PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
Period of “on the job” training.
THE CRUSADES
They were Holy Wars waged in an attempt to recapture Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christ’s pilgrims permission to visit Holy Sepulcher.
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS
Jerus alem, (Italian) (Itali an) 1. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem - devoted to religious life - discipline was strict - it established an organization of ranks advocated principles of complete and unquestioned devotion to duty traditional obedience to superiors. 2. Teutonic Knights (German) - established tent hospitals for the wounded 3. Knights of St. Lazarus - was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem after the Christians had conquered the city.
The Alexian Brothers were members of a monastic order founded 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing the largest School of Nursing under religious order. It operated exclusively for men in United States, The school closed in 1969.
THE RISE OF SECULAR ORDERS
There was the rise of Religious Nursing Orders for women. Although Christianity promoted equality to all men, women were still concentrated in their roles as wives and mothers. Only by entering a convent that she could follow a career, obtain an education and perform acts of charity that her faith taught would
help her gain grace in heaven. Queens, princesses and other ladies of royalty founded many religious orders.
Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced nursing at the time of the religious Nursing Orders. Hospitals were poorly ventilated and the beds were filthy. There was overcrowding of patients: three or four patients regardless of diagnosis or whether they are alive or dead, may have shared one bed. Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis were nonexistent. Older nuns prayed with and took good care of the sick; while the younger nuns washed soiled linens, usually in the rivers.
SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED DURING THE PERIOD OF THE CRUSADES:
(1200-pr esent). Believed in devoting 1. Order of ST. Francis of Assisi (1200-present). their lives to poverty and service to the poor. a. First Order – founded by St. Francis himself. b. Second Order (Poor Clares) – founded by St. Clare of Assisi c. Third Order (Tertiary Order) – composed of members who devoted their time to performance of acts of mercy in their communities; most provided nursing care in homes and hospitals. 2. The Beguines – composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of suffering humanity. It was founded in 1170 by a priest, Lamber Le Begue. 3. The Oblates (12th Century) 4. Benedictines 5. Ursulines 6. Augustinians
IMPORTANT NURSING PERSONAGES DURING THE PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
Assis i; took 1. St. Clare – founder of the second order of St. Francis of Assisi; vows of poverty, obedience service and chastity; gave nursing care to the sick and the afflicted. Hungar y – known as the “Patroness “Patrones s of Nurses”, she 2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary was the daughter of the Hungarian King. She lived her life frugally despite her wealth. She used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful. She built hospitals for the sick and the needy. She fed the sick with her own hands and made their beds. She provided for orphans and fed 300-900 persons daily at her gate. To avoid idleness, she employed those who were able to work continually in her hospital and in the homes of the poor and to go fishing in streams to help provide for the many sufferers. Catherin e of Siena – the first “Lady “La dy with a Lamp”. She was 25th 3. St. Catherine child of a humble Italian parents. She S he pledged her life to service at the age of seven and was referred to as little saint. She was a hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher and a reformer of society and the church. The world of nursing, despite wars and plagues made considerable progress under the influence of Christianity. It maybe said that nursing owes its foundation to the work of benevolent men and women, the crusades and the guilds. But this progress in nursing was brought to a halt by industrial and political revolution and the Reformation in the 16th century. These left the world in the following situations: 1. The masses masses of people people huddle huddled d in slums slums as a results results of famine, famine, wars, wars, and the introduction of machinery (industrial revolution). 2. Living in blighted slum areas, the people sank into brutal and immoral way of life. 3. Ambition for power and the antagonism resulting from the attempts to achieve this power replaced human empathy. 4. Class lines could be by passed in some parts of the world, and people struggled against one another for power, wealth and leisure.
5. Skepticism Skepticism was the the result of political political,, intellectua intellectuall and ideologica ideologicall revolutions; everything in life had to be based upon scientific f act. Nothing else was true.
THE DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
This extends from the 17th to 19th century from the period reformation until until the U.S. Civil Civil Wa War. r. The religiou religiouss upheav upheaval al led by Martin Martin Luther Luther destroyed the unity of the Christian faith. The wrath of Protestantism swept away away from from everyt everythin hing g connec connected ted with with Roman Roman Cathol Catholici icism sm in school schools, s, orph orphan anag ages es and and hosp hospit ital als. s. Prop Proper erti ties es of hosp hospit ital alss and and scho school olss were were confiscated. Nurses fled for their lives. In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed. There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick. Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women---women who took bribes from patients, who stole the patients food and who used alcohol as tranquilizer. They worked seven days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and ate scraps of food when they could find them. These women were personified in a Charles Dickens novel as Sairey Gamp and Betsy Preg.
SEVE SEVERA RAL L LEAD LEADER ERS S SOUG SOUGHT HT TO BRIN BRING G ABOU ABOUT T REFO REFORM RMS S AMONG THEM WERE:
John Howard Howard.. A pris prison on refo reform rmer er,, help helped ed impr improv oved ed the the livi living ng 1. John conditions in prisons and gave prisoners renewed hope. 2. Mother Mary Aikenhand. Aikenhand. Established Established the Irish Sisters of Charity Charity to bring back into nursing the dedication of the early Christian era. 3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner established the Institute for the Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth, Germany (1836), the first organized training school for nurses. Requirements for entering the school were: a. Character reference from clergyman. b. A certificate of health from fr om a physician. c. Permission from their nearest relative.
