parenting stress and coping mechanism of mother's and father's of deaf-mute children

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology “Parenting Stress and Coping Mechanism: Similarities and Differences among Mothers and Fathers of Deaf and Mute Children”

An Undergradua Undergraduate te Thesis Thesis Presented Presented to The Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

In Partial Fulfillment of the e!uirements for the "egree #achelor of Science in Psychology

Presented by$

GAILA !"A# CLA$ISS" GAMI% $&DMA# %A# %A# MA" M A" DA##AL' DA## AL'# # %A#

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology

Introduction Last 2015, there was a huge roar of triumph on Social Media among the deaf community worldwide as Tyra Banks announced the winner of merica!s "e#t Top Model $ycle 22% The winner is "yle &iMarco, a 2'(year old who is the second man and the first deaf man to win merica!s "e#t Top Model% "yle was an o)*ious fa*orite from the *ery )eginning of the show% +e was a)le to soar through e*ery challenges, despite not hearing directions during shoots %

This is one of the fe& inspiring stories lo'ed by parents of deaf children% To (yle)s mother, the uphill battle of raising a deaf child had finally paid off by his son)s achie'ement% That is, to be able to function e!ually as part of the society despite of the limite limited d compr comprehe ehensi nsion on to&ard to&ards s peop people le &ith &ith heari hearing ng disa disabil biliti ities es%% *et, it is note&orthy to mention the parenting stress e+perienced by the parents throughout the de'elopmental life span of their deaf child% #ecoming a parent of a deafmute child is accompanied by stresses of 'arious intensity% Parents, in particular, as primary caregi'er of a deaf and mute child, faces daunting challenges in the care of the child% In the process, parents undergo difficult times to o'ercome the stress and frustrations in its attempt to deal &ith the terrific feelings that they are in some &ay responsible for the child)s condition% They also ha'e to bear the


Introduction Last 2015, there was a huge roar of triumph on Social Media among the deaf community worldwide as Tyra Banks announced the winner of merica!s "e#t Top Model $ycle 22% The winner is "yle &iMarco, a 2'(year old who is the second man and the first deaf man to win merica!s "e#t Top Model% "yle was an o)*ious fa*orite from the *ery )eginning of the show% +e was a)le to soar through e*ery challenges, despite not hearing directions during shoots %

This is one of the fe& inspiring stories lo'ed by parents of deaf children% To (yle)s mother, the uphill battle of raising a deaf child had finally paid off by his son)s achie'ement% That is, to be able to function e!ually as part of the society despite of the limite limited d compr comprehe ehensi nsion on to&ard to&ards s peop people le &ith &ith heari hearing ng disa disabil biliti ities es%% *et, it is note&orthy to mention the parenting stress e+perienced by the parents throughout the de'elopmental life span of their deaf child% #ecoming a parent of a deafmute child is accompanied by stresses of 'arious intensity% Parents, in particular, as primary caregi'er of a deaf and mute child, faces daunting challenges in the care of the child% In the process, parents undergo difficult times to o'ercome the stress and frustrations in its attempt to deal &ith the terrific feelings that they are in some &ay responsible for the child)s condition% They also ha'e to bear the

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology ambi'alence concerning the cause of the child)s disability and ha'e to deal &ith child)s feelings% Li-e&ise, e'idence also sho&s that parents undergo more than the a'erage month of stress &hich usually is not the result of catastrophic e'ents but rather the conse!uence of daily responsibilities related to child care ./albahan and 0auffman, 12234% At a loss on ho& to manage the stress they e+perience, these parents de'ise &ays to cope% Understanding the demands of parenting and parent)s 'ulnerability to stress has been the sub5ect of numerous studies in the past% In fact, parenting stress and coping mechanism of parents has been in'estigated in many studies specifically in foreign conte+t% In the Philippine conte+t, there ha'e been scarcely de'eloped studies that in'estigated the parenting stress among the mothers of the deaf children% 6n the other hand, there has been no research found on the parenting stress and coping mechanism among fathers of deaf children% As a result, this study has been constituted constituted to understand understand the underlying factors of parenting stress and coping mechanisms among fathers and mothers of deaf and mute children% The study aims to ac!uire a better understanding as regards to both situation of the parents parents in caring for for a deafmute child% child% Furthermore, Furthermore, it aims to unfold the coping strategies established by the parents in adapting to their child)s deafness &hich can be essential for ne& parents that might ha'e the same case% This study

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology &as designed to be in a comparati'ecorrelational analysis in order to loo- at the situation of mothers and fathers separately and thus bring to light any potential se+ specific differences and similarities applicable to coping &ith a handicap%

-ac0ground of the Stud1

#eing a parent is a role that can bring great 5oy and happiness as &ell as challenges to deal &ith% Parenting is tough, but it is a s-ill that is often assumed to naturally e+ist in parents% It is a &onderful and re&arding e+perience that ta-es a lot of physical and emotional energy% /o&e'er, it is often accompanied by high le'el of stress, because of the difficulties, frustrations, and challenges to parents, for &hich they are often not prepared of% Although parenting stress is a common occurrence, the e+perience e+perience of intense, fre!uent fre!uent,, or chronic chronic parenti parenting ng stress stress may decreas decrease e psychol psychologic ogical al &ellbei &ellbeing ng and reduce one)s ability to raise and manage a child .Anat 7aidman, 12894% As tough as parenting can be, it becomes e'en more difficult &hen children are diagnosed &ith a disab disabili ility ty &het &hether her menta mentall or physic physical al%% aisi aising ng a child child &ith &ith disabi disabilit lity y is inde indeed ed challenging challenging under any circumstan circumstances% ces% It can impose financial, financial, social social and physical physical stress on the family .Ma- and and /o, 122:4% This information information comes &ith a tremendous tremendous blo& that results to parenting stress% It has been suggested that the e+perience of

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology stress is related on ho& the indi'idual percei'es the stressful e'ent and &hether coping strategies can be used effecti'ely to manage stress .Ma- and /o, 122:4% Parenting stress is felt in response to the demands of being a parent ; stress that is often e+perienced as negati'e feelings to&ard the self and to&ard the child or children% The author, "eater"ec-ard .12294, defines parenting stress as 1 million .?@4 children in the &orld &ith disabling hearing loss that has been reported by the orld /ealth 6rganiBation% For a parent, it can be a shattering e+perience to find out that their child has hearing disability% The struggle to cope &ith their emotions and managing their child)s life is 'isible% The 'ast array of emotions and stress e+perienced by parents can ha'e an impact on the child diagnosed &ith a hearing loss% 6n a study of /intermair .1224, higher le'els of parenting stress ha'e been related to poorer social and emotional de'elopment and higher rates of beha'ior problems in both deaf and hearing children% Ifti-har and *asmeen .122?4 studied the parental stress e+perienced by Pa-istani parents of deaf children% esults of the study postulated that ma5ority of the parents percei'ed their children as an economical stressor% In addition, parents reported ha'ing a deaf child increased their &orries and caused them an+ieties%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology #ecause of increased le'els of parental stress brought by caring a deaf child, parents often loo- for, de'elop and use strategies to handle these stresses% According to Seymour .128>4, the outcomes of using such strategies might be in beha'ioral appearance such as neglecting responsibilities at home and &or-, or cogniti'e appearance such as &ea-ness in problemsol'ing or emotional appearance &hich includes negati'e feelings to&ard the deaf child% In this regard, oodman, D /auser .128>4 referred to coping strategies as continuous change in cogniti'e and beha'ioral efforts by indi'idual to handle the increasing e+ternal andEor internal demands of caring the deaf child% Understanding strategies used by parents to cope &ith stress of caring a deaf child is considered as a ma5or component of psychosocial support programs% /o&e'er, in the study of Singer .122:4, some parents depend on negati'e strategies to cope &ith stress &hich only increases the parental stress%

In this case, he suggested that different coping

strategies can be established depending on the le'el of parenting stress% i'en that parents of children &ith hearing disabilities are 'ulnerable to parenting stress, ma5ority of the studies to date &ere about parenting stress associated &ith raising a deaf child ha'e focused on mothers% /o&e'er, it is not clear &hether fathers e+perience stress differently to mothers, or &hether their e+periences are reported less fre!uently% In line &ith this, the goals of the present study is to first, e+amine the le'el of parenting stress and the coping mechanisms among parents &ith deafmute children%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Second, in'estigate the relationship of parenting stress and coping mechanisms of the parents% Thirdly, e+amine &hich parent of a deaf and mute child is more affected by the child)s situation and &hich has better coping mechanism and lastly, determine &hether there are significant differences bet&een mothers and fathers of deafmute children in the amount of parenting stress and coping mechanism that has been accumulated% In summary, &hat &e aimed in implementing this study is to identify le'els of parenting stress bet&een mothers and fathers and the coping strategies used by these parents to handle this stress% It builds upon the pre'ious &or- that focuses solely on maternal reports and ho& their child)s hearing disability affected their parenting stress% /o&e'er, identifying the parenting stress among fathers &ill be the particular focus of this study, as fathers are often underrepresented group &ithin parenting research% This research aims to increase the -no&ledge regarding parenting stress) protecti'e factor such as coping mechanism, as this may be an important factor to consider in inter'entions% Additionally, most studies focus on parents of children in early childhoodG thus there is a need to understand the challenges parents are e+periencing beyond this period, such as preadolescence% This -no&ledge may help determine the most effecti'e methods of facilitating change in the family en'ironment to ma+imiBe children)s chances of successful outcomes% Li-e&ise, these insights &ould contribute in implementing and e'aluating inter'ention programs that focus on

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology supporting parents and pro'iding parenting stress management for both mothers and fathers%

%heoretical Frame2or0

This study used Parenting Stress Theory .8??14 as a guiding model for the de'elopment of stress among parents, &ith the addition of /ill)s A#CH model to fully understand ho& the parents adapt to stressful situations% These theoretical foundations are described as follo&sG %he Parenting Stress Model

6ne of the groundbrea-ing parental stress theorists ichard Abidin, &hose Parenting Stress Theory represents a specific application of stress theory% Abidin .8??14 built on pre'ious parenting models such as #els-y)s Parenting Process Model .8?94% /o&e'er, Abidin .8??14 thought that #els-y)s model, although an impro'ement on pre'ious stress research, failed to fully capture the parent as thin-ing, planning and goaloriented indi'idual% In 8??3, Abidin)s publication of Parenting Stress Inde+ &hich measured parenting stress ha'e mar-ed a significant milestone in the understanding of this stress% /e then proposed three ma5or domains of parenting stress$ parent characteristics, child characteristics, and situationalElife demographics% These domains are reflected in

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Abidin)s Parenting Stress Inde+ .PSI4, &hich is designed to measure the 'arious sources and aspects of parental stress .8??34% The first domain, parent characteristics, refers to sources of stress and problems that may interfere &ith the parentchild relationship and that are related to the functioning of the parent% Parental characteristics are factors that ha'e been described as uni!ue to the parent, &ith a significant impact on the childparent relationship% The second domain of parenting stress outlined by Abidin, child characteristics is the source of parental stress associated &ith uni!ue !ualities of the child that may ma-e parenting more difficult% The final domain, life stress, relates to stress e+perienced outside of the child parent relationship% Typically, this stress is related to circumstances outside the immediate control of the parent, such as po'erty, loss of a 5ob, socioeconomic status, discrimination, and social support%


Figure 1: Shows the Parenting Stress Mdel containing its three (3) domains.

,ill3s A-C4 Model

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology /ill .8?9?, 8?34 as discussed by Fielder, Simpson and Clar- .122:4 de'eloped a model that e+amined factors associated &ith the family)s reco'ery from the disrupti'e effects of stress%

B (Family Resources)

A (Stressor Event)

X (Crisis Event)

C (Family’s Definition of Stressor Event)

Figure 2: Shows Hill's A!" Model.

The birth of a child &ith a hearing disability &ould be A, the stressor e'ent% The family resources # &ould include a'ailability of medical care% The definition of stressor e'ent C might be the situation is unmanageable because the family)s resources are not enough to meet the medical demands of the child% This situation &ould produce H, the crisis% The A#CH model considers the interaction bet&een # and C and ho& they affect H% Factors # and C dictates ho& the family, especially the parents cope &ith the stressful e'ent%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Conceptual Frame2or0

&evel of #arentin Stress

&evel of Co!in $echanism

$other

Father

Research results will indicate that there is no sinificant difference and no sinificant relationshi! "etween #arentin Stress and Co!in $echanism amon $others and Fathers of deaf%mute

igure 1 illustrates the research paradigm of this study%

The le'el of parenting stress and coping mechanism among mothers and fathers of deafmute children &ill be e'aluated through employing stringent statistical methods in finding out their difference and if such relationship e+ists bet&een these t&o 'ariables% The inferences deri'ed from this process &ill be attested through the research hypothesis pro'ided in this study%

Statement of the Pro5lem

This research study aims to determine and e+amine the < Parenting Stress and Coping Mechanism: Similarities and Differences 5et2een Mothers and Fathers of Deaf6Mute Children”7

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Specifically, it &ill ans&er the follo&ing !uestionsG 8% hat is the "emographical Profile of the parents &hen grouped according to $ A% Mother #% Father 1% hat is the le'el of Parenting Stress of the respondentsJ >% hat is the le'el of Coping Mechanisms of the respondentsJ 9% Is there a significant difference of Parenting Stress and Coping Mechanisms bet&een Mothers and Fathers ha'ing a deafmute childJ 3% Is there a significant relationship bet&een Parenting Stress and Coping Mechanism of parents ha'ing a deafmute childJ

,1pothesis

There are t&o hypotheses for this study such as follo&sG ,1pothesis *: There &ill be no significant difference bet&een Parenting Stress and

Coping Mechanisms among Mothers and Fathers of deafmute children% ,1pothesis (: There is no significant relationship bet&een Parenting Stress and

Coping Mechanism among Mothers and Fathers of deafmute children%

Scope and Delimitation

The present study is only delimited into t&o 'ariables namely, parenting stress and coping mechanism% The sample of this study &ill be limited to accessible,

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology biological parents of deafmute children in Manila% The parents of the deaf and mute children had to li'e &ith, pro'ide care for and raise the child% All of the deaf children must be classified as not less than  years of age and not more than 81 years of age since this is considered as the most distressing age of the child for the parents% Thus, children must be diagnosed &ith ha'ing a se'ere to profound hearing loss% The study &ill be limited on >2 set of parents, &here both of the parents .mother and father4 &ill get to ans&er the !uestionnaires pro'ided by the researchers% Since the study &ill be in a comparati'e and correlational approach &hich &ill merely demonstrates the association bet&een 'ariables .parenting stress and coping mechanism4, causational findings &ill not be implied% Most importantly, since the study &ill only in'ol'e specific group of people, it is uncertain &hether the correlational findings &ill generaliBe other situations or people using the same 'ariables% Significance of the Stud1

This study &ill be underta-en to find out the le'el of parenting stress and coping mechanism among parents of deafmute children% Thus, this section of the research study &ill pro'ide information regarding the possible benefits or contributions on 'arious areas such as follo&sG

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Parents of Deaf and Mute Children7 Parents are the most deeply affected

among the members of the family by the child)s hearing deficiency% This research contains information that is essential to parents especially the stressful demands posed by raising a deafmute child% ith this research they &ill be able to gain -no&ledge to&ards their emotions and the cause of their beha'ioral actions% This &ill ser'e as a supplementary -no&ledge among parents in &hich they might find helpful in coping such stresses in rearing their child% Most importantly, the data gathered from this study can influence them to see- help and a'ail themsel'es of ser'ices that &ould address their needs% Agenc1 8 &rgani9ations7 This study aims to benefit 'arious public and pri'ate

agencies, organiBations, institutions and support groups, especially the Philippine Federation of the Deaf and Philippine School for the Deaf % These agencies and

groups are dedicated to cater educational, emotional and psychological support to families of children &ith hearing disabilities as &ell as to other families &ith special children% This study hopes to pro'ide them inputs for the information campaign to&ards positi'e changes in the life of families and indi'iduals &ho ha'e children &ith hearing disabilities and other special children% Future $esearchers7 This in'estigation &ill pa'e &ay for them to e+plore this

aspect of K+ceptional Psychology &hich ha'e not been e+plored &idely by other

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology researchers% Li-e&ise, this &ill also enrich this field of study in terms of enhancing information about parenting stress and coping mechanism% The findings of this study &ill demonstrate results regarding issues faced by most parents of deaf and mute children% This study hopes to ser'e as an inspiration to future researchers in de'eloping researches dedicated in building stable and meaningful parentchild relationship that &ill enable children &ith hearing disabilities gain selfconfidence and actualiBe their innate potentials to become producti'e and successful indi'iduals% In line &ith this, this research study &ill help future researchers &hose area of choice is parental in'ol'ement in deaf child rearing% Future research inclined to this study may use larger samples to incorporate a broader range of potential stressors to determine &hich factors are most li-ely to contribute to the increased stress e+perience by parents of deaf and mute children% SP"D %eachers Counselors and Mental ,ealth Professionals7 Parents are

sub5ect to the inherent chronic stressors of parenting most especially &hen a child is diagnosed &ith an impaired hearing ability% All of the attention is focused on helping the child not minding that parents also need assistance in coping &ith stress% Therefore, this present study &ill e+hibit a thorough understanding and a&areness about the

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology parents) e+perienced difficulty in rearing a deaf and mute child% (ot only that, this study &ill e+hibit ho& such parents manage to cope &ith the stress they e+perience in rearing their child% In this regard, parents of deaf and mute children may find comfort in the presence of the SPK" teachers, counselors &ith collaboration of mental health professionals &ho might come up &ith inter'ention practices in order to enlighten parents on the proper care and treatment appropriate to their child% The information pro'ided in this study &ill ser'e as a basis for de'eloping appropriate approaches to parenting stress% Communit17 "eaf and mute children should not be e+cluded from the society

and so are their parents% This research study &ill be essential in terms of broadening the understanding to&ards the deaf community especially those &ho ha'e had little to no contact &ith deaf indi'iduals% A strong support system from the community &ill empo&er parents in raising their deaf child to become functional indi'iduals in the society%

Definition of %erms

The follo&ing terms &ere used in this studyG Coping Mechanism: group of efforts or cogniti'e and beha'ioral acti'ities an

indi'idual uses to handle stressful situation in order to reduce internal and e+ternal

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology demands associated &ith this situation, in an attempt to regain state of psychological e!uilibrium indi'idual used to li'e before% For the purpose of the current study, coping strategies are e+pressed by score obtained on Coping Strategies In'entory% Deaf6mute Children: Children &ho are diagnosed &ith a profound congenital

deafness and is unable to use articulate language% For the purpose of the current study, deaf mute children refers to children &ith hearing loss .se'ere to profound diagnosis4 and deafness &hom ha'e no accompanied other physical or mental disabilities% Parents$ the deafmute child)s mother or father% Parenting Stress$ unpleasant conscious emotional e+perience percei'ed by parents

&hen a state of imbalance raise bet&een demands and resources &hich restrict them from achie'ing e+pected tas-s, and re!uires to use their capabilities and resources to handle this situation, and to ha'e ma5or changes in life style, &hich may lead to feelings of an+iety, depression, anger, helplessness, sadness, and fatigue% For the purpose of the current study, le'els of stress are e+pressed by score obtained on Parenting Stress Inde+


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This chapter presents related literatures, studies and readings &hich are rele'ant to the research study% The researchers has gone through intensi'e readings of materials, ta-en from libraries, resource centers .see referral letters pro'ided on the appendices4 and from the internet both foreign and local &hich contain facts and information on the research problem at hand% It also pro'ides synthesis bet&een pre'ious researches and the present &or-% $elated Literature

esearchers ha'e e+plored ho& a child)s disability affects the li'es of their parents% Most of them d&elt on the negati'e effects of childhood disability on family life, highlighting parental sorro&, marital discord and family instability .Murphy D Le'ine, 122:4% Stress has been a common topic among scholars &ho are loo-ing into the effects of a child)s disability on the family, especially the parents%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology There are o'er ?2@ of children &ith se'ere to profound hearing losses that are born to normally hearing families ."eaf Child orld&ide, 12834%

According to olf .12234, deafness is a multifaceted and 'ast physical, psychological and linguistic phenomenon% /earing loss can mean a range of difficulty% Parents become emotional upon -no&ing that their child has hearing disability% 6n a boo- of Marschar- .122:4, parents unfamiliar &ith deafness &ill ha'e particular challenges in raising their deaf children, and they &ill 'ary &idely in ho& they respond to the situation% Some &ill ta-e the initiati'e and become acti'e in fostering their children)s de'elopment, spending e+tra time &ith them on school &or-, language s-ills, and in play% Those parents &ill do &hate'er they need to do in order ensure that they ha'e effecti'e communication &ith their deaf child beginning &ith the identification of hearing loss or soon after&ards% 6n the contrary, some of the parents become in denial in the beginning and blame themsel'es a lot upon -no&ing the child)s deafness% They go into a lot of guilt and then later, they go into shoc- and depression% .amica leaner, 122?4% Parents are said to go through stages of grief and acceptance upon finding out their child)s case% First, the denial stage, &here parents may deny the fact that their child has a hearing loss%


Most of the time, this stage sho& clearly &hen parents insist that their child can communicate 'erbally or through sign language, or &hen the child &ill be &ell matched to a better communication or learning% Second, the an
They become ac!uainted &ith others in the deaf community, and see that their child could li'e a normal and fulfilling life .#er-e, amie, 122?4% The authors of the boo- entitled, Multicultural -erspecti*es in .orking with amilies, the general reaction that parents e+perience &hen they learn about their

child)s deafness or hearing impairment is a grief reaction, similar to mourning process%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Therapy should therefore be aimed at alle'iating these acute symptoms, and should be planned to be short term% Cogniti'ebased and analytic therapies should be only used &ith more 'erbal and highly educated parents, &hereas therapies that are more empathic and beha'ior oriented should be used &ith parents &ho are less 'erbal, analytical, and educated% Support groups &ould be most needed for parents &ho lacready access to their e+tended families and friends% In summary, the coping modalities of parents are characteriBed as both uni!ue and distinct in sociocultural groups% .Congress et al%, 12234% Therefore, these modalities must be used as a basis for creating a treatment plan that &ould be both culturally sensiti'e and specific to the uni!ue needs of each particular parent% $elated Studies

The follo&ing are the researcher)s efforts to collate the data on the stressful effects of parenting stress according toG psychological, emotional, and communication aspects among parents of children &ith hearing disability% The studies comprise of both local and foreign conte+t that plays an important contribution in the understanding of this present study% Much of the a'ailable studies discusses the problems that parents &ho ha'e children &ith disabling hearing condition report regarding ho& their child)s condition affect their psychological and emotional functioning%


Foreign Studies

(umerous problems confront parents of deaf children% They face greater challenges that ma-e it necessary for them to be in'ol'ed in e+tra ordinary care gi'ing routines and specialiBed help and ser'ices .Carney, 1224% These problems lead to parenting stress and family functioning is especially compromised ."yson, 12234% /igher demands are placed on parents &ith deaf children, particularly on their time and resources .Forgays et al%, 12234% A study reported that stressors of mothers of deaf children include diagnosis of hearing loss, learning communication method, more in'ol'ement in decision ma-ing and increased contact &ith professionals from 'arious disciplines, and especially the e'eryday e+periences of ha'ing a child &ho communicates in a different and complicated manner%

"eaf parents may be more accepting of hearing loss, adept at 'isual communication and sensiti'e to the needs of deaf children .Marschar-, et al%, 1224% /earing loss ma-e parents feel a&-&ard and deal &ith their grief by in'esting a lot of time &ith the deaf child in an attempt to ma-e it a positi'e e+perience% The more an+iety a parent feels, the more time they spend &ith the deaf child .#atCha'a D

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Martin, 12234% This is common for mothers of deaf and hard of hearing children, in that, they e+perience higher stress le'els and ha'e a harder time ad5usting emotionally .uittner, ac-son D luec-auf, 122:4% First time parents of deaf children lac- sufficient information in dealing &ith hearing loss, that they are often led to deal &ith inept, inaccurate, and illtimed professional ad'ice% In addition to these encounters, parents also find difficulty in accepting their child)s e+ceptionality and e+perience emotional and financial tension .Price D Addision, 122?4% Licht .12824 also said that parents ha'e feelings of social isolation, embarrassment and foresee a potential loss of family and community assistance% Misinterpretations occur &hen parents do not learn ho& to communicate &ith their children% Troubling cases are those &here adults say one thing and incorrectly sign something else% The child fails to understand &hat is intended and erroneous information is presented .Mac-aySoro-a et al%, 12884% An e+ploratory study conducted by Asberg, Nogel and #o&ers .122:4 indicated that all families &ith deaf children, e+perience
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Local Studies

A !ualitati'e study entitled, Li*ed /#periences of Mothers in $aring for their &eaf and Mute $hild, re'ealed that most of the initial reactions of the mothers are

sadness and pity for their child)s conditions &hich results to ha'e a harder time accepting the child)s situation% Furthermore, mothers used coping mechanisms through accepting the truth and belie'ing that there are reasons &hy they &ere gi'en a child &ith disability% espondents reported that they recei'e support from other members of the family &hich helped them in coping up &ith the child)s disability .(ahial et al%, 12884% Pan-o .12234 stressed that as the head of the family structure, parents affect relationships bet&een siblings indirectly% The more accepting they are about their child)s hearing loss, the more accepting the siblings &ill be% These positi'e relationships &ill be beneficial to child and his or her future% Communication &ill more li-ely not so much be a barrier to the child and this helps him or her academically or socially% According to the study of Molina .12824, hearing parents of deaf children &ill either resort to being o'erprotecti'e of their children or neglect their children because of the language barrier bet&een them% The study is di'ided into t&o stages$ the first stage aims to get a better understanding on the &orld of the deaf, &hile the second

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology stage focuses on the formulation of an effecti'e communication campaign for forging lin-ages &ith this group% Using the campaign model of (o&a- and arneryd, the campaign features acti'ities carried out o'er a oneyear period &ith the intended effect of introducing sign language in barangay reater Lagro, before e+panding the program to other areas% S1nthesis

In summary, the literature and studies re'ie&ed has been collected from 'arious authors &ho studied the effects of children &ith hearing disability on their parents% These parents &ere described to ha'e e+perienced problems in the different areas of li'es%

Psychologically, they sho&ed high le'els of stress as they endured emotional crises%% Some of these studies e'en pointed out parental disad'antage in the area of their social life% 6n the other hand, it is note&orthy to mention that the a'ailable literature only focuses according to the mother)s perspecti'es% And that, local studies about hearing impairment and families specifically cases of deafness appeared to be scarce and underde'eloped% Furthermore, it seems that mothers ha'e been studied in the area of parenting a child &ith hearing disability% As seen in the method used by

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology researchers, mothers are the common respondents &hen the goal of the study &as to loo- into the family members) reactions to&ards the child)s disabling condition, out&eighing the fathers% Mothers seem to be inter'ie&ed more because of their con'enience and the bond bet&een them &hich ma-es the mothers reliable sources of data% They spend most of their time &ith the childG therefore they -no& their child more than any member of the family% Compared to the fathers, &ho are mostly bread&inners of the family and spend most of their &a-ing hours outside the home trying to &or- and pro'ide for the family% There ha'e been fe& efforts to loo- into parental aspects, &ith most of the a'ailable literature coming from &est contributing to the failure of studies on family to include the fathers% This study fills in the missing gap among the collated researches by considering both sides of the parents to be under studied%


C,AP%"$ = M"%,&D&L&G'

This chapter &ill be dedicated to the description of the methods and procedures that &ill be done in order to obtain the data, ho& they &ill be analyBed, interpreted, and ho& the conclusion &ill be met% This section is to 5ustify the means in &hich the study &as obtained and &ill help in gi'ing it purpose and strength as it &ill then be truthful and analytical% All these &ill help in the processing of the data and the formulation of conclusions% Specifically, this chapter deals &ith the methods of research that &ill be used in the present study, the sample and sampling techni!ue,

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology the research and 'alidation of instrument, and the statistical treatment of data &hich &ill be further e+plained later on% $esearch Design

This study &ill employ a descripti'ecorrelational method design &hich includes integration of a !uantitati'e approaches, as recently seen in the modern research% The descripti'e research method is aimed at casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data collection that enables to describe the situation more completely .Fo+, 122:4% In its essence, the researchers chose a descripti'e -ind of research method to describe parenting stress and coping mechanism among mothers and fathers of deaf mute children% The study &ill be in a !uantitati'e approach specifically a correlational method since the sole purpose for this study is to find out &hether or not parenting stress and coping mechanism co'ariates% Then inferential statistical measure called t( test &ill be used to -no& if there are any significance for difference bet&een t&o

groups% In this study, the researchers aim to loo- at &hether mothers and fathers ha'e the same le'el of parenting stress and coping mechanism or is it in other &ay around% $espondents of the Stud1

The respondents of the study &ill be the biological parents of deaf and mute children% The parents of the deafmute child had to li'e &ith, pro'ide care for and raise

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology the child% All of the deafmute children must be classified as not less than  years of age and not more than 81 years of age since this is considered as the most distressing time for the parents%

Thus, deafmute children must be classified as

ha'ing a se'ere to profound hearing loss% The respondents for this study &ill compose of >2 !ualified set of parents &here both mothers and fathers &ill ans&er !uestionnaires pro'ided by the researchers% A permission to conduct a study &ill be obtained from the school principals, head of the organiBation and from the parents% The names of the parents &ill be &ithheld for confidentiality purposes% Sampling %echni>ue

A purposi'e sampling method &ill be used in the selection of the respondents in this study% In this regard, the respondents for this study &ill be based on the criteria set by the researchers such that the respondents &ithin the population sample &ill ha'e meaning for the data that &ill be gathered% $esearch Instruments

In this study, the respondents &ill be gi'en of !uestionnaires to fill in% This !uestionnaires

&ill

be

the

main

datagathering

instrument%

The

research

!uestionnaires &ill be comprised of t&o sets namely Parental Stress Scale and Coping /ealth In'entory for Parents, &here both aimed to measure the parenting

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology stress and coping mechanisms among parents% Kach set of !uestionnaire sheets &ill contain a section intended to -no& the demographical information of the parents such as the gender% The names of the parents &ill be &ithheld for confidentiality purposes%

Parental Stress Scale ?PSS@

This is an assessment tool designed to measure the le'el of stress parents e+perience as a result of ha'ing children .#erry D ones, 8??3$ ntr, 12234% It consists of8 items that describe the parentchild relationship and the parentOs feelings regarding it% Parents respond by indicating the e+tent to &hich they agree or disagree &ith the statement% A Li-erttype scale is used, &ith 8 indicating a strong disagreement and 3 indicating a strong agreement% #oth positi'e and negati'e items are included, &hich allo&s the instrument to assess stress by &eighing the negati'e impact of parenting against the benefits it may pro'ide% Although the scaleOs de'elopers did not pro'ide detailed information about the intended population or the length of time necessary for administration, the Parental Stress Scale &as described as appropriate for both mothers and fathers and for parents of children &ith and &ithout clinical problems, and it is brief and easy to administer and score% Coping ,ealth Inentor1 for Parents ?C,IP@

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology This is among the popular and a &ellorganiBed instrument to measure parental coping patterns% It &as de'eloped in 8?> and it consists of a 93item measure of a parent)s response to managing demands &hen a child has a serious or chronic medical condition .Apa%org, 1284%

The C/IP comprises of three subscales .dimensions4

measuring three different coping patternsG

a7 maintaining family integration,

cooperation, and an optimistic definition of the situationG 57 maintaining social support, selfesteem, and psychological stabilityG and c7 understanding the healthcare situation through communication &ith other parents and consultation &ith the healthcare team% esponse format for this is a Li-erttype scale .2  not helpfulG 8 minimally helpfulG 1 moderately helpfulG > e+tremely helpful4% alidation of Instruments

The follo&ing instruments to be used in this study has undergone screening of psychometric properties% This is to ensure &hether instruments &ill measure &hat it is supposed to measure .'alidity4 and consistently measure &hat it is intended to measure .reliability4% Parental Stress Scale

The standardiBation sample used in the de'elopment of the Parental Stress Scale consisted of t&o groups of parents of typically de'eloping children% The first

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology group included 813 parents &ith a mean age of >9%9 years and a mean education le'el of 83%3 years% The group &as ?8@ Caucasian% The second group &as made up of 1>> parents, &ith a mean age of >%% Fifty percent of the group had college degrees and ?3@ &ere Caucasian% In the reliability studies performed &ith the standardiBation sample, reliability &as described as ade!uate, &ith a coefficient alpha of 2%>% Testretest reliability &as also e+amined and found to be 2%8 &hen the scale &as readministered after a &ee- period% hen possible, the scale &as administered to both parents in a household and their scores &ere e+amined for possible genderrelated differencesG ho&e'er, no significant differences &ere found% Tests of the scaleOs 'alidity &ere performed &ith the standardiBation sample and se'eral independent samples, during &hich #erry and ones .8??34 disco'ered that scores on the Parental Stress Scale &ere significantly correlated &ith scores on other measurements of stress, such as the Percei'ed Stress Scale .PSS4 and the Parenting Stress Inde+ .PSI4% In addition, scores on the Parental Stress Scale effecti'ely discriminated bet&een the parents of typically de'eloping children and parents of children &ith de'elopmental delays and disabilities, as &ell as children &ith beha'ior problems% The 'alidity of the scale &as also assessed by comparing it to measures of emotion, social support, and role satisfaction, &ith the results indicating that the scores on the Parental Stress Scale &ere significantly

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology correlated

&ith

the

results

on the

additional measures

.#erry D

ones4%

An apparent strength of the scale lies in its ability to isolate and e+amine the stress that occurs as a result of the parenting role, &ithout confounding those results &ith marital, financial, or other general life stress% Coping ,ealth Inentor1 for Parents

The Coping /ealth In'entory for Parents .C/IP4 &as designed to measure parental coping patterns% This 93item !uestionnaire is a 'alid and reliable measure by &hich parents rate their perception of ho& useful certain coping beha'iors are by &ay of a fourpoint Li-ert scale from not helpful .24 to e+tremely helpful .>4% These coping beha'iors are grouped into three patterns% The first coping pattern is Maintaining family integration, cooperation, and an optimistic definition of the situation .8? items,

ma+imum score  3:4, &hich refers to, for e+ample parents participating in acti'ities &ith other family members or getting other family members to help &ith chores and tas-s at home% The second coping pattern is Maintaining social support, self esteem, and psychological sta)ilit y .8 items, ma+imum score  394, &hich refers to, for

e+ample parents getting a&ay from the home care tas-s and responsibilities for some relief or tal-ing to someone about ho& they feel% The third coping pattern is

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology nderstanding the medical situation through communication and consultation with healthcare professionals . items, ma+imum score  194, &hich refers to, for e+ample parents tal-ing &ith

healthcare professionals .nurse, physician, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, social &or-er, etc%4 concerning their childOs condition% The higher the score the more useful the particular type of coping pattern% The internal consistency of this tool is good &ith Cronbach alphas of 2%:?G 2%:?G 2%:8 for each pattern, respecti'ely% The C/IP has fair concurrent 'alidity and correlates &ith the Family Kmpo&erment Scales .Ca'allo, 122?$ McCubbin, 8?>4% Procedures of Data Gathering

Permission to conduct the study trough administration of letter appro'al to the school principal andEor organiBation secretary% 6nce the letter has been appro'ed, parents &ho &ill be !ualified to participate in the study &ill be oriented about the research and its benefits% Then, administration of the !uestionnaires unto the respondents &ill be follo&ed, gi'ing them ample time to finish ans&ering% After &hich, the researcher &ill collect the !uestionnaires and &ill be sub5ect for tabulation%


Statistical %reatment of Data

The study &ill be treated using descripti'e and inferential statistics% A computer soft&are called Statistical Pac-age for the Social Science .SPSS4 &ill be utiliBed to determine the precise interpretation of the results in a short period of time% SPSS &ill ta-e the data from the present research and use them to generate descripti'e and inferential statistical analysis% Matri+ tables &ill be employed to organiBe, summariBe, and analyBe the data gathered for an e+plicit presentation of results% "ata &ill be collated, tabulated and analyBed% The follo&ing statistical measures &ill be used for the study$ Fre>uenc1 and Percentage Distri5ution7 Fre!uency distributions &ill be used

in order to summariBe and compress the data by grouping it according to demographical information ta-en from the parents% These ra& numbers &ill be con'erted into percentages to pro'ide a more 'i'id description of the data%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Arithmetic Mean% More commonly -no&n as the
&hether there is a statistically significant difference bet&een le'els of parenting stress and coping mechanism among mothers and fathers of deaf and mute children% Moreo'er, the basic principle of this statistical measure is to test the hypothesis, &hich means the reality bet&een t&o groups .male and female parents4% Therefore, ttest decides &hether the difference bet&een the male and female parents is considered as significant or not by means of determining ho& much the difference bet&een the t&o groups and ho& much o'erlap is there bet&een the t&o groups%

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Pearson3s Correlation Coefficient7 This statistical measure aims to determine

the statistical relationship bet&een t&o 'ariables .in the study, 'ariables are parenting stress and coping mechanism4% The researchers ought to find out &hether there is an e+isting association bet&een the presented 'ariables of interest through getting the magnitude of correlation as &ell as the direction of the relationship%

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Cronin, Sarah and many .12834% Parents and Stress$ Understanding K+periences Conte+t and esponses% $hildren!s Mental +ealth /e*iew% etrie'ed from$ http$EE&&&%e+tension%umn%edu Congress, Klaine and onBales, Manny .12234% Multicultural Perspecti'es in or-ing ith Families% Springer -u)lishing $ompany nc% etrie'ed from$ &&&%boo-s%google%com "eater"ec-ard, 0% .1224% -arenting Stress% (e& /a'en, CT$ *ale Uni'% Press% etrie'ed from$ https$EEboo-s%google%com%ph Fielder C%, Simpson, % D Clar-, "% .122:4% Parents and Families of Children &ith "isabilities$ Kffecti'e Schoolbased Support Ser'ices% -earson Merrill3-rentice +all% etrie'ed from$ https$EEboo-s%google%com%phEboo-s Fo+, % D #ayat, M%S .122:4
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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology allace .Kds4% ights and reedoms in ustralia, ederation -ress 58( '2% etrie'ed from$ (ational Library of the Philippines) System

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parenting stress and coping mechanism of mother's and father's of deaf-mute children

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