Philippine Presidents, Administration, Economy, Program, National Issues and Transnational Issues

The Philippine Presidents

Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Arts and Science
Cavite States University
Indang, Cavite

Ma.Nikkie D. Evalla
October 2014
BSIT2-6

Era:
First President of the Philippines President of the First Republic
Constitution:
1899 Malolos Constitution
Preceded by:
position established
Succeeded by:
position abolished
Inauguration:
January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29)
Capital:
Malolos, Bulacan
Vice President:
None
Prime Minister:
Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7, 1899); Pedro Paterno (May 7-November 13, 1899)

Emilio Aguinaldo
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901Emilio Aguinaldo
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901
Emilio Aguinaldo
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901

Emilio Aguinaldo
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901

Revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines. On January 1, 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo also known as Kapitan Miong married Hilaria del Rosario from Imus. They had five (5) children namely; Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria and Cristina.
In 1898, he achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence. Aguinaldo died of a heart attack on February 6, 1964 in Quezon City, Philippines.

I. Politics (Administration)
General Emilio F. Aguinaldo established Dictatorship when he returned in Cavite after being exiled from Hong Kong, a month later Apolinario Mabini persuaded him to change his government into Revolutionary Government. It was also in his term when Malolos Republic having its own Congress, Constitution, and National and Local Administration was functioning as a government. It adopted the Spanish fiscal system; the same was done in the existing taxes.
The main problem in his administration is that he was young and inexperienced and that there were no other president's experiences before him to follow.

II. Economics
The economy is at its lowest state during the Fil-am war. Famine hits Filipino people. Even before the said war, the country is already experiencing a great mishap in economy because of Spaniards. Resources that belongs to the Philippines are continuously being taken, many landless Filipinos specially farmers and others willing to be treated as slaves just to earn for living.

III. Programs (Reforms)
War taxes and voluntary contributions were solicited from the people. A national loan was launched. President Aguinaldo ordered schools open. Elementary education was made compulsory and free.
The Director of Public instruction appointed Enrique Mendiola, a Filipino instructor who founded "Instituto de Burgos". The school offer courses in agriculture, surveying, and commerce, as well as a complete A.B course.
On October 1898 a government decree fixed the opening date of the "Universidad Literia". Courses offered were Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, and Notary Public. The President of the Philippines appointed the professors thereof. They, in turn, choose the University Highest Official. The first to occupy this position was Joaquin Gonzales. Later, he was succeeded by Dr. Leo Ma. Guerrero.

IV. National Issues
National issues within Aguinaldo's presidency revolve in the Filipino-American war. Filipino army is not considered a real army because they lack qualities and proper training. On the first phase of the war, the Filipino outnumbered the Americans but our arms don't have enough ammunition, funds and military supplies which resulted in defeat. Famine and illness due to war is also spreading in the country.

V. Transnational Issues
Citizens look unto the Americans as their hero from the Spanish people, but in reality the country did not gain a hero in Americans but a new conqueror. Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation reveals the hidden agenda of the Americans in helping the Philippines against the Spain. They wanted to drive away the Spaniards so they could replace them.
Without the country knowing, under the Treaty of Paris Philippines is sold for $20 Million to the Americans by the Spain. This means that the control of the country is now in the hands of the Americans.
Era
Second President of the Philippines
First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Constitution

1935 Constitution
Amended 1935 Constitution
Successor
Sergio Osmeña
Inauguration
November 15, 1935, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1941, Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor (aged 63)
November 15, 1943, Washington, D.C. (aged 65)
Capital
Manila, Philippines (1935-1942)
Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1942-1944)
Vice-President
Sergio Osmeña (November 15, 1935-December 30, 1941; December 30, 1941-August 1, 1944)
Chief Justice
Ramon Avanceña (April 1, 1925-December 24, 1941)
Jose Abad Santos (December 24, 1941-May 2, 1942)
Speaker of the National Assembly
Gil Montilla (November 25, 1935-December 30, 1938)
Jose Yulo (January 24, 1939-December 30, 1941)

Manuel L. Quezon
First term: November 15, 1935-December 30, 1941
Second term: December 30, 1941-August 1, 1944
(term extended on November 15, 1943)Manuel L. Quezon
(term extended on November 15, 1943)
Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel Quezon was governor of Tayabas province before being elected a representative in 1907 to the newly established Philippine Assembly. In 1909 Quezon was appointed resident commissioner for the Philippines, entitled to speak, but not vote, in the U.S. House of Representatives; during his years in Washington, he fought for a speedy grant of independence by the U.S., which happened in 1935.

Manuel Quezons' Commonwealth administration is a presidential system of government with unicameral legislature. Filipinos reelected Quezon, Osmeña, and legislators to fill seats in the newly created bicameral congress on November 11, 1941. During his term, from the seven departments existing before his administration he added two more; the National Defense and Public Welfare.

II. Economics
Manuel L. Quezon made several institutions and programs to attend to the needs of the economy on his term. Healthy economy is hard to establish back then because we became independent on U.S. His effort to fix the economy was see on the Commonwealth Act No. 2 which established the National Economic Council, this act helps solve social imbalance, land maldistribution, provide land to the landless and farmers, provide housing and create an employment to the unemployed.

Commonwealth Act No. 1, President Manuel L. Quezon asks for General McArthur service to devise an effective yet affordable National Defense Plan for the Philippines. This defense plan was later abolished because 16 Million is not sufficient enough to fund the act. A compulsory military training for men age 20 in a period of 5 ½ months and pre-military training in high school was enforced. Quezon also push the standardization of ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps) programs in colleges and universities.
In response to social imbalance and land maldistribution; National Economic Council as an adviser and Social Justice Program that bought lands and distribute it to farmers and landless Filipinos. Law also requires a written agreement between farmers, tenants and landlords to protect citizens from an unfair rent increase. Court of Industrial Relations was established for the creation of Agricultural and Industrial Bank, National Land Settlement Administration and National Housing Commission to provide housing, National Relief Administration for calamities and for finding employment to the unemployed.
Institute of National Language was established for studying the issue of choosing the country's mother tongue; National Council of Education to guide the education policies, adult education program, for vocational schools, also in charge of the Education Act of 1940. He also makes Pilipino the national language.

IV. National Issues
Regaining independence is tough battle Filipino face and with Quezon it became possible. He fought for Philippines to be self-governed, prepared us to be independent from America and later on lead our country to its full independent government. He tried to solve problems inherited from Spanish and Americans Administrations, fought graft and corruption in the country, build up the national defense and strengthen economy that is dependent on the U.S.
Filipino pays attention on choosing the mother tongue and because of this the Institute of Nat'l Language was created, he was known as "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa".

Upon the Commonwealth Act No.1 America seems threaten because they held back weapons and showed lack of support for the defense plan. Still, Quezon aims for amity and friendship, fairness and square deals in the country's relations with other nations, their citizens and subjects.

Era
Third President of the Philippines
President of the Second Republic
Constitution
1943 Constitution
Predecessor
Position established
Successor
Position abolished
Inauguration
October 14, 1943, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 51)
Capital
Manila
Vice President
None
Chief Justice
Jose Yulo (February 5, 1942-August 1945)
Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (October 17, 1943-February 2, 1944)

Jose P. Laurel
October 14, 1943-August 17, 1945Jose P. Laurel
October 14, 1943-August 17, 1945
Jose P. Laurel

Jose P. Laurel

Jose P. Laurel born on March 9, 1891 in the small town of Tanuan in Batangas, his parents were Sotero Laurel, Sr. and Jacoba García. He studied and received his law degree at the University of the Philippines in 1915 and at Yale University in 1920. In 1957, he retired from the political arena and led a normal life with his former wife, Paciencia Hidalgo concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of the Philippines established by his family. Jose Laurel died on November 5, 1959.

Jose P. Laurel's administration is also known as the "Puppet Republic". Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to form a fake government when they invaded and occupied the country. He willingly served under the Japanese Military Administration.

II. Economics
During Laurel's term as President, hunger was the main problem. Prices of essential supplies rose. The government exerted every effort to increase production and bring consumers' goods under control. However, the greediness of the Japanese prevails.
He formulated the 1943 constitution; a temporary constitution expected to last until the end of war, this established a republican government with a strong executive that states the duties and obligations of the people rather than their rights and privileges.
Laurel issued an executive order organizing the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) as the sole political organization to back the government.

IV. National Issues
Filipino people were torn in half whether he's a hero or a traitor; others think that he was ready to obey the orders of the Japanese Army for the "maintenance of peace and order and the promotion of well-being of our people" on the contrast the idea that he did not make any negative actions against the Japanese Government when they occupied the Philippines.
Food Shortage; during his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much of Laurel's attention.
Mickey Mouse money enforced by the Japanese Army it has very low value caused by severe inflation. Inflation plagued the country with the devaluation of the Japanese money, evidenced by a 60% inflation experienced in January 1944.

Era
Fourth President of the Philippines
Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Constitution
Predecessor
Manuel L. Quezon
Successor
Manuel Roxas
Inauguration
August 1, 1944, Washington, D.C. (aged 67)
Capital
Manila
Vice-President
None
Chief Justice
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Senate President
Manuel Roxas (July 9, 1945-May 25, 1946)
Speaker of the House
Jose C. Zulueta (June 9-December 20, 1945)

Sergio Osmeña
(succeeded) August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946Sergio Osmeña
(succeeded) August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946
Sergio Osmeña
(succeeded)
August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946
Sergio Osmeña
(succeeded)
August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946

Sergio Osmeña was born in the island of Cebu on Sept. 9, 1878. He entered the San Carlos Seminary in Cebu in 1889 and then earned his bachelor's degree from San Juan de Letran College. His schooling was interrupted by the 1896 revolution and the Filipino-American War. After the revolutionary struggles he continued his studies until he passed the bar examination on Feb. 20, 1903.
On March 5, 1906, Osmeña was elected provincial governor of Cebu at the age of 28. Osmeña assumed the presidency in 1944 after the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944 and sat until May 28, 1946.

After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. On 8 August 1944, President Osmeña issued Executive Order 15-W reorganizing and uniting the Executive Departments of the Commonwealth government.

II. Economics
During his time when the country is still recovering from the damage of the war; the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund. To help the economy be somewhat stabilized.
The First Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank.
To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippine, President Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations. President Osmeña entered into an agreement with the United States Government to send five Filipino trainees to the U.S. State Department to prepare themselves for diplomatic service.

IV. National Issues
Death of former president Manuel L. Quezon; Osmeña praise him and his doings in one of his inauguration speech.

The Bell Trade Act is very controversial that it took two terms before the issue settled down. This is where the public hears the Act, spreads it, until eventually the issue is in every corner of the country.

Era
Fifth President of the Philippines
Third and last President of the Commonwealth
First President of the Third Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Sergio Osmeña
Successor
Elpidio Quirino
Inauguration
May 28, 1946, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 54)

July 4, 1946, Independence Grandstand, Manila (aged 54)
Capital
Manila
Vice-President
Elpidio Quirino (May 28, 1946-April 17, 1948)
Chief Justice
Senate President
Jose Avelino (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946; July 5, 1946-February 21, 1949)
Eugenio Perez (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946;
July 5, 1946-December 30, 1949)

Manuel Roxas
First term: May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946
Second term: July 4, 1946 – April 15, 1948Manuel Roxas
Second term: July 4, 1946 – April 15, 1948
Manuel Roxas

Manuel Roxas

Manuel Acuña Roxas (January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was the fifth President of the Philippines, the last of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and the first of the sovereign Third Philippine Republic. He ruled as President from the Philippines' independence from the United States of America on 4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948.

Prior to the Philippine national elections of 1946, at the height of the last Commonwealth elections, Roxas became Liberal Party's candidate for President. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for President. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew his reputation. On the April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.

II. Economics
Since the country was severely damaged by the war, the economy was struggling because of low output growth and high unemployment rates. Production became low because farms and factories were ruined. Unemployment rates were rising at a fast pace; because businesses were closing, there were no more jobs available for people. The reconstruction cost of these buildings reached 126 million pesos. Also, there was an annual lack of budget of about 200 million pesos.

The approval of the Bell Trade Act (The Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act); the US congress offered 800 million dollars as rehabilitation money in exchange of this. The act states that U.S. citizens and corporations were granted equal access to the natural resources of the country. Treaty of General Relations recognizing Philippine independence as of July 4, 1946 includes establishment of US bases and hand over American sovereignty over the Philippines.
Laurel granted a General Amnesty to the guerrillas imprisoned during World War II and to those arrested for conspiring with Japan.

IV. National Issues
Although Roxas was successful in obtaining rehabilitation funds from America to repair what has been destroyed in the Philippines, he was still criticized for his approval to the Bell Trade Act. Graft and corruption did not stop in the government. Scandals such as the surplus war property scandal, school supplies scandal and Chinese immigration scandals appeared during his time.
People were infuriated at Roxas to the point that there were plans of assassinating him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted murder by a Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at Plaza Miranda after the President addressed the rally of citizens.

World War II paralyzed the whole country; its effect is excessive that $ 800 million is needed for the recovery of the Philippines. However, the president managed to find a resource for this amount.
One criticism in Roxas' administration is his friendship with the Americans. He was too close to them to the point that he allowed US military bases in the country, permitted trade restrictions for Filipinos, and gave special privileges for US property owners and investors.

Era
Sixth President of the Philippines
Second President of the Third Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Manuel Roxas
Successor
Ramon Magsaysay
Inauguration
April 17, 1948, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 57)

December 30, 1949, Independence Grandstand, Manila (aged 58)
Capital
Manila; Quezon City

Vice-President:
Fernando Lopez (December 30, 1949-December 30, 1953)
Chief Justice
Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)

Senate President
Mariano Jesús Cuenco (February 21, 1949-December 30, 1951)

Quintin Paredes (March 5, 1952-April 17, 1952)

Camilo Osías (April 17, 1952-April 30, 1952; April 17, 1953-April 30, 1953)

Eulogio Rodriguez (April 30, 1952-April 17, 1953;
November 30, 1953-December 30, 1953)

Jose Zulueta (April 30, 1953-November 30, 1953)
Eugenio Perez (July 5, 1946-December 30, 1953)

Elpidio Quirino
First term: April 17, 1948-December 30, 1949 (succeeded)
Second term: December 30,1949-December 30, 1953 (elected)Elpidio Quirino
Second term: December 30,1949-December 30, 1953 (elected)
Elpidio Quirino

Elpidio Quirino

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino politician, and the sixth President of the Philippines. A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925. After the war, Quirino was elected vice-president in 1946 election, after the death of the incumbent president Manuel Roxas in 1948, he succeeded the presidency. 1949 presidential election, he won the president's office under Liberal Party. After his term, he retired to his new country home in Novaliches, Quezon City, where he died of a heart attack on February 29, 1956.

Elpidio Quirino's six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption.
II. Economics
The Philippines in Quirino's term is still undergoing reconstruction of the damages from the war. Economy is not in great shape. Unemployment from the previous government is one of the main problem his administration faces. The country is struggling a high inflation rate and Quirino's solution to this is to increase the wages of the people so that purchasing and producing will be balanced.

He establish PACSA (President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration), ACCFA (Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration), Labor Management Advisory Board, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines to fix the economy of his administration. He also set up the Central Bank and Rural banking.
His second objective was to restore the faith and confidence of the people in the government body of the Philippines. To do this, he revived former president Quezon's "fireside chats" which updated the people about the government via live radio broadcast from the Malacanang palace.
He also concluded peace with Japan and granted amnesty to HUKBALAHAP members on June 21, 1948. In his efforts he achieved many of his goals including; industrial ventures heightened, irrigation improved, and the road system developed.

IV. National Issues
Quirino's administration was bombarded with controversies. The major controversy surrounding his governance was his bid for a second term in office in 1949. The elections wherein Quirino won was believed to be the most corrupt. He was also the first president to undergo an impeachment trial because he allegedly purchased a very expensive Golden Orinola using government money. Issues within the government make people despise Quirino.

Philippines is not ideal for business in this time, it is evident that Americans were gradually decreasing their business. This causes unemployment rates to go higher together with other national problems the country's economy is weakened.

Era
Seventh President of the Philippines
Third President of the Third Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Elpidio Quirino
Successor
Carlos P. Garcia
Inauguration
Capital
Quezon City
Vice-President
Carlos P. Garcia (December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957)
Chief Justice
Senate President
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 25, 1954-December 30, 1957)
Jose B. Laurel Jr. (January 25, 1954-December 30, 1957)
Ramon Magsaysay
December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957Ramon Magsaysay
December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957
Ramon Magsaysay

Ramon Magsaysay

Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 – March 17, 1957) was the seventh President of the Republic of the Philippines, serving from December 30, 1953 until his death in a 1957 aircraft disaster.

Ramon Magsaysay was dubbed as "the guy" because many considered him as the president who really connected and represented the common man being a president with a sympathetic heart to the masses. He even opened Malacañang to the public.

II. Economics
Rehabilitation of establishments ruined because of World War is still ongoing but there is a lack on fund to support this.

Started to resolve problems on land distribution through Land Reform Act of 1955 which gave emphasis on the welfare of the poor farmers who desired to own agricultural land. He also establish the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act (NARRA) to give land to some famers and the FACOMA (Farmers' Cooperative and Marketing Association) to organize the farmers.

IV. National Issues
Corruption among cabinet members and the endless attempts to bribe the president were the most common issues of that time where corruptions was very rampant among government officials and President Magsaysay was among the very few who resisted and had zero tolerance against corruption.

The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the expansion of communism in the Asian region. He made the Philippines a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept. 8. Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible victory of North Vietnam over South Vietnam, which could spread communist ideology to other countries in the region.

Era
Eighth President of the Philippines
Fourth President of the Third Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Ramon Magsaysay
Successor
Diosdado Macapagal
Inauguration
March 1, 1957, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 61)

Capital
Quezon City
Vice-President
Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1957-December 30, 1961)
Chief Justice
Senate President
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 27, 1958-December 30, 1961)

Carlos P. Garcia
First term: March 18, 1957-December 30, 1957 (succeeded)
Second term: December 30, 1957-December 30, 1961 (elected)
Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos P. Garcia

García was born in Talibon, Bohol, to Policronio García and Ambrosia Polístico, who were both natives of Bangued, Abra. García grew up with politics, with his father serving as a municipal mayor for four terms. He pursued his college education at Silliman University in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, and later studied at the Philippine Law School where he earned his law degree in 1923. He was among the top ten in the bar examination.
On 24 May 1933, he married Leonila Dimataga, and they had a daughter, Linda García-Campos. After his failed re–election bid, García retired to Tagbilaran to resume as a private citizen. On 14 June 1971, García died from a fatal heart attack.

At the time of President Magsaysay's sudden death on 17 March 1957, Vice President García enplaned back for Manila. Upon his arrival he directly repaired to Malacañang Palace to assume the duties of President. President García's first actions dealt with the declaration of a period of mourning for the whole nation and the burial ceremonies for the late President Magsaysay.
II. Economics
Recovering from the World War II is almost finished yet the country is experiencing several economic challenges. The flow of imports had greatly increased making the Philippines heavily dependent of imported products. Imports coming from the United States were also allowed to enter the country without tariffs, the Philippines also promised not to change its exchange rate from $1 is to Php2.

Filipino First Policy, law that was passed by the Garcia administration, to give local businessmen more priority over foreign investors. Products of Filipino businessmen were also preferred over foreign products. The Austerity Program was implemented by Garcia in order to curt the rampant graft and corruption within the country. The program centered on wise spending, industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity and honesty.
The Garcia administration also put emphasis on cultural revival, due to the colonization of many countries he felt that the revival of the Filipino culture was needed. The award was given to Filipino artists, scientist, historians and writers. Bohlen-Serrano Agreement passed during his term, was a law that shortened the original 99 year lease of US bases here in the Philippines to 25 years; the agreement was renewable for periods only up to 5 years.

IV. National Issues
Corruption was also widespread in the country since he had just inherited the Magsaysay administration. Several cases of corruption were found within the government offices during his administration.

The focus of the Garcia administration is on the economic independence from foreign interest. Garcia was criticized by foreign countries, especially the United States for his anti-foreign policies.

Era
Ninth President of the Philippines
Fifth President of the Third Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Carlos P. Garcia
Successor
Ferdinand E. Marcos
Inauguration
December 30, 1961, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 51)
Capital
Quezon City
Vice-President
Emmanuel Pelaez (1961-1965)
Chief Justice
Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)
Senate President
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)

Ferdinand E. Marcos (April 5, 1963-December 30, 1965)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 22, 1962-March 9, 1962)

Cornelio T. Villareal (March 9, 1962-December 30, 1965)
Diosdado Macapagal
December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965Diosdado Macapagal
December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
Diosdado Macapagal

Diosdado Macapagal

Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965. A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the University of the Philippines and University of Santo Tomas, after which he worked as a lawyer for the government. He died of heart failure, pneumonia, and renal complications, in 1997, at the age of 86.

In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings. He defeated the incumbent president with a 55% to 45% margin. His inauguration as the president of the Philippines took place on December 30, 1961.

II. Economics
Exchange controls were lifted and the Philippine peso was allowed to float on the free currency exchange market. The peso devalued from P2.64 to the U.S. dollar, and stabilized at P3.80 to the dollar, supported by a $300 million stabilization fund from the International Monetary Fund.
The following programs were created during his administration; opened Malacanang to the Public however it didn't last long because people started to only loft around, dismissed corruption in the government when the official couldn't justify his sudden acquisition of wealth, changed the date of the Philippine Independence from June 12 to July 4, Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 which abolished share tendency on rice and corn farmlands and establishment of a leasehold system where farmers would pay rentals to landlords instead of harvests.

IV. National Issues
The Stonehill Scandal involving numerous congressmen and businessmen accused for graft and corruption within the government though several programs passed.

On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, the territory of eastern North Borneo (now Sabah), and the full sovereignty, title and dominion over the territory were ceded by the then reigning Sultan of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the Philippines. The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to pursue their claim in international courts.

Era
Tenth President of the Philippines
Sixth and Last President of the Third Republic
First President of the Fourth Republic
Constitution

1973 Constitution

Predecessor
Diosdado Macapagal
Successor
Corazon C. Aquino
Inauguration


June 30, 1981, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)

February 25, 1986, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 69)
Capital
Quezon City (1965-1978)

City of Manila (1978-1986)
Vice-President
Fernando Lopez
(December 30, 1965-December 30, 1969-1972)
Prime Minister
Ferdinand E. Marcos (concurrent capacity as President)
(June 12, 1978-June 30, 1981)

Cesar E.A. Virata
(June 30, 1981-February 25, 1986)
Chief Justice
Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985-March 6, 1986)

Felix V. Makasiar (July 25, 1985-November 19, 1985)

Enrique M. Fernando (July 2, 1979-July 24, 1985)

Querube C. Makalintal (October 1973-December 1975);

Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)
Senate President
Gil Puyat (January 26, 1967-September 23, 1972)

Arturo M. Tolentino (January 17, 1966-January 26, 1967)
Nicanor E. Yñiguez (July 23, 1984-March 25, 1986)

Querube C. Makalintal (June 12, 1978-June 30, 1984)
Cornelio T. Villareal (April 1, 1971-September 23, 1972)

Jose B. Laurel Jr. (February 2, 1967-April 1, 1971)

Cornelio T. Villareal (January 17, 1966-February 2, 1967)

Ferdinand E. Marcos
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986Ferdinand E. Marcos
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
Ferdinand E. Marcos

Ferdinand E. Marcos

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law in 1972 to control the threat of the New People's Army until 1981. In 1983, his government was accused by some of being involved in the assassination of Ninoy Aquino. Public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986 and to the making of so called People Power Revolution in February 1986.

In his earlier term, good governance was present. However, upon entry of his wife, Imelda, corruption started to surface. He declared martial law which started a disordered nation under his dictatorship and tyranny.

II. Economics
To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders. The Philippines' external debt rose from $360 million (US) in 1962 to $28.3 billion in 1986, making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia.

Martial Law was declared by Marcos to suppress the increasing civil discord and the threats of communist conquest. The declaration was initially granted by some however this violates the people and the masses human rights because of the abuses by the military.
In his administration, the Philippines became a member of the ASEAN. It was in his term when the Decentralization Act; an act that permits the local government heads to appoint office heads is passed. He also had programs for diplomatic relations with communists and socialist states.
Stabilization of government finance by means of more effective collection of taxes, imposing new tax laws, and getting loans from foreign banks and governments.

IV. National Issues
Marcos Ill-gotten wealth; a sizable amount of government money went to Marcos family and friends in the form of loans. Widespread corruption in the government and abuse of authority and power primarily seen on the declaration of Martial Law cause a decrease in freedom and democracy during the second term of Ferdinand Marcos administration. Peace and order had become the primary problem with the founding of NPA and the MNLF, Plus the outrage of people because of the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Unemployment is also a great problem due to the country's weakened economy.

The Marcoses established good relations with world leaders, therefore bringing the Philippines' image to higher grounds. Foreign relations brought foreign investments in and made the economy boom. Because of the developments (economically, industrially, and infrastructures) Marcos accomplished; there was a massive increase in tourism rates. During this time, the ratio of the peso to a dollar is 1:1. However, the economy declined during his second term and the prices of the market increased.
Era
Eleventh President of the Philippines
Second and Last President of the Fourth Republic
First President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution

1986 Freedom Constitution

1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
Predecessor
Ferdinand E. Marcos
Successor
Fidel V. Ramos
Inauguration
February 25, 1986, Club Filipino, San Juan (aged 53)
Seat of Government
City of Manila
Vice-President
Salvador H. Laurel (1986-1992)
Chief Justice
Marcelo B. Fernan (July 1, 1988-December 6, 1991)

Pedro L. Yap (April 18, 1988-July 1, 1988)

Claudio Teehankee (April 2, 1986-April 18, 1988)

Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985-March 6, 1986)
Senate President
Jovito Salonga (July 27, 1987-January 1, 1992)

Neptali Gonzales (January 1, 1992-June 30, 1992)
Ramon V. Mitra Jr. (July 27, 1987-June 30, 1992)

Corazon C. Aquino
February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992Corazon C. Aquino
February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992
Corazon C. Aquino
February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992
Corazon C. Aquino
February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992

María Corazón "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was a Philippine politician, who served as the 11th President of the Philippines, the first woman to hold that office, and the first female president in Asia.
Corazon Aquino's administration from the people power revolves on giving people democracy and freedom that they sought for during the 2nd term of Marcos.

II. Economics
There is a $26 billion foreign debt incurred by her predecessor, which has badly stained the international credit standing and economic reputation of the country.

Cory Aquino pushed for the restoration of democracy through abolishing the legislature, declaring a revolutionary government and writing a new constitution (1987 Constitution). Proclamation no. 1, a call to all appointive public officials to submit their courtesy resignations and appointing Cabinet ministers and task forces to help her run the government. Proclamation No. 3 proclaims her government a "revolutionary government." and circulates a provisional "Freedom Constitution," which gives legislative more power than her.
United States trading in the First Philippine Fund Incorporated where she urged American business to increase its investments in the Philippines.
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law an act which aims to promote social justice and industrialization. A fund provided for CARP; a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.

IV. National Issues
Aquino was not safe from the controversies that eventually centered on Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the Province of Tarlac, which she inherited from her family. She was recorded for allowing Hacienda Luisita, which was now owned by the Tarlac Development Corporation, to opt for stock distribution, instead of land redistribution. She also has an issue concerning the farmers of Mendiola being massacred.
A series of natural disasters hit the country such as the 1990 earthquake, the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, and a series of Typhoons. Power Shortage is very evident in her term; brownouts were very frequent and would last for about 12 hours.

Foreign investors build up during Marcos regime started to pull their investments from the country because of coup d'etats and various groups.

Era
Twelfth President of the Philippines
Second President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Corazon C. Aquino
Successor
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
Inauguration
Capital
Manila
Vice-President
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998)
Chief Justice
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30, 1998)
Senate President
Neptali Gonzales (January 26, 1998-June 30, 1998; August 29, 1995-October 10, 1996; January 1, 1992-January 18, 1993)

Ernesto Maceda (October 10, 1996-January 26, 1998)

Eduardo J. Angara (January 18, 1993-August 29, 1995)
Jose de Venecia (July 27, 1992-June 30, 1998)

Fidel V. Ramos
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998Fidel V. Ramos
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
Fidel V. Ramos
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
Fidel V. Ramos
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998

Ramos was born in Lingayen, Pangasinan and his parents were Narciso Ramos, a lawyer, journalist, member of the House of Representatives, and secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs; and Angela Valdez-Ramos, an educator and advocate of women's suffrage.
Ramos completed his education at Centro Escolar University Integrated School. Ramos is married to the former Amelita Martinez, more popularly known as Ming Ramos. The two have five children: Angelina Jones, Josephine Samartino, Carolina Sembrano, Christine Jalasco, and Gloria Ramos.

During the Ramos administration, civil liberty and government stability was restored. Prior to the Ramos Presidency, there were many coup d'état attempts and uprisings during the Aquino administration. This lead to a damaged government; Politics were shaken and people started to lose their trust in the government.

II. Economics
The Philippines was recovering from economical difficulties that arose from the lack of foreign investors during the Aquino administration. During the Ramos administration however, the Philippines experience economic growth and stability. Though the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 struck, the Philippines wasn't as badly affected as other Asian Nations. But it was during this crisis when the Philippine Peso devaluated and dropped because of a financial shortage.

Fidel's responses to the power shortage are the Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the Department of Energy) an act that made possible the creation of the department of energy, Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis) an act that prescribes the measures that are necessary and proper to effectively address the electric power crisis in our country, Republic Act 7832 (Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act) this act penalizes theft and pilferage of electric lines and materials.
Republic Act 8179 an act that allows foreign investments. It supports Republic Act 7042, which promotes foreign investments and prescribes the procedures and actions foreign investors have to do when registering for a business in the Philippines.

IV. National Issues
Similar to the past government, the Philippines was experiencing widespread and frequent brownouts because of the huge demand for electricity and the old and depreciated power plants. Power crisis remained unsolved before a new administration enters.

Because of the Coup attempts, foreign investors felt it was risky for them to invest in the Philippines, thus, economy isn't progressing. The lack of foreign investors during the past administration is still present up to Fidel's term; it is still a major economic issue that needs to be solved.

Era
Thirteenth President of the Philippines
Third President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Fidel V. Ramos
Successor
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Inauguration
June 30, 1998, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan (aged 61)
Capital
Manila
Vice-President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 1998-January 20, 2001)
Chief Justice:
Hilario G. Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20, 2005)

Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30, 1998)
Senate President
Aquilino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)

Franklin M. Drilon (July 12, 2000-November 13, 2000)

Blas Ople (June 29, 1999-July 12, 2000)

Marcelo H. Fernan (July 27, 1998-June 28, 1999)
Arnulfo T. Fuentabella (November 13, 2000-January 24, 2001)

Manuel Villar (July 27, 1998-November 13, 2000)

June 30, 1998-January 20, 2001Joseph Ejercito Estrada
June 30, 1998-January 20, 2001
June 30, 1998-January 20, 2001
June 30, 1998-January 20, 2001

Joseph Ejército Estrada was born on April 19, 1937 in Tondo, an urban district of Manila. His family later moved to the wealthy suburb of San Juan. He was expelled during his primary studies at the Ateneo de Manila University and subsequently enrolled in an engineering course at the Mapúa Institute of Technology in an effort to please his father, but dropped out.
Estrada is married to former First Lady-turned-senator Dr. Luísa "Loi" Pimentel, whom he met while she was working at the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City, and has three children with her.
Estrada's administration is popularly recognized as corrupt governance, because of issues and for bringing too many problems to the economy and nation as well. He had the highest number of voters in the history of Philippines; this might be cause of his non proven yet appealing to the public advocacy "Erap para sa Mahirap."

II. Economics
During Estrada's administration; the economic was strong but during the latter part, the admin failed to capitalize on the gains of the previous administration. When Estrada was accused of influencing an investigation in the stock market manipulation, foreign investments declined.

Estrada's Clean Air Act is a great act for loving our environment none the less, it focused only on the air quality management. If Erap implemented a law that focused on the environment as a whole and not just the air management, he could be a president who is really concerned about the status of our natural resources.

IV. National Issues
Estrada was impeached due to his plunder and perjury case; Graft and corruption a national issue his administration faced, The Asian Financial Crisis where peso fell from 26 per dollar to 28 pesos to 40 pesos by the end of the crisis, serious drought of lands in the rural areas affecting employment of the farmers and the rise of the prices of rice is due to phenomenal El Nino, graft and corruption and the Asian Financial Crisis eventually led to Poverty hitting almost 60 percent of Filipinos nationwide.

President Erap managed to attract foreigners and make the country's tourism bloom yet as the issues of plunder and other corrupt acts of his government arise tourism seemed to be going down at a great rate.

Era
Fourteenth President of the Philippines
Fifth President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Benigno S. Aquino III
First Inauguration
January 21, 2001, EDSA Shrine (aged 54)
Second Inauguration
June 30, 2004, Cebu Capitol (aged 57)
Capital
Manila
Vice President
Manuel de Castro (June 30, 2004-June 30, 2010)

Teofisto Guingona (February 7, 2001-June 30, 2004)
Chief Justice
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)

Reynato Puno (December 8, 2006-May 17, 2010)

Artemio Panganiban (December 20, 2005-December 7, 2006)

Hilario Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20, 2005)
Senate President
Juan Ponce Enrile (November 17, 2008–June 5, 2013)

Manuel Villar (July 24, 2006-November 17, 2008)

Franklin M. Drilon (July 23, 2001-July 24, 2006)

Aquinlino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)
Prospero C. Nograles (February 5, 2008-June 30, 2010)

Jose C. de Venecia (July 23, 2001-February 5, 2008)

Feliciano R. Belmonte Jr. (January 24, 2001-June 30, 2001)

January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010
January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010

January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010

She was born as María Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal to politician Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina Macaraeg-Macapagal. Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental, whom she had met while still a teenager.

President Arroyo was named the 14th president of the Philippines during the People Power II, January 20, 2001 in Edsa when former President Joseph Estrada was forced out of office because of allegations of plunder and corruption. In 2004, she won the elections and was elected to a full term presidency until 2010. Arroyo's administration became a basin of the problems from Estrada's term.

II. Economics
The Philippines came close to a financial meltdown in 2001 during the impeachment of Former President Estrada. The revenues were too low, with its $54.8 billion in foreign debt. Investors doubted to invest in the Philippines at that time due to the political crisis the country was experiencing.

Restoring Political Stability and Building New Politics; she established partnerships with the civil society by involving people in governance, Building High Standards of Morality and Performance; making a new Anti-Graft Commission which will promote integrity among the officials and presidential appointees, Battle of the Budget; monitoring local government remittances, strengthening audit and tax reform programs by computerization to improve tax collections.
The Anti-Poverty Strategy; land for the landless, Human Development Services, Protection from Violence, More Livelihood Opportunities. Charter change includes a movement to overthrow the present form of government and make it into a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government.

IV. National Issues
Hello "Garci" Controversy (June 2005) about Arroyo's conversations with COMELEC Commissioner Virgilio Garcilliano. The conversation was about cheating the 2004 national elections. In the conversation she asked if she would win by a million votes and Garci replied that she will coincidentally or suspiciously she did win by over a million votes in the 2004 presidential elections.
NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007) is about a deal between the Philippines and ZTE Corporation, a company in china. The deal was worth $329.59 Million and was aimed at improving the communication capabilities of the Philippines. There were two other corporations willing to do the job for the Philippines at lower prices but was turned down.
Gloria Arroyo's Expensive Dinners; the public began noticing the expensive dinners that President Macapagal Arroyo was having when an article from the New York Post reported that GMA and her entourage to the US dined in the famous Le Cirque in New York and spent $20,000 or almost 1 Million Pesos.

Iraq War; Philippines sent a small humanitarian contingent which included medics and engineers. These troops were recalled in July 2004 in response to the kidnapping of Filipino truck driver Angelo de la Cruz. With the hostage takers demands met, the hostage was released. The early pullout drew international condemnation, with the United States protesting against the action, saying giving in to terrorist demands should not be an option.
ASEAN Summit; Arroyo's foreign policy is anchored on building strong ties with the United States, East Asian and Southeast Asian nations, and countries where overseas Filipino workers work and live. In 2007, the Philippines was host to the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu City.

Era
Fifteenth President of the Philippines
Fifth President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Incumbent
Inauguration
Seat of Government
Manila
Vice President
Jejomar C. Binay (June 30, 2010-Present)
Chief Justice
Ma. Lourdes P.A. Sereno (August 25, 2012-Present)

Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)
Senate President
Juan Ponce Enrile (July 26, 2010-June 5, 2013)

Franklin M. Drilon (July 22, 2013-Present)
Feliciano Belmonte (July 26, 2010-Present)
June 30, 2010-PresentBenigno S. Aquino III
June 30, 2010-Present

Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Aquino III was born on February 8, 1960 in Manila. He is the third of the five children of Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. In 1983, after three years in exile in the United States, Aquino's family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his father on August 21, 1983. Aquino joined the Liberal Party in calling for the resignation of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the height of the Hello Garci scandal.
Following the death and funeral of Aquino's mother, former President Corazon Aquino, many people began calling on Aquino to run for President of the Philippines. This groundswell of support became known as the "Noynoy Phenomenon".

The Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III began at noon on June 30, 2010, when he became the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

II. Economics
Despite Typhoon Yolanda and a string of natural disasters throughout 2013, Philippine economic growth accelerated to 7.2 percent in 2013. Underlying this remarkable growth are the country's strong macroeconomic fundamentals which continued to support domestic demand and shield the economy from the persistent weaknesses of the global economy

No 'wang-wang' policy; Presidential Decree No. 96 was issued regulating the use of sirens, bells, whistles, horns and other similar devices only to motor vehicles designated for the use of the President, Vice President, Senate President, House Speaker, Chief Justice, Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, National Bureau of Investigation, Land Transportation Office, Bureau of Fire Protection and ambulances.
Reproductive Health Bill; in January 2013, Aquino signed legislation which funds contraceptives for poor individuals; the law has been challenged in the Philippine Supreme Court.

IV. National Issues
US bases: Aquino's gift to Obama. During the much-awaited visit of US President Barack Obama, Philippine President BS Aquino will be serving nothing less than our national sovereignty and dignity on a silver platter via the new "access agreement" negotiated in secret by the two governments.
Mistaking demand-pull inflation for cost- push inflation cause sudden inflation for prices of certain products of which the most popular is the garlic.

Eight members of the Philippine Coast Guard have been charged with the murder of a Taiwanese fisherman who was shot dead. The killing sparked angry protests in Taiwan and Taipei responded with sanctions, but lifted them after the Philippine government issued an official apology.
The Spratly Islands dispute is a territorial dispute over the ownership of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. The Spratly Islands are important for a number of reasons: the Spratly area holds potentially significant, but largely unexplored, reserves of oil and natural gas; it is a productive area for world fishing; it is one of the busiest areas of commercial shipping traffic; and surrounding countries would get an extended continental shelf if their claims were recognized.

Philippine Presidents, Administration, Economy, Program, National Issues and Transnational Issues

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