TECNOLOGICO NACIONAL DE MEXICO
INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE CERRO AZUL
ASIGNATURA: ASIGNA TURA: TALLER DE INVESTIGACION 1
CARRERA: INGENIERIA PETROLERA
DOCENTE: ING. SELENE I. FLORES SALINAS
TEMA:: PROTOCOLO DE INVESTIGACION “PERFORACION DE TEMA POZOS” INTEGRANTES: RODRIGUEZ REYES JOSEFA VELAZQUEZ PEREZ JOSE HUGO ORTEGA ROMAN MARCO ANTONIO RANGEL BRIAND DIANE PATRICIA PATRICIA FECHA DE ENTREGA: 1 DE DICIEMBRE DEL 201
INDICE I!"#$%&''()! A!"+'+%+!"+, %+- #$/-+ P-!"+(+!"$ %+- #$/-+
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O/4+"(5$ 6+!+#O/4+"(5$ +,+'(7('$ J&,"(7(''()! M#'$ "+)#('$ T&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! +! - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+# C&(%%$ !+4$ %+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! D+,'#('()! %+ -$, '$$!+!"+, +! - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! A!;-(,(, %+ #$/-+, ;, '$&!+, +! +'$ ,&, +%(%, #+5+!"(5, H+##(+!", <&+ (!5$-&'#! - +#7$#'()! %+ &! $=$ +"#$-+#$ E,"/(-(=%$#+, >+##(+!", <&+ ,+ &"(-(= +! - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! M?"$%$, %+ +#7$#'()! T+'!$-$69, T+'!$-$69, # - +#7$#'()! P+#7$#'()! +! 6&, #$7&!%, H()"+,(, C#$!$6# C$!'-&,()! F&+!"+, %+ (!7$#'()!
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á g i n a 2 | 47
O/4+"(5$ 6+!+#O/4+"(5$ +,+'(7('$ J&,"(7(''()! M#'$ "+)#('$ T&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! +! - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+# C&(%%$ !+4$ %+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! D+,'#('()! %+ -$, '$$!+!"+, +! - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! A!;-(,(, %+ #$/-+, ;, '$&!+, +! +'$ ,&, +%(%, #+5+!"(5, H+##(+!", <&+ (!5$-&'#! - +#7$#'()! %+ &! $=$ +"#$-+#$ E,"/(-(=%$#+, >+##(+!", <&+ ,+ &"(-(= +! - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! M?"$%$, %+ +#7$#'()! T+'!$-$69, T+'!$-$69, # - +#7$#'()! P+#7$#'()! +! 6&, #$7&!%, H()"+,(, C#$!$6# C$!'-&,()! F&+!"+, %+ (!7$#'()!
3 3 8 20 20 22 2* 23 *0 ** *@ 8 8
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á g i n a 2 | 47
&! $+#'()! %+ +,' $ +- #(+,6$ %+ <&+ ,+ (+#% #"+ $ "$"-(%% %+- $=$ $# +,$ +, '$!5+!(+!"+ #+-(=# $$#"&!+!"+ "$%, -, I!,+''($!+, #+<&+#(%,. L, #(!'(-+, =$!, %+ 7"(6 ,$! -, #"+, %+ -, >+##(+!", <&+ #+'(/+! -", '$!'+!"#'($!+, %+ +,7&+#=$ %&#!"+ ,& $+#'()!. L $#9 %+ +,"$, +,7&+#=$, ,+ '$!'+!"#! +! '(+#", ;#+, '$&!+, %+ +,", >+##(+!",. E,"+ "#/4$ #+'$(+!% #$'+%((+!"$, +,";!%#+, # +,+'(7('# --+5# '/$ -$, #$6#, %+ (!,+''()! ,$/#+ -$, '$$!+!"+, &,%$, +! - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. S+ '&/#+ +! %+"--+ - (!,+''()! %+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! TP T&/+#9 P+,% L,"# /##+!, "$%, -, '$!+($!+, %+ -$, '$$!+!"+, %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. U! 6#! '/($ ($#"!"+ +! - (!%&,"#( +, +- 5!'+ %+ - "+'!$-$69 # $%+# #+-(=# $+#'($!+, ;, +7('(+!"+, $#+, 9!%('+, %+ '$,"$/+!+7('($ +!$# '$!"(!'()! + ('"$, /(+!"-+, %+;, # "+!+# $# 9!%('+ %+ #+'&+#'()! -($ "(+$ +! - 5(% "(- %+ &! '((+!"$.
ANTECEDENTES DEL PROBLEMA D&#!"+ &'>$ "(+$ - I!%&,"#( P+"#$-+# '$!,(%+#) - P+#7$#'()! %+ P$=$, '$$ &! “#"+”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á g i n a 3 | 47
+! E,"%$, U!(%$, ,+ ,(6&+ &"(-(=!%$ +," "?'!(' & +4$#% #+,+'"$ %+,(6-$ ,%$ 7&+ &!(5+#,-+!"+ #++-=% $# +- ?"$%$ %+ +#7$#'()! #$""(5. L$, #(+#$, $=$, +"#$-+#$, ,+ +#7$#/! +%(!"+ +#'&,()! #"(--!%$ &! >+##(+!" ,&4+" &! '/-+. P$'$ "(+$ %+,&?, -, >+##(+!", %+ '/-+, 7&+#$! ,&/,"("&(%, $# - +#7$#'()! #$""$#( <&+ +#("9 +#7$## $# #$7&!%(%% +! +!$# "(+$.
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA L $+#'()! %+ +#7$#'()! &+%+ ,+# %+7(!(% "! ,(-+ '$$ +- #$'+,$ %+ >'+# &! 6&4+#$ ,(! +/#6$ +, &! "#+ /,"!"+ '$-+4 %+-('% $# -$ <&+ %+/+ ,+# -!+% +4+'&"% %+ "- !+# <&+ ,+ +7+'"&% +! 7$# ,+6&# +7('(+!"+ #$%&=' &! $=$ +'$!)('$ "(-. E- #$'+,$ # +#7$## &! $=$ '$!," %+ ,$, & ($#"!"+, <&+ (-('! &! 6#! '&(%%$ %+ -$, +"#$-+#$, ,( $'&##+ &! +##$# - +#7$## +- $=$ ,+ %# #$5$'# &! #+5+!")! $ &! 7&6 %+ 6,+,. H &'>$, 7'"$#+, <&+ 7+'"! - #$%&'"(5(%% %+- $=$ %&#!"+ - +#7$#'()! -6&!$, &+%+! ,+# !(&-%$, %&#!"+ +- %(,+$ %+ %(,#$.
OBJETIVO GENERAL R+-(=# &! !;-(,(, %+ -$, %(7+#+!"+, ?"$%$, %+ +#7$#'()! #+'&+#'()! %+ !'-+$, "$ %+ #+6(,"#$, 6+$79,('$, %+ $=$ ,9 '$$ %+ -6&!, %+ -, P á g i n a 4 | 47
#+'(+!"+, "+'!$-$69, +! '% &! %+ +,", ;#+, +!'($!!%$ -, 5+!"4, %+,5+!"4, %+ ?,",.
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS E- $/4+"(5$ %+ - +#7$#'()!: •
E, -$6## +#7$## $=$, +"#$-+#$, +! 7$# +7('(+!"+ ,+6&# +'$!)('
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P+#(" - +-$"'()! %+'&% %+ -$, >(%#$'#/&#$,
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C$!$'+# -$, %(7+#+!"+, "($, %+ +#7$#'()! %+ "($, %+ $=$,
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C$!$'+# -$, 7'"$#+, <&+ 7+'"! - #$%&'"(5(%% %+- $=$ %&#!"+ - +#7$#'()!.
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I%+!"(7('# -$, "#$!+, %+ +#7$#'()!
JUSTIFICACIÓ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á g i n a 5 | 47
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
MARCO TEÓRICO CONCEPTOS Barrena: H+##(+!" # +#7$## $=$, %+ '+("+ $ 6,. U! /##+! '$!,(,"+ %+ &! +-++!"$ %+ '$#"+ %+ &! +-++!"$ %+ '(#'&-'()!. E- +-++!"$ %+ '$#"+ &+%+ ,+# %+ '+#$ %+!"%$ /$"$!+, %+ '#/&#$ %+ "&!6,"+!$ $ %+ %(!"+. E+-++!"$ %+ '(#'&-'()! +,"; '$!,"("&(%$ $# '$!%&'"$, <&+ +#("+! <&+ +- 7-&(%$ ,+ "#5?, %+ - /##+! &"(-('+ - '$##(+!"+ >(%#;&-(' %+- -$%$ # +4$## - 5+-$'(%% %+ +!+"#'()!.
Bombeo me!n"o: (Beam pumping). S(,"+ #"(7('(- %+ #$%&''()! +! +- '&+- ''($!# %+- +<&($ %+ /$/+$ ,&/,&+#7('(- ,+ $#(6(! +! - ,&+#7('(+ ,+ "#!,("+ - /$/ $# +- $5((+!"$ ,'+!%+!"+ %+,'+!%+!"+ %+ -, 5#(--, %+ ,&''()!.
P á g i n a 6 | 47
D+/(%$ <&+ ,+ &"(-(= &! /$/ %+ ?/$-$ +- $5((+!"$ %+ -, 5#(--, #$%&'+ &! 5'9$ +! +- (!"+#($# %+- /##(- %+ "#/4$ >'(+!%$ <&+ +- -9<&(%$ +!+"#+ - /##(- "#5?, %+ - 5;-5&- %+ (+ $'&!%$ +- +,'($ 5'9$. E- %+,-=(+!"$ %+- -9<&(%$ %+,%+ +- 7$!%$ %+- $=$ >," - ,&+#7('(+ $# +- (!"+#($# %+ - "&/+#9 %+ #$%&''()! ,+ #+-(= +%(!"+ +- $5((+!"$ ,'+!%+!"+ %+,'+!%+!"+ %+ - ,#" %+ 5#(--,. E,"+ ,(,"+ +, +- ;, &,%$ +! $=$, ,$+#$, %+ #$7&!%(%% +%( +! $+#'($!+, '$," 7&+# #+,&-" +,%$ +,"$#/$,$.
Bombeo ne#m!$"o: (Gas lift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
Cabe%a&: (Wellhead). E<&($ %+ '$!"#$- 4&,"%$ +! - /$' %+- $=$ ,+ &"(-(= # '$!"#$-# +- 7-&4$ #+5+!(# +-$,($!+, '$!,(,"+ %+ "&/+#9, 5;-5&-, "$'$##(+!"+, #+5+!"$#+, %+ +-$,()! +"'.
Cam'o: (Field). K#+ 6+$6#;7(' +! - <&+ &! !+#$ %+ $=$, %+ +"#)-+$ 6, #$%&'+! %+ &! (, #+,+#5 #$/%. U! '$ &+%+ #+7+#(#,+ !('+!"+ &! ;#+ ,&+#7('(- $ 7$#'($!+, ,&/"+##;!+,. U! '$ ,+!'(--$ &+%+ "+!+# #+,+#5, ,+#%, %(7+#+!"+, #$7&!%(%%+,.
C(an)o: (Derrickman). N$/#+ <&+ #+'(/+ +- $+##($ <&+ "(+!+ +!'$+!%%$, -$, "#/4$, +! - #"+ ;, -" %+ - "$##+ %+ +#7$#'()!. E,"+ (+/#$ %+ - '&%#(-- %+ +#7$#'()! ,$,"(+!+ - #"+ ,&+#($# %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! '$!7$#+ ,+ ,' $ ,+ +"+ - $=$. T/(?! +, #+,$!,/-+ %+- +<&($ %+ '(#'&-'()! %+ -, '$!%('($!+, %+- 7-&(%$ %+ +#7$#'()!.
Com'&e*o: T?#(!$ &"(-(=%$ +! - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+# # #+7+#(#,+ - ,+#(+ %+ '$, $ -!", <&+ '$#"+! (!,"-'($!+, ,&+#7('(-+, '$&!+,. P á g i n a 7 | 47
Cr#+o ba,e arom!$"a: (Aromatic base crude oil). C#&%$ <&+ '$!"(+!+ 6#!%+, '!"(%%+, %+ '$&+,"$, #$;"('$, %+ /4$ +,$ $-+'&-# !7"+!$, 4&!"$ '$! '!"(%%+, ;, +<&+, %+ ,7-"$, '+("+, -&/#('!"+,.
Cr#+o ba,e a,-!&$"a: (Asphalt base crude oil). C#&%$, <&+ #$%&'+! -"$, #+!%((+!"$, %+ /#+ ,7-"$ '+("+ '$/&,"(/-+ +,%$.
Cr#+o ba,e na-$.n"a: (Naphtene base crude oil . C#&%$ <&+ '$!"(+!+ #(!'(-+!"+ !7"+!$, +,"$ +, '$&+,"$, '9'-('$, ,"&#%$, '$! '%+!, -"+#-+, !7"?!(', #79!(', &+%+! '$!"+!+# &'>$ "+#(- ,7;-"('$. A#+7(!#,+ +,"$, '#&%$, #$%&'+! '+("+, -&/#('!"+, <&+ ,+ %(7+#+!'(! %+ -$, $/"+!(%$, %+ '#&%$, #79!('$, $# ,+# %+ ;, /4 6#5+%% 5(,'$,(%% ,9 '$$ #+,+!"# &! +!$# '$!"+!(%$ %+ '#/)!.
Cr#+o ba,e 'ara-/n"a o ero,a: (Paraffin base crude oil). C#&%$ %+ -"$ '$!"+!(%$ +! '+#, 7#''($!+, %+ '+("+, -&/#('!"+, '$!"+!(+!%$ +<&+, '!"(%%+, %+ !7"+!$, $ ,7-"$, /4$, +! =&7#+ !("#)6+!$ $96+!$.
Cr#+o I,$mo: (sthmus crude oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$! %+!,(%% **. API 1.* +! +,$ %+ =&7#+.
Cr#+o &")ero: (!ight crude oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$! %+!,(%% ,&+#($# 28 + (!7+#($# * API. D+!"#$ %+ -, #+6($!+, #$%&'"$#, ;, ($#"!"+, %+ +,"+ "($ %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ +! P++ ,+ +!'&+!"#!: - R+6()! M#(! S&#$+,"+ A'"(5$ P$= R(' A'"(5$ C(!'$ P#+,(%+!"+,.
Cr#+o Ma0a: ("a#a crude oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$! %+!,(%% %+ 22 API 1.* +! +,$ %+ =&7#+.
Cr#+o me%&a: ("i$ture crude oil). C$/(!'()! %+ '#&%$, +$#"%$, $# M?('$ '$&+," $# -$, '#&%$, M I,"$ O-+'.
Cr#+o O&mea: (%lmeca crude oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ ,&+#-(6+#$ '$! %+!,(%% %+ *@.* API 0. +! +,$ %+ =&7#+.
Cr#+o 'e,a+o: (&ea'# crude oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$! %+!,(%% (6&- $ (!7+#($# 22. API. D+!"#$ %+ -, #+6($!+, #$%&'"$#, ;, ($#"!"+, %+ +,"+ "($ %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ +! P++ ,+ +!'&+!"#!: A'"(5$ A-"(# R+6()! M#(! N$#$+,"+. P á g i n a 8 | 47
Cr#+o reon,$"$#"+o: (nriched oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ %+,&!"%$ '$! (!+''($!+, %+ +!"!$, !7", -(6+#,.
Cr#+o ,#'er&")ero: ($tra light oil). P+"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$! %+!,(%% ,&+#($# * API. D+!"#$ %+ -, #+6($!+, #$%&'"$#, ;, ($#"!"+, %+ +,"+ "($ %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ +! P++ ,+ +!'&+!"#!: A'"(5$ J&4$T+'$(!$'! A'"(5$ B+--$" C>(!'>$##$ A'"(5$ M&,' A'"(5$ S#( S("($ G#!%+.
D",'aro,: +, +- #$'+,$ +! +#7$## - "&/+#9 %+ #+5+,"((+!"$ '++!"$ 7$#'()! ,!%$ - =$! %+ %$ # +,"/-+'+# '$&!(''()! +!"#+ +- $=$ -$, 7-&(%$, %+- '((+!"$.
D",'aro, a (orro,: +,"+ #$'+,$ '$!,(,"+ +! <&+ &! %+"$!%$# +-?'"#('$ (!('( &! #+''()! +! '%+! <&+ %+"$! ,&'+,(5+!"+ +- '$#%)! +-$,(5$ ++-$,(5$ #(!'(- 6+!+#!%$ - -" #+,()! - +&-,()! '>$##$ %+ -, #"9'&-, 7(!,.
E,$#+"o, +e ,#'er-""e: S$! "$%$, <&+--$, +,"&%($, <&+ '$!7$#! - /,+ # '$!,(%+## -, $,(/(-(%%+, +"#$-+#, %+ &! =$!. S& #(!'(- $/4+"(5$ +, - %+"+#(!'()! %+ -$, %(7+#+!"+, "($, %+ #$', ,&, '#'"+#9,"(', ,9 '$$ +#+'$!$'((+!"$ %+ -, ,$'('($!+, +,"#"(6#;7(', -, %+7$#'($!+, -, <&+ >! +,"%$ ,&4+", '$! $/4+"$ %+ %+"+#(!# - $,(/-+ #+,+!'( %+ "#, %+ "($ +,"#&'"&#-. E,"$, "#/4$, ,+ $! +! "#+, %(,'(-(!, 7&!%+!"-+,: G+$-$69 G+$<&9(' G+$79,('.
E,$#+"o, +e& ,#b,#e&o: E,"$, +,"&%($, ,+ #+7(+#+! - '$!$'((+!"$ %+ -, '#'"+#9,"(', '$$,('()! %+ -, ', %+- ,&/,&+-$ +%(!"+ - +#7$#'()! %+ $=$, '$!$'(%$, '$$ +-$#"$#($,.
E1'&ora"2n 'e$ro&era: (%il e$ploration). C$!4&!"$ %+ '"(5(%%+, %+ '$ %+ $7('(! '&$ $/4+"(5$ #(!'(- +, %+,'&/#(# !&+5$, %+),("$, %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, $ +"+!,($!+, %+ -$, +(,"+!"+,.
Ga, amar)o: (our gas). G, !"&#- <&+ '$!"(+!+ >(%#$'#/&#$, ;'(%$ ,&-7>9%#('$ %()(%$ %+ '#/$!$ +,"$, -"($, +! '$!'+!"#'($!+, $#+, 30 .
P á g i n a 9 | 47
Ga, a,o"a+o: (Associated gas). E, +- 6, !"&#- <&+ ,+ +!'&+!"# +! '$!"'"$ $ %(,&+-"$ +! +- +"#)-+$ '#&%$ %+- '((+!"$. E,"+ &+%+ ,+# '-,(7('%$ '$$ 6, %+ ',<&+"+ -(/#+ $ 6, +! ,$-&'()! %(,&+-"$.
Ga, +e bombeo ne#m!$"o: (Gas lift). G, <&+ ,+ (!+'" - "&/+#9 %+ #$%&''()! %+- $=$ "#5?, %+ 5;-5&-, +,+'(-+, # %(,(!&(# - %+!,(%% %+ - '$-&! >(%#;&-(' +! - "&/+#9.
Ga, +e -orma"2n: (Formation gas). I!!"$ - +,"#"$ ,$'(%$ $ !$ ,$'(%$. G, <&+ #$5(+!+ %+ -$, '((+!"$,.
Ga, +e "n0e"2n: (Gas of in*ection . G, !("#)6+!$ /()(%$ %+ '#/$!$ 6, ,+'$ +"'. <&+ ,+ (!+'" - '((+!"$ # !"+!+# - #+,()! &"(-(=%$ '$$ ,(,"+ %+ #+'&+#'()! ,+'&!%#(.
Ga, +#&e: (+eet gas). E, +- 6, !"&#- <&+ '$!"(+!+ >(%#$'#/&#$, /4, '!"(%%+, %+ ;'(%$ ,&-7>9%#('$ %()(%$ %+ '#/$!$.
Ga, (3me+o: (Wet gas). E, +- 6, !"&#- <&+ '$!"(+!+ ;, %+ * 6-. M' %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, -9<&(%$,.
Ga, na$#ra&: (Natural gas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
Ga, no a,o"a+o: (Non associated gas). G, !"&#- <&+ ,+ +!'&+!"# +! #+,+#5, <&+ !$ '$!"(+!+! +"#)-+$ '#&%$.
Ga, ,eo e4#"5a&en$e a &/4#"+o: E, +- 5$-&+! %+ 6, ,+'$ <&+ $# ,& $%+# '-$#97('$ +<&(5-+ - +"#)-+$ '#&%$. P á g i n a 10 | 47
Gra5e+a+ API: (AP gra'it#) E, - 6#5+%% +,+'97(' %+ &! '#&%$ +#+,% +! "?#(!$, %+ 6#%$, API ,+ '-'&- +%(!"+ - ,(6&(+!"+ #+-'()!:
Gra5e+a+ e,'e/-"a: (pecific gra'it#, g). E, +- '$'(+!"+ %+- +,$ %+ &! 5$-&+! %+ "+#(- %%$ +!"#+ +- +,$ %+- (,$ 5$-&+! %+ 6& +%(% - (, "++#"&# ,+ %+!$(! $# S6 TT.
6"+roarb#ro,: (&#drocarbons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
6"+roarb#ro, &/4#"+o, $o$a&e,: (-otal liuid h#drocarbons). E, - ,& %+ -$, 5$-+!+, %+ +"#)-+$ '$!%+!,%$ ;, -$, -9<&(%$, %+- 6, !"&#- $/"+!(%$, +! -!". P á g i n a 11 | 47
6"+roarb#ro, $o$a&e,: (-otal h#drocarbons. E, - ,& %+ -$, 5$-+!+, %+ '#&%$ '$!%+!,%$, -9<&(%$, %+- 6, +- +<&(5-+!"+ -9<&(%$ %+- 6, ,+'$ '-'&-%$ '$! /,+ +! +- 7'"$# %+ +<&(5-+!'( %+ ,& $%+# '-$#97('$.
In0e"2n +e )a,: (Air dri'e). P#$'+,$ +';!('$ <&+ #$$#'($! +! 7$# '$!"(!& $ (!"+#("+!"+ 6, $ (#+ '$#((%$ - $=$ # %+,-=# -$, 7-&(%$, #$%&'(%$, 6+!+#!%$ &! #+%&''()! %+ - #+,()! +! +- 7$!%$ %+- $=$ + (!'#++!"!%$ ,&,"!'(-+!"+ - ", %+ +"#''()! %+ +"#)-+$.
Lo+o +e 'er-ora"2n: (Drilling mud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
Ma&aa$e: (&oisting engine ). E, &! %+ -, #"+, ;, ($#"!"+, %+- +<&($ %+ +#7$#'()!. T(+!+ -, ,(6&(+!"+, 7&!'($!+,: +, +- '+!"#$ %+ '$!"#$- %+,%+ %$!%+ ++#7$#%$# $+# +- +<&($ '$!"(+!+ -$, +/#6&+, '%+!, +!6#!+, '+-+#%$#+, %+ -, ;<&(!, $"#$, +'!(,$, <&+ +#("+! %(#(6(# - $"+!'( %+ -$, $"$#+, - $+#'()! #"('&-# <&+ ,+ %+,##$-- '$!"+!(+!%$ %+;, &! "/$# <&+ #+'$6+ $ -(+!" +- '/-+ %+ +#7$#'()!.
Per-ora"2n +e +e,arro&&o: P+#7$#'()! <&+ ,+ --+5 '/$ %+,&?, %+%+,'&/#((+!"$ %+ &! #+,+#5 %+ >(%#$'#/&#$,. G+!+#-+!"+ ,+ #+<&(+#+! 5#($, $=$, # %+,##$--# &! #+,+#5.
Pe$r2&eo (Petroleum)/ E- +"#)-+$ +, &! +='- <&+ ,+ #+,+!" +! - !"&#-+= '$&+," #+%$(!!"++!"+ %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +! 7,+ ,)-(% -9<&(% $ 6,+$, %+!$(!!%$ - +,"%$ ,)-(%$ /+"! !"&#- - -9<&(%$ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ 6,+$,$ 6, !"&#- +,"$ '$!%('($!+, "$,7?#(',. E(,"+! %$, "+$#9, ,$/#+ +$#(6+! %+- +"#)-+$: - (!$#6;!(' <&+ +-(' - 7$#'()! %+- +"#)-+$ '$$ P á g i n a 12 | 47
#+,&-"%$ %+ #+''($!+, 6+$<&9(', +!"#+ +- 6& +- %()(%$ %+ '#/$!$ 5#(, ,&/,"!'(, (!$#6;!(', "-+, '$$ '#/&#$, '#/$!"$, %+ -$, +"-+, - $#6;!(' <&+ ,&+ <&+ +- +"#)-+$ +, #$%&'"$ %+ &! %+,'$$,('()! %+ -$, $#6!(,$, 5+6+"-+, !(-+, <&+ +(,"(+#$! %+!"#$ %+ '(+#"$, +#($%$, %+ "(+$ 6+$-)6('$.
Pe$r2&eo r#+o a&$o en a%#-re: (&igh sulfur oil). P+"#)-+$ <&+ '$!"(+!+ %+ 0.31 2.0 %+ =&7#+ +! +,"+ ',$ - 7#''()! %+ 6,$-(! -$ '$!"(+!+ +! !$ ;, %+ 0.13 - %+ '$/&,"(/-+, # $"$#+, '>$##$ !$ ;, %+ 0.23 - %+ '$/&,"(/-+, # $"$#+, %(+,+- !$ ;, %+- 1.
Pe$r2&eo r#+o ba*o en a%#-re: (!ight sulfur oil). P+"#)-+$ <&+ '$!"(+!+ !$ ;, %+ 0.3 %+ =&7#+ '$! - #"('&-#(%% %+ <&+ - 7#''()! %+ 6,$-(! -$ '$!"(+!+ !$ ;, %+ 0.13 - %+ '$/&,"(/-+ # $"$#+, '>$##$ !$ ;, %+ 0.1 - %+ '$/&,"(/-+ # $"$#+, %(+,+- !$ ;, %+ 0.2.
Pe$r2&eo r#+o e4#"5a&en$e: E, - ,& %+- +"#)-+$ '#&%$ '$!%+!,%$ 6, ,+'$ +<&(5-+!"+ - -9<&(%$ 5+# /##(- %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ +<&(5-+!"+.
P&a$a-orma: (Platform)7 E,"#&'"&# #(! 7(4 '$!,"#&(% ,$/#+ (-$"+, %+,%+ - '&- ,+ +#7$#! ,+ $+#! -$, $=$,. T$% -"7$# '$!," %+ ,&/+,"#&'"&# ,&+#+,"#&'"&#. L ,&/+,"#&'"&# +, - #"+ (!7+#($# <&+ 5 $% ,$/#+ +-+'>$ #(!$ +$"#%$ $# +%($ %+ (-$"+, - ,&+#+,"#&'"&# +, - #"+ ,&+#($# <&+ -$4 -$, <&+"+, %+ +#7$#'()! -$, +<&($, %+ #$%&''()! +"'. ,+6! +- "($ %+ -"7$# %+ <&+ ,+ "#"+.
P&a$a-orma +e om're,"2n: E,"+ "($ %+ -"7$# "(+!+ '$$ 7&!'()! -$4# -$, +<&($, '$#+,$#+, <&+ ,&(!(,"#! - 6, - #+,()! !+'+,#( # ,& "#!,$#"+ ,9 '$$ ,& '$!%('($!(+!"$ $# +4+-$ +- +!%&-=(+!"$ %+ 6, #6$.
P&a$a-orma +e en&ae: E,"+ "($ %+ -"7$# "(+!+ - 7&!'()! %+ #+'$-+'"# +'#&%$ '$! 6, #$'+%+!"+ %+ -, -"7$#, %+ #$%&''()! -$ %(,"#(/&+ # ,& #$'+,(+!"$ "/(?! +! +-- ,+ &!+! -$, %&'"$, <&+ #+'$-+'"! +- '#&%$ '$! -$, $-+$%&'"$, <&+ -$ "#!,$#"! "(+##. E! +,", -"7$#, ,+ (!,"-! -$, '/+=-+, %+ #+'+'()! +!59$ %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ 6,. P á g i n a 13 | 47
P&a$a-orma +e 'er-ora"2n: E,"+ "($ %+ -"7$# "(+!+ '$$ 7&!'()! -$4# ++<&($ "$##+ "&/+#9 ''+,$#($, <&+ +#("(#;! +#7$## +- $=$ +-$"#-$ + (!,"-# +- '/+=- %$!%+ ,+ +-=#; ;, "#%+ - -"7$# %+ #$%&''()! ,& '&/(+#" '$!," %+ %$, !(5+-+, &!$ %+ #$%&''()! 1. S$/#+ +- !(5+- %+- # $"#$ %+ +#7$#'()!.
P&a$a-orma +e 'ro+#"2n: E! +,"+ "($ %+ -"7$# ,+ -$4! -$, +<&($, %(,$,("(5$, # ,+## +- 6, %+- '#&%$ /$/+# +,"+ -"($ "(+## +,"; '$&+," $# &! ,&/+,"#&'"&# 7$#% $# $'>$ '$-&!, &! ,&+#+,"#&'"&# <&+ '$!," %+ %$, !(5+-+, - (6&- <&+ - %+ +#7$#'()!.
P&a$a-orma +e rebombeo: C$$ ,& !$/#+ -$ (!%(' +! +," -"7$# ,+ -$'-(= +<&($ %+ /$/+$ <&+ "(+!+ - 7&!'()! %+ &+!"# - #+,()! # +"#!,$#"+ %+- '#&%$ %+,%+ +- &!"$ +%($ +!"#+ -, -"7$#, %+ +!-'+ -, (!,"-'($!+, +! "(+##. A-$4! -, "&#/(!, %+ 6, # ''($!# -, /$/, 6+!+#%$#+, +-?'"#('$, ,&7('(+!"+, # ,"(,7'+# ,&, #$(, !+'+,(%%+, %+ +!+#69 +-?'"#('.
P&a$a-orma +e $raba*o: P-"7$# '$-$'% +! - "$##+ %+ +#7$#'()! +! +,(,"+ #$""$#($ - -"&# #$(% %+ -$, 4&+6$, %+ "&/+#9, %+ +#7$#'()! <&+ ,(#5+ # '$$%# - $/#+#$ '>!6$ +!'#6%$ %+ !+4#-,.
P&a$a-orma (ab"$a"ona&: C$$ ,& !$/#+ -$ (!%(' +,"+ "($ %+ -"7$# "(+!+ - 7&!'()! %+ '#+# -, '$!%('($!+, %+'&%, # <&+ -$, "#/4%$#+, >/("+! +! +- -&6# %+ "#/4$. T(+!+ - ''(%% %+ -/+#6# %+ 3 128 "#/4%$#+, %+;, '&+!"! '$! >+-(&+#"$ ',+" %+ #%($ +<&($ '$!"# (!'+!%($ $"/(-(=%$# %+ 6&, !+6#, '$'(! '$+%$#+, ,-, %+ #+'#+$ /(/-($"+' -!", 6+!+#%$#, %+ +!+#69 +-?'"#(' '-9!(' 6(!,($.
Po%o: (Well). P+#7$#'()! # +- #$'+,$ %+ /,<&+% $ #$%&''()! %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ 6, !"&#- $ # #$$#'($!# ,+#5('($, #+-'($!%$, '$! -$, (,$,. L$, $=$, ,+ '-,(7('! %+ '&+#%$ ,& $/4+"(5$ #+,&-"%$ '$$: $=$, %+ '+("+ 6, ,$'(%$ $=$, %+ 6, ,+'$ $=$, (!+'"$#+,.
Po%o +e +e,arro&&o: P$=$ +#7$#%$ "+#(!%$ +! =$! #$/% %+ &! '$ # - #$%&''()! %+ +"#)-+$ '#&%$ $ 6,. P á g i n a 14 | 47
Po%o, +e e5a&#a"2n: $=$ +#7$#%$ '$$ &! +" (!"+#+%( +!"#+ - +-$#'()! - #$%&''()! # %+"+#(!# +- "$ %+- '$ -, #$(+%%+, %+- '((+!"$ '$$ 5 #$%&'(# - $#9 %+ -$, $=$,. E,"$, $=$, +4$#! - '-(%% %+ - (!7$#'()! # +#("(# -$, 6+)-$6$, + (!6+!(+#$, +! '((+!"$, - +4$# #+%(''()! %+ - #$%&''()! -$ -#6$ %+ - 5(% %+- '$.
Po%o +e "n0e"2n: (nput +ell). P$=$ <&+ s+ &"(-(= # (!+'"# 6& (#+ $ 6, &! +,"#"$ '$! +- 7(! %+ &+!"# - #+,()! %+ $"#$, $=$, +! +- '((+!"$.
Po%o +e ob,er5a"2n: ,(#5+! # '$-+"# $!("$#+# 5#($, #;+"#$, %+'((+!"$. A-6&!, 5+'+, $=$, <&+ ,$! +#7$#%$, !$ ,+ &+%+! &,# # #$%&''()! $ (!+''()! ,$! &"(-(=%$, '$$ $/,+#5%$#+,.
Po%o, +e 'ro+#"2n: ,$! -$, $=$, ;, !&+#$,$, ,& $/4+"(5$ +, $"((=# - #$%&'"(5(%% %+- $=$.
Po%o e1'&ora$or"o: ($plorator# +ell). P+#7$#'()! #+-(=% +! &! ;#+ +! %$!%+ - $+!"$ !$ +(,"+ #$%&''()! %+ '+("+ $ 6, +#$ <&+ -$, +,"&%($, %+ +-$#'()! +"#$-+# +,"/-+'+! #$//(-(%% %+ '$!"+!+# >(%#$'#/&#$,. L +#7$#'()! +-$#"$#( +, &! "?'!(' %(#+'" <&+ '$!,(,"+ +! >'+# &! $=$ "#5?, %+ -, %(7+#+!"+, +,"#&'"&#, %+- ,&/,&+-$ "$!%$ %"$, &+,"#, %+(,$ +! 7$# ,(,"+;"(' %+ -$, '&-+, ,+ &+%+ %+#(5# (!7$#'()! #+'(, %+ -, '#'"+#9,"(', %+ '% ' #$'$, %+ - $,(/(-(%% %+ +!'$!"## '&&-'($!+, +-$"/-+, %+ >(%#$'#/&#$,.
Po%o "m'ro+#$"5o: P$=$ "+#(!%$ >," +- $/4+"(5$ ,(! -$6## $/"+!+# #$%&''()! $# +!'$!"##,+ ,+'$ $# ,+# !$ '$+#'(- $# '$-&! 6+$-)6(' (#+5(," $ $# (!5,()! %+ 6&.
Po%o -�en$e: (Flo+ing +ell). P$=$ +! +- <&+ +- +"#)-+$ /#$" - ,&+#7('(+ %+ - "(+## %+/(%$ - #+,()! %+ - +!+#69 %+- +,"#"$. L ,-(% +,$!";!+ %++"#)-+$ --+5 ?#%(%, "!"$ %+ ?,"+ '$$ %+- 6, &+%+ ,+# '&, %+ (!'+!%($ $ %+ %+,"#&''()! #++!"(! %+ $=$,.
Pro+#"2n a-&#en$e: (Flush production). P#$%&''()! +("(% $# &! $=$ %&#!"+ +- +#($%$ (!('(- !"+, %+ <&+ %(,(!& - !(5+- %+ - #+,()! %+ -$, $=$, <&+ >! 5+!(%$ #$%&'(+!%$ $# -6! "(+$ +! +- (,$ '$. P á g i n a 15 | 47
Pro,'e"2n +e 0a"m"en$o,: (%il deposit prospecting). T?'!(' +%(!"+ - '&,+ #+-(= +- %+,'&/#((+!"$ - +5-&'()! %+ -, #+,+#5, ,9 '$$ - #+#'()! # - &+," +! +-$"'()! %+ -$, '((+!"$, %+ +"#)-+$ 6,. C$!," %+ %$, +",: %+ /,<&+% %+ #$,+''()!. E! +- '&#,$ %+ - + tapa de b0sueda ,+ --+5! '/$ -$, -+5!"(+!"$, 6+$-)6('$, +#$6!?"('$
6#5(?"#('$ %+ - -$'-(%% - (!5+,"(6'()! 6+$<&9(' %+ -, #$', -, 6&, +- "#=%$ %+ %(7+#+!"+, ,. L&+6$ ,+ +7+'" +- ,$!%+$ %+ #$,+''()! '$! -$, $=$, %+ +-$#'()!. E- #+,&-"%$ %+ - +" %+ /,<&+% +, - +5-&'()! #+-((!# %+ -, #+,+#5, %+ -$, !&+5$, '((+!"$,. L$, $/4+"(5$, #(!'(-+, %+ - etapa de prospecci1n ,$! ,+-# -$, -9("+, %+- '((+!"$ %+"+#(!# ,& $"+!'(- - ,"&#'()! %+ ,&, +,"#"$, >$#(=$!"+, %+ +"#)-+$ 6,. U! 5+= '$!'-&(% - +" %+ #$,+''()! ,+ '-'&-! -, #+,+#5, #$/%, %+ +"#)-+$ ,+ +-/$#! #+'$+!%'($!+, # $!+# +- '((+!"$ +! +-$"'()!.
8#ema+or: (Flaring). M+'>+#$ # <&+ '$!"#$-% ,+6&# %+- 6, <&+ !$ &+%+ ,+# &"(-(=%$ $# #=$!+, "?'!(', $ '$+#'(-+,.
Reono"m"en$o 're5"o: L +-$#'()! +"#$-+# (!('( '$! +," 7,+ - '&- ,+ /, +! +,"&%($, 6+!+#-+, <&+ /#'! =$!, & -(, '&$ $/4+"(5$ +, - (%+!"(7(''()! %+ ;#+, %+ (!"+#?, # +- %+,##$--$ %+ - '"(5(%% +"#$-+# %+ '&+#%$ - (!7$#'()! $/"+!(% +! +,"&%($, #+5($, - $$ '#"$6#;7('$ %+ 7$"$6#79 ?#+ #+7+#(%$ 7&!%+!"-+!"+ - +,"&%($ %+ -, '#'"+#9,"(', "$$6#;7(', %+- ;#+ # %+"+#(!# -, $,(/(-(%%+, %+ --+5# '/$ &! +-$#'()! (!"+!,(5.
Re#'era"2n me*ora+a: E, - +"#''()! %('($!- %+- +"#)-+$ %+,&?, %+ - #+'&+#'()! #(#( %('($!!%$ +!+#69 $ -"+#!%$ -, 7&+#=, !"&#-+, %+'((+!"$. E," (!'-&+ (!+''()! %+ 6& $ '&-<&(+# $"#$ +%($ <&+ '$-+"+ -$, #$'+,$, %+ #+'&+#'()! %+- '((+!"$.
Re#'era"2n 'r"mar"a: (Primar# oil reco'er#). E"#''()! %+- +"#)-+$ &"(-(=!%$ !('+!"+ - +!+#69 !"&#- %(,$!(/-+ +! -$, '((+!"$, # $5+# -$, 7-&(%$, "#5?, %+ - #$' %+- '((+!"$ >'( -$, $=$,.
Re#'era"2n ,e#n+ar"a: (econdar# oil reco'er#)7 S+ #+7(+#+ "?'!(', %+ +"#''()! %('($!- %+ +"#)-+$ %+,&?, %+ - #+'&+#'()! #(#(. E," (!'-&+ P á g i n a 16 | 47
(!+''()! %+ 6& $ 6, '$! +- #$),("$ +! #"+ %+ !"+!+# - #+,()! %+'((+!"$.
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Re,er5a: (%il reser'es). E, - $#'()! 7'"(/-+ %+ #+'&+## %+- 5$-&+! "$"- %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +(,"+!"+, +! -, #$', %+- ,&/,&+-$.
Re,er5a or")"na&: E, +- 5$-&+! %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, '$!%('($!+, "$,7?#(', <&+ ,+ +,+# #+'&+## +'$!)('+!"+ '$! -$, ?"$%$, ,(,"+, %+ +-$"'()! -('/-+, &! 7+'> +,+'97('. T/(?! ,+ &+%+ %+'(# <&+ +, - 7#''()! %+- #+'&#,$ <&+ $%#; $/"+!+#,+ - 7(!- %+ - +-$"'()! %+- '((+!"$.
Re,er5a, 'o,"b&e,: E, - '!"(%% %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +,"(% &! 7+'> +,+'97(' +! "#, !$ +#7$#%, %+7(!(%, $# ?"$%$, 6+$-)6('$, 6+$79,('$, -$'-(=%, +! ;#+, -+4%, %+ -, #$%&'"$#, +#$ %+!"#$ %+ - (, #$5(!'( 6+$-)6(' #$%&'"$# '$! $,(/(-(%%+, %+ $/"+!+# "?'!(' +'$!)('+!"+ #$%&''()! %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, - (,$ !(5+- +,"#"(6#;7('$ +! %$!%+ +(,"! #+,+#5, #$/%,.
Re,er5a 'robab&e: (Probable reser'es). E, - '!"(%% %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +,"(% &! 7+'> +,+'97(' +! "#, +#7$#%, !$ +#7$#%, %+7(!(%, $# ?"$%$, 6+$-)6('$, 6+$79,('$, -$'-(=%, +! ;#+, %'+!"+, '((+!"$, #$%&'"$#+, +! %$!%+ ,+ '$!,(%+# <&+ +(,"+! #$//(-(%%+, %+ $/"+!+# "?'!(' +'$!)('+!"+ #$%&''()! %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, - (,$ !(5+- +,"#"(6#;7('$ %$!%+ +(,"! #+,+#5, #$/%,.
Re,er5a 'roba+a: (Pro'ed reser'es). E, +- 5$-&+! %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +%(%$ '$!%('($!+, "$,7?#(', <&+ ,+ &+%+ #$%&'(# +'$!)('+!"+ '$! -$, P á g i n a 17 | 47
?"$%$, ,(,"+, %+ +-$"'()! -('/-+, +! +- $+!"$ %+ - +5-&'()! "!"$ #(#( '$$ ,+'&!%#(.
Re,er5a remanen$e: E, +- 5$-&+! %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +%(%$ '$!%('($!+, "$,7?#(', <&+ <&+% $# #$%&'(#,+ +'$!)('+!"+ %+ &! '((+!"$ %+"+#(!% 7+'> '$! -, "?'!(', %+ +-$"'()! -('/-+,. E! $"# 7$# +, - %(7+#+!'( +!"#+ - #+,+#5 $#(6(!- - #$%&''()! '&&-% %+ >(%#$'#/&#$, +! &! 7+'> +,+'97('.
Re5e,$"m"en$o: N$/#+ <&+ #+'(/+! -$, %(7+#+!"+, "#$, %+ "&/+#9 <&+ ,+ '++!"! %+!"#$ %+- $=$. E,", "&/+#9, %+ #+5+,"((+!"$ 5#9! ,& %(;+"#$ !+#$ %+ '&+#%$ -, %(7+#+!"+, ;#+, +#7$#%, -, #$7&!%(%%+, -, '#'"+#9,"(', #$%&'"$#, %+- $=$. G+!+#-+!"+ ,+ #+5(,"+! "#+, "&/+#9, +! &! $=$ - %+ $# %(;+"#$ ,+ -+ -- "&/+#9 ,&+#7('(- %+ '$!"#$- - ,(6&(+!"+ (!"+#+%( - %+ +!$# %(;+"#$ $# #$7&!%(%% "&/+#9 %+ +-$"'()!.
Term"na"2n on a)#*ero re5e,$"+o: %+,&?, <&+ - =$! #$%&'"$# +, +#7$#% &! "&/+#9 %+ #+5+,"((+!"$ +, (!"#$%&'(% '++!"%. P$,"+#($#+!"+ ,+ (!"#$%&'+! (,"$-, -, '&-+, ,$! -, <&+ >'+! +- '$!%&'"$ +!"#+ +- '((+!"$ +- $=$.
Term"na"2n +e 'o%o,: +, +,+!'(- # - #$%&'"(5(%% %+- (,$ <&+ +, - <&+ '$&!(' +- '((+!"$ '$! +- $=$ $# -$ "!"$ +, & ($#"!"+ ,+-+''($!# - "+#(!'()! <&+ %+ - $# #$%&'"(5(%% %+/(%$ -, %(7+#+!"+, '#'"+#9,"(', %+- '((+!"$ +5("# +- %$ - $=$ '((+!"$.
Term"na"2n en a)#*ero +e,#b"er$o: +! +," "+#(!'()! - =$! #$%&'"$# +, +#7$#% %+,&?, %+ '++!"# - -"( "&/+#9 %+ #+5+,"((+!"$ $ -(!+# +! - '( %+- (!"+#5-$ #$%&'"$# $# -$ "!"$ - #$%&''()! ,-+ %(#+'"+!"+ %+'((+!"$ - $=$. S+ &! ,$- =$! #$%&'"$# <&+ %+;, +,"+ /(+! '$!,$-(%% $ '$! &! ?"$%$ %+ '$!"#$- %+ #+! %$!%+ !$ > #$/-+, %+ '$!"'"$ 6,'+("+ $ 6&'+("+.
T#ber/a +e 'er-ora"2n: E, +- '$!4&!"$ %+ "&/$, -(6%$, $# +%($ %+ &!($!+, $ '$-(+!"$, ')!('$, +,+'(-+, <&+ --+5 +! ,& +"#+$ (!7+#($# - /##+! $ P á g i n a 18 | 47
>+##(+!" %+ +#7$#'()! +! +- ,(,"+ #$""$#($. L$, "#$, %+ "&/+#9 <&+ #+6&-#+!"+ ,+ &,! ,$! %+ #$(%+!"+ @ *0 (+,.
T#ber/a +e 'ro+#"2n: C$!4&!"$ %+ "&/$, &!(%$, $# '$(+, #$,', <&+ ,+ (!"#$%&'+ +! +- $=$ '&!%$ +,"+ ,+ 5 $!+# +! #$%&''()! # <&+ +>(%#$'#/&#$ '+("+ $ 6, 7-&! %+,%+ +- 7$!%$ - ,&+#7('(+ +! 7$# '$!"#$-%.
a"m"en$o: (2eser'oir bed, deposit)/ U!(%% %+- ,&/,&+-$ '$!,"("&(% $# #$' +#+/-+ <&+ '$!"(+!+ +"#)-+$ 6, 6& -, '&-+, '$!7$#! &! ,$-$ ,(,"+.
TUBERIA DE PERFORACION EN LA INDUSTRIA PETROLERA ;8UE ES UNA TUBERIA DE PERFORACION< L "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! +, +- +-++!"$ "&/&-# &"(-(=%$ # --+5# '/$ -$, "#/4$, %&#!"+ - $+#'()! %+ - +#7$#'()!. E,"; +&+," -"(-+, +,7&+#=$, %&#!"+ -, $+#'($!+, %+ +#7$#'()! %+- $=$.
P á g i n a 19 | 47
C$$!+!"+, D+ U! T&/+#9 D+ P+#7$#'()! L$, %"$, #(!'(-+, <&+ ,+ %+/+! %+ '$!$'+# ,$/#+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! ,$!: D(;+"#$ (!"+#($# +"+#($# %+- "&/$ P+,$ N$(!- P+,$ A4&,"%$ G#%$ E G S C-,+ N&+5 P#+(& C-,+ II '-,+ III R+,(,"+!'( - T+!,()! J&!", '-,+ E,+,$# %+ P#+% T$#,()! %+ E!#$,<&+ C$!+()!. C&!%$ >/-$, ,$/#+ '-,+ !$, #+7+#($, - 6#%$ %+ &,/(-(%% <&+ > "+!(%$ +- "&/$ +- API %(5(%+ -, "&/+#9, +! N&+5 P#+(& C-,+ II Y C-,+ III.
CUIDADOS MANEJO DE LA TUBERÍA DE PERFORACIÓN E, ($#"!"+ ,/+# ')$ '&(%# -, &!($!+, %+ "&/+#9 <&+ ,$! #"+, %+ - "&/+#9 ,$+"(%, &'>$, +,7&+#=$,. E--, #+'(/+! 6#! '!"(%% %+ &,$ %+,6,"+ "(+!+! <&+ ,$$#"# 6#!%+, #+,($!+, #$"'()! +,7&+#=$, $"#, 7&+#=, $=$ /4$.
PROTECTORES: L$, 'ro$e$ore, +e ro,a &%! +5("# -$, %$, -, &!($!+, %+ "&/+#9. S+ +!'&+!"#! %(,$!(/-+, +! '+#$ #+!,%$ '+#$ 5'(%$ -;,"('$ $ '&'>$. U! #$"+'"$# %+ #$,' +, &! (+= <&+ ,+ "$#!(-- - '4 $ - +,(6 %+ &! &!()! %+ "&/+#9 # #$"+6+# -, #$,', -$, >$/#$, '$!"# $,(/-+, %$, (+!"#, - "&/+#9 ,+ "#!,$#" $ ,+ -'+!. P á g i n a 20 | 47
L $#9 %+ -$, #$"+'"$#+, &+%+! +!#$,'#,+ &!$ '$! $"#$ (+!"#, !$ ,+ &,! #$"+6(+!%$ ,9 ,&, #$,', '$!"# %$, <&+ ;, "#%+ $%#9! 7+'"# -, #$,', %+ -, &!($!+,. U! 'ro$e$or +e en$ra+o +, &! #$"+'"$# %+ '&'>$ # '+!"## - "&/+#9 +'&- '/+ ,$/#+ +- %(;+"#$ +"+#($# %+ - '4 %+ - "&/+#9 <&+ ,+ +!'&+!"# +! +$=$. E- #$"+'"$# %+ '+!"#%$ "(+!+ ,& +"#+$ ,&+#($# +! 7$# %+ +/&%$ ,(#5+ '$$ $#"(6&%$# 6&9 # '+!"## - "&/+#9.
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
DESCRIPCION DE LOS COMPONENTES DE LA TUBERIA DE PERFORACION TUBO DE PERFORACIÓN: E, &! +!5$-5+!"+ '(-9!%#(' <&+ "(+!+ &! -$!6("&% %+"+#(!% '$! %(;+"#$ +"+#($# %(;+"#$ (!"+#($# #+'-'%$, '$!+()! '4 ()! %(;+"#$ +"+#($# %+ 4&!" +,+,$# %+ #+% #' %+ (%+!"(7(''()!.
P á g i n a 21 | 47
LONGITUD: - -$!6("&% %+ &! "&/$ /#' %+,%+ +- ,+--$ %+ - '4 >," +- ,+--$ %+- ()!. N&!' ,+ %+/+ %+ (!'-&(# +- ()! # %+"+#(!# +- -#6$ <&+ &!(#,+ +- ()! '$! - '4 %+ $"#$ "&/$ ?,"+ ,+ (+#%+ - <&+%# %+!"#$ %+ - '4. L "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! ,+ ,&(!(,"# +! +- ,(6&(+!"+ #!6$ A.P.I. %+ -$!6("&%: •
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DI>METRO EXTERIOR: E, - +%(% <&+ "(+!+ +- '&+#$ %+- "&/$ +! ,& #"+ +"+#!.
DI>METRO INTERIOR/ E, - +%(% (!"+#! %+ &! "&/$ %+ +#7$#'()!. RECALCADO/ E, +- '/($ 6#%&- %+ +,+,$#+,. E,"+ #+'-'%$ +#("+ &! 7'"$# %+ ,+6&#(%% %+'&%$ +! +- ;#+ ,$-%% # #$5++# #+,(,"+!'( +';!(' $"#, '$!,(%+#'($!+, +"-#6(',. L 4&!" +, "/(?! >+'> '$! &! '&+--$ ,$-%%$ # ,+6&## &! ,&+#7('(+ %+ '$!"'"$ '$!,(%+#/-+ %&#!"+ - ,$-%%&#. L "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! "(+!+ &! ;#+ +! '% +"#+$ - '&- "(+!+ #$(%+!"+ ” %+ -$!6("&% --%$ #+'-'%$: L$, #+'-'%$, ,$! !+'+,#($, +! -$, "&/$, # -$, '&-+, -, 4&!", ,$-%%, ,$! '$-$'%,.
CONEXIÓN CAJA9PI?ÓN: +, +- &!"$ %$!%+ ,+ #+-(= +- +!-'+ %+ - '4 %+ &! "&/$ '$! +- ()! %+ $"#$ "&/$.
DI>METRO EXTERIOR DE LA JUNTA: +, - +%(% <&+ #+,&-" %+ - &!()! %+ - '4 '$! +- ()! %+ &! "&/$ %+ +#7$#'()!.
ESPESOR DE PARED: E, +- 6#$,$# ;#+ "#!,5+#,- <&+ "(+!+ - #+% %+ &! "&/$ %+ +#7$#'()!.
MARCA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN: - (!7$#'()! #+7+#+!"+ - 6#%$ +- +,$ %+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! ,+ 6#/ +! &! #!&# '$-$'% +! - /,+ %+- ()! +'+"$ +! - "&/+#9 6#%$ E 83 <&+ +! ?," - #' %+ (%+!"(7(''()! ,+ +!'&+!"# +! +- ()!.
No$a: +,"+ #'4+ ,+ #+-(= +! - '$9 %$!%+ ,+ 7/#(' - "&/+#9 $# !(!6! $"(5$ +- +#,$!- %+ +#7$#'()! $%#; -"+## $ #'# $"#$ "($ %+ %"$, +! - "&/+#9. P á g i n a 22 | 47
AN>LISIS DE PROBLEMAS M>S COMUNES EN EL CAMPO SUS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS7 L$, #$/-+, <&+ ;, ,+ #+,+!"! +! +#7$#'()! ,$!: 1. C4 %+6$--% $# 7"(6 2. L5%$ %+ J&!", $# #+,()! *. T&/$ %%$ $# '&, . C4 /$'(!% $# +'+,$ %+ "$#,()! 3. P()! 7#'"&#%$ $# +'+,$ %+ "$#<&+ . M- '$-$''()! %+ --5+, %+ #(+"+ '$!5+!'($!-+, $ >(%#;&-(',
CAJA DEGOLLADA POR FATIGA E,"+ "($ %+ #$/-+, ,+ #+,+!" +! -$, -,"#/##+!, '&!%$ --+5! '&&-%, +'+,(5, >$#, %+ #$"'()!. P$# +,"%9,"(', %+ '$ ,+ %+"+#(!) <&+ +! =$!, %+ -" %&#+= +! - 7$#'()! ,+ %+/+#; '/(# +- #+4$ %+ 7$!%$ '% 230 >$#, %+ #$"'()! # +!5(#,+ ,& (!,+''()!. T/(?! ,+ %+"+#(!) <&+ # =$!, ,+(%&#, '$," %+- 6$-7$ '/(# +- #+4$ %+ 7$!%$ '% *30 >$#, %+ #$"'()!.
LAVADO DE JUNTAS POR PRESIÓN U!$ %+ -$, #$/-+, ;, 7#+'&+!"+, +, +- #(+"+ $ "$#<&+ (!%+'&%$. U"(-('+ -$, "$#<&+, #+'$+!%%$, +! -, "/-, A.P.I.
TUBO DA?ADO EN EL AREA DE CU?AS E,"+ #$/-+ ,+ $',($! '&!%$ ,+ (!"#$%&'+! -, '&, !"+, %+ <&+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! +,"+ 7#+!% - $+!"$ %+ +,"# +"(+!%$ "&/&-#+, +,"$, 6$-+, 7&+#"+, +! +- ;#+ %+ '&, %+/(-("! '$! &'> #(%+= - 5(% "(- %+- "&/$ $',($!!%$ ''(%+!"+, %+ #(+,6$ "!"$ # +- $=$ '$$ # +- +#,$!-.
CAJA ABOCINADA POR EXCESO DE TORSIÓN U! %+ -, '&,, #(!'(-+, & '$&!+, +, '&!%$ ,+ +,"; #+,!%$ $# '/($ %+ +,"/(-(=%$#+,. N$ +, -$ (,$ +#7$## <&+ #+,# - #+,# ,+ %+/+#; +-+# +- 9!($ +,$ 9!( "$#,()! <&+ +, 7#+'&+!"+ <&+ - ,#" ,+ '&+ - &"(-(=# +,$, +'+,(5$, $',($!;!%$,+ &! 7&+#"+ "$#,()! +! - <&+ +()! ,+ '$!"(!&#; #+#+";!%$,+ >," #"(# - '4 %+- "&/$ /$'(!;!%$,+ +," <&+%!%$ '$$ +=. P á g i n a 23 | 47
L #+'&+#'()! %+ +,"+ += ,+ "$#! %(79'(- ,( !$ ,+ &+%+ "#+# '$! &! !=&+-$ %+ 6##+ '$#"$ P(! T <&+ ,+ "+!%#; <&+ $-+# - '4 # +7+'"&# - +,' +! +- '&+#$ %+- "&/$.
PI?ON FRACTURADO POR EXCESO DE TOR8UE E,"$ ,&'+%+ +! - +, #$"#( &,!%$ +"(+!%$ "&/&-#+, - $=$ %+/(%$ <&+ +- "$#<&(+"#$ $ %(!)+"#$ ,+ +!'&+!"#! %+,'-(/#%$, #$$#'($!!%$ &! -+'"&# +##)!+ %+- #(+"+ - 4&!" "$#<&+ 7#'"&#;!%$,+ +- ()! %;!%$,+ +"&/$. M- '$-$''()! %+ --5+, %+ 7&+#= '$!5+!'($!- >(%#;&-(',. TABLA. PARAMETROS DE VIDA UTIL EN CONEIONES Y TUBERIAS PREMIUM
6ERRAMIENTAS 8UE INVOLUCRAN LA PERFORACION DE UN PO=O PETROLERO P á g i n a 24 | 47
BARRENAS E, - >+##(+!" %+ '$#"+ -$'-(=% +! +- +"#+$ (!7+#($# %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! &"(-(=% # '$#"# $ "#("&## %&#!"+ +- #$'+,$ %+ - +#7$#'()!. S& 7&!'()! +, +#7$## -$, +,"#"$, %+ - #$' +%(!"+ +- 5+!'((+!"$ %+ ,& +,7&+#=$ %+ '$#+,()! %+ - #$"'()! %+ - /##+!. L, /##+!, ,+ '-,(7('! +!: B##+!, T#(')!(',. B##+!, %+ '$#"%$#+, 7(4$, • B##+!, +,+'(-+,
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BARRENAS TRICÓNICAS7 T(+!+! "#+, '$!$, '$#"%$#+, <&+ 6(#! ,$/#+ ,& +4+. P$# ,& +,"#&'"&# %+ '$#"+ ,+ 7/#('! %+ %(+!"+, %+ (!,+#"$ %+ '#/&#$ %+ P á g i n a 25 | 47
"&!6,"+!$. P$# ,& ,(,"+ %+ #$%(+!"$ &+%+! ,+# %+ /-+#$ +,";!%# %+ /-+#$ ,+--%$ %+ '>&'+#, 5+# 7(6&# '"&-+!"+ -, /##+!, "(')!(', ,)-$ ,$! &,%, +! -, #(+#, +", %+ - +#7$#'()!.
BARRENAS DE CORTADORES FIJOS7 L, /##+!, %+ '$#"%$#+, 7(4$, ,$! '&+#$, '$'"$, ,(! #"+, )5(-+, '$! %(!"+, !"&#-+, $ ,(!"?"('$, (!'#&,"%$, #'(-+!"+ +! ,& ,&+#7('(+ (!7+#($# -"+#- <&+ "#("&#! - 7$#'()! $# 7#(''()! $ ##,"#+. S+ %(5(%+ +!: B##+!, %+ %(!"+ !"&# B##+!, %+ %(!"+ T?#('+!"+ +,"/-+ TSP B##+!, '$'", %+ %(!"+ $-('#(,"-(!$ PDC L, barrena, +e +"aman$e na$#ra& "(+!+! &! '&+#$ 7(4$ '&$ "+#(- &+%+ ,+# %+ "#(= $ %+ '+#$. S& "($ %+ '$#"+ +, %+ %(!"+ !"&#- +- %(!"+ +, +"+#(- ;, %&#$ >," >$# '$!$'(%$ (!'#&,"%$ +! +- '&+#$ %+ - /##+!. E- &,$ %+ +,", /##+!, +, -(("%$ +! - '"&-(%% ,-5$ +! ',$, +,+'(-+, # +#7$## 7$#'($!+, & %&#, /#,(5,.
BARRENAS DE DIAMANTE T@RMIAMENTE ESTABLE TSP E,", /##+!, ,$! &,%, # +#7$## #$', %&#, $# +4+-$ '-(= %&# /,-"$ #+!, 7(!, %&#, +!"#+ $"#,.
BARRENAS DE COMPACTO DE DIAMANTE POLICRISTALINO PDC S& %(,+$ + '$#"%$#+, +,"; >+'>$ '$! %(!"+ ,(!"?"('$ +! 7$# %+ ,"(--, '$'"$ %+ %(!"+ $!"%, +! +- '&+#$ %+ -$, '$#"%$#+, %+ - /##+! +#$ %(7+#+!'( %+ -, /##+!, %+ %(!"+ !"&#- -, STP ,& %(,+) >(%#;&-('$ ,+ #+-(= '$! ,(,"+ %+ "$/+#, # -$%$ - (6&- <&+ -, /##+!, "#(')!(',. E,"+ "($ %+ /##+!, +, - ;, &"(-(=% +! - '"&-(%% # - +#7$#'()! %+ $=$, +"#$-+#$,.
BARRENAS ESPECIALES P á g i n a 26 | 47
L, /##+!, +,+'(-+, &+%+! ,+# %+ %$, "($,: -(%$#, $ /('?!"#(', ,+ &"(-(=! # $+#'($!+, "-+, '$$: - -('()! %+- %(;+"#$ %+- 6&4+#$ ,+ %+,%+ - /$' %+- $=$ ,&+#7('(- $ %+,%+ &! #$7&!%(%% %+"+#(!%. L, /##+!, ,+ 7/#('! # %(7+#+!"+, "($, %+ 7$#'($!+, 6+!+#-+!"+ ,$!: F$#'($!+, ,&5+, F$#'($!+, +%(, F$#'($!+, %&#, F$#'($!+, +"#%&#, P# +5("# '$!7&,()! +!"#+ -$, "($, %+ /##+!, +<&(5-+!"+, +! #+-'()! '$! ,&, %(,"(!"$, 7/#('!"+, %+ '+#$ ,+ '#+) +- ')%(6$ AIDC A,$'('()! I!"+#!'($!- %+ C$!"#"(,", %+ P+#7$#'()!.
LASTRABARRENAS S$! /##, %+ '+#$ >&+', &"(-(=%, # &(-(# - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! %# +,$ - /##+! %&#!"+ -, $+#'($!+, %+ +#7$#'()!. T/(?! ,$! '$!$'(%, '$$ D#(-- C$--#,. A'"&-+!"+ ,+ "(+!+! +! &,$ %$, "($, %+ -,"#/##+!,:
79 Aaba+o +e -!br"a &",o E,"+ '/%$ ,+ %+!$(! '$!5+!'($!- <&+ "#+ - 7$# "- '$$ ,-+ %+ - 7;/#(' ,"(,7'+ "$%$, -$, #+<&(,("$, !$(!-+,.
79 D",eo +e e,'"ra& R+%&'+ +- ;#+ %+ '$!"'"$ +!"#+ -, -,"#/##+!, - #+% %+- $=$ +5("!%$ '$! +,"$ +6%&#, $# #+,()! %(7+#+!'(- +! 6&4+#$ /(+#"$.
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FUNCIONES E- +,$ -('%$ - /##+! %+/+ #$5+!(# !('+!"+ %+ -$, -,"#/##+!, ,( ++,$ -('%$ - /##+! +'+%+ +- +,$ "$"- %+ -$, -,"#/##+!, +- +,$ +"# #$5+!%#; %+ - "&/+#9 - '&- +,"#9 +! '$#+,()! ,(+!%$ ,&,'+"(/-+ %+ "$#'+%&#, <&+ ,+ =7+ - #$,'. E- +,$ %+ -$, -,"#/##+!, '"&!%$ %(#+'"+!"+ ,$/#+ - /##+! "(+!+ %$, '$!,+'&+!'(, #(!'(-+,: •
L "+!%+!'( %+ - ,#" %+ '$-6# 5+#"('-+!"+ %+/(%$ - +,$ - 6#5+%%. E!"#+ ;, +,%$, ,+! -$, -,"#/##+! +!$, #$//-+, +, <&+ +- $=$ ,+ %+,59+ %+ - 5+#"('-
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E- +,$ -('%$ - /##+! - >#; +,"/(-(=# >'(+!%$ <&+ +- $=$ !"+!6 ,& %(#+''()! '$!,"!"++!"+. E," +,"/(-(='()! %+ - /##+! "/(?! +#("(#; &! %(,"#(/&'()! ;, #+4 %+ - '#6 ,$/#+ - +,"#&'"&# '$#"!"+ %+ - /##+!. E,"$ +5(" <&+ - /##+! ,+ -+4+ %+ - $,('()! '+!"#- 6#!"(=!%$ &! $=$ %+#+'>$ %+ %(;+"#$ '$##+'"$ %+,6,"+ #+4$ %+ - /##+! $#+, #+-'($!+, %+ +!+"#'()!.
M!"+!+# +- $=$ +! - %(#+''()! '$##+'" ,+ -$6# !$ ,)-$ $# +- +,$ - #(6(%+= %+ -$, -,"#/##+!, +! - /,+ %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! ,(!$ '$! <&+ +%(;+"#$ +"+#($# %+ -$, -,"#/##+!, ,+ +!, +!$# <&+ +- %(;+"#$ %+ - /##+! +-+% $ - %(;+"#$ %+- $=$. E,"$ ,+ '$!$'+ '$$ ,#" +'%. E- (!'$!5+!(+!"+ ,$'(%$ +,"+ "($ %+ %(,+$ %+ ,#" %+ 7$!%$ B$""$ H$-+ ,,+/- +!,/-+ %+ F$!%$ BHA +, <&+ +, & ,&,'+"(/-+ %+ ,&7#(# $# +6 %(7+#+!'(- %$!%+ - "&/+#9 ,+ +6 +! +- +!4##+ <&+ '&/#+ -, #+%+, %+P á g i n a 28 | 47
$=$. E,"+ #(+,6$ ,+ (!((= +%(!"+ - &"(-(='()! %+ -,"#/##+! '$! %(7+#+!"+, %(,+$, %+ ,+''()! $ %+ ,&#'$, +! - ,&+#7('(+ '$! +- 7(! %+ #+%&'(# +;#+ %+ '$!"'"$ <&+ &+% >/+# +!"#+ -$, -,"#/##+!, - #+% %+- $=$. A,9 -$, -,"#/##+!, &+%+! ,+# #+%$!%$, %+ ,+''()! '&%#% $ +-9"(' '$! ,&#'$, +,(#-+, +"'?"+#.
6EAV EIG6T L "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! +"# +,% H+5+(6>". E, - "&! '$$!+!"+ + +,$ (!"+#+%($ # - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! +!"#+ -$, -,"#/##+!, "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()!. P#$$#'($!!%$ &! '/($ 6#%&- %+ #(6(%+= %+ - >+##(+!" #96(% 7#;6(- "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! #+%&'(+!%$ - 7"(6 %+ ?,"+ - '$-$'# "&/+#9 +! +- &!"$ %+ "#!,('()!. S$! "&/$, %+ #+% 6#&+, &!(%$, +!"#+ ,9 $# 4&!", +"# -#6,.
DISE?O7 C$! $# +,+,$# %+ #+% '$!+($!+, ;, -#6$, <&+ - TP #+6&-# '$! #+7&+#=$ +";-('$ +! +- '+!"#$ %+- '&+#$ %+- "&/$ %(,$!(/-+ '$! %(,+$ +"+#($# +,(#-%$. S$! - "#!,('()! +!"#+ - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! -$, -,"#/##+!, +5("!%$ ,9 &! '/($ /#&,'$ %+ %(;+"#$,. T/(?! ,$! &"(-(=%$, '$! -,"#/##+!, # #$5++# +,$ +! /##+! +,+'(-+!"+ +! 6&4+#$, %+ ” $ ” %$!%+ +- +7+'"$ %+ !%+$ %+ - H %+/(%$ - '$#+,()! +, 9!($. L H #+%&'+ - 7-+(/(-(%% %+- #+4$ %+ 7$!%$ "/(?! ,$! ;, 7;'(-+,#;(%, %+ !+4# <&+ -$, -,"#/##+!, ;, ($#"!"+, &! #+%&'+! - $,(/(-(%% %+ "#(+!"$ %(7+#+!'(-.
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ESTABILI=ADORES 6ERRAMIENTA 8UE SE UTILI=A EN LA SARTA DE PERFORACIÓ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“'&'>(--,”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á g i n a 30 | 47
RIMADORES L$, #(%$#+, %+,6,"! -, #+%+, %+- $=$ &! %(;+"#$ (6&- $ (!7+#($# - %+ - /##+! #+-(=! &! 7&!'()! ,((-# -$, +,"/(-(=%$#+, +! '&!"$ <&+ &%! +,"/(-(=# +- +!,/-+ %+ 7$!%$ !"+!+# +- >&+'$ '$! +- %(;+"#$ '$-+"$. S$! &,%$, 6+!+#-+!"+ '&!%$ ,+ ++#(+!"! #$/-+, # !"+!+# +- $=$ %+- %(;+"#$ %+ - /##+! +! 7$#'($!+, /#,(5, '&!%$ - /##+! ,+ -+ %+,6," +- %(;+"#$ +"+#($#.
MARTILLOS H+##(+!" %+ +#'&,()! +! - ,#". E- #(!'(- #$),("$ %+ '$##+# &! #"(--$ %+ +#7$#'()! +, #$$#'($!# &! ''()! %+ 6$-+"+$ (!+%("$ '&!%$ - ,#" +,"+ 6%. E(,"+! %(5+#,, 5+!"4, $# "+!+# &! #"(--$ '$$ #"+ %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. C&!%$ - ,#" +,"; +6% +- #"(--$ +,"; %(,$!(/-+ (!+%("+!"+ +,"$ %(,(!&+ '$,"$,, $+#'($!+, %+ %+,5('()! $ +,' +! '$!,+'&+!'( >$## "(+$ +<&($ %(!+#$.
TOP DRIVE T7D E, /;,('+!"+ &! '$/(!'()! %+ +, #$"#( F-+'>. E,"; (&-,%$ $# &! $"$# (!%++!%(+!"+ -+ (#(+ #$"'()! - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! - '&- +,"; '$!+'"% +! 7$# %(#+'" ,(! !+'+,(%% %+ &! F-+'> $ %+ +, #$"#(. S+ '$$!+ %+ &! &!()! 6(#"$#( $"$# %+ '$##(+!"+ -"+#! ,(,"+ # '$!"#$- %+ "$#<&+ ,9 '$$ %+- 6!'>$ %$, %(,'$, %+ 7#+!$ '$! '-(/#+, >(%#;&-('$, $!"%$, +! - #"+ ,&+#($# %+ '% $"$# 6&!"! "$#,()! +! - ,#" %+ "&/+#9 &% !"+!+# - $,('()! %&#!"+ -$, "#/4$, %(#+''($!-+,. E- ,",$ema +e on$ra'e,o (!'-&+ %$, '(-(!%#$, >(%#;&-('$, +!"#+ +- , +6!'>$. C&!%$ ,+ '"(5 +- ,(,"+ -$, %$, '(-(!%#$, ,$$#"! - $#9 %++,$ "$ %#(5+. E,"+ ,(,"+ #$"+6+ -, #$,', %+ - ,#" %+ "&/+#9 ,$$#"!%$ +- +,$ %+ - "&/+#9 '&!%$ ,+ #$+! -, '$!+($!+,. E- ,(,"+ “S$an+ *#m'” +, &! %(,$,("(5$ $'($!- <&+ ,+ +!'&+!"# +! - '$!,$- %+- +#7$#%$# +! +," $%-(%% %$!%+ -$, '(-(!%#$, -+5!"! +- +,$ %+T$ D#(5+ %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()! '&!%$ ,+ #$+ &! '$!+()!. E,"$ #+%&'+ -$, +,7&+#=$, ,$/#+ -, #$,', +5("+ %$,. L$, '(-(!%#$, -+5!"! +- , %+ - &!()! 6(#"$#( %+ ,& &!"$ %+ $$ +! +- 6!'>$. P á g i n a 31 | 47
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
VENTAJAS DEL TOP DRIVE SOBRE EL SISTEMA DE ELL 1. P+#("+ '(#'&-# (+!"#, ,+ #+, +- >$$ >'( ##(/ 2. S+ &+%+ '(#'&-# +- $=$ (+!"#, ,+ /4 $ ,+ ,' - "&/+#9 +! #%, *. E- ,(,"+ %+ F-+'> ,)-$ &+%+ >'+# -$ !"+#($# +! "#$, ,+!'(--$,: $ ,+ %+ *0 (+,. . P$%+# '+### %+ ++#6+!'( &! "&/$ '&!%$ ,+ +,' &! "&/+#9 +6% ,+ "(+!+ &! /#$"+ %(7+#+!'( %+ - 7-+'> <&+ ,$-$ ,+ &+%+ '+### '$! #+5+!"$# !&-# >'(+!%$ +- 4&,"+ # '+### +! "&/+#9.
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M@TODOS DE PERFORACIÓN L, "?'!(', %+ +#7$#'()! %+ $=$, '$! $/4+"(5$, # +-$#'()! #$%&''()! # '+("+ 6, >! ,(%$ $/4+"$ %+ +,"&%($ %+,%+ -$, (!('($, %+ - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+# '$! - 7(!-(%% %+ $"((=# -$, #$'+,$, # $/"+!+# $=$, ,+6&#$, +! &! +!$# "(+$ - +!$# '$,"$ $,(/-+. D+,%+ -$, (!('($, %+ -, "?'!(', %+ +#7$#'()! '$! '/-+ $ +#'&,()! >," +#+,+!"+ '$! - &"(-(='()! %+ >+##(+!", #$""(5 ''($!%, %+,%+ ,&+#7('(+ $ +%(!"+ +- +-+$ %+ $"$#+, %+ 7$!%$ > >/(%$ &! +#!+!"+ #+$'&'()! $# +4$## - '-(%% %+ -$, $=$, +#7$#%$, #+%&'(# -$, '$,"$, $+#"(5$, $"((=# -, '$!%('($!+, %+ ,+6&#(%% %+- +#,$!-.
PERFORACIÓN POR PERCUSIÓN L +#7$#'()! $# +#'&,()! +, &!$ %+ -$, ?"$%$, ;, !"(6&$, &"(-(=%$, 7&+ +- (!('(%$# %+ - +#7$#'()! %+ $=$, %+ 6& +"#)-+$ > #+'(/(%$ +! -$, -"($, "(+$, $#"'($!+, "+'!$-)6(', <&+ >'+! %+ ?- &!$ %+ -$, ,(,"+, ;, &"(-(=%$, '"&-+!"+ +! - +4+'&'()! %+ $=$, # - '"'()! %+ 6&, ,&/"+##;!+,. E- ?"$%$ !$ +, &,%$ +! - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+# <&+ +, &! ?"$%$ -+!"$ %+ #$7&!%(%% -(("%. E! +,"+ ?"$%$ ,+ #+-(= - +#7$#'()! +%(!"+ +- $5((+!"$ -"+#!"(5$ /4# ,&/(# %+ &! +,% /##+! "($ '(!'+- <&+ +! ,& '9% 5 7#'"&#!%$ $ %(,6#+6!%$ - #$' %+,#+!%(+!%$ "#$=$, %+ %(5+#,$ "$ <&+ %+,&?, ,$! +"#9%$, $# +%($ %+ &! '&'># M$!"+##&/($ 200@.
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PERFORACIÓN ROTATIVA E- ?"$%$ %+ +#7$#'()! #$""(5 '$! '(#'&-'()! %(#+'" '$+!=) &"(-(=#,+ +! 10 %<&(#(+!%$ 6#! &6+ #"(# %+ 1@00 #-+-+!"+ - %+,##$--$ %+ - (!%&,"#( +"#$-+#. S& $/4+"(5$ +, #$$#'($!# #$"'()! - /##+! # <&+ #+-('+ - ''()! %+ +#7$## $# +%($ %+ &! +7+'"$ %+ /#,()! +- #+'$#"+ #$%&'(%$ +, +"#9%$ - ,&+#7('(+ $# +%($ %+- 7-&(%$ %+ +#7$#'()! M$!"+##&/($ 200@ PEME 2002. E! - '"&-(%% +(,"+! "#+, 7$#, %+ -('# #$"'()! - /##+! ,$!: S(,"+ #$""$#($ '$!5+!'($!/ T$ %#(5+ ' M$"$# %+ 7$!%$
S",$ema Ro$a$or"o Con5en"ona& E- ,(,"+ #$""$#($ '$!5+!'($!- +, ,&+#7('(- "#!,("+ - #$"'()! - "&/+#9 %+ +#7$#'()! "#5?, %+ ,&, '$$!+!"+, <&+ ,$!: +, #$"#( /&4+ +,"#$ /&,>(!6 +-- +-- 7-+'> &!()! 6(#"$#( ,W(5+- - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. E- /&4+ +,"#$ +- /&,>(!6 +-- "#!,("+! +- $5((+!"$ %+ - +, #$"#( - 7-+'> ?," +, &! (+= %+ "&/$ '&%#%$ $ >+6$!- <&+ ,& 5+= "#!,("+ - #$"'()! - ,#" - /##+!. L$, +<&($, #$""$#($, ;, !"(6&$, &,#$! "$##+, %+ %+# - +!+#69 +# #$$#'($!% $# ;<&(!, %+ 5$#. C$! +- +<&($ #$""$#($ ,+ (!('( +- &,$ %+ -$, 7-&(%$, %+ +#7$#'()! - '++!"'()! %+ -, "&/+#9, %+ #+5+,"((+!"$ - "+#(!'()! '$! #+4$, %+ #$%&''()!. M;, "#%+ ,() +- &,$ %+ - +, #$"#( %+ -$, ;,"(-+, $#";"(-+, -$, '&-+, +4$##$! - +7(''( +! -, $+#'($!+, %+"$!#$! - +#7$#'()! '$!5+!'($!- '$$ - '$!$'+$, >$ +! %9 M$!"+##&/($ 200@.
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To' Dr"5e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•
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+%(% <&+ #$" # -(!+#,+ '$! +- &!"$ %+ +&4+ %+,+%$ +! +- $=$ <&+ +, +- &!"$ $&+,"$ - "#+'"$#( %+,+%. L &!(%% %+ '$!"#$- '$!"(+!+ %(,$,("(5$, +-+'"#)!('$, ,+!,$#+, &! +'!(,$ %+ '$!"#$- <&+ #$$#'($!! - 6!("&% - %(#+''()! #$+%($ %+ -, '#6, !+'+,#(, # -'!=# - "#+'"$#( %+,+% &+%+ #$"# -(/#++!"+ -#+%+%$# %+- +4+ %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. S+ &+%+ #$6## # <&+ !"+!6 &! ;!6&-$ %+ 6(#$ %+"+#(!%$ $ ;!6&-$ %+ $#(+!"'()! %+ - >+##(+!" '$! #+,+'"$ - #$' %+ 7$#'()!. E- 7&!'($!(+!"$ %+- ,(,"+ &+%+ ,+# $!("$#+%$ $# +%($ %+ >+##(+!", %+ M+%('()! D&#!"+ - P+#7$#'()! MD $# ,&, ,(6-, +! (!6-?, %+ -$, ,+!,$#+, (!,"-%$, +! - &!(%% %+ '$!"#$-. E- ,(,"+ P$W+#D#(5+ '++% %+ S'>-&/+#6+# "(+!+ -6&!, 5+!"4, '$#%$ '$! +- ,(,"+ !"+#($# '$$ &! +!$# %+,6,"+ %+ - >+##(+!" +! /(+!"+, #(6&#$,$, +4$# - '-(%% %+- $=$ "(+!+ &! $# ", %+ +!+"#'()!. E,"$ +, $,(/-+ <&+ +- +'!(,$ %+ %(#+''()! (!"+#!$ ,+ +!'&+!"# '$-+"+!"+ '+##%$ -((" - (!"+#''()! +!"#+ - >+##(+!" +- $=$. S)-$ -$, +-++!"$, <&+ #$"! '$!"'"! +- $=$ %+ !+# <&+ - +#7$#'()! %(#+''($!- +, '$!"#$-% $# - >+##(+!" +! -&6# %+ ,+# '$!"#$-% $# - 7$# %+- $=$. L$, '$$!+!"+, '+##%$, #$"+6+! - >+##(+!" %+ -", "++#"&#, +! 7$#'($!+, -"+!"+ /#,(5, '$! "$%$ "($ %+ 7-&(%$ +! /(+!"+, %+ -"$ ('"$ (--(, 200.
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Po%o, Ver$"a&e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
Po%o, M#&$"&a$era&e, L$, ,(,"+, %+ $=$, &-"(-"+#-+, +#("+! <&+ -"(-+, $=$, #$%&'"$#+, ,+! +#7$#%$, %+,%+ &! ,+''()! (!%(5(%&- %+ &! 6&4+#$ "#(=. E! - '"&-(%% -$, $=$, #(!'(-+, -$, "#$, -"+#-+, &+%+! +#7$##,+ 5+#"('-+!"+ '$! -"$, ;!6&-$, %+ (!'-(!'()! & >$#(=$!"-+!"+ # 7#$!"# -, P á g i n a 43 | 47
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
PERFORACIÓ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á g i n a 44 | 47
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
Le5an$am"en$o S#bmar"no +e& Lo+o +e Per-ora"2n S#b,ea M#+&"-$ Dr"&&"n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á g i n a 45 | 47
#+5+,"((+!"$ +! +- %(,+$ %+- $=$ "/(?! %(,(!&+ -$, #$/-+, %+ ?#%(%, %+ '(#'&-'()! C&5(--(+# +" -. 2000.
6IPÓTESIS P-!+ +- %+,##$--$ %+ '((+!"$, '$, +"#$-+#$, %+;, %+ %+"+#(!# - -$'-(='()! %+ -$, $=$, +#7$##. ACTIVIDADES TE [[.. E&e"2n +e& $ema TR .......... P&an$eam"en$o +e& 'rob&ema
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CONCLUSION L, "&/+#9, %+ +#7$#'()! ,$! +-++!"$, "&/&-#+, &"(-(=%$, # --+5# '/$ -$, "#/4$, %&#!"+ - $+#'()! %+ - +#7$#'()! G+!+#-+!"+ ,+ -+, '$!$'+ '$$ "&/+#9, %+ "#/4$ $#<&+ +,";! +&+,", -"(-+, +,7&+#=$, %&#!"+ -, $+#'($!+, %+ +#7$#'()! %+- $=$. L, >+##(+!", %(,+%, # - +#7$#'()! %(#+''($!- &-"(%(#+''($!/&,'! 7'(-("# +- %(#+''($!(+!"$ %+ - ,#" %+ +#7$#'()!. P+#("+! &! +4$# P á g i n a 46 | 47
