Igogotwcko Wcwxko Xbdk Elel Wotwc igxkomkoe xbdk elel |koe ikizw igotxko}il}lcko dk|k ikc}liwi }ghg}kx ;:= cU &;=6 FZ, zkdk zwtkxko 71:: xzi/ Zkdk ibhln Bzgn Hnkpgx DBFM dko dlxgomkokcko igoeewokcko xbdk elel ilxloe/ Fkn)fkn |koe dlxgomkokcko kotkxk nklo 0 ) ]wdwt ilxloe . λ 9 87b ) ]wdwt tgckoko . θ 9 8:b ) @kxkc }wihw zbxb} . k 9 ;:: ii ) Zgxhkodloeko txko}il}l }gzgxtl zkdk hxb}wx. &L, ) Ibdwn &i, 9 = Ckxgok dk}kx dknki zgxgomkokko xbdk elel |kltw zgxhkodloeko cgmgzktko ktkw zgxhkodloeko txko}il}l &L, |kltw zgxhkodloeko dlkigtgx nloecwoeko `kxkc xbdk elel ktkw `winkf elel }ktw dgoeko `winkf elel |koe cgdwk/
Zgxfltwoeko Txko}il}l L Wotwc txko}il}l LL &8, }kizkl txko}il}l 7&Q, dkzkt dlnlfkt zkdk tkhng 4/;/
•
Dlkigtgx `kxkc hkel nloeckxko }gigotkxk. d“
•
Dligo}l Xbdk elel 0
Dlkigtgx tw}wc. Dt 0
Dt; 9 i v P;
Dt8 9 i v P8
9 = v;4
9 = v 7=
9 48 ii
9 ;7< ii
Dlkigtgx cgzknk. Dc 0
Dc; 9 i &P; # 8,
9 = v &;4 # 8,
9 = v &7= # 8,
9 46 ii
9 ;17 ii
Dlkigtgx ckcl. Da 0
Da; 9 i &P; ” 8,
Da8 9 i &P8 ” 8,
9 = v &;4 ” 8,
9 = v &7= ” 8,
9 =1 ii
9 ;7= ii
Tloeel elel. Te 0
Te 9 Tcgz # Tckcl 9 ; i # ;.;5 i 9 8.;5 i 9 8.;5 v = 9 1.7 ii
Dc8 9 i &P8 # 8,
Zko`koe elel. h/ &nghkx }l}l,
h 9 &;.;7 / ϊ / i ,"tko 87b 9 &;.;7 / ϊ / = ,"tko 87b 9 81.8 ii 9 =: ii
Igogotwcko @kxkc ]wihw Zbxb} Zkdk Xbdk Elel @kxkc }wihw zbxb} zkdk xbdk elel kdknkf zgxhkodloeko kotkxk `winkf dkxl dlkigtgx `kxkc hkel nloeckxko zkdk xbdk elel dlhkel dwk 0
Zgxkomkoeko xbdk elel iwodwx
Fk}ln zgoewcwxko dko zgoekiktko }zg}lalck}l ig}lo kdknkf }ghkekl hgxlcwt & }g}wklcko dgoeko dktk iw,0
•
Zwtkxko ibtbx &o,
9 5::: xzi
•
O ;, Dk|k & O
9 <.= Z]
•
Xk}lb xbdk elel &l,
94
•
Iktgxlkn
9 Hk`k ]t 5:/;;
•
]wdwt tgcko obxikn &λ & λ b, 9 8:º &igowxwt }tkodkx L]B,
• θ b
;/
9 : & wotwc xbdk elel nwxw},
Dlkigtgx Xgagxgo}l
Dlkiktgx xgagxgo}l xbdk elel zgxtkik zkdk zbxb} zgoeegxkc &zbxb} ;, dltgotwcko dgoeko zgx}kikko 0
dh ; / O ; =
dh ≤ ;;=
h / O ; / H
pwn
& ii ,
]gdkoecko dlkigtgx xgagxgo}l xbdk elel |koe dlegxkcko zkdk zbxb} 8 dltgotwcko dgoeko 0 dh8 9 ; v dh8 &ii,
⎓ h ⎟ ⎞ ⎒ Dlikok xk}lb ⎞ dh ⎒ hg}kxo|k tgxekotwoe dkxl `gol} twizwko &Tkhgn 88";5,. ⎙ ; ⎪
⎓ h ⎟ ⎞ ⎒ ckxgok zbxb} dltwizw bngf dwk hkotknko hkotknk o &]txkddng ibwotloe, ikck ⎞ dh ⎒ ≤ ;.8 ⎙ ; ⎪ ⎓ h ⎟ ⎞ ⎒ Dltgotwcko olnkl dkxl ⎞ dh ⎒ 9 :.7 / H Pld igxwzkcko lotgo}ltk} hghko |koe ⎙ ; ⎪ H
dllplocko &Tkhgn 88";;, tgxekotwoe zgilnlfko akctbx cgkikoko tgxfkdkz zlttloe/ @lck ]e ≧. ikck H pld 9 Hb dko `lck ] e ≤ ;. ikck H pld 9 Hb }"d = Hb dlikok 0 H
H
:
Hb 9
M
. =7 } //
/ C ]
E
D
&;
#
/l l
,
M}
9 Akctbx cg`wt dlzlnlf ;.7 &Tkhgn 88";6,
]E
9 Akctbx cgkikoko tgxfkdkz zltle dlzlnlf :.6
C/D 9 Cgcwktk zgxiwckko elel |koe tgxekotwoe zkdk zgilnlfko hkfko &84 Cea"ii 8
Hkfko cgdwk xbdk elel dlzlnlf dkxl Hk`k ]t/5: ;; &Tkhgn 88"87, dgoeko dktk }ghkekl hgxlcwt 0 Cb
9 :.58 Cea"ii8
ύ b
9 67 Cea"ii8
Kdkzwo knk}ko zgilnlfko hkfko kdknkf }ghkekl hgxlcwt 0 k/ Hkfko tldkc igilnlcl cgcgxk}ko |koe tgxnknw tloeel }gfloeek kcko igiwdkfcko dknki zxb}g} ikmfloloe/ h/ Zxbdwc |koe dlfk}lncko tkfko kw}/ m/ Hkfko igilnlcl cgcwktko |koe hklc }gfloeek tkfko nkik }g}wkl dgoeko wiwx |koe dlcgfgodkcl/
Cgcwktko zgxiwckko elel dltgotwcko bngf 0
C/D 9 \ E v \ F v \ ] v \ Q Q v C B
&Cea"ii8,
Dlikok \E. \F. \Q dko \] kdknkf akctbx)akctbx zgxiwckko elel &Tkhgn 88"81, \E kdknkf akctbx iktgxlkn. dgoeko fkxek ; wotwc hk`k. dko ;/7 wotwc hg}l mbx \F kdknkf akctbx cgcgxk}ko zgxiwckko. dgoeko fkxek ; `lck fkxek cgcgxk}koo|k }kik dgoeko cgcgxk}ko zgxiwckko &Tkhgn 88"87, C B kdknkf akctbx cgtkfkoko zgxiwckko iktgxlkn
\] kdknkf akctbx zgnwik}ko. }gdkoecko ql}cb}ltk} }godlxl awoe}l dkxl cgmgzktko tkoego}lkn q &Tkhgn 88"86,/ Kzkhlnk dlk}wi}lcko q 9 ;: i"} ikck Q7: 9 =< }d 56 m]t. dlkihln Q 7: 9 4:.; m]t. }gfloeek \} 9 :.67/ \Q kdknkf awoe}l dkxl cgmgzktko tkoego}lkn q/
⎓ ⎟ ⎞ ⎒ ⎞ : .1 ⎒ ⎞ ⎒ 8 ⎓ 6 ⎟ ⎒ 9 :.5 # \Q 9 :/5 # ⎞ ⎞ ⎒ ⎒⎒ ⎞⎞ Q ⎙ ; # ⎙ ⎪ ⎪
⎓ ⎟ ⎞ ⎒ ⎞ : .1 ⎒ ⎞ ⎒ 8 ⎞ ⎓ 6 ⎟ ⎒ ⎞⎞ ⎞ ⎒ ⎒⎒ ;: ⎙ ; # ⎙ ⎪ ⎪
\Q 9 ;/:11 ]gfloeek 8 9 \ E v \ F v \ ] v \ Q Q v C B cea"ii
CD
8 9 ; / ; / :/67 / ;/:11 / :.58 cea"ii
9 :.178 cea"ii 8
: . =7
Hb 9
M } // ]
: . =7
Hb 9 H
/ C D / l E
&;
# l
/ C D / l
M } // ]
E
&;
# l
,
,
: . =7 / : . 18 / 4 9
; .7 /: .6 &; #
8
4
,
9 :/;78; Cea"ii
8 Ckxgok ]E > ; ikck dlzlnlf H Pwn 9 H b 9 :.;78; Cea"ii . }gfloeek dlkigtgx xgagxgo}l
xbdk elel ; kdknkf 0
dh ; / O ;
dh ≤ ;;=
=
h / O ; / H
pwn
=
dh ≤ ;;=
dh;
; / < . = fz : . 7 / 5::: xzi / : .;78; cea " ii 8
8<.=8; ii 9 =: ii
Fkxek cgmgzktko tkoego}lkn |koe }giwnk dlil}kncko dkzkt dlzgxlc}k fkxeko|k 0 / D / o q9
=.;4 / 8<.=8; ii / 5::: xzi 9
1: / ;:
=
9 <8.:15 i"} 5::: xzi
Dlkigtgx xgagxgo}l xbdk elel |koe cgdwk 0 dh8 9 l v dh; 9 4 v 8<.=8; 9 ;;5.864 ii 9 ;;6 ;;6 ii
8/ Dlkigtgx `kxkc hkel
Dlkoeekz tldkc kdk akctbx cbxlek}l &V; 9 V8 9 :, }gfloeek dlkigtgx `kxkc hkel &d, }kik dgoeko dlkigtgx xgagxgo}lo|k/ d{ 9 dh; 9 8<.=8; ii d{ 9 dh8 9 ;;5.864 ii
=/ @winkf Elel
@winkf elel xbdk elel ; dlzlnlf
P ; 9 ;8
@winkf elel xbdk elel 8 dlzlnlf
P 8 9 l v P; 9 4 v ;8 9 46
4/ Ibdwn
Ibdwn dltgotwcko dgoeko 3
i 9 db;"P; 9 db8"P8 9 8<.=8; ";8 9 8/4 ii Ibdwn zgokizkoe obxikn 0 io 9 i mb} θ mb} θ b 9 8/4 ii
& θ b 9 :,
7/ Nghkx Elel
Nghkx elel dltgotwcko dgoeko zgx}kikko 0 u 9 h v dh ; 9 :.7 v 8<.=8; 9 ;7 ii
1/ Tloeel Cgzknk dko Tloeel Ckcl Elel
Hgxdk}kxcko ]tkodkx DLO 615 &Tkhgn 8;"7, Fc"i 9 ; dko fa"i 9 ;.; ” ;.= Tloeel cgzknk }kik dgoeko ibdwn 0 fc 9 i 9 8/4 ii Tloeel cgzknk zk}koeko xbdk elel dlzlnlf }kik 0 fc ; 9 fc8 Tloeel ckcl dlzlnlf }ghg}kx ;.87 i fa 9 ;.87 v 8.4 9 = ii Tloeel ckcl zk}koeko xbdk elel kdknkf 0 fa; 9 fa8 9 fa 9 = ii
5/ Dlkigtgx Ngoecwoeko Cgzknk
Wotwc xbdk elel ; dc ; 9 db; # 8fcn 9 8
6/ Dlkigtgx Nloeckxko Ckcl
Wotwc xbdk elel ; dan 9 db; ” 8fa; 98<.=8;” &8 v =, 9 8=.=8; ii Wotwc xbdk elel 8 da8 9 db8 ” 8fa8 9;;5.864 ” &8 v=, v=, 9 ;;;.864 ;;;.864 ii
@kxkc zw}kt dltgotwcko dgoeko 0 k / 9 :.7 &dh; # dh8, 9 :.7 :.7 &8<.=8;#;;5.864 &8<.=8;#;;5.864 , 9 5=.=:87 ii
;:/ @kxkc Hkel
@kxkc hkel dltgotwcko dgoeko 0 t/b 9 ϊ / i 9 =/;4 v 9 5.7=1 ii
Cgcwktko Elel Wotwc igizgxfltwoecko cgcwktko elel dlewokcko dwk igtbdg |koe zknloe dk}kx zkdk zgxfltwoeko dko dlwtkikcko zkdk cgcwktko tgxfkdkz ngotwxko dko tgckoko zgxiwckko elel/ Cgdwk igtbdg lol igxwzkcko igtbdg zgxgomkokko igowxwt }tkodkxt/ Wotwc ltw ignkcwcko zgxgomkokko xbdk elel zgxnw dlcgtkfwl fkn)fkn }ghkekl hgxlcwt 0 • Hkfko zlo|bo ]47M dgoeko 0 ) Cgcwktko tkxlc. ύ h; 9 76 O"ii8 ) Cgcwktko zgxiwckko }l}l elel . Fh; 9 ;<6 ) Tgekoeko ngotwx |koe dllplocko.ύ dllplocko. ύk; 9 =: O"ii 8 Il}kncko akctbx tgekoeko cbotkc dlkihln kotkxk hk`k dgoeko cgcgxk}ko &8::Fh, dgoeko hg}l mbx ikck Cf 9 :.:5< O"ii 8/ Ikck zgxfltwoeko dkzkt dlnkcwcko }ghkekl hgxlcwt 0 l • A h 9 ύk i ν aq
• Akctbx hgotwc elel 0 ν; 9 :.86< ν8 9 :.4:6 # &:.48;):.4:6, t 8"6, 9 :.4;;=
* Cgmgzktko cgnlnloe 0
* Ek|k tkoego}lkn 0
* Akctbx Dlokil} 0
* Hghko ngotwx |koe dllplocko zgx}ktwko nghkx
* Hghko zgxiwckko |koe dllplocko zgx}ktwko n ghkx
Fkxek iloliwi A; ilo 9 7.7;6 ce"ii 9 A ;F * Nghkx }l}l 0
Zgxfltwoeko Gal}lgo Xbdk Elel Zgxfltwoeko gal}lgo}l xbdk elel dlkihln hgxdk}kxcko dktk `winkf xbdk elel ik}loe) ik}loe |koe tgnkf dlfltwoe zkdk }wh hkh 4/=/ gal}lgo}l xbdk elel |koe kcko dlfltwoe kdknkf gal}lgo}l ik}loe)ik}loe txko}il}l. gal}lgo}l igckol} }gxtk gal}lgo}l tbtkn/ @winkf elel zkdk }gtlkz xbdk elel 0 P; 9 ;4
P1 9 4:
P;; 9 ;7
P8 9 7=
P5 9 ==
P;8 9 78
P= 9 88
P6 9 ==
P;= 9 88
P4 9 47
P< 9 ;5
P7 9 81
P;: 9 =4
k/ Gal}lgo}l txko}il}l L
h/ Gal}lgo}l txko}il}l LL
m/ Gal}lgo}l txko}il}l LLL
d/ Gal}lgo}l txko}il}l Q
g/ Gal}lgo}l txko}il}l iwodwx
a/ Gal}lgo}l Igckol}
e/ Gal}lgo}l tbtkn 0 Cgxwelko dk|k.Z< Dk|k ikc}liwi ig}lo. Zikc} 9 ;:= cU
@kdl gal}lgo}l tbtkn. ε tbtkn 0
