Judul
PERADABAN KUNO ASIA DAN AFRIKA 1
Mata Pe Pelajaran : Sejarah Kelas : I (Satu) Nomor Mo Modul : Sej.I.03
Penulis: Dra. M.Y. Sri Wuryaningsih Penyunting Materi: Dra. Corry Iriani R., M.Pd. Penyunting Media: Dra. Asih Priati
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DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI I SI IDENTITAS DAFTAR ISI PENDAHULUAN Kegiatan Belajar 1: PENGERTIAN KEBUDAY KEBUDAYAAN DAN PERADABAN. PERADABAN .................... 5 1. Peng Pengert ertia ian n Kebud Kebuday ayaa aan n .... ...... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 5 2. Un Unsu sur-u r-uns nsur ur Kebud Kebuday ayaan aan ..... ....... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .. 7 3. Wujud Wujud Kebud Kebudaya ayaan an .... ...... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .. 8 4. Peradab Peradaban an ...... ......... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ..... 11 Tugas Tugas Kegiata Kegiatan n 1 ...... .......... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... 12 Kegiatan Belajar 2: PERADABAN LEMBAH SUNGAI NIL .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... .... 1. Pengant Pengantar ar ...... .......... ....... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ..... 2. Kehidup Kehidupan an Masyara Masyarakat kat Mesir Mesir ...... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... 3. Sist Sistem em Kekuas Kekuasaa aan n Raja Raja-r -raj aja a Mesi Mesirr ..... ....... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .. 4. Sistem Sistem Kepercay Kepercayaan aan Bangsa Bangsa Mesir Mesir .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... .. 5. Sistem Sistem Kepercay Kepercayaan aan Bangsa Bangsa Mesir Mesir .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... .. Tugas Tugas Kegiata Kegiatan n 2 ...... .......... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......
13 13 14 16 20 21 25
Kegiatan Belajar 3: PERADABAN LEMBAH SUNGAI SUNG AI NIL EURAT EURAT DAN TRIGIS ...... A. Sumeria Sumeria .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... .. B. Akkadia Akkadia .... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... C. Babilon Babilonia ia .... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ... D. Assyria Assyria .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... .. E. Babilon Babilonia ia Baru Baru ...... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ... Tugas Tugas Kegiata Kegiatan n 3 ...... .......... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......
27 28 31 32 33 34 36
PENUTUP ............. .................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ......... 37 KUNCI TUGAS .............. ..................... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ...... 38 DAFTAR DAFTAR ISTILAH ISTIL AH .............. .................... ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. ......... 40 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............. .................... ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. ............ ..... 40
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PENDAHULUAN
Selamat, Anda telah menyelesaikan modul mo dul 2. Kini tentunya Anda telah siap untuk mempelajari modul 3. Setelah Anda mempelajari kehidupan prasejarah Indonesia tentunya tentuny a Anda telah memahami bahkan mengagumi kebudayaan masyarakat prasejarah Indonesia yang cukup tinggi. Selain Indonesia bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia juga meninggalkan peradabannya. Diantaranya adalah Mesir, Mesopotamia, India dan Cina. Dengan mempelajari modul ini diharapkan Anda dapat memahami dinamika peradaban kuno Asia dan Afrika khususnya peradaban lembah sungai Nil di Mesir dan sungai Eufrat Tigris. Dengan memahami peradaban kuno di dua lokasi tersebut niscaya dalam diri Anda akan tumbuh perasaan untuk mengagumi dan menghargai peradaban umat manusia. Selain itu modul ini diharapkan dapat menambah wawasan Anda dalam mengembangkan pribadi menuju masa depan yang lebih baik dan lebih bijaksana. Modul ini berisi tentang peradaban kuno di Asia dan Afrika. Rincian yang akan disajikan meliputi, kegiatan 1 membahas pengertian kebudayaan dan peradaban, kegiatan 2 membahas peradaban Lembah sungai Nil dan kegiatan 3 membahas peradaban lembah sungai Eufrat dan Tigris. Bagaimanakah Anda mempelajari modul ini? Simak dan ikutilah petunjuk di bawah ini. 1. Bacalah Bacalah setiap setiap penjelasan penjelasan yang diberika diberikan n secara secara cermat, cermat, jangan jangan tergesa-g tergesa-gesa esa sehingga sehingga Anda betul-betul memahami isi modul. 2. Waktu Waktu yang diperluk diperlukan an untuk untuk mempelajari mempelajari modul modul ini ini adalah adalah 45 menit menit untuk untuk kegiatan kegiatan 1. Kegiatan 2 membutuhkan waktu 135 menit, dan kegiatan 3 membutuhkan waktu 135 menit. 3. Untuk memperje memperjelas las pemahaman pemahaman Anda, usahakan usahakan Anda menyiapka menyiapkan n peta Asia Asia dan Afrika Afrika yang Anda miliki atau meminjamnya dari perpustakaan di SMU penyelenggara. 4. Kerjakan Kerjakan soal-soa soal-soall yang telah telah disiapkan disiapkan kemudian kemudian cocokkan cocokkan jawaba jawaban n Anda Anda dengan kunci kunci jawaban yang ada di belakang halamn modul ini. Diharapkan Anda tidak melihat kunci tugas sebelum selesai mengerjakan tugas tersebut. 5. Jika ada ada bagian yang belum belum Anda pahami pahami cobalah cobalah Anda baca baca lagi uraian uraian modul modul tersebut. tersebut. Jika Anda mempelajari modul ini dengan sungguh-sungguh, Anda akan meperoleh keberhasilan yang Anda idamkan. Untuk melengkapi pembahasan mengenai peradaban kuno di Asia dan Afrika maka pada modul 4 Anda dapat mempelajari peradaban lembah sungai Indus di Hindia serta peradaban lembah sungai Hoang Ho di Cina.
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Kegiatan Belajar 1
PENGERTIAN PENGER TIAN KEBUDAY KEBUDAYAAN DAN PERADABAN Setelah membaca modul ini diharapkan Anda dapat: 1. menjel menjelas askan kan peng penger ertia tian n kebuday kebudayaan aan;; 2. menyebut menyebutkan kan tujuh tujuh unsur unsur kebuday kebudayaan aan yang yang unive universa rsal; l; 3. menyeb menyebut utkan kan 3 wuju wujud d kebud kebudaya ayaan an;; dan dan 4. menjel menjelas askan kan peng penger erti tian an perad peradaba aban. n. Pokok-pokok materi yang Anda dapat pelajari dari bagian modul ini meliputi: 1. pe peng nger erti tian an keb kebud uday ayaa aan; n; 2. tujuh tujuh u unsu nsurr kebud kebuday ayaan aan uni univer versa sal; l; 3. tiga tiga wuj wujud ud keb kebud uday ayaa aan; n; dan dan 4. pe peng nger erti tian an pe pera rada daba ban. n.
1. Pengertian kebudayaan Pada modul 2 ini Anda telah mempelajari tentang Kebudayaan Masyarakat Prasejarah Indonesia.
Masih ingatkah Anda definisi kebudayaan itu? Untuk mengingat kembali dan lebih memperdalam pemahaman Anda mengenai kebudayaan maka simaklah bacaan di bawah ini dengan seksama. Kebudayaan dalam bahasa Inggris disebut culture. Kata tersebut sebenarnya berasal dari bahasa Latin = colere yang berarti pemeliharaan, pengolahan tanah menjadi tanah pertanian. Dalam arti kiasan kata itu diberi arti “pembentukan dan pemurnian jiwa”. Sedangkan kata budaya berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yaitu kata buddayah. Kata buddayah berasal dari kata budhi atau akal. Manusia memiliki unsur-unsur potensi budaya yaitu pikiran (cipta), rasa dan kehendak (karsa). (karsa ). Hasil ketiga potensi budaya itulah yang disebut kebudayaan. Dengan kata lain kebudayaan adalah hasil cipta, rasa dan karsa manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Dengan cipta manusia mengembangkan kemampuan alam pikir yang menimbulkan ilmu pengetahuan. Dengan rasa manusia menggunakan panca inderanya yang menimbulkan karya-karya seni atau kesenian. Dengan karsa manusia menghendaki kesempurnaan hidup, kemuliaan dan kebahagiaan sehingga berkembanglah berkembang lah kehidupan beragama dan kesusilaan.
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Dari penjelasan tentang kebudayaan di atas cobalah Anda tuliskan data yang belum terisi pada bagan di bawah ini. Bagan 3.1.
Potensi Budaya
Cipta
.. .. ... .. ... ... 2
. .. ... .. . . ... . . 1
Karya seni/kesenian
Karsa
............... 3
Setelah Anda melengkapi data pada bagan di atas kemudian cocokkan dengan keterangan di bawah ini. 1. Rasa. 2. Kemampua Kemampuan n berpiki berpikirr yang menim menimbulk bulkan an ilmu ilmu pengeta pengetahuan huan.. 3. Kehendak untuk hidup sempurna, sempurna, mulia mulia dan dan bahagia bahagia yang menimbulkan menimbulkan kehidupan kehidupan beragama dan kesusilaan. Bagaimana jawaban Anda, apakah sudah tepat? Jika sudah tepat, selamat selama t untuk Anda. Kemudian untuk memahami lebih jauh mengenai pengertian kebudayaan simaklah kembali uraian di bawah ini: Mengenai pengertian kebudayaan tidak kurang dari 76 definisi telah dikemukakan oleh para ahli baik dalam dan luar negeri. neger i. Namun dalam modul ini Anda dapat mengenalnya dari pendapat Ki Hajar Dewantara dan Koentjaraningrat. Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara: “Kebudayaan adalah buah budi manusia dalam hidup bermasyarakat” sedangkan menurut Koentjaraningrat, guru besar Antropologi di Universitas Indonesia: “Kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan sistem, gagasan, tindakan dan hasil karya manusia dalam rangka kehidupan masyarakat yang dijadikan milik diri manusia dengan cara belajar”. Dari uraian di atas dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut: a. kebuday kebudayaan aan itu itu hanya hanya dimilik dimilikii oleh masy masyarak arakat at manusia manusia;; b. kebudayaan kebudayaan itu tidak diturunkan diturunkan secara secara biologis biologis melainka melainkan n diperoleh diperoleh melalui melalui proses belajar; dan c. kebudayaan kebudayaan itu itu didapat, didapat, didukung dan diterusk diteruskan an oleh oleh manusia manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Nah dari kesimpulan di atas dijelaskan bahwa kebudayaan itu hanya dimiliki oleh masyarakat manusia, sedangkan hewan tidak. Mengapa demikian, coba tuliskan pendapat Anda pada titik-titik di bawah ini. ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
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Untuk dapat mengenal lebih jauh mengenai kebudayaan, maka Anda dapat mempelajari materi berikutnya mengenai unsur-unsur kebudayaan yang universal.
2. UnsurUnsur-uns unsur ur kebuda kebudayaa yaan n Kebudayaan umat manusia mempunyai unsur-unsur yang bersifat universal. Unsur-unsur kebudayaan tersebut dianggap universal karena dapat ditemukan pada semua kebudayaan bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Menurut Koentjaraningrat ada tujuh unsur kebudayaan universal, yaitu: a. Siste Sistem m rel religi igi yang yang melip meliput uti: i: - sistem kepercayaan - sist sistem em nila nilaii dan dan pa pand ndan anga gan n hid hidup up - komunikasi ke keagamaan - upacara keagamaan b. Sistem Sistem kemasya kemasyaraka rakatan tan atau atau organis organisasi asi sosial sosial yang yang melipu meliputi: ti: - kekerabatan - aso asosiasi asi dan dan perku rkumpu pullan - sistem kenegaraan - sistem ke kesatuan hi hidup - perkumpulan c. Sistem Sistem penge pengetahu tahuan an meli meliputi puti pengetah pengetahuan uan ten tentang tang:: - flora dan fauna - wa wak ktu, ru ruang dan bi bilang nga an - tub tubuh uh ma manus nusia ia dan peril perilak aku u ant antar ar sesam sesama a man manusi usia a d. Bahasa Bahasa yaitu yaitu alat alat untuk untuk berkomun berkomunika ikasi si berben berbentuk: tuk: - l i s an - tulisan e. Kese Keseni nian an yang yang mel melip iput uti: i: - seni patung/pahat - re l i ef - lukis dan gambar - rias
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g. Sistem Sistem perala peralatan tan h hidup idup atau atau tekno teknologi logi yang melip meliputi uti:: - prod produk uksi si,, dis distr trib ibus usi, i, tran transp spor orta tasi si - peralatan ko komunikasi - pe pera rala lata tan n kon konsu sums msii dal dalam am be bent ntuk uk wa wada dah h - pakaian da dan pe perhiasan - temp tempat at be berl rlin indu dung ng d dan an pe peru ruma maha han n - senjata Unsur-unsur budaya yang universal tersebut disusun secara berurutan. Urutan yang terdahulu adalah yang lebih susah. Untuk memperjelas pengertian tentang unsur-unsur kebudayaan kebud ayaan tersebut cobalah Anda berikan contohnya pada kehidupan bangsa Proto Melayu yang telah Anda pelajari pada modul 1 dan 2 dengan mengisi tabel di bawah ini. Tabel 3.1. Kebudayaan bangsa Proto Melayu
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Unsur kebudayaan Sistem kepercayaan Sistem kemasyarakatan Bahasa Seni pa patung Sistem mata pencaharian Wadah menyimpan makanan
Contoh hasil kebudayaan ... ... . ... ... .. ... .. .. . .. .. ... . . .. .... . .. .... .. .. ... .. . . .. ... .. .. .... .. . .... .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... . . ... .. . . ... ... . ... ... .. ... .. .. . .. .. ... . . .. .... . ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . .... .. . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... . . .... .. . . ... .. .. . .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... . . .. ... .. .. .... .. . . .. ... . . .. .... . .. .... .. . .... .. . . ... .. .. . .. ... .. ... .. ... .
Setelah Anda mengisi tabel di atas, cocokkan jawaban Anda dengan uraian di bawah ini: 1. animisme, animisme, dinamisme dinamisme serta pemujaan pemujaan terhadap terhadap roh nenek moyang (manisme). (manisme). 2. sistem sistem kesatuan kesatuan hidup hidup yang yang disebut disebut desa. desa. 3. Me Mela layu yu Aust Austro rone nesi sia. a. 4. pe pembu mbuata atan n patu patung ng n nen enek ek moya moyang. ng. 5. be berco rcoco cok k tan tanam am dan bet beter ernak nak.. 6. ge gera raba bah h da dari ri tana tanah h liat liat.. Apakah jawaban Anda sudah sesuai? Jika sudah sesuai bagus, berarti Anda sudah menguasai modul 1 dan 2 dengan baik. Jika ada yang belum sesuai cobalah cob alah Anda baca
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a. Wuju ujud gagas agasan an Budaya dalam wujud gagasan/ide ini bersifat abstrak dan tempatnya ada dalam alam pikiran tiap warga pendukung budaya yang bersangkutan sehingga tidak dapat diraba atau difoto. Sistem gagasan yang telah dipelajari oleh setiap warga pendukung budaya sejak dini sangat menentukan sifat dan cara berpikir serta tingkah laku warga pendukung budaya tersebut. Gagasan-gagasan inilah yang akhirnya menghasilkan berbagai hasil karya manusia berdasarkan sistem nilai, cara berfikir dan pola tingkah laku. Wujud budaya dalam bentuk sistem gagasan ini biasa juga disebut sistem nilai budaya.
b. Wuju ujud d perila perilaku ku (aktiv (aktivita itas) s) Budaya dalam wujud perilaku berpola menurut ide/gagasan ide/gaga san yang ada. Wujud perilaku ini bersifat konkrit dapat dilihat dan didokumentasikan (difoto dan difilm). Contoh: Petani sedang bekerja di sawah, orang sedang menari dengan lemah gemulai, orang sedang berbicara dan lain-lain. Masing-masing aktivitas tersebut berada dalam satu sistem tindakan dan tingkah laku.
c. Wujud ujud bend benda a has hasil il buda budaya ya Semua benda hasil karya manusia tersebut bersifat konkrit, dapat diraba dan difoto. Kebudayaan dalam wujud konkrit ini disebut kebudayaan fisik. Contoh: bangunanbangunan megah seperti piramida, tembok cina, menhir, alat rumah tangga seperti kapak perunggu, gerabah dan lain-lain. Dalam kenyataan sehari-hari ketiga wujud tersebut yaitu gagasan, perilaku dan benda hasil budaya tidak terpisahkan dan saling mempengaruhi. Contoh: salah satu unsur kebudayaan adalah sistem religi maka wujud budaya sistem religi adalah sebagai berikut: 1). gagasan : konsep tentang dewa-dewa, roh. 2). perilaku : upacara keagamaan yang dilakukan oleh salah satu bangsa dengan konsep kepercayaan tersebut, misalnya pemujaan terhadap roh nenek moyang pada masyarakat Indonesia 3). 3). ben benda da hasil hasil buday budaya a : da dapa patt dite ditemu muka kan n cont contoh ohny nya a pada pada mas masya yara raka katt pras prasej ejar arah ah di Indonesia berupa menhir, patung perwujudan nenek
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Setelah Anda menuliskan jawaban di atas kemudian cocokkanlah jawaban Anda dengan keterangan di bawah ini: 1. Gagasan: Konsep manusia perlu berpakaian. - Rasa susila: susila: Manusia Manusia malu jika jika telanj telanjang ang.. - Fungsi Fungsi pakaian pakaian:: Melindu Melindungi ngi tubuh tubuh dari dari cuaca cuaca panas, panas, dingin dingin dan tantangan alam, untuk mempercantik diri. - Me Memen menuhi uhi no norma rma aga agama ma d dan an etika etika.. 2. Perilaku - Kegiata Kegiatan n pabrik pabrik teks tekstil, til, penjahi penjahit, t, toko toko pakai pakaian, an, pera peragaan gaan busana, busana, mencuci pakaian dan sebagainya. 3. Benda-budaya - Baju seragam, seragam, baju baju olahra olahraga, ga, baju baju pe pesta sta dan sebagai sebagainya. nya. Nah, bagaimana jawaban Anda, sudah sesuaikah? Selain contoh di atas diskusikanlahcontoh-contoh yang lain dari budaya universal tersebut dengan temanteman belajar Anda agar wawasan Anda bertambah luas. Sebagai kesimpulan mengenai pembahasan kebudayaan perhatikanlah bagan 3.2. di bawah ini. Bagan 3.2. Ikhtisar tentang Kebudayaan
Pemilik
Manusia
K •
E
Pertumbuhan
•
Potensi budaya
•
Diperoleh melalui proses belajar Didukung dan diteruskan oleh perkembangan manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat
B U D A
•
Unsur-unsur budaya yang universal
• •
Cipta, rasa, karsa
Sistem religi Sistem kemasyarakatan Sistem pengetahuan
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Selain istilah kebudayaan maka ada istilah lain yang hampir sama yaitu peradaban. pera daban. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan peradaban itu? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut Anda dapat temukan pada uraian di bawah ini.
4. 4. Perad eradab aba an Istilah peradaban dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Civilization . Istilah peradaban sering dipakai untuk menunjukkan pendapat dan penilaian kita terhadap perkembangan kebudayaan. Pada waktu perkembangan kebudayaan mencapai puncaknya berwujud unsur-unsur budaya yang bersifat halus, indah, tinggi, sopan, luhur dan sebagainya, maka masyarakat pemilik kebudayaan tersebut dikatakan telah memiliki peradaban yang tinggi. Dengan batasan-batasan pengertian di atas maka istilah peradaban sering dipakai untuk hasil-hasil kebudayaan seperti: kesenian, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, adat sopan santun serta pergaulan. Selain itu juga kepandaian menulis, menu lis, organisasi bernegara serta masyarakat kota yang maju dan kompleks. Tinggi rendahnya peradaban suatu bangsa sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor pendidikan, kemajuan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan. Tiap-tiap masyarakat atau bangsa di manapun selalu berkebudayaan, akan tetapi tidak semuanya telah memiliki peradaban yang tinggi. Contoh bangsa-bangsa yang memiliki peradaban tinggi pada masa lampau adalah yang tinggal di lembah sungai Nil, lembah sungai Eufrat Tigris, lembah sungai Indus dan lembah sungai Hoang Ho, seperti uraian pada kegiatan berikutnya. Setelah Anda membaca uraian di atas cobalah Anda menjelaskan perbedaan antara kebudayaan dan peradaban. perada ban. Tuliskan jawaban Anda pada titik-titik di bawah ini. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Untuk meyakinkan pemahaman Anda mengenai perbedaan kebudayaan dan peradaban tersebut maka bacalah uraian di bawah ini.
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KEGIATAN 1
Jawablah dengan singkat pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini. 1. Kebudaya Kebudayaan an berasal berasal dari dari bahas bahasa a a) ... yang yang artin artinya ya b) ..... ..... 2. Def Definis inisii kebudaya kebudayaan an menurut menurut Ki Hajar Hajar Dewant Dewantara ara adalah adalah ..... ..... 3. Ada 3 potens potensii budaya budaya dalam dalam kehidu kehidupan pan manus manusia ia yait yaitu u a) ... b) ... ... c) .... .... 4. Tujuh Tujuh unsur unsur budaya universal universal menurut menurut Koentjaraningr Koentjaraningrat at yaitu yaitu .... 5. Sistem Sistem perala peralatan tan hidup hidup atau atau teknolo teknologi gi melipu meliputi ti 6 hal yaitu yaitu ..... ..... 6. Kebudaya Kebudayaan an memilik memilikii 3 wujud, wujud, yaitu yaitu a) ... b) ... c) .... 7. Penge Pengert rtian ian perad peradaba aban n adala adalah h .... .... Setelah Anda selesai mengerjakan latihan soal di atas maka cocokkanlah jawaban Anda dengan kunci jawaban yang ada di halaman belakang modul ini. Jika ada jawaban yang belum tepat coba Anda pelajari kembali bagian yang masih dianggap sulit tersebut. Jika sudah betul semua selamat dan silahkan Anda melanjutkan belajar pada kegiatan berikutnya.
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Kegiatan Belajar 2
PERADABAN LEMBAH SUNGAI NIL Setelah mempelajari kegiatan belajar 2 modul ini Anda dapat: 1. menjelas menjelaskan kan kehidup kehidupan an masyarak masyarakat at Mesir; Mesir; 2. menjelas menjelaskan kan sistem sistem kekua kekuasaan saan raja-ra raja-raja ja Mesir Mesir;; 3. menjelas menjelaskan kan sist sistem em kekuas kekuasaan aan raja raja-raj -raja a Mesir; Mesir; dan dan 4. menjelas menjelaskan kan peningg peninggalan alan budaya budaya Mesir Mesir. Pokok-pokok materi yang Anda dapat pelajari dari bagian modul ini meliputi: 1. Pengantar. 2. Kehid Kehidupa upan n mas masyar yarak akat at Me Mesir sir.. 3. Siste Sistem m kekuas kekuasaa aan n rajaraja-raj raja a Mesir Mesir.. 4. Siste Sistem m keperc kepercay ayaan aan b ban angs gsa a Mesir Mesir.. 5. Penin Peningga ggalan lan bu buday daya a Me Mesir sir..
Membaca judul kegiatan belajar kedua yaitu peradaban lembah sungai sunga i mungkin Anda akan bertanya apakah yang dimaksud peradaban lembah sungai itu. Lalu di manakah letak sungai Nil yang akan aka n dibicarakan? Agar rasa penasaran Anda terjawab maka bacalah dengan seksama uraian materi di bawah ini.
1. Peng engant antar Dalam melangsungkan dan mempertahankan hidupnya manusia tidak dapat melepaskan
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Diskusikanlah hal tersebut dengan teman-teman belajar Anda agar wawasan Anda bertambah. Catatlah hasil diskusimu dan mintalah pendapat dari Guru Bina pada saat tutorial di sekolah penyelenggara. Salah satu faktor penting yang berhubungan dengan lahirnya peradaban manusia adalah sungai. Di Asia dan Afrika lahirnya peradaban tertua ter tua umumnya terdapat di lembah-lembah lembah-lem bah sungai misalnya lembah sungai Nil di Mesir. Banjir yang melanda lembah sungai membawa dua akibat yaitu penderitaan bagi umat manusia karena dapat menenggelamkan rumah dan harta benda, di sisi lain banjir juga membawa hikmah. Apabila air surut banjir tersebut akan meninggalkan lumpur yang membawa me mbawa kesuburan. Masyarakat yang tinggal di lembah sungai berusaha menaklukkan tantangan alam tersebut menjadi berfaedah bagi kehidupannya sehingga lahirlah peradaban lembah sungai.
2. Kehid Kehidupa upan n masyar masyaraka akatt Mesir Mesir GREECE
M I
A
T O
P O S
4 2 1
A
E
PHOENICIA
M
3 ARABS
EGYPT
The Lydian Empire About 600 B.C.
Gambar 3.1.
The Phoenician Empire About 900 B.C.
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Setiap tahun sungai Nil selalu sela lu banjir. Luapan banjir itu menggenangi daerah di kiri kanan ka nan sungai, sehingga menjadi lembah yang ya ng subur selebar antara 15 sampai 50 kilometer. Di sekeliling lembah sungai adalah gurun. Batas timur adalah gurun Arabia di tepi Laut Merah. Batas selatan terdapat gurun Nubia di Sudan, batas barat adalah gurun Libia. Kemudian batas utara Mesir adalah Laut Tengah. Mungkin Anda bertanya mengapa sungai Nil selalu mengalir sepanjang tahun? Menurut mitos, air sungai yang mengalir terus tersebut adalah air mata Dewi Isis yang selalu sibuk menangis dan menyusuri sungai Nil untuk mencari jenazah puteranya yang gugur dalam pertempuran. Apakah betul demikian? Tentu Tentu tidak. Kalau begitu bagaimana penjelasan secara ilmiah? Sekalipun musim panas sungai Nil tetap mengalir. Air tersebut berasal dari gletsyer yang mencair dari pegunungan Kilimanjaro sebagai hulu sungai Nil. Peranan sungai Nil begitu penting bagi lahirnya kehidupan masyarakat di lembah sungai tersebut. Maka tepatlah jika Herodotus menyebutkan “Mesir adalah hadiah sungai Nil” Nil” (Egypt is the gift of the Nile). Setelah membaca uraian di atas, tuliskan tanggapan Anda terhadap pendapat Herodotus tersebut pada titik-titik di bawah ini. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Lembah sungai Nil yang subur mendorong masyarakat untuk bertani. Air sungai Nil dimanfaatkan untuk irigasi dengan membangun saluran air, terusan-terusan dan waduk. Air sungai dialirkan ke ladang-ladang milik penduduk dengan distribusi yang merata. Untuk keperluan irigasi dibuatlah organisasi pengairan yang biasanya diketuai oleh para tuan tanah atau golongan feodal. Hasil pertanian Mesir adalah gandum, sekoi atau
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3. Sistem Sistem kekua kekuasaa saan n raja-ra raja-raja ja Mesir Mesir Sejarah politik di Mesir berawal dari terbentuknya komunitas-komunitas di desa-desa sebagai kerajaan-kerajaan kecil dengan pemerintahan desa. Desa itu disebut nomen. Dari desa-desa kecil berkembanglah menjadi kota yang kemudian disatukan menjadi kerajaan Mesir Hilir dan Mesir Hulu. Proses tersebut berawal dari tahun 4000 SM namun n amun pada tahun 3400 SM seorang penguasa bernama Menes mempersatukan kedua kerajaan tersebut menjadi satu kerjaan Mesir yang besar. Mesir merupakan sebuah kerajaan yang diperintah oleh raja yang bergelar Firaun. Ia berkuasa secara mutlak. Kata Firaun berasal dari kata peru artinya rumah besar atau istana yang menjadi tempat tinggal raja. Firaun dianggap dewa dan dipercaya sebagai putera Dewa Osiris. Seluruh kekuasaan berada ditangannya baik sipil, militer maupun agama. Sebagai penguasa, Firaun mengklaim atas seluruh tanah tana h kerajaan. Rakyat yang tinggal di wilayah kerajaan harus membayar pajak. Untuk keperluan tersebut Firaun memerintahkan untuk sensus penduduk, pendu duk, tanah dan binatang ternak. Ia membuat undangundang dan karena itu menguasai pengadilan. Sebagai penguasa militer Firaun berperan sebagai panglima perang, sedangkan pada waktu damai ia memerintahkan tentaranya untuk membangun kanal-kanal dan jalan raya. Ia juga pemimpin agama. Berdasarkan uraian di atas buatlah kesimpulanmu terhadap pernyataan pada tabel di bawah ini. Tabel 3.2. 3 .2. Bentuk Pemerintahan Absolut
No 1
Pernyataan Ci i
i t h
b
l t
Kesimpulan
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Secara garis besar keadaan pemerintahan raja-raja Mesir adalah sebagai berikut.
A. Kerajaan Kerajaan Mesir Tua (3400 (3400 - 2160 2160 SM) Lahirnya kerajaan Mesir Tua setelah Menes berhasil mempersatukan Mesir Hulu dan Mesir Hilir. Sebagai pemersatu ia digelari Nesutbiti dan digambarkan memakai mahkota kembar. Kerajaan Mesir Tua disebut jaman piramida karena pada masa inilah dibangun piramida-piramida terkenal misalnya piramida Sakarah dari Firaun Joser. Piramida di Gizeh adalah makam Firaun Cheops, Chifren dan Menkawa. Apa sebab kerajaan Mesir Tua runtuh? Runtuhnya Mesir Tua disebabkan karena sejak tahun 2500 SM pemerintahan mengalami kekacauan. Bangsa-bangsa dari luar misalnya dari Asia Kecil melancarkan serangan ke Mesir. Para bangsawan banyak yang melepaskan diri dan ingin berkuasa sendiri-sendiri. Akhirnya terjadilah perpecahan antara Mesir Hilir dan Mesir Hulu. Apakah Mesir dapat dipersatukan kembali? Hal ini akan dijelaskan pada uraian berikut ini.
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3. Thutm utmosis III. Merupakan raja terbesar di Mesir. Ia memerintah bersama istrinya Hatshepsut yang gambarnya Anda dapat lihat di samping. Batas wilayah kekuasaannya di timur sampai Syria, di selatan sampai Nubia, di barat sampai Lybia dan di utara sampai pulau Kreta dan Sicilia. Karena tindakannya tersebut ia digelari “Napoleon dari Mesir” Mesir”.
Gambar 3.3. Thutmosis III (Sumber: Western Civilizations)
Tuliskan pendapatmu pada titik-titik di bawah ini mengapa ia digelari Napoleon dariMesir. ............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................
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Menurut Anda: Anda: (a) Siapakah ahli yang kemudian berhasil membuka terusan tersebut? (b) Apa nama terusan tersebut? dan (c) Bagaimanakah peranannya bagi dunia? Tuliskan jawaban Anda pada titik-titik di bawah ini. a. .............. ..................... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ......... b. .............. ..................... .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. ......... c. .............. ..................... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ......... Kemudian cocokkan jawaban Anda dengan keterangan berikut ini. a. Ferdinan Ferdinand d de Less Lesseps eps dari dari Pera Perancis ncis tahun tahun 1896. 1896. b. Terus erusan an Suez Suez.. c. Memperpen Memperpendek dek hubunga hubungan n dari Laut Laut Tenga Tengah h ke Laut Merah. Merah. Hubunga Hubungan n dari Eropa Eropa ke Asia lewat laut tidak perlu mengitari pantai barat Afrika. Masa Ramses II diperkirakan sejaman dengan kehidupan nabi Musa. Setelah pemerintahan Ramses II kekuasaan di Mesir mengalami kemunduran. Mesir ditaklukkan Assyria pada tahun 670 SM dan pada tahun 525 SM Mesir menjadi bagian imperium Persia. Setelah Persia, Mesir dikuasai oleh Iskandar Zulkarnaen dan para penggantinya dari Yunani dengan dinasti terakhir Ptolemeus. Salah satu keturunan dinasti Ptolemeus adalah Ratu Cleopatra dan sejak tahun 27 SM Mesir
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4. Sistem Sistem keper kepercay cayaa aan n bangsa bangsa Mesir Mesir Ada dua hal yang menarik apabila membicarakan kepercayaan bangsa Mesir yaitu mengenai kepercayaan yang bersifat polytheis dan budaya mengawetkan jenazah dalam bentuk mummi. Baiklah akan dapat Anda baca keterangannya satu persatu. Masyarakat Mesir mengenal pemujaan terhadap dewa-dewa. Ada dewa yang bersifat nasional yaitu Ra (Dewa Matahari), Amon (Dewa Bulan) kemudian menjadi Amon Ra. Sebagai lambang pemujaan kepada Ra didirikan obelisk yaitu tiang batu yang ujungnya runcing (lihat gambar 3.5). Obelisk juga dipakai sebagai tempat mencatat kejadian-kejadian. Untuk pemujaan terhadap dewa Amon Ra dibangunlah Kuil Karnak yang sangat indah pada masa Raja Thutmosis III. Selain dewa nasional maka ada dewa-dewa lokal yang dipuja pada daerah-daerah tertentu seperti Dewa Osiris yaitu hakim alam baka, Dewi Isis yaitu dewi kecantikan isteri Osiris, Dewa Aris sebagai dewa kesuburan dan dewa Anubis yaitu dewa
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Wujud kepercayaan yang berkembang di Mesir berdasarkan pemahaman sebagai berikut: a. Penyembahan Penyembahan terhadap terhadap dewa berangkat dari ide/gagasan ide/gagasan bahwa bahwa manusia tidak berdaya dalam menaklukkan alam. b. Yang disembah disembah adalah adalah dewa/dewi dewa/dewi yang menakutkan menakutkan seperti dewa Anubis atau yang yang memberi sumber kehidupan. Jadi dengan taat menyembah para dewa masyarakat lembah sungai Nil mengharap jangan menjadi sasaran maut. Kepercayaan yang kedua berkaitan dengan pengawetan jenazah yang disebut mummi. Dasar berkembangnya membuat mummi adalah bahwa manusia tidak dapat menghindari menghin dari dari kehendak dewa maut. Manusia ingin tetap hidup abadi. Agar roh tetap hidup maka jasad sebagai lambang roh harus tetap utuh. Dari uraian di atas mungkin akan timbul pertanyaan Anda, apakah tradisi pengawetan jenazah juga dikenal pada masyarakat di Indonesia? Diskusikanlah masalah tersebut dengan teman-teman agar wawasan Anda bertambah. Tuliskan kesimpulan Anda di selembar kertas dan kumpulkan tanggapan Anda kepada Guru Bina. Sampai di sini apakah Anda puas? Masih ada ad a satu uraian lagi yang menarik men arik untuk Anda ketahui yaitu peninggalan budaya Mesir kuno. Simaklah terus uraian selanjutnya.
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Batu itu kemudian dikenal dengan batu Rosetta memuat inskripsi dalam tiga bahasa. Pada tahun 1822 J.F. Champollion telah menemukan arti dari isi tulisan batu Rosetta dengan membandingkan tiga bentuk tulisan yang digunakan yaitu Hieroglyph, Demotik dan Yunani. Perhatikan pada gambar 3.7. dan 3.8. di atas. at as. Dengan terbacanya isi batu Rosetta terbukalah tabir mengenai pengetahuan Mesir kuno (Egyptologi) yang Anda kenal sampai sekarang. Selain di batu, tulisan Hieroglyph juga ditemukan di kertas yang terbuat dari batang Papirus.
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Dari uraian di atas jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dan tuliskan jawaban Anda pada titik-titik yang ada. Apakah tahun kabisat itu? Bagaimana perhitungannya? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Setelah menjawabnya, cocokkan jawaban Anda dengan uraian di bawah ini. Tahun Kabisat adalah tahun yang jumlahnya juml ahnya 366 hari. Penetapan 1 hari tambahannya tambaha nnya jatuh pada akhir bulan Februari sehingga ada tanggal 29 Februari untuk 4 tahun sekali. Selain tulisan dan sistem kalender peninggalan budaya Mesir lainnya yang terkenal
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Bangunan kedua adalah kuil yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan dewa-dewa. Kuil terbesar dan terindah adalah Kuil Karnak untuk pemujaan Dewa Amon Ra. Perhatikan gambar 3.11. di samping. Bandingkan posisi tinggi manusia dengan tiangtiang kuil tersebut. Bagaimana kesimpulan Anda? Tuliskan
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KEGIATAN 2
Jawablah soal-soal di bawah ini dengan uraian yang jelas! 1. Jelaskan Jelaskan alasa alasan n Herodotos Herodotos menye menyebut but Mesir Mesir adalah adalah hadiah hadiah sungai sungai Nil! Nil! 2. Apa sebab sebab Thutm Thutmosi osis s III dijul dijuluki uki Napole Napoleon on dari dari Mesir? Mesir? 3. Jelaskan Jelaskan dua dua hal penti penting ng yang yang terjadi terjadi pada pada masa masa Ramses Ramses II! II!
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Kegiatan Belajar 3
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Sejarawan Yunani kuno yang bernama Herodotus menyebut Mesopotamia sebagai “Tanah surga yang cantik jelita” jelita”.
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lahir maupun batin. Raja harus mampu mengatur kehidupan ekonomi, keamanan atau ketentraman, hukum dan peradilan serta kehidupan keagamaan.
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Bahan bangunan di Mesopotamia pada umumnya terbuat dari tanah liat yang dijemur. Dengan memperhatikan ziggurat, ingatkah Anda akan bangunan megalith di Indonesia yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan? Tentu Anda ingat,
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Tidak sulit bukan? Pada uraian selanjutnya, Anda dapat mempelajari kepandaian bangsa Sumeria di bidang pengetahuan.
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.