Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Anchoring Preparation for anchoring: Appropriate personnel with helmet, goggles, torches to be sent forward. Both the anchors to be cleared away. Check the windlass is working properly. Anchor being used to be lowered to cockbill cockbill.. Anchors to be used alternately. The brake is screwed and windlass is taken out of gear.
Choice of anchorage Choosing the anchorage depends on various factors. Draft of the vessel. Depth of water. Nature of seabed. Any obstruction on the seabed. Tide, tidal stream, direction and rate. Shelter from heavy weather, sea, swell. Security of the vessel. Length of stay. Purpose of anchoring, eg, cargo operation, repair, transferring of persons. Traffic density. Distance from shore. Size of vessel. Loaded/ballast condition. 1
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Type of cargo. Requirement of port.
Amount of cable to use The scope used depends on several factors: Nature of the holding ground. Stiff clay, rock, shells and stones are poor holding ground. Mud can be a good holding ground. Amount of swinging room available for the ship as the wind or stream changes direction. Degree of exposure to bad weather in the anchorage. Strength of wind or stream. As it increases, the ship moves stern. The cable is lifted from the bottom and it becomes long stay. stay. Duration of stay at the anchorage. Type of anchor and cable. Length of mild steel cable may be taken approximately 25 √D (D is depth of water).
Anchoring in calm weather Approach at slow speed. Stop vessel by going astern. Let go anchor when the vessel looses headway. It can be determined by seeing the propeller was abeam. The engine is kept going dead slow astern as the anchor is let go. Engine is stopped immediately.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Anchoring may be done in slight headway, cable grows continuously astern. It may cause deterioration of the paintwork pai ntwork of the hull.
Depth less than 20m Cable is let go on the run. Allowed about double of the depth before checking it by brake. If anchor is snubbed as soon as it touches the bottom, it will be unable to grip.
Depth over 20m The anchor is walked back to within 4-5m from sea bed. Let go from brake. It ensures anchor will not damage itself. Cable will not run rapidly as it becomes difficult to hold by brakes.
Deep water over 60m Entire operation is done on winch. Gypsy should not be taken out of gear at all.
Anchoring in wind Approach anchorage heading upwind. Ship is more easily controlled and will make little leeway. If wind cannot be brought ahead, the anchoring can be done usual way. In the case, engines to be used to reduce stress on the cable. Weather anchor to be used.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Lee anchor to be used if wind is present. Anchor on sternway (or headway). Helm to be used to control the heading. If stream cannot be stemmed, cable to be laid out slackly across the axis of the stream. Floating objects overside may be used to determine whether the ship has headway.
Definitions Walk back: Lower the anchor under power. Long stay: Cable is taut and leading down to the water close to the horizontal. Scope: Scope of the cable is the ratio of the amount of the cable outside the hawse haws e pipe to the depth of the wter. Nipped cable: The cable is nipped when an obstruction, such as the stem or hawse pipe lip, causes it to change direction sharply. Render cable: The cable is rendered when the brake is applied slackly. The weight comes on the cable and it is able to run out slowly. Cockbill: Anchor is lowered clear of the hawse pipe and hanging vertically
Procedures for anchoring Order anchor party for anchor station. Prepare the anchors. anchors .
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Check the depth. Determine scope. scope. Determine the wind direction and force. Determine tidal stream, rate and direction. Head to wind if no tide. tide. Stem tide. tide. Follow the anchoring procedure. procedure.
Mooring on a single buoy Keep wind on one bow. Buoy on the other beam, almost one ship length. The vessel is drifted downwind. Occasional and weather helm is used to keep the vessel in correct attitude. A headline is run away to leeward well before the vessel reached the buoy (2). Vessel swung head to wind on this line.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
VARIOUS ARIOUS MOORINGS MOORINGS
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Procedures Approach the anchorage with wind or current on one bow. Weather anchor or upstream anchor is let go on the run (1). The headway continued and cable is laid up 1/3 rd of the final length of the cable. The second anchor is let go (2). First anchor snubbed at the gypsy. The vessel brings-to on her weather cable. It gradually grows taut to windward. Bow develops a rapid swing into the stream or wind. Both the anchors are veered. Finally the anchors are one point at each bow.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Head to stream or wind. When both are present, head to one has stronger effect. With sufficient headway, take vessel to position 1. Position-1 is roughly 5 shackles plus half ship's length beyond line AB. Let go port anchor. The vessel drifts downstream, render port cable to nine shackles, the sum of two lengths. She is brought up on her cable. Then the starboard anchor is let go at position-2. Vessel then moves to the position by rendering or veering the starboard cable and heaving in four shackles on the riding cable. Engines may be used to reduce stress on the windlass.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
length (1). The cable is rendered as the vessel moves upstream. The cable is not allowed to be tighten, as bow will cant to starboard. The cable is rendered or veered 9 shackles and vessel moves to position-2. In position-2, port anchor is let go. The vessel moves stern. Five shackles weighed on lee (starboard) cable and five shackles veered on riding cable. The vessel is then brought up on her riding cable at position-3.
Advantages of mooring
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Maintain a constant watch to prevent foul hawse. Determine foul arc and clear arc. Vessel should always swing to clear arc on each tidal change. Use engine to give vessel correct sheer. Keep eye on the weather. Know the times of tide change.
Preference: I will prefer standing moor. Because: Safer More control on the ship. The anchor is let go after vessel stopped. There is no possibility of damage due to anchoring at headway.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
A man is send overside on a chair to secure the wire with the anchor, preferably at the shackle. The aft end of the wire is sent to a wrapping barrel, ready for heaving slack wire. When the stem is abreast the position of the quay where the bridge will be positioned, the anchor is let go. The vessel is still on headway. About half a ship's length of the cable, the cable is surged and then snubbed. The wire is hove-in aft. The onshore wind will drift the vessel to the berth. The scope of the cable and the wire is adjusted and veered slowly until the ship is alongside. Distance of ship, length of cable and wire must be considered.
Mediterranean moor Method of securing a vessel stern to the berth.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Sluggish movement Vibration Erratic steering, slow response. Smelling the ground Squat Bow cushion and bank suction effect Canal effect
Sluggish movement: As the hull moves along the water, the water which is displaced is not instantly replaced by surrounding water. A partial vacuum is created. The vessel takes longer to answer helm. Response to engine movement becomes sluggish. Speed reduces.
Vibration: In shallow water vibrations set up. It becomes very difficult to correct a yaw or sheer with any degree of rapidity.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Trough becomes deeper and after part is drawn downwards. Under keel clearance decreases. This effect is called squat.
Factors governing squat: Squat varies on the following factors: Ship's speed: Squat is directly proportional to the square of speed. Squat ∝ V2 (V=speed in knots) Block co-efficient: Squat directly varies with CB. Squat ∝ CB Blockage factor (S): It is the ratio between cross section of the vessel and cross section of the canal or river. Squat varies with blockage factor as. Squat ∝ S0.81 So, in confined water, squat is i s more than in open water.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
Results in drop of water level towards the bank. As a result, a thrust is set up towards bank. A vessel approaching to the bank will have to apply helm to the bank and reduce speed to prevent the sheer from developing.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )
rope, a boatswain's chair, equipments for breaking joining shackles. Operation to be started as soon as ship swung to new stream.
Procedure: Turns are hove above the water line. Cable below turn lashed together. Sleeping cable is unshackled on the deck. A preventer may be used to prevent sudden loss of the parted cable and stress. A wire messenger then passed down through the hawse pipe, dipped around the riding cable, and returned to the forecastle deck. One inboard end of the wire is secured to the joining shackles, other end to
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 5 )