petrel manual.pdf

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Interactive Petrophysics

www.senergyworld.com www.senergyworld.com/ip

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What is IP™?

Interactive Petrophysics™ (IP) was developed by a Petrophysicist, with a view to work as petrophysicists want to work, but never thought possible! The software is different by design - portable, quick and versatile. It is an easy to use log analysis tool, ideal for both geoscientists and petrophysicists. Geoscientists may wish to quality check of their log data and experienced Petrophysicists can carry out multi-zone, multi-well petrophysical field analyses.

IP is truly unique in its approach to petrophysics. For the expert user IP offers some of the most sophisticated interpretation modules in the industry.

• The saturation height modelling modules facilitate the creation of Sw functions using core capillary pressure data and/or log data.

• The mineral solver enables the most complicated models to be built.

• The rock physics interpretation workflow has two highly sophisticated fluid substitution modules.

• The Monte Carlo simulation allows the user to truly understand and quantify the errors associated with a complete interpretation workflow.

• The suite of modules in the statistical prediction package includes fuzzy logic, multi-linear regression, neural network, cluster analysis and principal component analysis.


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Why is IP™ so different?

Interactive PetrophysicsTM has been developed over 12 years and is now used by over 300 companies, in more than 70 countries globally.

IP is PC-based and therefore portable. It can be taken offshore, into clients’ offices and even home. IP enhances efficiency, productivity and confidence in log analysis. It offers a unique and advanced graphical interpretation program designed and developed by petrophysicists. IP’s speed and interactivity means that data can be zoned and applied using different methodologies graphically. Using only the mouse, you can pick parameters from cross plots, histograms and log plots. IP™ instantaneously recomputes and displays the results when parameters are changed. The software is also used by universities and is an excellent tool for training geoscientists and engineers. Interactive Petrophysics gives rapid results.

The program IP is sold as a base licence, plus the following optional specialist licences. • • • • • • • • • • •

Mineral solver Statistical prediction Monte Carlo analysis Rock physics Saturation height modelling Pore pressure prediction Eastern European resistivity modelling Real Time Data Loader Formation Testing Data/Time Wells Image Analysis


Frank Whitehead Interective Petrophysics Architect

User Programs The User Programs module allows the user to create his/ her analysis routines. The routines can be very simple, one line routines or more sophisticated, long routines which loop through the data multiple times. The routines are written by the user in either FORTRAN, PASCAL, C++, VB.NET or C#.NET. Once compiled the program can easily be distributed for other users to use. The user can simply and easily define: • input and output curves • input parameters including text and logic flags • input parameter table layout • interactive log plot displays • interactive crossplots The ‘User Program’ module is arranged on a set of easy to use input/output screens to allow for the setup of normal IP functionality with interactive plots and displays.

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Interactive interpretation

The heart of IP™ is its graphical interpretation engine. This allows the user to perform a fast and sophisticated multi-zone interpretation using only the mouse, adjusting parameters on log plots, crossplots and histograms.

The standard deterministic analysis is done using three modules: • Clay Volume • Porosity and Water Saturation • Cutoff and Summation The Clay Volume module allows multiple clay indicators to be combined. The user clicks on a parameter line and drags it to the new position. IP instantly recalculates the results and updates the graphics.

Once the clay volumes have been determined the Porosity and Water Saturation module is run. This module uses the same intuitive interactive graphics. Porosities can be calculated using several different methods: • Neutron/Density • Neutron/Sonic • Density • Sonic • Neutron Water saturations are calculated using any standard method: • Archie • Total Archie • Simandoux • Modified Simandoux • Indonesian • Modified Indonesian • Dual Water • Juhasz • Waxman-Smits


Hydrocarbon corrections are made using iterative techniques. A simple (optional) mineral analysis can be performed using the Rho Matrix / U Matrix / DT Matrix crossplot technique. Clay type distributions using the Thomas-Stieber technique can be made. This allows laminated shaley sands to be analysed. Interactive lines allow adjustment of most parameters including, Rw, Rmf, clay parameters, hydrocarbon density. Pickett plots can be used to set ‘Rw’ amd ‘m’.

The Cut-off and Summation module allows multiple cut-off to be used to calculate net pay and reservoir. Interactive lines can be used to set cut-offs on the log plots as well as crossplots.

A cut-off sensitivity module allows the user to asses how a change in a cut-off affects the overall zonal results.

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NMR interpretation

The NMR modules are part of the base IPTM module and allow for the complete integration of NMR data into the petrophysical evaluation.

NMR Normalisation converts NMR distributions to user-defined standards. NMR distribution data differ widely depending on the tool, acquisition and processing parameters. This module allows the user to correctly plot NMR distributions, ie on a logarithmic scale, for use in the interactive log plots and for well to well comparisons, regardless of the source of the data NMR Normalisation allows all NMR distributions to be standardised

The NMR Interpretation module allows the user to: • apply cut-offs for Free Fluid and Clay-Bound Fluid • apply a tapered (spectral) function for Bound Fluid • calculate permeability using the Timur/Coates relationship • derive the permeability coefficients from external permeability data • calculate Sw using the Dual Water equation (resistivity curve required) • derive Pc curves from T2 distributions, and hence generate a Sw height curve Timur/Coates permeability coefficients can be derived from regression with external permeability data when it is available

minimum Sw to constrain the results. The module also has the flexibility to handle older, effective porosity, NMR logs or gas affected NMR logs, by integrating with the standard interpretation modules. NMR Interpretation using the Dual Water volumetric solution utilising NMR and Resistivity data provides a more constrained result and reduces uncertainty

Capillary pressure curves can be generated from T1 or T2 distribution data, but these need to be calibrated to an actual capillary pressure measurement made on core. The NMR Interpretation module provides an interactive tool for doing this calibration and it generates crossplots of the capillary pressure curves for QC purposes. These Pc curves can then be used to generate a Sw height curve from the entered FWL and fluid densities. T1 or T2 data can be calibrated to core Pc data using a one point or two point methodology on either a T2 vs. Pore Radius plot, or, as in the example shown, on Cumulative Porosity vs. Sw plot.

The Pc curves derived form T1 or T2 distribution can be used to derive a Sw height curve.

Water saturation is calculated in the NMR Interpretation module using the Dual Water equation. The NMR data provides the clay bound water saturation and total porosity, which the model requires as inputs, while also providing a


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IP™ database and utilities

The IP™ database is simple to work with but also flexible. It can be a single well for a quick look interpretation or a multi-well and multi-field database. An IP database consists of a binary data file (.DAT) for each well, each consisting of log curve data, general well information and interpretation ‘Parameter Sets’. The Database Browser allows the user to interrogate an IP database in a graphical ‘Tree’ view. The Database Browser allows the user to drill down into a well and view or edit individual curves, parameters, log plots, crossplots and histograms, well data, statistics and listings, etc.

Curve Sets are used to group curve data together in a flexible way that allows the user to manage the data as they wish, such as different logging runs, different types of data (e.g. irregular data such core data or pressure data), different interpreters or multiple output models. Each set can have a different top depth, bottom depth and data step. Curve sets give the user the flexibility as the only requirement is that all the curves in a curve set should have the same step.

High sample data from electrical and acoustic imaging tools are stored in array curves. This data can then be used for plotting and dip picking. Electrical Image with basic dip picking


Text Curves are ‘curves’ containing text strings such as RFT pressure points, production test results, perforation depths or core descriptions, and can be created by ‘cut and paste’ from spreadsheets.

Picture Curves are graphics files, eg core photographs with a defined top and bottom depth allowing the picture to be scaled to the log data. IP™ recognises most common image formats. Picture curves can be displayed on log plots, for example, a sonic semblance plot can be loaded from a screen grab of a PDS file and a DT pick made with the interactive curve editor.

Well Headers allow the user to enter and save well attributes and other important position, default petrophysical parameters and log acquisition data. There is also a comprehensive History Module that allows users to track changes made to curves and wells within IP.

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IP™ database and utilities

IP has a full range of versatile Data Viewers including: • log plot displays including horizontal log plots • crossplots including 3D crossplots • histograms including statistical summaries • data listings • 3D parameter viewer • well map • multi-well correlations • montage builder

IP data loaders support the following data formats: • ASCII • LAS / LBS – batch loader for multiple files • LAS3 • LIS • DLIS • DBASE4

Once a connection to an external database has been established, the following tasks can be performed: • create new IP well from an external database well • load selected curves into IP • load well tops into IP • edit and load well attributes The Read/Write via OpenSpirit™ functionality allows the user to load and save data between IP and other OpenSpirit -enabled databases such as OpenWorks™, GeoFramev™ and Recall™. The IP - OpenSpirit link requires the OpenSpirit system to have been installed on the user’s computer systems. More information about OpenSpirit can be found on their website www.openspirit.com IP has several interactive Data Editors, several of which feature wizards to guide the user: • Interactive Curve Edit • Interactive Baseline Shift • Interactive Trend/Square Curves • Interactive Depth Shift with Auto Depth Match option • Interactive Curve Splice • Interactive Lithology Curve editor • Curve Filters and Averages • Curve Rescale • Fill Data Gaps • Temperature Gradient Calculator • TVD Calculator

The Interval Loader allows the user to load data such as a facies interpretation, where a certain facies is represented by a numerical value assigned over a particular depth interval. The Interval Loader can also be used to load periodic or discrete data, such as core plug analysis results or formation tester pressure data, or any discrete spreadsheet data. The Capillary Pressure Data Loader is designed to assist the entering of PC data into IP and can load multiple plugs from different wells at the same time. The Real Time Data Link module uses ‘Osprey Connect’ data link technology to enable an IP user to connect to a remote data server and download log curve and drilling data in real-time. The data can then be automatically analysed and displayed on all IP output graphics. This allows a real-time Petrophysical interpretation to be shown, which updates automatically as more data arrives.

Interactive depth shifting

Depth shift setup wizard

IP provides connectivity to a number of External Data Repositories. These are for Paradigm’s GEOLOG6®, Landmark Graphics Corporation’s OpenWorks®, PETCOM’s Powerlog® and Senergy’s ODM3 databases.


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3D Petrophysics

The 3D Petrophysics interpretation module comes as part of the IPTM Base platform and provides a new interactive module which allows you to consider and visualize, within your multi-well interpretation workflow, regional and depth variations/trends to input logs, parameters and results in 3D space.

This new module takes the standard interpretation modules (Clay Volume, Porosity/Sw, Basic Analysis, TDT & User Programs) and transforms them into multi-well modules. With this module you can: • Set up all your input and output curves per well. • Create interpretation zones by formation tops and/or

• Launch multi-well interactive crossplots and histograms for selection adjusting of parameters for all wells and by zones. • Use trend curves for parameters with depth and by zone. • Launch multi-well 3D plots for all parameters, trend curves, input curves and result curves. • Run the multi-well Cutoff and Summation module using the interpretation results and formation tops.

distribute zones and parameters from one well to the others. • Set options for interpretation for each well. • View and modify parameters using multi-well tables displayed by parameter, well or zone. • Launch QC log plots of input curves. • Launch single well interactive log plots for zoning and adjusting of parameters on a single well. • Launch multi-well interactive log plots for zoning and adjusting of parameters on all wells.


Visualizing parameters and results using the 3D plots allows the user to review trends and variations by well or by zone, with depth and across the field. Multiple 3D plots can be displayed at once. If a parameter or parameters do not fit the user’s understanding of how they should change then they can be adjusted and the 3D parameter plots and interpretation results updated. This provides a quick and easy method to develop a consistent multi-well interpretation for the user.

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Date/Time Well (LWD/MWD)

Information is gathered throughout the drilling of a well. LWD and MWD surveys are made with reference to time. These measurements are normally recorded periodically, for example every 3 to 10 seconds and as such the data amounts can be sizeable and difficult to manage. Therefore, this time based drilling data is rarely reviewed and as such a lot of useful information is ignored or not recognised.

The Date/Time module allows LWD/MWD data to be loaded into IP, in real time, reviewed, analysed, and converted to depth for comparison with conventional logs. This module allows engineers to display and analyse drilling data within IP, where it can be used for the diagnosis of drilling problems, refinement of drilling parameters and processes in order to optimize well delivery.

The module allows the user to convert time/date referenced data to depth referenced, offering the tools to control this conversion. If a zone has been passed more than once this functionality also allows the Time Lapse review of LWD/MWD data in order to see how the wellbore formation has changed over time. With LWD this functionality allows for a Time Lapse analysis of mud invasion, potentially giving a much better understanding of the invasion process and the reservoir.

Multi-well processing To handle large multi-well projects within IPTM a number of modules have been developed to make the task easier. • • • • • • • • •

Multi-well Parameter Distribution - copy ‘Parameter Sets’ from one well to other wells in the same project. Multi-well Change Parameters - change one or more interpretation parameters and re-run the analysis with the new parameter(s). Multi-well Batch Operation - run multiple IP modules or scripts, on one or more wells, in a single ‘batch’ procedure Multi-well Correlation Viewer Multi-well Cutoff and Summation Multi-well Curve Statistics Manage Multi-well Header Info Manage Multi-well Curve Sets Manage Multi-well Curve Headers - allowing search queries and data harmonization • Manage Multi-well Zones/Tops • Curve Aliasing


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Mineral Solver

The Mineral Solver module allows the user to analyse the simplest to most complicated formation using classical probabilistic analysis techniques. The user sets up a formation mineral model and a set of input logs - the program will then use this information to calculate the most likely solution. The solution is used to recalculate the input logs and these are compared to the original logs

Due to the speed of the techniques used, the same interactive features that are used in the standard analysis modules are available. Key features: • Multiple models allow the analysis of the most complex reservoirs • Input flexibility allows for any logging tool output to be used in the model • Models both the flushed and un-invaded zone • Model combination for final results completely flexible • Interactive crossplots for selection of parameter end points

Model creation grid simple to use and understand. Default end point values available for most tool equations and minerals.

• All end point parameters can be either fixed values or an input curve, which allows trending of parameter values versus depth • The weighting of input equations simple to understand and use • Constant and Limit equation • Output equations for calculation of parameters such as dry rock grain density or rock Qv value • Model allows all standard non-linear Sw equations • Calibration module allows core XRD data to be used to calculate the best end point parameters needed to match the core results

Parameter mineral endpoint crossplot. Quick and easy to make with interactive mineral parameters which when moved recalculate the model automatically Interactive Pickett plot where ‘Rw’ amd ‘m’ can be picked


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Statistical Analysis

The Statistical Analysis module is a suite of modules that allows the building of models to predict log curves, core data, facies and rock types.

The suite of statistical modules consists of: • Fuzzy Logic prediction • Multi-linear regression prediction • Neural network prediction • Cluster analysis • Principal component All modules use a similar multi-well interface where a set of wells and intervals can be used to create a model and then this model can be applied to another group or wells and intervals. Discriminators can be used to limit the data use in the models. The Fuzzy logic module divides the data up into user selected bins and uses probability theory to predict the likelihood of data being in a bin. The results are normally well controlled and quality control probability curves give the likelihood that the result is in a bin. This allows the output of a probability map, so the user can easily quality control results in wells not used in the model build stage. The module can be used to predict core facies or core permeability.

In log repair mode the user selects a few small training intervals and the trained network can then reproduce the whole log extraordinarily well. The Cluster Analysis module is used to group log data into electro facies. The program uses K-Mean clustering to group the data into manageable data clusters (15-20). These clusters are then either manually or automatically (hierarchical clustering) regrouped into Geological clusters.

Multi-curve crossplots shows cluster grouping

Plot shows a core facies prediction. The fuzziness of the prediction is shown in right track

The Multi-linear regression is useful for predicting core permeability from log data. It uses standard matrix algebra to solve for the fit coefficients. Normalised coefficients are also output to allow the user to see the contribution of each log to the result. The Neural Network module uses a back-propagation learning technique to train the network. The module can be used for log repair, prediction of core permeability or in a classification mode for prediction of core facies.


Electro facies shown in left hand tracks. Far left track is after re-grouping original 15 clusters to 5.

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Monte Carlo Analysis

The Monte Carlo Analysis module uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate errors in a Petrophysical analysis. The user sets up the analysis work flow and enters the distribution of possible errors in the individual interpretation parameters and input curves. The program randomises the input parameters based on user-selected ranges and then runs the work flow. Several thousand passes are made through the work flow with different starting parameters.

The results are cumulated on a depth by depth level and also by zone using the cutoff and summation module. Plot show the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay volume at a depth by depth bases.

Crossplots and histograms can be used for analysis the distribution of the results. Plot show the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay volume at a depth by depth bases.

Crossplot shows the Vcl cutoff has a strong effect on the result of the Av Phi Res parameter.

The report allows the user to quantitatively show the errors involved in the interpretation. Rather than reporting a net pay thickness and average porosity the user can give the P10, P50 and P90 net pay and average porosity. These values can then be used for more accurately estimating the errors in the reserves. In order to access which parameters control the results of the analysis a Tornado type analysis of the input parameters can quickly be made. This varies each parameter separately and then plots the change in results for the change in an individual result parameter. The results are then ordered to form the tornado plot. Plot shows that the biggest influence on the average pay porosity in zone one is the Vcl cutoff. Parameters like ‘DTLN’ and ‘Res Clay’ have no influence on the results.

This type of plot can be used to focus the interpreter’s attention on those parts of the analysis which have the most significant influence on the final results and not waste their time on refining those parameters which have little influence.

The Summary Result listing gives the zonal results sorted by percentiles. Up to 5 user-defined percentiles can be output in the report.


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Saturation Height Analysis

The Saturation Height Modelling modules enable the IP™ user to create Saturation versus height functions from either capillary pressure (Pc) data or from calculated water saturation curves, or a combination of both approaches.

There are four interrelated modules: • Capillary Pressure Setup • Capillary Pressure Functions • Saturation versus Height Curves • Log Sw versus Height Functions The Capillary Pressure Set-up module is used to: • set-up the study wells and input Pc and saturation curves to use • convert Pc data from different measurement techniques to a common 2 phase system • optionally stress-correct and /or apply a Clay-bound water correction to the Pc data. • visualise raw and corrected Pc Curve data and quality check the data. • edit bad data points from the Pc dataset.

Discriminators can be applied to allow for functions to be generated for specific data, e.g. for a particular porosity range or litho-type.

The resulting models can be visualised with a variety of QC crossplots

The Saturation Versus Height Curves module is used to apply the derived functions to multiple wells and zones

The module can also be used to calculate a ‘best fit’ for the ‘Free Water Level’ or ‘IFT correction factor’

The Capillary Pressure Functions module allows the user to find a function or set of functions to represent the quality checked and corrected Pc data using two basic methods: 1. ‘One Equation for all Pc curves’ option - Find a single equation which fits all (or a subset) of the data using one six basic functions, e.g. Leverett-J Function. 2. ‘Separate equation for each Pc curve’ option - Fit each individual Pc curve and then combine the parameters into a ‘Combined equation’ using of three basic function types, e.g. Lambda Function. To help speed up the process the ‘Regression Function Comparator’ runs through all the models giving each a rating.


Changes in fluid density can be fully accounted for, e.g. a simple gas cap or a more complicated oil compositional gradient, as long as the contacts and densities are known. The Log Sw versus Height Functions module is used to generate Water Saturation (Sw) versus Height functions from interpreted log saturation and optional porosity and permeability data. Over 30 different functions are available. ‘Discriminator’ logic can be used to select the data. Different functions can be developed for each unit in a reservoir.

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Rock Pyshics

The Rock Physics section in IP™ contains the following independent modules: • Shear Sonic QC/Create • Density Estimation • Fluid Substitution • Laminated Fluid Substitution • Elastic Impedance The Shear Sonic QC/Create module uses the empirical Greenberg-Castagna (1992) relationships for different minerals to calculate a synthetic shear sonic from a compressional sonic log. Greenberg-Castagna is also used to generate a ‘Shear Velocity QC Crossplot to verify that a recorded shear sonic is a valid shear and not a mud wave or Stoneley wave produced by poor processing of the sonic waveform data

When there is no density log the Density Estimation module is used to estimate it from the compressional sonic log using ‘Gardner’, ‘Bellotti et al’ or ‘Lindseth’. The Fluid Substitution module removes the effect of the drilling fluid from the sonic and density logs and restores the log responses to those resulting from the original reservoir fluids at their original saturations. Fluid density, bulk modulus and velocity can either be directly entered if known or calculated from Batzle and Wang (1992) in ‘Seismic Properties of Pore Fluids’. Similarly, the mineral properties can be entered or selected from a menu of minerals.

The elastic parameters for two-phase fluid mixtures are calculated using a saturation curve and the fluid mixing approach of Brie et al (1995) “Shear Sonic interpretation in Gas-bearing Sands” SPE 30595 (pp701 - 710). Once the user is satisfied that the input parameters are suitable fluid substitution is performed on the data at the well step increment. Along with the fluid-substituted density and sonic curves, both fluid-substituted Acoustic Impedance and Poissons Ratio curves are calculated and velocity and sonic slowness curves are output. As with most modules in IP, up to six discriminators can be applied to allow the user to constrain the model.

In the Laminated Fluid Substitution module the user selects one of two models depending on the shale distribution. If the shale is evenly distributed (the “shaley sand” model) the bulk modulus of the solid fraction is modeled as a weighted average of the moduli of all the components of the rock. In laminated reservoirs, fluid effects only occur within the sandy laminations, and the appropriate moduli and porosity are those of the sandy laminations. The Elastic Impedance (EI) module uses the high angle inversion equation by P. Connolly in ‘The Leading Edge’ (1999) and outputs EI at up to three user selected angles.

The data are inverted using Gassmann’s equation on a ‘zonal’ basis to QC the fluid and matrix properties with respect to the input velocities and parameters. The Fluid Substitution crossplot enables the user to visualise the relationship between the velocities, density, AI and Poissons Ratio results. The user can edit the Sw values in the first row of the grid in which case the other parameters will be recalculated.


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Pore Pressure Calculation

Pore Pressure Calculation comprises of three modules to model Overburden, Pore and Fracture Pressures based on conventional log curves, drilling information and seismic data. The modules can be used as pre-drill (predictive), while-drilling (real-time) and post-drilling tools to analyse and refine the models.

The three modules are: • Density Estimation - ‘density-from-sonic’ algorithms included are ‘Gardner’, ‘Bellotti et al’ and ‘Lindseth’ • Overburden Gradient Calculation - determined from density data, average density values, look-up tables or empirical ‘ Amoco’ relationship. • Pore and Fracture Pressure gradient calculations - Five Fracture Gradient models are implemented in IP, Eaton, Matthews & Kelly, Modified Eaton, Barker and Wood, and Daines An interactive log plot is used to calibrate the model.

The model can be viewed with a Depth versus Pressure ‘Fan Diagram’ or a Depth versus Pressure Gradient ‘Gradient Plot’ (as shown). These plots can be annotated with casing shoes, RFT pressures, Leak Off Pressures and operational comments to identify hole stability problems, while additional curve data, such as ECD, can be added to the display.

Eastern European Resistivity Corrections The Eastern European Resistivity Corrections Module is a specialist tool developed by the A.G.H University of Science and Technology, Kraków, and integrated into IP™.

When a combination of lateral and normal logs are available, the largely automated functionality corrects for the tool configuration, borehole temperature and mud resistivity characteristics, producing corrected output curves for Rt, Ri, Rxo and Di. When only lateral resistivity curves are available the module provides more sophisticated modelling based on a user-created curve controlling the bed boundaries. The user works interactively on the plot and decides the depth of the top of the bed based on the theory of lateral logs and geological knowledge of the formation.


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Image Analysis

The IP Image Analysis Module is fully featured and covers the complete workflow from raw data processing, speed correction, image enhancements, through manual and automatic picking, to statistical analysis of the results including stereonet analysis.

Predefined formats for all known tools are provided, electrical, acoustic and LWD, to handle the various tool geometries and curve mnemonics, while new tools can be easily added.

Perpendicular Axis (seen on both sides of the wellbore) • Borehole Breakout – two boxes with apparent dip Perpendicular Vector (seen on one side of the wellbore) • Borehole Breakout – one box perpendicular to the borehole • Hole – ellipsoid, for vugs and core holes etc • Trace – irregular polygon, for vugs, clasts and fossils etc • Key seats

Pre-processing can be performed for speed correction, EMEX corrections, pad and button normalisation, and bad button removal. Static and Dynamic normalisation are available, along with several enhancement filters such as Horizontal and Vertical Sobel filters.

Parallel Surfaces • Fractures – pair of independent straight lines

A variety of Interpretation plots are available: • Wellbore cross section • Dip Polar plots • Walkout plots – with or without look angle/azimuth • Cumulative and Difference Plots • Dip Scatter plots • Stereonet • Spreadsheet view of the Pick Set

There is an auto-dip routine which also has a semi-automatic mode where the user picks a single point on a possible surface and it will calculate the best fit sinusoid. Zones/Beds can be defined by top and bottom bed boundaries, or just by top and bottom depths for example in fractured intervals. There are tools to define abutting, truncating and containing relationships between picks and zones/beds and these relationships are not just for display but are stored in the pick set allowing for highly detailed sedimentology and structural analysis workflows. Stereonet Functionality • Upper and lower Hemisphere projection • Equal Angle (Wulff), Equal Area (Schmidt) and Equal Interval (Kavraiskii) • Plot poles or great circles • Plot wellbore trajectory • Fisher mean • Paleo-current analysis, dip de-rotation Future Development: • Thin bed pay • Textural facies • Porosity Image and pore size mapping • Fracture Analysis • More advanced Stereonet functionality

The user can set the scales, fonts, colours, labels, hardcopy format etc, and all of the plots are multi-well with the usual IP functionality of discrimination by depth interval, zones and curves. Any of these plots can be mini-plots in a track on the log plot. A multitude of interactive pick types are available, many of which are fully interactive with the wellbore cross-section: Planar surfaces can be picked in 3 ways: • Simple - conventional sinusoidal pick • Point - best fit surface to 3 or more points • Trace - best fit surface to an irregular line segment, for partial fractures and joints etc.


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Formation Testing

The Formation Testing module enables the user to create a multi-well project in order to view, QC, and interpret formation pressure/time test data for all tools including LWD.

Data can be loaded from LAS, LIS or DLIS via a dedicated loader that enable multiple files to be loaded quickly and efficiently as array curves into the IP database. Pressure-time data sets can be loaded alongside depth-pressure data sets allowing old wells without time data to be combined with new wells, which include raw field data. The pressure vs time plot allows multiple pre-test draw downs to be analysed with a thorough QC all tests, e.g. tight tests, supercharged formations, leaking and lost seals etc. Drawdown and multiple drawdown analysis can be performed to determine mobility and hence permeability. Derivative plots are available to help identify the flow regime and both spherical and radial buildup analysis can be performed to allow mobility, permeability and final pressures to be determined. Pressure vs depth crossplots of the final formation pressure against TVDSS can be launched directly from the project module. Each final pressure can then be include or exclude from the pressure vs depth crossplot allowing a more accurate understanding of contacts and pressure connectivity.


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Software support Senergy’s web portal provides first class support by a team dedicated to IPTM. http;//ipsupport.senergyworld.com E: [email protected] Sales Senergy Software has regional hubs in Europe, Americas, Middle East, Far East and Australia. To contact one of our sales teams for any of these regions please E: [email protected] Training Senergy Software delivers in-house, bespoke training courses for our software products. Our courses can be delivered ‘as they are’ or on the basis of a customised delivery. E: [email protected] www.senergyworld.com/training www.senergyworld.com

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