PHARMACOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM I. Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract • From a pharmacologic perspective, the most important region of the upper GastroInstestinal GI trac…Full description
Pharmacology study notes: Adrenergic Drugs
For most patients with chronic kidney failure, kidney transplantation has the greatest potential for restoring a healthy and productive life. The risk of acute rejection is the highest in the first months after transplantation induction phase and dim
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Endpoint Renal System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System
Descripción: How to Act
An increasing number of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs is available for clinical use each year. This article reviews significant differences between NSAIDs currently available in worldwide, and helps the clinician to evaluate new NSAIDs
Drug study of emergency drugs. This includes the classification/action/adverse and side effects, Route and dosage, and the nursing responsibilities...
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OCCURRENCE IN CRUDE DRUGS PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS: Collection; Drying; Garbling; Quality control; Packaging; Storage and preservation of crude drugs
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Mr.B.CHAKRAPANI M.pharm (ph.D) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
Blood carried to the kidney by the renal artery and taken away by the renal vein. Renal vein Renal pelvis
Ureter
Anatomy of the Urinary System Kidneys (urine formation) Lower Urinary Tract Ureters (2) Bladder (1) Urethra (1) (urine collection, storage, excretion)
Urinary system organs
Kidney Functions 1. Regulation of water, electrolyte balance,
pH 2. Removal of waste from blood and excretion of urine. 3. Secretion of hormones Erythropoietin Renin Vitamin D3
Each KIDNEY consists of 1 million NEPHRONS Each nephron consists of a: GLOMERULUS (found in cortex) forms a protein-free filtrate from blood TUBULE (found in medulla) processes the filtrate to form urine Each TUBULE consists of several segments: Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Ducts .
Pharmacology of drugs acting on Renal System
Diuretics
are drugs that increase the excretion of Na+ and water from the body by an action on the kidney. Their
primary effect is to decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate, increased water loss being secondary to the increased excretion of NaCl. This
can be achieved by: a direct action on the cells of the nephron indirectly modifying the content of the filtrate.
Note that the diuretics which have a direct action on the cells of the nephron (with the exception of spironolactone act from within the tubular lumen and reach their sites of action by being secreted into the proximal tubule. )
DIURETICS ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE CELLS OF THE NEPHRON Drugs
that cause NaCl loss by an action on cells must obviously affect those parts of the nephron where most of the active and selective solute reabsorption occurs:
the
ascending loop of Henle
the
early distal tubule
the
collecting tubules and ducts.
Loop diuretics
Loop diuretics are the most powerful of all diuretics, capable of causing 15-25% of the Na+ in the filtrate to be excreted .
They are termed 'high ceiling' diuretics and their action is often described-in a phrase that conjures up a rather uncomfortable picture-as causing 'torrential urine flow'. The main example is furosemide; others are bumetanide, piretanide, torasemide and etacrynic acid.
These drugs act primarily on the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle, inhibiting the transport of NaCl out of the tubule into the interstitial tissue by inhibiting the Na+ /K+ /2Cl- carrier in the luminal membrane
DIURETICS ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE CELLS OF THE NEPHRON
Drugs that cause NaCl loss by an action on cells must obviously affect those parts of the nephron where most of the active and selective solute reabsorption occurs: the ascending loop of Henle the early distal tubule the collecting tubules and ducts.
Clinical uses of loop diuretics Loop
diuretics are used in conjunction with dietary salt restriction and often with other classes of diuretic , in the treatment of salt and water over load associated with Acute pulmonary edema Chronic heart failure Cirrhosis of the liver complicated by Ascites. Nephrotic syndrome Renal failure Treatment of hypocalcaemia after replacement of plasma volume with intra venous NaCl solution.
