PHILOSOPHY OF MAN PHILOSOPHY Pythagoras ( Pythagoras ( Πυθαγόρας ) -
5 70 70 B C, C, S am amo s. s. 4 95 95 BC BC Me Me ta ta po po nt nt m m
Three types of man -
! o" o"e # o $ % &e &e as as # #e ! o" o"e # o $ S ' ''e ss ss ! o" o"e # o $ s s* om om
PhiliaPhilia- !o"e
SO%!AT$S -
SO%!AT$S LIF$ -
SophiaSophia- s*om According to Pythagoras -
Man 'annot 'annot pe#$e't pe#$e't&+ &+ possess possess a 'omp#ee 'omp#eens ns"e "e n*e#st n*e#stan* an*n n o$ a&& meant meant + /s*om. Man 'an 'an on&+ on&+ 'ontna& 'ontna&&+ &+ p#st p#st te meann meann o$ /s*om. /s*om. n&+ n&+ 1o* 1o* 'an 'an e e 'a& 'a&&e* &e* /se /se.. e 'an 'an on&+ e &o"e#s &o"e#s o$ /s*om /s*om an* /e 'an 'an ne"e# ne"e# e /se. /se.
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Philosophy As Science 2 Science 2 t see3s to a'#e te 3no/&e*e o$ te 'ases o$ tns. As Science of all thingsthings- *ea&s /t 'on'#ete, #ea& an* 'ontnent tns -
t s a tn tn tat tat s not not se&$ se&$-e6 -e6st stent. ent. en en tat s not not se&$-e6st se&$-e6stent ent o/es ts ts e6sten'e e6sten'e to to sometn sometn ote# ote# tan tse&$. tse&$.
As Knon in Light of !eason!eason- see3s te $#st 'ases o$ tns as $a# as te+ 'an e #atona&&+ esta&se* + te man mn*. "I#ISION OF PHILOSOPHY
MetaphysicsMetaphysics- s te st*+ o$ #ea&t+ (ens an* en) $pistemology$pistemology- s te st*+ o$ "a&*t+ o$ man 3no/&e*e $thics$thics- s te st*+ o$ te mo#a&t+ o$ man a'ton. %osmology%osmology- s te s'en'e o$ te n"e#se TheodicyTheodicy- a p&osop'a& st*+ o$ 1o* o# 8"ne Bens LogicLogic- s te st*+ o$ 'o##e't #easonn.
M$THO" OF PHILOSOPHY -
t ses ses te ma man n #easo #eason n as ts meto* meto*.. t ses ses ts ts meto* meto* to n#e n#e aot te nat#e nat#e o$ tns. tns. :e :e 1#ee 1#ee3 3 /s /s*o *om m on man man
'. 4;9 4;9 470 BC, 8eme 8eme &op &ope'e e'e,, te tens ns <99 <99 BC (a (ae e app# app#o6 o6.. 7=) 7=) t ten ens s C#e*t C#e*te* e* as one one o$ te $on* $on*e#s e#s o$ es este# te#n n p&oso p&osop+ p+ Senten'e* Senten'e* to *eat + + *#n3n *#n3n a m6t#e m6t#e 'ontann 'ontann poson em&o'3. em&o'3.
''o#*n ''o#*n to %&ato, %&ato, So'#ate So'#ates> s> $ate# $ate# /as Sop#ons' Sop#ons's. s. ?s ?s mot mote# e# %a %aen ena# a#et ete e So'# So'#at ates es ma# ma## #e* e* @an @ant tpp ppe e !amp#o !amp#o'&e '&es, s, Sop# Sop#on ons' s's s an* Mene Mene6en 6ens s n @ en en op opon>s Symposium, So'#ates Symposium, So'#ates s #epo#te* as sa+n e *e"ote mse&$ on&+ to /at e #ea#*s as te most mpo#tant a#t o# o''patonA *s'ssn p&osop+. n The Clouds #stopanes Clouds #stopanes po#t#a+s So'#ates as a''eptn pa+ment $o# tea'n an* #nnn a sopst s'oo& /t Cae#epon. ?e 'ose 'ose to sta+ $o# se"e#a& se"e#a& #eason #eason to $a'e $a'e *eat *eat e'aseA e'aseA ?e e&e"e* s' a $&t /o&* n*'ate a $ea# o$ *eat, /' e e&e"e* no t#e p&osope# as. $ e $&e* tens s tea'n /o&* $a#e no ette# n anote# 'ont#+ as e /o&* /o&* 'ontn 'ontne e est eston onn n a&& e met an* n*ote n*ote*&+ *&+ n'# n'# te# te# *sp&eas#e. ?a"n 3no/n 3no/n&+ &+ a#ee* a#ee* to &"e &"e n*e# n*e# te 't+>s 't+>s &a/s, e mp&' mp&'t&+ t&+ ?a"n se'te* mse&$ to te poss&+ o$ en a''se* o$ '#mes + ts 'tens an* *e* &t+ + ts #+. :o *o ote#/se /o&* a"e 'ase* m to #ea3 s Dso'a& 'ont#a'tE /t te state, an* so a#m te state, an a't 'ont#a#+ to So'#at' p#n'p&e.
SO%!ATI% P!IN%IPL$S -
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:e :e ne6 ne6am amn ne* e* &$e /as /as not /o#t /o#t &"n &"n,, e#e e#e /o&* /o&* e te te /o#t /o#t n +o# +o# e6sten'eF :e most most mpo#tant mpo#tant tas3 n n &$e /as 'a#n 'a#n $o# $o# te so&. pe#son>s pe#son>s so& /as te #ea& pe#son, So'#ates e&e"e* tat te most mpo#tant tas3 peop&e $a'e* /as #ea&n te# potenta& as pe#sons. oo* oo* pe#son pe#son 'o&* 'o&* not e a#me* a#me* + ote# ote# peop&e, peop&e, te most mpo#ta mpo#tant nt pa#t o$ o$ a pe#son s te so& an* te so& s not p+s'a& t n/a#* ten te so& 'annot e a#me*.
MAN AN" #I!T&$ -
Sn'e Sn'e te 3no/&e 3no/&e*e *e s o#n, o#n, "#te, "#te, &3e/ &3e/se se s a nat#a& nat#a& en*o/men en*o/ment, t, not an a#t$'a& 'on"enton o# at o$ a'ton to e a'#e* + e*'aton. G#te G#te n*ee* 'an e tat, tat, t t t s not not nt#o*'n nt#o*'n $o#en $o#en to to te mn* mn* t me#e&+ me#e&+ a/a3enn te see*s o$ oo* *ee*s tat pe#aps &e *o#mant te mn* an* ea#t o$ man.
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Sn'e "#te s no#n n te mn* an* se&$-3no/&e*e s te so#'e o$ a&& /s*om, ten te on&+ /a+ to a'#e "#te s smp&+ to 3no/ /at s n te mn*, n te se&$. G#te ten *epen*e* on 3no/&e*e an* 'o&* e *e$ne* as t#e 3no/&e*e o$ one>s se&$. Hamos So'#at' sa+nA DIJ!K81K S GL:KA 1JLJCK S GCKE :#e 3no/&e*e s te app&'aton o$ ts 3no/&e*e.
MAN AN" TH$ P!O'L$M OF $#IL -
K"& s te #es&t o$ no#an'e. K"& /' s most&+ mo#a& e"& s *e to no#an'e o# to te &mtaton an* mpe#$e'ton o$ man>s p#esent 3no/&e*e.
%OMM$NTA!Y -
n te *e$nton o$ "#teA So'#ates ** not "e '#e*en'e to nstn't an* passon /' 'an $&+ n te $a'e o$ te t#e oo*. s te poet "* snsA De 3no/ te ette# 'o#se, t /e o$ten 'oose to *o te /o#se.E
PLATO -
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?s $ate# /a* #ston %&ato>s mote# /as %e#'tone 1#amma#, ms' an* +mnast's ?e $#st e'ame a'ante* /t C#at+&s (a *s'p&e o$ ?e#a'&ts, a p#omnent p#e So'#at'- 1#ee3 p&osope#) an* te ?e#a'&tean *o't#nes. note# t#a*ton sest tat %&ato *e* at a /e**n $east. Bt a''o#*n to :e#t&&an, %&ato smp&+ *e* n s s&eep. ?e#a'&tean *o't#nes
Fl)*- a&& tns pass an* notn sta+s an* 'ompa#n e6stn tns to te $&o/ o$ a #"e#, e sa+s +o 'o&* not step t/'e nto te same #"e#. (%&ato Cratylus 40NaP ;) TH$ I"$AL MAN+ TH$ P$!F$%T MAN -
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D:e t#e &o"e# o$ /s*om s a&/a+s &oo3n $o# te JE 1#ee3 $o# en, one t s te *ea en* te tns tat /e see. :s teo#+ s 'a&&e* 8K!SM :e n*"*a& tns tat /e pe#'e"e e6st n spa'e tme. :ese a#e not #ea& sn'e te+ 'ane. t s te *ea en* tese 'anea&e, n*"*a&, an* $nte tns tat a&one s #ea&. Men a#e e6te#na& man$estatons, te #e$&e'tons an* te #ep&'as o$ te nseen n"e#se, mmta&e an* ete#na& *ea.
MAN AN" KNO,L$"-$ -
Man 3ne/ a&& tns + *#e't ntton. :s man /as omns'ent, Da&& 3no/nE Bt s sepa#aton $#om te pa#a*se o$ t#t an* 3no/&e*e an* s &on e6&e on ea#t, e $o#ot most o$ te 3no/&e*e e a*. B+ 'onstant #ememe#n an* *on oo*, e 'an #ean s $o#me# pe#$e'tons.
TH$ P$!F$%T MO"$L '.4NO-4N7 BC, tens '. <4O-<47 BC (ae app#o6 O0) tens Leto#', a#t, &te#at#e, epstemo&o+ ,st'e, "#tes, po&t's, e*'aton, $am&+, m&ta#sm
PLATO(S LIF$ -
TH$ ON$ AN" TH$ MANY
Man n s p#esent ea#t&+ e6sten'e, s on&+ an mpe#$e't 'op+ o$ s #ea& o#na& se&$. :e pe#$e't man s n te #ea&m o$ *eas. Man, no/ mpe#$e't, 'an e pe#$e't aan + 'onstant #e'o&&e'ton an* mtaton o$ s $o#me# pe#$e't se&$. 8#n s &on ea#t&+ e6&e an* s mp#sonment n te o*+ as a pnsment $o# sn.
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Man so&* &"e a &$e o$ "#te n /' t#e man pe#$e'ton 'onssts. ?%%JKSS s te $#t o$ "#te s attane* + te 'onstant mtaton o$ te *"ne e6emp&a# o$ "#te, emo*e* n s $o#me# pe#$e't se&$.
MAN AN" %ONT$MPLATION -
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t s te 'ommnon o$ te mn* /t te n"e#sa& an* e6te#na& *eas. t /&& $#ee mse&$ (*on 'ontemp&aton) $#om s spa'e-tme 'on$nement to as'en* to te ea"en o$ *eas an* te#e 'ommne /t te mmo#ta&, te e6te#na&, te n$nte an* te *"ne "e#tes. Contemp&aton means #e'o&&e'ton o# #ememe#n o$ past pe#$e't 3no/&e*e o$ a&& tns /' te so& a* a&#ea*+ a'#e* *#e't&+ + ntton e$o#e t /as one* to te o*+.
%ONT$MPLATION AN" IMITATION -
Contemp&aton *oes not mean pass"e tn3n an* o# na'ton, m' &ess me#e spe'&aton. t s not st 3no/n o# app#e'atn te 18, t 'onstant *on o$ te 18. t means mtatn te 1oo* K6emp&a# an* !"n te 1oo* + &ea*n a oo* &$e. ?appness 'onsst not me#e&+ n 'onstant $ee&n o$ oo*ness t n en an* *on oo*.
