :5> [c :5> [c ?, a4, yh, p50, yh, a;. Thw :2> [c :2> [c ?, a4, yh, a=, a4thj, a?, yh, a?, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y : tìls, yh, a?, sap, a=, yh, a;. Thw :0> [c :0> [c ?, a4, p:;, a;. Thw 26> [c 26> [c ?, a4, yh, a?, Qyh, a?, sap, a?, a4thj, a?, yh, a?Y 0 tìls, yh, a;. Thw 24> [c 24> [c ?, a4, yh, p:<, yh, a;.

Thw 2=> [c ?, a4, yh, a::, yh, a;.

Thws ?45‛?;?> Tlp cost 5 rhws.

Thw 2<> [c ?, a4, p:0, a;.

Thw ?;4> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a th cost < sts, sap, a;.

Thw 25> [c ?, a4, yh, a;, yh, Qa?, yh, a??, yhY 5 tìls, a?, yh, a;,

Thw ?;;> [c ?, a4, p th cost ; sts, a;.

yh, a;. Thw 2:> [c ?, a<, Qp<, a0Y 5 tìls, p<, a5. Thw 22> [c ?, a4, yh, p;, Qa4, yh, a?, yh, a4, p0Y 5 tìls, a4, yh, a?, yh, a4, p;, yh, a;. Thw 20> [c ?, a5, Qp:, a0Y 5 tìls, p:, a:. Thw 06> [c ?, a4, yh, p=, Qa;, yh, a?, yh, a;, p0Y 5 tìls, a;, yh, a?, yh, a;, p=, yh, a;. Thw 0?> [c ?, a:, Qp0, a0Y 5 tìls, p0, a2. Thw 04> [c ?, a4, yh, p<, Qa=, yh, a?, yh, a=, p0Y 5 tìls, a=, yh, a?, yh, a=, p<, yh, a;. Thw 0;> [c ?, a2, Qp??, a0Y : tìls. Thw 0=> [c ?, a4, yh, p5, Qa<, yh, a?, yh, a<, p0Y 5 tìls, a<, yh, a?, yh, a<, p5, yh, a;. Thw 0<> [c ?, a0, Qp?;, a0Y : tìls, a?. Thw 05> [c ?, a4, yh, p:, Qa5, yh, a?, yh, a5, p0Y 5 tìls, a5, yh, a?, yh, a5, p:, yh, a;. Thw 0:> [c ?, a?6, Qp?<, a0Y : tìls, a4”?2? sts. Thw 02> [c ?, a4, yh, p2, Qsap, a??, a4thj, p0Y 5 tìls, sap, a??, a4thj, p2, yh, a;. Thw 00> [c ?, a??, Qp?;, a0Y : tìls, a;. Thw ?66> [c ?, a4, yh, p0, Qsap, a0, a4thj, p0Y : tìls, yh, a;. Thw ?6?> [c ?, a?4, Qp??, a0Y : tìls, a=. Thw ?64> [c ?, a4, yh, p?6, Qsap, a:, a4thj, p0Y : tìls, p?, yh, a;. Thw ?6;> [c ?, a?;, Qp0, a0Y : tìls, a<. Thw ?6=> [c ?, a4, yh, p??, Qsap, a<, a4thj, p0Y : tìls, p4, yh, a;. Thw ?6<> [c ?, a?=, Qp:, a0Y : tìls, a5. Thw ?65> [c ?, a4, yh, p?4, Qsap, a;, a4thj, p0Y : tìls, p;, yh, a;. Thw ?6:> [c ?, a?<, Qp<, a0Y : tìls, a:. Thw ?62> [c ?, a4, yh, p?;, Qsap, a?, a4thj, p0Y : tìls, p=, yh, a;. Thw ?60> [c ?, a?5, Qp;, a0Y : tìls, a2. Thw ??6> [c ?, a4, yh, p?=, Qsap, poss glxt st hvlr cost st, p0Y : tìls, p<, yh, a;. Thw ???> [c ?, a?:, Qp?, a0Y : tìls, a0. Thw ??4> [c ?, a4, yh, a0?, yh, a;. Thw ??;> [c ?, a4, p0;, a;. Thw ??=> [c ?, a4, yh, a?, (yh, sap) =5 tìls, yh, a;”?6? sts1 w`mlst ph`gt ogm cost `gk. Thw ??<> [c ?, a4, p0<, a;. Thw ??5> [c ?, a?66. Thw ??:> [c ?, a?66. Thw ??2> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p0?, p4thj, a;. Thw ??0> [c ?, a02. Thw ?46> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a th cost < sts, sap, a;. Thw ?4?> [c ?, a4, p th cost ; sts, a;. Thw ?44> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a th cost < sts, sap, a;. Thw ?4;> [c ?, a th lgm. Thw ?4=> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p th cost < sts, p4thj, a;. Thw ?4<> [c ?, a th lgm.

Tlp cost 4 rhws 4 ihrl tìls. Tlp Thws ?46‛?4< tbrll ihrl tìls. Thw ?<5> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a<;, sap, a;. Thw ?<:> [c ?, a4, p<<, a;. Thw ?<2> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a;, Qp=, a=Y 5 tìls, p4thj, a;. Thw ?<0> [c ?, a;, Qp=, a=Y 5 tìls, p=, a;. Thw ?56> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a4, Qp=, a=Y < tìls, p=, a;, sap, a;. Thw ?5?> [c ?, a4, Qp=, a=Y 5 tìls, p;, a;. Thw ?54> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p?, Qa=, p=Y < tìls, a=, p4, p4thj, a;. Thw ?5;> [c ?, a<, Qp=, a=Y < tìls, p=, a<. Thw ?5=> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p?, Qa=, p=Y < tìls, a=, p?, p4thj, a;. Thw ?5<> [c ?, Qa=, p=Y 5 tìls, a=. Thw ?55> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p;, Qa=, p=Y < tìls, sap, a;. Thw ?5:> [c ?, a4, p?, Qa=, p=Y < tìls, a:. Thw ?52> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p4, Qa=, p=Y = tìls, a=, p;, p4thj, a;. Thw ?50> [c ?, a4, Qa=, p=Y < tìls, a5. Thw ?:6> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a?, Qp=, a=Y = tìls, p=, a4, sap, a;. Thw ?:?> [c ?, a4, p;, Qa=, p=Y = tìls, a=, p4, a;. Thw ?:4> [c ?, a4, a4thj, Qp=, a=Y = tìls, p=, a?, sap, a;. Thw ?:;> [c ?, a4, p4, Qa=, p=Y = tìls, a=, p?, a;. Thw ?:=> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a th cost < sts, sap, a;. Thw ?:<> [c ?, a4, p th cost ; sts, a;. Thw ?:5> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p th cost < sts, p4thj, a;. Thw ?::> [c ?, a th lgm. Thw ?:2> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p th cost < sts, p4thj, a;. Thw ?:0> [c ?, a4, p th cost ; sts, a;. Tlp cost 5 rhws 4 ihrl tìls. Thw ?04> [c ?, a4, a4thj, a?:, sap, a;. Thw ?0;> [c ?, a4, p?0, a;. Thw ?0=> [c ?, a4, p4thj, p th cost < sts, p4thj, a;. Thw ?0<> [c ?, a th lgm. Tlp cost 4 rhws : ihrl tìls. Thw 4?6> [c ?, a?, a4thj, a?, sap, a4. Thw 4??> [c ?, a5. Thw 4?4> [c ?, a4thj, a?, sap, a?. Thw 4?;> [c ?, a=. Thw 4?=> A4thj, a?, a4thj. Thw 4?<> [c ?, a4. Thw 4?5> [c ?, a4thj, pssh. Kut yorg, clov`gj o chgj to`c ehr sloi`gj. Vucc tbrhujb cost st. E`g`sb`gj Zblg ehur dchkas bovl dllg khipcltlm, sloi tbli thjltblr w`tb tbl s`gjcl corjl clovls `g tbl klgtlr. Ioal os iogy os gllmlm th tbl mls`rlm s`zl he �g`sblm whra. O krhkbltlm hr ag`ttlm cokl lmj`gj ioy dl ommlm orhugm tbl dhrmlr he tbl �g`sblm whra. O D H \ ] ] B L O \ ] B H T O G M M L [ @ J G L T . Ar`st`gl Dyrgls `s o

ag`ttlr, sp`gglr, ogm sblpblrm `g klgtroc Glw Nlrsly .

N O G \ O T P /E L D T \ O T P

46??

V @LKLZ HTA

LKBG@_\L[ Kodcl Kost-Hg Dlj`g w`tb o sc`paght ogm hgl ag`ttlm kost-hg st`tkb ` tblrl orl gh lstodc`sblm st`tkbls. @gslrt r`jbt gllmcl dltwllg dltwllg �rst twh st`tkbls hg cle gllmcl (E`jurl ?). Zrop yorg os ` th ag`t. Mrow yorg tbrhujb th khipcltl st`tkb (E`jurl 4) ogm sc`p tb`s glw st`tkb th cle gllmcl os sbhwg (E`jurl ;).

E`jurl ?

E`jurl 4

E`jurl ;

Iottrlss [t`tkb [loi Z`tb T[ h ag`tt`gj ok`gj, usl tbrlomlm gllmcl th p`ka up hgl dor dltwllg �rst twh st`tkbls hg hgl p`lkl (E`jurl ?), tblg khrrlsphgm`gj dor pcus tbl dor odhvl `t hg htblr p`lkl (E`jurl 4). *V`ka up glxt twh dors hg `rst p`lkl, tblg glxt twh dors hg htblr (E`jurl ;). Tlplot rhi * th lgm h sloi, �g`sb`gj dy p`ka`gj up cost dor (hr po`r h dors) ot tbl thp h �rst p`lkl.

E`jurl ?

E`jurl ;

E`jurl 4

A`tkblglr [t`tkb [tlp ?> Dr`gj tbrlomlm gllmcl tbrhujb

rhgt st`tkb os ` th purc ogm clovl st`tkb hg gllmcl. [tlp 4> Dr`gj tbrlomlm gllmcl tbrhujb doka st`tkb os ` th ag`t ogm clovl st`tkb hg gllmcl. [tlp ;> Dr`gj tbrlomlm gllmcl tbrhujb �rst rhgt st`tkb os ` th ag`t ogm sc`p tb`s st`tkb hﬆ gllmcl. Dr`gj tbrlomlm gllmcl tbrhujb glxt rhgt st`tkb os ` th purc ogm clovl st`tkb hg gllmcl. [tlp => Dr`gj tbrlomlm gllmcl tbrhujb �rst doka st`tkb os ` th purc (os `ccustrotlm), sc`p tb`s st`tkb hﬆ, dr`gj gllmcl tbrhujb glxt doka st`tkb os ` th ag`t, clovl tb`s st`tkb hg gllmcl. Tlplot [tlps ; ogm = ugt`c gh st`tkbls rlio`g hg gllmcls.

Chgj-]o`c Kost-Hg E`jurl ?

E`jurl 4

]wh-Lgm Kost-Hg ? b`s kost-hg `s whralm os hr chgj-to`c kost-hg dut w`tb twh strogms octlrgot`gj hr tbl `gmlx �gjlr yorg. ]l glw strogm ocwoys ihvls hvlr tbl hcm hgl, tbot `s, owoy rhi yhu ogm orhugm tbl gllmcl wb`cl tbl hcm strogm `s blcm kchslr th yhu `g yhur poci. Bhcm yorgs os hr chgj-to`c kost-hg w`tb tbl =-yorm (;.: i) strogm os tbl tbuid yorg ogm o dcoka strogm rhi tbl yorg docc hvlr `gmlx �gjlr. Kost hg �rst st`tkb. Ghw usl yhur r`gj hr i`mmcl �gjlr th kotkb tbl dcoka `gmlx �gjlr strogm ogm bhcm `t `g yhur r`jbt poci. Dr`gj tbl wb`tl strogm rhi tbl docc `gth phs`t`hg ogm kost hg tbl glxt st`tkb. Jrosp ogm bhcm tbl wb`tl strogm ogm khgt`gul, octlrgot`gj dcoka ogm wb`tl `g slqulgkl. Phu Phu ioy gllm th ugtw`st tbl yorgs portwoy tbrhujb tbl kost-hg. Bhcm tbl tbuid yorg `g hgl bogm ogm mrhp tbl yorg docc sh tbl htblr twh strogms kog ugtw`st. ” Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls

Clov`gj o chgj to`c (odhut ? ⁍ 4 th ? `gkb Q? th 4 kiY hr lokb st`tkb th dl kost hg), ioal o sc`paght ogm pcokl hg tbl r`jbt gllmcl. Vcokl tbl tbuid ogm `gmlx �gjlr h tbl cle bogm dltwllg tbl yorg lgms sh tbot tbl whra`gj yorg `s orhugm tbl `gmlx �gjlr ogm tbl t o`c lgm `s orhugm tbl tbuid. [lkurl tbl lgms w`tb yhur htblr �gjlrs ogm bhcm tbl poci upworm ioa`gj o U h yorg (E`jurl ?). Dr`gj tbl gllmcl up tbrhujb tbl chhp hg tbl tbuid (E`jurl 4), jrod tbl �rst strogm orhugm tbl `gmlx �gjlr w`tb tbl gllmcl, ogm jh doka mhwg tbrhujb tbl chhp hg tbl tbuid (E`jurl ;). Mrhp tbl chhp hﬆ tbl tbuid ogm, pcok`gj tbl tbuid doka `g tbl U khg�juE`jurl ; rot`hg, t`jbtlg tbl rlsuct`gj st`tkb hg tbl E`jurl = gllmcl (E`jurl =).

]wh-Lgm Kost-Hg 4 bl wh-Lgm Kost-Hg 4 (ocsh kocclm tbl Jlriog-tw`stlm kost-hg iltbhm) `s hgl h tbrll kost-hg iltbhms typ`koccy uslm. Ghrioccy, hgl usls tbrll strogms hr tb`s twh-lgm kosthg, dut tbl hcchw`gj `s o sìpc`�lm iltbhm. *Bhcm yorgs os hr chgj-to`c kost-hg. Gllmcl jhls th rhgt ogm ugmlr dhtb strogms hg tbuid, tblg t`ps up ogm khils mhwg hg doka tbuid strogm. Dr`gj doka strogm hrworm ogm ugmlr rhgt tbuid strogm ogm pucc up th ioal o c`ttcl lylclt. Gllmcl (st`cc t brhujb lylclt) jhls doka thworm `gmlx �gjlr, hvlr rhgt strogm hg `gmlx �gjlr, t`ps mhwg, ogm dr`gjs strogm hrworm tbrhujb lylclt th hri chhp hg gllmcl. `jbtlg lgms ogm rlplot rhi *. ” Korhc Buldskblr Tbhomls

ODDTLU@O@HG[ dlj”dlj`g(s)1 dlj`gg`gj DH”d`gm hﬆ KK”khgtrost`gj khchr kb”kbo`g k`r”k`rkucor kg”kodcl gllmcl KH”kost hg khgt”khgt`gul(s)1 khgt`gu`gj mlk(s) (‐m)”mlkrlosl(s)1 mlkrloslm1 mlkrlos`gj mk”mhudcl krhkblt mpg”mhudcl-ph`gtlm gllmcl(s) ehcc”ehcchw(s)1 ehcchw`gj bmk”boce mhudcl krhkblt `gk(s) (‐m)”`gkrlosl(s)1 `gkrloslm1 `gkrlos`gj a”ag`t a?e&d”ag`t `gth tbl erhgt ogm doka he tbl soil st`tkb”? st`tkb `gkrloslm

<4

V @LKLZ HTA

a4thj”ag`t 4 st`tkbls thjltblr a;thj”ag`t ; st`tkbls thjltblr a

rli”rlio`g(s)1 rlio`g`gj rlp(s)”rlplot(s)1 rlplot`gj rgm(s)”rhugm(s) T[”r`jbt s`ml sk”s`gjcl krhkblt sk4thj”`gslrt bhha `g glxt st`tkb, yorg hvlr,, pucc chhp tbrhujb st`tkb (4 chhps hvlr hg bhha)1 `gslrt bhha `g glxt st`tkb, yorg hvlr, pucc chhp tbrhujb st`tkb (; chhps hg bhha)1 yorg hvlr ogm mrow yorg tbrhujb occ ; chhps hg bhha1 khipcltlm sk4thj”? st`tkb mlkrloslm sa”sa`p sc”sc`p sc st”sc`p(plm) st`tkb sp(s)”spokl(s) ssa”sc`p ? ag`tw`sl, sc`p ? ag`tw`sl, ag`t 4 sc`pplm st`tkbls thjltblr tbrhujb doka chhps (mlkrlosl)

ssp”sc`p ? ag`tw`sl, sc`p ? ag`tw`sl, purc 4 sc`pplm st`tkbls thjltblr tbrhujb doka chhps (mlkrlosl) st(s)”st`tkb(ls) [t st”sthka`glttl st`tkb tdc”tbrhujb doka chhp thj”thjltblr tr”trldcl krhkblt Z[”wrhgj s`ml wyd”w`tb yorg `g doka wye”w`tb yorg `g erhgt yh”yorg hvlr *”rlplot stort`gj ph`gt ( )”octlrgotl ilosurlilgts ogm/hr `gstrukt`hgs Q Y”whra drokaltlm `gstrukt`hgs o splk`�lm guidlr he tìls

V

�

�

�

�

Z �

�

�

I

�

�

�

� �

�

�

� �

�

Tlshurkl Ju`ml

[plkòc`z`gj `g siocc ogm E`gl goturoc �dlr yorgs ogm okklsshr`ls ehr bogmag`ttlrs bogmag`ttlrs

lcljogt prhnlkts> shkas, i`ttlgs, ogm ag`ttlm cokl.

U`s`t hur Zlds`tl> www.whhcywlst.khi Lio`c us ot kotochjFwhhc kotochjFwhhcywlst.khi ywlst.khi th nh`g hur lclktrhg`k io`c`gj c`st V.H. Dhx <2;65 • [oct Coal K`ty, \tob 2=?<2 • (26?) <2?-02?4

G l l w w ! !

4662 KHCCLK]@HG KM Tlomlrs khugt hg E`dlrorts ehr `gsp`rot`hg, `gehriot`hg, ogm rlshurkls `g og `gghvot`vl, rotblr tbog trom`t`hgoc, opprhokb th occ ehris he �dlr ort. ]b`s khcclkt`hg `gkcumls occ �vl 4662 `ssuls hg hgl KM.

 

   Dhdd`g Cokl ]ott`gj Cuklttl Aui`bìh Ag`tt`gj Gìcd`gm`gj Uà`gj Z`rl Zlov`gj

Gllmcl Cokl Dro`m`gj @gacl Zlov`gj Gllmclwhra

]bl Coklioalr ?;= G B`jb [t Khrtcogm, HB ===?6 pbhgl> ;;6-5;:-66<: www.coklioalruso.khi

255-0=0-?5=5


46??

V@LKLZHTA

<;

Bhghr`gj tbl T`kb B`sthry he Gllmclwhra

Jlt 4 eucc ylors hg hgl KM!

Ovo`codcl Ghw! V`lklZhra 4665-466: 4665-466: Khcclkt`hg KM ogm V`lklZhra 4662-4660 4662-4660 Khcclkt`hg KM

(255) 0=0-?5=5


46??

V@LKLZHTA

<=

V@LKLZHTA IOTAL]VCOKL Kcossè`lms DLOM[

BL@TCHHI JCO[[ DLOM[, `gghvot`vl ogm

ug`qul suppc`ls. Khchr iotkb`gj, dlom soipcl korms, wbhclsocl”chw i`gìuis, rlto`c”gh i`gìuis. 56-pojl kotochj $=. Dlomkots, VH Dhx 42=6, Z`cshgv`ccl, HT 0:6:6-42=6. (<6;) 54<4;4;1 `gehFdlomkots.khi1 www.dlomkots.khi.

(255) ^@J-ÔJ= hr (;?:) ;45-;??<. Jrllge`lcm, @gmògo. []@]KB@GJ [LTU@KL[

KTOE] KT\@[L[. Nh`g us hg o ag`tt`gj tr`p! Bo-

JBH[][]@]KBLT[ VTHEL[[@HGOC []@]KB@GJ [LTU@KL ehr yhur ag`tt`gj, krhkblt,

DHHA[ OGM U@MLH

krhss-st`tkb, krlwlc, bormogjlr, pucclm tbrloms, lidrh`mlry, ogm gllmclph`gt prhnlkts. www.jbhst st`tkblrs.khi.

B\JL [LCLK]@HG. Glw ogm hut-he-pr`gt

]L R ] @ C L [

gllmclwhra dhhas. @gehriot`hg ehr erll kotochjs ogm glwsclttlr. Tutb Alrg Dhhas, VH Dhx ;<;55, Vbhlg`x, O^ 2<650. (266) =40-<6:<1 ralrg;F i`gmspr`gj.khi1 eox (564) 0==-?:<;1 www.rutb alrgdhhas.khi. Erll dhha slorkbls. LULG][

KHC\ID@O JHTJL E@DLT EL[]@UOC . Bhhm

T`vlr, Hrljhg. Opr`c ?<‛?:. *Kc ossls, Ulgmhrs & Ihrl* bttp>//www.covlgmlrsbllp.khi/kjee.btic. Bhpl th [ll Phu ]blrl! [VT@GJ EC@GJ @G OCO[AO. Tovlgsto`c Zlov`gj, Elct`gj, Ag`tt`gj, Ecllkl Tuj [p`gg`gj, Uà`gj Z`rl, Vorao ]rì, Gllmcl Elct. Opr`c ?<‛?5, Zos`cco. E`dlrg`klocosaoFyobhh.khi1 www.E`dlr g`klocosao.khi. COKLIOA@GJ [\VVC@L[

COTJL ]O]]@GJ [\VVC@L[ [LCLK]@HG.

[buttcls, dhdd`gs, ght`hgs, borm th e`gm tbrloms [buttcls, ot ]bl ]ott`gj Khrglr. www.tott`gjkhrglr.khi.

Lostlrg ]uraly, Ioy1 Cohs & Koidhmò, Nucy1 www.dtsomvlgturls.khi1 cokygtbòFvhi.khi1 (
U@G]OJL U@G]O JL ogm OG]@_\L ]LR]@CL[. U`gtojl

lidlcc`sbilgts, thhcs, ogm bhw-th. E`gl ogt`qul cokl ogm cokl ehr kroet`gj, dloms, dutthgs, r`ddhgs, trìs, skrop-dojs, koc`khs, bhilspug, s`cas ogm vlcvlt, echwlrs, ght`hgs, ogm slw`gj sioc cs. U`gtojl pottlrgs, woccpoplr, pbhths, ogm lpblilro. Mhcc kchtb`gj, qu`cts, c`glgs, v`gtojl ogm ogt`qul kchtb`gj. www.v`gtojlogmogt`qultlxt`cls.khi. <;2 Io`g [t., [turdr`mjl, IO. (266) 44<-0=65. ]T O U L C

46?? ]H\T[ ehr AG@]]LT[ ogm ET@LGM[.

Ilihrodcl trovlc s`gkl ?00 <. Zotkb Zotkb hur wlds`tl ehr mlto`cs he tb`s ylor‐s ug`qul `t`glror`ls th [khtcogm & Zocls. Cì`tlm thur s`zl. Mhg‐t i`ss hut! www.nhyklnoilsthurs.khi. (5?;) 50<-62201 (266) 45:-<<<4. DLB@GM ]BL [KLGL[ OMULG]\TL[> 46?? ]LR]@CL ]H\T[ w`tb tbl Lxplrts! Vlru & Dh-

wo`` w`tb Iyro Zhhm ogm Ar`st`gl Drhhas, Ghrwljòg Enhrms ogm [kogm`govò w`tb [occy Ilcv`ccl, Dlriumo w`tb Numy Voskocl, Kogomòg Thkay To`c, w`tb Nhog [kbrhumlr, Ocosao w`tb Norlm Echhm ogm Chr`cll Dlctiog, Kogomo Glw Lgjcogm w`tb Mhggo Mrukbugos ogm Nhog [kbrhumlr, Kb`go‐s Pogjtzl T`vlr w`tb C`cy Kb`g, Kbr`stios Kroet Ioralts ochgj tbl Mogudl w`tb Aorlg Oceal, Ag`t & [a` `g [tloidhot [pr`gjs w`tb Kot Dhrmb` & Cuky Glotdy, ogm [hutb Oilr`ko w`tb Iory Nogl Iukaclsthgl & Kygtbò ClKhugt. U`s`t www.kroet kru`sls.khi hr kocc (2::) 0:-KTOE] 0:-KTOE].. ]T O U L C O G M L M \ K O ] @ H G

KTOE] & EHCA OT] ]H\T[. Kbòpos (Ilx-

`kh), Thiogò, Dbutog, Kbr`stios `g Hoxoko, [hutblrg @gmò. [iocc, plrshgoc`zlm jrhups. Kroet Zhrcm ]hurs, 5::5VZ Zordhys, Dyrhg, GP ?==44. (<2<) <=2-455:1 www.kroetwh w ww.kroetwhrcmthurs.khi. rcmthurs.khi. ZL D [ @ ] L [ ]H U @ [ @ ]

[email protected] prhv`mls occ yhu

gllm th ioal c okl”Lurh okl”Lurhplog plog dhdd`gs, Dottlgdlrj, ogm Vr`gklss topls. Ogt`qul ogm wlorodcl cokl. Bhil he tbl Coklioa`gj K`rkcl m`skhugt kcud (Erll!).

c`vò (Lostlr `g Ogmls), w`tb Gogky ]bhios1 ocsh

[thp th [bhp

” GLLMCLZHTA [BHV M@TLK]HTP

KOC@EHTG@O

KHGGLK]@K\]

]L R O [

Ocpoko M`rlkt”Drlgtwhhm

Iyst`k T`vlr Porgs CCK”Iyst`k

Thsl Votb Zlov`gj”C`gmocl

www.OcpokoM`rlkt.khi Bujl slclkt`hg he cuxury yorg, rhv`gj, ogm ag`tt`gj suppc`ls. Kcossls ogm supphrt. ?== Khgt`glgtl Ovl., [tl. ?:6 (04<) 4;:-4<:<

www.iyst`kr`vlryorgs.khi Dos`k th lxht`k yorgs `g o pclosogt oidògkl. Kcossls, whrasbhps, ogm plrshgoc slrv`kl dy lxplrt ag`ttlrs. ?= Bhcils [t. (256) <;5-=;6<

]bl Porg Dhut`qul”C oeoylttl

www.rhslpotb.glt @g lost ]lxos, nust hee @-46 hg Bwy. 50G. B`jb-quoc`ty yorg `g goturoc e`dlrs. [aoklc ogm Dr`ttogy ag`tt`gj gllmcls ogm dloms. 4262 [. Io`g [t., #L (06;) 224-;4;=

@CC@GH@[

www.yorgdhut`qul.us Dloutèuc yorgs1 er`lgmcy, plrshgoc slrv`kl1 slgs`dcl pr`kls. Aght Nust Ag`ts”Hoa Vora Chkotlm `g Co E`lsto [quorl glor ElmLx/A`gahs. www.aghtnustag`ts.khi 05;-K Ihrojo Tm. (04<) 42;-:;:: ]bl glw ghha ehr krlot`vl ag`tt`gj, krhkblt`gj, ogm kogvos whra gh iottlr wbot yhur sa`cc clvlc. Coal ]obhl Porg Khipogy”]rukall ??6:-??60 Zls Zlstjotl tjotl (:62) 0=2-:0=; www.coaltobhlyorgkhipogy.khi

[lrv`gj tbl dloutèuc ]rukall/Coal ]obhl orlo. Porgs, pottlrgs, okklsshr`ls, kcossls. O sbhp th lgnhy. ??662 Mhgglr Voss Tm. (<;6) <2:-?656 KHCHTOMH

Jypsy Zhhcs”Dhucmlr www.jypsywhhcs.khi [plkòc`z`gj `g goturoc e`dlrs, bogm-mylm, bogmpo`gtlm, ogm goturoc khchr. Lxht`ks, rorl ogm blr`tojl drllm e`dlrs, ugusuoc kusthi spug yorgs. Zl‐r l‐rll ght yhur ovlrojl yorg sthrl. ?44: [prukl [t. (;6;) ==4-?22=

]odcl Thka Ccoios E`dlr Orts [tum`h @gk. ”Khchromh [pr`gjs www.todclrhkaccoios.khi Ag`tt`gj, krhkblt, sp`gg`gj, wlov`gj, elct`gj, ogm myl`gj. 5<46 [bhup Tm. (255) =0<-::=:

ZP H I @ G J

]bl E`dlr Bhusl”[blr`mog

IO TP C O G M

www.tble`dlrbhusl.khi Ecllkl th eosb`hg ogm eug! Chkoc ocpoko yorg. Dhhas, ght`hgs, kcossls, ogm ;6+ yorg c`gls! `gehFe`dlrbhusl.khi. ?=5 Kheellg Ovl. (;6:) 5:;-6;2;

I`cc`klgt‐s Porgs & Ihrl”Kuidlrcogm

[ B H V H G ] B L ZL D

www.i`cc`klgtsyorgs.khi Dodl‐ss E`dlr Jormlg CCK Dodl‐ Kocclm hgl he tbl thp ?6 yorg sbhps hg tbl Lost Khost. ]wh bhurs erhi V`ttsdurjb, Doctìhrl, ogm M.K. Losy hg/hee www.dodlse`dlrjormlg.khi @-52 `g wlstlrg Iorycogm. [p`gg`gj wbllcs, lclktr`k sp`gglrs, ogm okklsshr`ls ogm 4: G. Klgtrl [t. (;6?) :44-2?66 eugkt`hg dlehrl ehri tbot orl oeehrmodcl. (2::) 542-;462 I@[[H\T@

Nwroykh”Glvomo www.nwroykh.khi Bogm-po`gtlm yorgs `g shka, e`gjlr`gj, sphrt, ogm whrstlm Bogm-po`gtlm wl`jbts. E`dlrs. Zlov`gj a`ts. Dhhas, pottlrg supphrt, gllmcls, ght`hgs, kcossls. <4? [. Cygg (=?:) <=0-50=2


46??

V@LKLZHTA

<<

V � � � � Z� � � I�� BHZL[ GLLMCLZHTA Ehr tbl E`glst `g

Vrli`lr

Kogmclw`ka`gj ML[@JG[, A@][, [\VVC@L[

Kcossè`lms

Kotochj Ovo`codcl • Zbhclsocl Zlckhil Zlckhil www.bhw www .bhwlsgllmclwh lsgllmclwhra.khi ra.khi

266-;60-<;=2 VH Dhx ;25= Tlsthg, UO 46?0<

OMULT]@[LT‐[ @GMLR

Orgb`cm‐s Ag`tt`gj [tum`h. . . . . . . . . . . . . .<5 Doj Comy Vrlss/Vrlslgkò. . . . . . . . . . . . . .dk Drhwg [bllp [bllp Khipogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Khchgòc Gllmcl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?; Krlot`vl Porgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<; Jrllg Ihugto`g Ihugto`g [p`gglry. . . . . . . . . . . . . <; Bockyhg Porg. Porg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Bhwls Gllmclwhra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<; @gtlrwlovl . . . .:, 2, 0, ?;, 4<, <;, <=, <5, `dk Nìiy Dlog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?; Coklioalr, ]bl ]bl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <; Cok`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?; C`so [huzo Ag`twlor ogm Mylwhras. . . . .<; Ioal Hgl Porg Porg [tum`h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = Hhi`gjioa, Iusa Iusa Hx Vrhmuklrs . . . . . . <; Vcyihutb Porg Porg Kh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < Vurc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .èk Thyocwhhm Ctm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <; [aoklc Khcclkt`hg @gk.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<; Zlsti`gstlr E`dlrs E`dlrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Z`gmy Uoccly Uoccly Iusahx Iusahx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = Zhhcy Zlst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<; Porgs`stlrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

<5

V@LKLZ HTA

\.[. Vhstoc [lrv`kl [totlilgt he Hwglrsb`p, Iogojlilgt & K`rkucot`hg. ?. Vudc`kot`hg ]`tcl> V`lklZhra 4. Vudc`kot`hg Gh> 6??:?:. ;. Motl he E`c`gj> 0-;6-?6. =. @ssul Erlqulgky> Dìhgtbcy <. Gh. he @ssuls Vudc`sblm Ogguoccy> 5. 5. Ogguoc [udskr`pt`hg Vr`kl> $40.0< :. Khipcltl Io`c`gj Ommrlss he Aghwg He�kl he Vudc`kot`hg> @gtlrwlovl Vrlss CCK, 46? L. =tb [trllt, Chvlcogm, Corìlr, KH 26<;:-<5<<. Khgtokt Vlrshg> Gogky [`cevlg1 ]lclpbhgl (0:6) ::5-?=:6. 2. Khipcltl Ommrlss he Blomquortlrs hr Jlglroc Dus`glss He�kl he tbl Vudc`sblr> [oil os odhvl. 0. Eucc Goils ogm Khipcltl Io`c`gj Ommrlssls he Vudc`sblr, Lm`thr> Vudc`sblr> Nhbg Dhcthg, 46? L. Ehurtb [trllt, Chvlcogm, Corìlr, KH 26<;:-<5<<1 Lm`thr> Nlogl Butkb`gs, 46? L. Ehurtb [trllt, Chvlcogm, Corìlr, KH 26<;:-<5<<1 ?6. Hwglr(s)> Osp`rl Ilmò Hplrot`hgs, CCK., ?;< [. Co[occl [t. [u`tl ;266, Kb`kojh, @C 5656;-=?;?. ??. Ghgl. ?4. G/O. ?;. Vudc`kot`hg ]`tcl> V`lklZhra ?=. @ssul Motl ehr K`rkucot`hg Moto Dlchw> [lptlidlr/Hkthdlr 46?6. ?<. Lxtlgt ogm Goturl he K`rkucot`hg (`g tbl ehcchw`gj tbl �rst guidlr rlprlslgts tbl ffOvlrojl Gh. Khp`ls Lokb @ssul Mur`gj Vrlklm`gj ?4 Ihgtbs'' ogm tbl slkhgm guidlr rlprlslgts tbl ffOktuoc Gh. Khp`ls he [`gjcl @ssul Vudc`sblm Glorlst th E`c`gj Motl'')> O. ]H]OC GH. HE KHV@L[> ?. ;<,=66/;:,602. D. VO@M K@TK\CO]@HG (DP IO@C OGM H\][@ML ]BL IO@C)> ?. Vo`m Io`c [udskr`pt`hgs Huts`ml-Khugty> 46,5?5/4?,<<=. 4. Vo`m Io`c [udskr`pt`hgs @gs`ml-Khugty> 6/6 ;. Vo`m m`str`dut`hg huts`ml tbl io`c `gkcum`gj socls tbrhujb mloclrs ogm korr`lrs, strllt vlgmhrs, khugtlr socls ogm htblr ghg-\[V[ m`str`dut`hg> 5,:::/<,:0;. 5,:::/<,: 0;. =. Vo`m M `str`dut`hg dy Htblr Kcossls Io`clm ]brhujb tbl \[V[> 6/6. K. ]H]OC VO@M M @[]T@D\]@HG > 4:,;0;/4:,;=:. M. ETLL M@[]T@D\]@HG DP IO@C OGM H\][@ML ]BL IO@C)> ?. Erll huts`ml-khugty khp`ls> ?46/?;;. 4. Erll @g-Khugty Khp`ls> 6/6. ;. Erll Khp`ls Io`clm ot Htblr Kcossls tbrhujb tbl \[V[> ?56/?4<. =. Erll M`str`dut`hg Huts`ml tbl Io`c> 6/6. L. ]H]OC ETLL M@[]T@D\]@HG> 426/4<2. E. ]H]OC M@[]T@D\]@HG> 4:,5:;/4:,56<. J. KHV@L[ GH] M@[]T@D\]LM> :,:4:/0,=0;. B. ]H]OC> ;<,=66/;:,602. @. VLTKLG] VO@M> 00.6%/00.?%. ?5. Vudc`kot`hg he [totlilgt he Hwglrsb`p. Vudc`kot`hg rlqu`rlm. Z`cc dl pr`gtlm `g tbl Nog/Eld 46?? `ssul he tb`s pudc`kot`hg. ?:. [`jgoturl ogm ]`tcl he Lm`thr, Vudc`sblr, Dus`glss Iogojlr, hr Hwglr> Nhbg Dhcthg, Vudc`sblr. 0/40/?6. @ klrtèy tbot occ `gehriot`hg eurg`sblm hg tb`s ehri `s trul ogm khipcltl. @ ugmlrstogm tbot ogyhgl wbh eurg`sbls eocsl hr i`sclom`gj `gehriot`hg hg tb`s ehri hr wbh hi`ts iotlròc hr `gehriot`hg rlqulstlm hg tbl ehri ioy dl sudnlkt th krì`goc sogkt`hgs (`gkcum`gj �gls ogm ìpr`shgilgt) ogm/hr k`v`c sogkt`hgs (`gkcum`gj k`v`c plgoct`ls).


Ihv`gj8 @e yhu‐rl pcogg`gj o ihvl, mhg‐t ehrjlt th toal ochgj yhur V`lklZhra sudskr`pt`hg. sudskr`pt`hg. [lgm yhur hcm ogm glw ommrlssls, ommrlssls, ochgj w`tb tbl kusthilr guidlr tbot opplors hg yhur io`c`gj codlc, th> V`lklZhra

VH Dhx =50?6: Lskhgm`mh, KO 046=5-0?6:

N�� L�� N�� N� �� A�� C�� ]��

Clt klcldrotlm mls`jglr Iorjorlt [thvl sborl w`tb yhu blr chvl he ag`ttlm cokl. Erhi tbl b`sthry he tb`s kcoss`k ag`tt`gj p`lkl th ?4 hr`j`goc pottlrgs, Zropplm `g Cokl `s `s o dloutèuc tr`dutl th tbl cokl trom`t`hgs erhi orhugm tbl whrcm. @gs`ml yhu‐cc ehcchw Iorjorlt os sbl lxpchrls cokl tlkbg`quls, pottlrgs, ogm kusthis `g mlptb, `gkcum`gj blr qulst th mls`jg ogm ag`t tbl cljlgmory –wlmm`gj r`gj sbowc.’ ]blg, try yhur bogm ot pottlrgs erhi tbl Eorhl @scogms, [bltcogm @scogms, Hrlgdurj, Lsthgò, ogm cokl ihtès he Glw ^locogm, os wlcc os khgtliphrory Lurhpl. Zropplm `g Cokl ugehcms ugehcms tbl ag`ttlm cokl trom`t`hg

Zropplm `g Cokl Ag`ttlm Bl`rchhi Mls`jgs erhi Orhugm tbl Zhrcm

Iorjorlt [thvl ?56 Vojls, 2 ¹ x 0 $45.0< @[DG> 0:2?<055244:5

ogm prlslrvls tbl pottlrgs ehr jlglrot`hgs th khil.

E`gm Zropplm `g Cokl os os wlcc os o jrlot slclkt`hg he htblr @gtlrwlovl prhmukts ot yhur chkoc yorg sbhp hr `gmlplgmlgt kroet rlto`clr. N O G \ O T P / E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKLZHTA

;

Phur tìl `s ìphrtogt th us... rlcy hg tbl quoc`ty he tbl Vrlslgkò ® eoi`cy he tbrloms th dr`gj yhhur prhnlkts th cèl. y

Occ Vrlslgkò ® & E`gko ® drogmlm tbrloms orl ?66% chgj stopcl J`zo :6/:< Ljyptòg Khtthg...I`cclm, Khtthg...I`c clm, Mylm ogm [pug `g Uoclgkò, [po`g ]bl E`gko ® Vlrcl Khtthg & Lidrh`mlry Echss `s ovo`codcl `g up th ;4? Ilrklr`zlm Dclokbeost Khchrs ehr tbl dlst rlsucts

VH Dhx 4=60, Mlpt VZ - Lvlrjrllg, KH 26=;:

www.prlslgkòuso.khi

Vrlslgkò ® /E` /E`gko gko ® drogms orl ght shcm `g kbo`g sthrls. Vclosl e`gm us ot yhur chkoc Gllmclwhra hr _u`ct [bhp. Vut tbl dlst quoc`ty doka `gth yhur whra! N O G \ O T P / E L D T \ O T P

46??

V@LKLZHTA

=

Piecework Jan Feb 2011 Collection

Recommend Documents