Construction Equipment • Selection Selection of approp appropriate riate type, size and charact characteristi eristics cs will will increase job site productivity. • It is therefore therefore important important for site site manage managers rs and and construct construction ion planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction
Types of Construction Equipment according to their function
Excavating
Loading & Lifting
Hauling (Transportation)
Compacting & grading
Drilling
Mixing & Paving
Construction Equipment Costs Equipment Costs
Ownership costs
Operating costs
Depreciation
Maintenance & repair
Interest
Tires
Taxes
Fuel
Insurance
Services (filters, oil, grease,…)
Storage License fee
Operator
Construction Equipment Costs • Ownership costs are incurred by the contractor whether the equipment is used or not. • Operating costs are incurred by the contractor only when the equipment is used. • Ownership costs generally decline with equipment age, because the rate of depreciation tends to be greater in the initial ownership period and declines with time. • Operating costs tend to increase with equipment age because repair and maintenance costs tend to increase with equipment usage.
Excavating An excavator is excavator is defined as a power-driven digging machine.
Types of excavators
Hydraulic shovels
Dragline
Hydraulic backhoe
Clamshell
Trenching excavators
Construction Equipment Costs • Ownership costs are incurred by the contractor whether the equipment is used or not. • Operating costs are incurred by the contractor only when the equipment is used. • Ownership costs generally decline with equipment age, because the rate of depreciation tends to be greater in the initial ownership period and declines with time. • Operating costs tend to increase with equipment age because repair and maintenance costs tend to increase with equipment usage.
Excavating An excavator is excavator is defined as a power-driven digging machine.
Types of excavators
Hydraulic shovels
Dragline
Hydraulic backhoe
Clamshell
Trenching excavators
Excavating An excavator consists of three major components: •A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine. •A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units. •A front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation. mounting & wheel There are two types of mounting: crawler mounting & mounting . Crawler mounting is particularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged (uneven and rough) surfaces at a job site. Wheel (truck) mounting provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for their operation.
Excavating Revolving deck containing control unit and engine
engine
Crawler mounting
Components of a Hydraulic Shovel
Excavating Revolving deck containing control unit and engine
engine
Crawler mounting
Components of a Hydraulic Backhoe
Excavating
Revolving deck containing control unit and engine
Crawler mounting engine
Components of a Dragline
Excavating
Revolving deck containing control unit and engine
engine
Crawler mounting
Components of a Clamshell
Trenchers Some of the types of trenching machines available include: chain trenchers, ladder trenchers, and wheel trenchers
Engine Chain
Chain trenches
Trenchers
Trenchers
Excavating wheel
Wheel trenches
Trenchless Excavation
Pipe jacking
Horizontal earth boring
Excavator Micro-Excavator (PC01) Used for excavating and leveling in very narrow locations in the site
Shovel
Leveling blade
Excavator Small-sized Excavator (PC100) Used for small excavation jobs
Excavator Medium-sized Excavator (PC200) Used for regular excavation jobs Boom
Revolving deck containing the Engine and Driver Seat
Arm
Hydraulic jack
Bucket
Crawler mounting
Excavator Large Excavator
Excavator Super Large Excavator (PC8000) Used for huge excavation jobs
Excavator Super Large Excavator
Excavator Muddy Soil Excavator Used for excavating in river beds Equipped with special crawlers that prevents it from sinking on muddy surfaces
Excavator Wheeled Excavator (PW128UU) Does not require to be carried in a truck
Excavator Crawler Attachments
Loading and Lifting A loader is a machine with a bucket mounted on the front end. Loaders are used for: • Loading trucks with soil loads. • Backfilling. • Stockpiling. • Excavating soft to medium-hard materials (smaller depths compared with excavators).
Tracked loaders have straight frame while wheel loaders have articulated frame with a pivot point between the front and rear axle which gives better mobility. Straight-frame loaders cost less to purchase and maintain, but the productivity of the articulated loader is greater for truck loading operations, because of its shorter turning radius.
Loader Mini Wheel Loader (WA10) For working in narrow locations in the site
Loader Medium-sized Wheel Loader (WA150) Control unit Engine
Bucket
There are different types of tires to be used depending on surfaces conditions
Loader Super Large Wheel Loader (WA1200) For loading big rocks onto dump trucks
Loader Log Grapple Loader Used for loading and unloading logs from trucks
Loader
Steel Chains are tied up to tires to be able to work on muddy and slippery surfaces
Loader
Track loaders
Bucket
tracks
Compact track loader
Loading and Lifting Mobile cranes and tower cranes are used to lift loads to great heights and to facilitate the erection of steel building frames.
Forklifts and lifts are used to lift small loads to short heights
Mobile crane Small Mobile Crane (RT9100)
Capacity = 35 ton Max Height = 21 m
Mobile crane Medium Mobile Crane (LTM1030)
Capacity = 100 ton Max Height = 47 m
Mobile crane Large Mobile Crane (AC535)
Capacity = 190 ton Max Height = 65 m
Tower crane
Jib
Counterweight Control unit Tower
Foundation
Tower crane Tower Crane Assembly • The tower crane is transported to the construction site in parts. • A foundation is constructed for the tower crane. • Mobile cranes are used to assemble the different parts of the tower crane. • Some cranes are self-erecting.
Tower crane
Preparing a tower foundation
Tower crane Tower crane attachments
Forklift
Telescopic forklift
Forklifts are used to transport construction materials around the construction site and to load and unload trucks
Lift
Lifts are used for lifting labors & materials for exterior tasks (e.g. painting)
Hauling • Trucks are used to transport material to and from the construction site. • Dump trucks are used to transport earthwork to and from the construction site. • Bulldozers and scrapers are used to transport earthwork within
the
construction
site
(for
shorter
distances
compared to the dump trucks). • Truck mixers are used to transport ready mix concrete from central batch plant to construction sites.
Bulldozer A bulldozer (also known as dozers) is a machine that is equipped with a front-end blade. Dozers are used for pushing earth loads, creating stockpiles, backfilling trenches, and spreading materials. Small Bulldozer (D21A) Control unit Engine
Blade
Crawler
Bulldozer Medium Bulldozer (D65PX)
Bulldozer Large Bulldozer (D155AX) Pushes and gathers big rocks that are dug up from mountains. These rocks become gravel for building roads
Sharp rippers for digging up the ground and crushing rocks
Bulldozer Super Large Bulldozers (D575A) •For large tasks. •It has to be transported in parts to construction site.
Ripper
Bulldozer Water Bulldozers (D155W) •Helpful in building harbors. •It is controlled by a remote control.
Dump Truck Trucks and haulers are pieces of construction equipment that are used to carry bulk construction materials such as earthwork, sand, gravel, rock, asphalt,…etc Medium sized Dump Truck (HD255) Driver seat
There are different types of tires depending on road characteristics
Vessel for loading soil and rocks. It can be leaned all the way using hydraulic jacks for quick unload.
Dump Truck Super large Dump Truck (HD930E) For transporting big rocks and large loads
Dump Truck Dump Truck with Crawler For uneven roads or muddy surfaces
Scraper A Scraper is a large bowl with a cutting edge front that is attached to a pulling machine. They scrape the surface by lowering the cutting edge into the soil and moving forward to fill the bowl. Once the bowl is loaded, its front apron is lowered, sealing the material in the bowl. The bowl is raised, and the scraper transports the loaded material to the dump location.
Scraper
A dozer push-loading a scraper
Scraper
Push-pull scrapers operate in pairs assisting each other in loading. The rear scraper pushes the lead scraper while it loads, then the lead scraper pulls the rear scraper while it loads. When both are loaded, they disconnect and travel independently.
Scraper
Mixer
Concrete Mixer For transporting raw concrete to construction site
Conc. Pump
Concrete pump For pumping raw concrete to high elevations
Conc. Pump
Compacting and Grading The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on: • The properties of soil • Soil moisture content • The thickness of the soil layer for compaction • The method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation.
Compactors There are many types of soil compaction equipment. They can be grouped into the following four types: • Pneumatic-tire. • Smooth steel-drum. • Tamping foot. • Vibratory. The primary compacting methods are: • Static weight (or pressure). • Kneading (or rubbing). • Vibration (or shaking). • Impact (or sharp blow).
Compactors A pneumatic-tire compactor uses static weight and kneading action of the tires for compaction and is effective with clay and granular soils. These compactors have an odd number of tires (commonly 7, 9, 11, or 13) so that the rear tires track over the spaces between the front tires.
Tire Roller (JV215)
Compactors A smooth steel-drum compactor uses its static weight for compaction and is effective on all types of soils and asphalt.
Smooth steel-drum roller (JV80DW)
Compactors A tamping foot compactor uses its static weight and kneading action for compaction and is effective on with clay and silty clay soils.
Compactors A vibratory compactor uses its static weight, vibration, and impact to achieve compaction. These compactors are able to achieve deeper penetration than comparable static or non-vibratory compactors.
Vibratory tamping-foot compactor
Compactors Hand operated compactors are used to compact in confined spaces Vibratory ram compactor
Walk-behind vibratory steeldrum trench compactor
Vibratory plate compactor
Grader A grader is a piece of equipment that has a long wheel base and a wide blade mounted midway between the front and the rear axle. Graders are used to grade and mold the surface of the ground to the desired shape and elevation.
Grading blade
Grader
Drilling Rock excavation requires special equipment and methods. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated. Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills (striking), rotary drills, and rotary - drills. - percussion A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact. Common types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is hand-held and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface. drill combines the two cutting movements to A rotary - - percussion provide a faster penetration in rock.
Drill Jackhammer (BOSCH 11304)
Drill Percussion Drill (DHT 300 SH)
This machine can drill holes of 160mm up to 54m in depth
Drill Rotary Drill (DM45/LP)
This machine can drill holes of 200mm up to 115m in depth
Paving and Mixing • Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement, sand, gravel and water for concrete structures.
• A paving mixer is machine used for spreading aggregates, concrete, or asphalt at any desired route along the roadway.
Paver Aggregate Spreader (PS 4000) Used for spreading aggregates for road base preparations
Receive aggregates by dump truck
Paver Concrete Paver (GHP-2800)
One-lane width concrete paver
Paver Asphalt Paver (Elite 8500)
One-lane width asphalt paver
Receive asphalt by dump truck
Blade for leveling asphalt surface
