Physics Project File

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

AISSCE EXAMINATION EXAMINATION SESSION 2016-17 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT NAME

: Theophilus Laldawmsang Parate : "II

LA!! R#LL R# LL No No : !$%&E !$%&ET T : P'Y!I! P'Y!I! TEA'ER IN'AR(E : !ir )o*apsang lungtau


KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG SARKARI BAGAN, DIMA HASAO DIMA HASAO (ASSAM) – 788820 Phone  0!"7!#2!"2$%, 2!8&''

AI!!E ERTI+IATE Thi i !" #$%!i&' !h(! Th$")hi*+ L(*,(.(/ P(%(!$ !+,'i/ i/ !(/,(%, XII S#i$/#$ +/,$% AISSCE R"** /"3 44444444444445 "& Kendri,a Vid,ala,a 'a-ong .Assam/ h( +##$&+**' #".)*$!$, !h$

)%"$#! $/!i!*$, (  To set up a 0ommon 1ase transistor 0ir0uit and stud, its input and output 0hara0teristi0 and to 0al0ulate its 0urrent gain 8

&"% AISSCE &"% !h$ $i"/ 2016-17 ( )%$#%i9$, 9' +/,$% !h$ +i,(/#$ (/, h( +9.i!!$, (!i&(#!"%' (##"+/! &"% !h$ (.$3 Hi:H$% #"/,+#! ,+%i/ !h$ #"+%$ "& !h$ )%"$#! ( "",3


e*he+ In#*h+e

S*hoo- S./

(S1+ o34n L5n.5)

E6.e+n- E6/1ne+4 41n.5+e

In.e+n- E6/1ne+4 41n.5+e

P+1n*1-4 41n.5+e

()

() D.e 

A*3no9-e:e/en. I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the opportunity to carry out this investigatory project. I also take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my hysics teacher, M+; o34n L5n.5, PG Ph<41*4 , for guiding me and imparting a sound !ase of knowledge pertaining to this topic which ensured the successful completion of this project. I would also like to thank him for unending assistance to ena!le completion of the exercise.


Secondly I would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in finali"ing this project with their valua!le suggestions and guidance which has !een helpful in the completion of the project within the limited time frame S5=/1..e: B<  #heophilus $aldawmsang arate Class % &II 'Science( )oll *o %

ERTI+IATE Thi i !" h$%$9' #$%!i&' !h(! !h$ "%ii/(* (/, $/+i/$ i/;$!i(!"%' )%"$#! h( 9$$/ #".)*$!$, i/#$%$*' (/, (!i&(#!"%i*' 9' Theophilus Laldawmsang Parate "& #*( "II 2 !0ien0e Kendri,aVid,ala,a


'a-ong5Dima 'asao %$(%,i/ hi

)%"$#! !i!*$, To set up a 0ommon 1ase transistor 0ir0uit and stud, its input and output 0hara0teristi0 and to 0al0ulate its 0urrent gain3 ( )$% !h$ C
)%(#!i#(* "%= %$>+i%$.$/! &"% !h$ $i"/ 2016-20173

#eacher+s Signature

Examiner+s Signature

0ontents  

I/!%",+#!i"/ Ci%#+i! Di(%(.


     

  

O9$#!i;$ A))(%(!+ P%"#$,+%$ O9$%;(!i"/ C(*#+*(!i"/ R$+*! P%$#(+!i"/ S"+%#$ "& $%%"%
 transistor is a three terminal active device. #he terminals are emitter, !ase, collector. In CB configuration, the !ase is common to !oth input 'emitter( and output 'collector(. -or normal operation, the EB junction is forward !iased and CB junction is reverse !iased.


In CB configuration, IE is 2ve, IC is 3ve and IB is 3ve. 4ith an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the spacecharge width at the output junction increases and the effective !ase width 54+ decreases. #his phenomenon is known as 6Early effect7. #hen, there will !e less chance for recom!ination within the !ase region. 4ith increase of charge gradient within the !ase region, the current of minority carriers injected across the emitter junction increases. #he current amplification factor of CB configuration is given !y, 89 :IC; :IE

>IR>?I DIAGRAM

OB@E>IVE <. #o o!serve and draw the input and output characteristics of a transistor connected in common !ase configuration. =. #o find current gain '8( of the given transistor.


APPARA?S <. =. ?. A. . .

 pnp #ransistor )egulated power supply '>?>@, <( and a ?@ !attery @oltmeter '>?>@( mmeters '>>m( = high resistance rheostats Connecting wires

PRO>ED?RE INP? >HARA>ERISI>S <. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. =. -or plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage @ CE is kept constant at >@ and for different values of @ EB note down the values of IE.


?. )epeat the a!ove step keeping @CB at =@, A@, and @. ll the readings are ta!ulated. A.  graph is drawn !etween @EB and IE for constant @CB.

O?P? >HARA>ERISI>S <. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. =. -or plotting the output characteristics, the input I E is kept constant at <>m and for different values of @ CB, note down the values of IC. ?. )epeat the a!ove step for the values of IE at =>m, A>m, and >m, all the readings are ta!ulated. A.  graph is drawn !etween @CB and Ic for constant IE

OBSERVAIONS <. =. ?. A. . .

$east count of voltmeter @i 9 >.<@ )ange of voltmeter @i9 > volts Dero error of voltmeter @i9 *o error $east count of voltmeter @> 9 >.<@ )ange of voltmeter @>9> to @ Dero error of voltmeter @>9 *o error


. )ange of milliammeter9 >>m F. Dero error of milliammeter9 *o error

=-e o+ 1n5. *h+*.e+14.1*4

Sl.

Baseemitter voltage @EB'@(

Emitter current I E 'm( for @CB9 >@

@CB9 =@

@CB9 A@

<

=.

>

>

>

=

?.>

>

>

>

?

A.=

>

>

>

A

A.





G



A.F

=>

=<

=



A.G

?F

AF

/ut of range

*o .

=-e o+ o5.5. *h+*.e+14.1*4

Sl. *o .

Basecollector voltage @CB'@(

Collector current I C 'm( for IE9m

IE9<>m

IE9=>m


<

>

A.

G.>

=

<

.>

G.>

?

=

.>

G.>

A

A

.

G.





.

G.





.

G.





.

G.

F

F

.

G.

=-e o+ .+n4e+ *h+*.e+14.1*4

Sl.

Emitter current I E Collector current I C 'm( for 'm( *o @CB9 >@ @CB9 =@ @CB9 A@ . <

>

>

>

>

=









?









A











F

F

F

F



<>

<>

<>

<>


Ta1le 4or I nput 0hara0terist i0s

V CB

60

?0

0 VC< 0V

VC<-2V

VC<-V

@0

20

10

0

-23?

@

3 2

 3 ? B B B B B B B B B BV B EB BBB6

3 

3 B00000000000000

Ta1le 4or #u tput hara0terist i0s 2? I E

20

1?

IE? .A

IE10 .A

IE20 .A

10

?

0

0

1

2



?

6

V CB

7




Ta1le 4or t rans4er 0h ara0terist i0s VC<0V V C

VC<-2V

S$%i$ @

12

10



6



2

0

0

?

6

7

>AL>?LAIONS i(

r i 9 Hdelta'@EB( ; delta'IE( at @CB 9 ii( r o 9 Hdelta'@CB( ; delta'IC( at IE 9 constant iii(

α DC

9 'IC( ; 'IE( 9

iv(

α AC

9 Hdelta'IC( ; delta'IE( at @CB 9 constant 9 I E



10


RES?L <. #he input, output and transfer characteristics are shown in the adjoining graphs. =. #he current gain, 8 9 ?. #he voltage gain, v 9

PRE>A?IONS <. #he supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the transistor. =. Jeters should !e connected properly according to their polarities.

SO?R>ES OF ERROR #he transistor may !e faulty.


BIBLIOGRAPHY @arious !ooks and we!sites were referred while making this project% <( hysics #ext!ook for class &II, artI, *CE)# =( hysics $a!oratory Janual for class &II, *CE)# ?( 4ikipedia.org A( Connect1Edu ( Koutu!e.com

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