Guide to Pronunciation Symbols Consonant
Sounds
/Р/ /ь/ /t/ /d/ /к/ /9/ If/ /V/ /s/ Ш /1/ / m/ /П/ /h / /г/ Ш /w / /0/ /6/ III /31 w /d5/ /0/
pet bed time dog king garden fox, leaf van same zebra, is light mat name hot red young what bath weather fashion television cheap, catch jumper spring
Vowel /pet/ /bed/ /taim/ /dog/ /кщ/ / 'ga:dan/ /foks/, /li:f/ /vaen/ /se m / / ‘ zebra/, /iz/ /1ай/ /maet/ /neim/ /Hot/ /red/ /jAQ/ /WDt/ /Ьа:0/ /we6a/ / ‘faejan/ / .te li'v ija n / /!fi:p/, /kaetf/ / 'ф л тр э/ /sprni/
/1:/
III П/ l ei /зе/ /а:/ /о/
/у/ /и/
/и:/ /л/ /з:/ /э/
see win very every cat farm clock wall book moon cup world letter
/si:/ /win/ / ' veri/ / 'evri/ /kaet/ /fa:m / /klok/ /wd:I/ /Ьик/ /ти :п / /кдр/ /w3:ld/ / ‘ leta/
Diphthong (two vowels together) /е I/ /эи/ /ai/ /аи/ /Э1/ /в/ /еэ/ /иэ/
wait phone mine house noise near hair pure
/weit/ /faon/ /main/ /haos/ / n3iz/ /тэ/ /hea/ /pjoa/
Remember: Sound is not the same as spelling, for example, the word '/s'finishes with the letter 's' but the sound is /z/. /ы /
ib
When writing the sound of a word (its phonemic transcription), always put lines like these //on either side of the word: /vaen/ van Stress is shown with marks like these ' , ' shows the primary stress in a word. For example, / ' ga:dan/ фзлЛел , shows the secondary stress. For example, / , teli ' vijan/ tele viA io n
INTRODUCTION TO OUTCOMES VOCABULARY BUILDER Learning vocabulary in collocations and phrases will develop your fluency. And doing a little revision regularly is the best way to learn vocabulary.That's what the Outcomes Vocabulary Builder (OVB) will help you with. It has been written to provide you with the important vocabulary in the Student's Book and to show you how these words are commonly used. It does not include easier words which you should know from lower levels such as boring, or unusual words, which you probably don't need to remember at this level.
What each entry contains___________________________________________________ • Each entry has a short explanation of the word's meaning and often gives information on other forms or opposites. • There is then a list of up to six typical collocations and phrases that the word is used with. • Regular language boxes provide extra information on word families, phrasal verbs etc.
How the OVB is organised It is organised to make it quick and easy to use in class and to revise at home. • Each unit in the OVB contains the most important new words from exercises, texts and listenings in the unit of the Student's Book. • The units are then divided according to each double page of the Student’s Book and the words within those pages are written in alphabetical order. • At the end of each unit there are exercises to do. • There is an answer key at the back of the book.
Ways you can use the OVB • Read the word list before you study the unit in the book. • Translate all the words you don’t know based on the explanation. Check the collocations for each word. Do they make sense? Are any different to your language? • In class, if you have forgotten a word, look it up again. Write out the collocation list and add one of your own. • Cover words in the list and say or write phrases with the word.Then compare with the collocation list. • Choose five to ten words from the list to learn each day. • Put eight new words in a story using the collocations listed. • Do the exercises at the end of each unit some time after you've done it in class. Then check the answers in the key. • Write a list of the words you find difficult to remember and write sentences using the words.
1 ART AND ENTERTAINMENT Pa c e s 8 -9 banned to ban something means to not allow it: my parents - mefrom playing the game / smoking is - in the building / he’s been - from driving / the government has - hunting can’t be bothered if you can’t be bothered to do something,you don't want to make the effort to do it. The past form is couldn’t be bothered. If you bother to do something, you make the effort to do it: I can't be bothered to watch it now / 4 Areyou coming out?’‘No, I can’t be bothered.’/1 couldn’t be bothered to cook / he didn’t bother to phone us I a lot of people don’t bother voting I don’t bother coming to collect me - I’ll get the bus come out when a film or book comes out, it becomes available: I waitfor films to - on cable / -o n DVD / her new book is due to ~ next week commercial if something is commercial, it is produced just to make money. The adverb is commercially: a typical -filmfrom Hollywood I I don’t like their music - it’s too - / a -T V channel (run as a business, not paidfor by a government) I thefilm was aflop commercially I the restaurant isn’t commercially viable (able to make money) disturbing if something is disturbing, it is upsetting, or makes you feel anxious or worried.The verb is disturb. Disturbed is also an adjective: Ifound it a bit-1 a - increase in crime / some deeply photographs / a profoundly - experience / It disturbs me that governments aren’t doing more to help / I was very disturbed to hear about the murder dull if something is dull, it is boring.The noun is dullness: it’s quite - l a rather - movie / 1found it incredibly - I it was deadly dull (extremely dull) / there’s never a - moment here (there’s always something interesting happening) / 1hated the dullness of the landscape 2 OUTCOMES
gripping if something is gripping, it is extremely exciting.The verb is grip. Gripped is also an adjective: a - novel / a - story / thefilm’s absolutely - l a really - ending / the story really grips you I we were all gripped by the TV reports heavy you can say that something is heavy if it is very serious or upsetting: it’s a good book, but quite / don’t want to read anything too - on holiday / 1 found the book - going at times (difficult to read) hilarious something that is hilarious is extremely funny.The adverb is hilariously: it was absolutely / some - jokes / he’s - when he’s in the right mood / it was hilariouslyfunny over-the-top if something is over-the-top, it is so extreme that it seems silly. We can shorten the word to OTT (oh-tee-tee): it was completely - / 1 think that’s a bit - / 1find her a bit OTT sometimes turn over in British English, if you turn over when you are watching TV, you change to a different channel. In American English,you say change / switch channels: I started watching it, but then I turned over / can we - to BBC1? / we turned over to watch thefootball uplifting if something is uplifting, it makes you feel happy and full of hope.There is a formal verb, uplift: a really - story I a n - experience 11felt uplifted by his talk Pa g e s 1 0 -1 1 ambiguous if something is ambiguous, its meaning is not clear.The noun is ambiguity, and the adverb is ambiguously: his later paintings are quite - / some of the language is a bit - 11 think she was being deliberately - / there’s a lot of ambiguity in what he said 11 worded it carefully to avoid ambiguity I it was worded ambiguously atmospheric if something is atmospheric, it creates a mood of mystery or excitement. The noun is atmosphere: a really - painting / - music I the decor’s quite - / keep the lights low to create a spooky atmosphere bankruptcy bankruptcy is a situation when someone does not have enough money to pay all their debts. The adjective is bankrupt: he laterfell into - / the couple nowface - 1she was close to -1 the number of bankruptcies has risen / the company went bankrupt lastyear / they have been declared bankrupt / he’s virtually bankrupt conventional if something is conventional, it is done in the usual way, and is not new or different in any way. The adverb is conventionally.The opposite is unconventional: a - portrait I a novel / his ideas are all quite - l a - education I a highly - upbringing / she was brought up quite conventionally / an unconventional approach to art
I -A l
Some adjectives are formed by adding -al to a noun. For example, follow convention / conventional ideas. Have an accident / accidental damage; good behaviour / behavioural problems; help commerce / have a commercial advantage; cause a major controversy / a controversial decision; a rare exception / in exceptional circumstances; round the globe / a global effort; it’s not the norm / normal relations; a big organisation / undergo organisational changes.
corrupted if a person becomes corrupted, a place or person has a bad influence on them and makes them do dishonest or immoral things.The verb is corrupt: he was - by the criminals he was mixing with /young prisoners can become ~ by older inmates / he was ~ by wealth / they say that power corrupts / he was trying to corrupt her despair despair is a feeling that you have no hope. Despair is also a verb: afeeling of total - 1 he killed himselfin ~ / she was in the depths o f- / losing the business drove him to ~ / it was a very difficult time, but we never despaired / 1never despaired of finding him again dominant if a person or thing is dominant, they have more power or influence than others.The noun is dominance: the ~ partner in the relationship / a - personality / the company has a ~ position in the world market / the political and economic dominance of the USA friction if there is friction between people, there is unfriendliness or disagreement between them: there was ~ between the two sisters / the usual frictions between parents and teenagers / money was a source of - between them fulfil if you fulfil your desires, you achieve what you wanted to achieve: his struggle to ~ his desires / at last he had ~led his childhood dream / 1hope one day I will ~ my ambitions heated a heated discussion or argument is one in which people are angry or upset: a ~ discussion between the two sisters / having a - argument / a ~ debate on the punishment of criminals / the discussion was quite ~ at times impression if you get an impression about something, you get a feeling about it, or form an opinion about it: I get the - someone's died / 1got the distinct - (the very strong impression) that we weren't welcome / 1don’t wantyou to get the wrong ~ / it left me with the ~ that she's not very happy / what wasyourfirst ~ of her? intimate something that is intimate is about a person's private life. The noun is intimacy and the adverb is Intimately: an ~ painting / an ~friend
of the artist / did they have an ~ relationship (a sexual relationship)? / the newspaper published ~ details of his private life / things he only talked about in the intimacy of the home / they know each other intimately (they know personal details about each other) lap your lap is the top part of your legs when you are sitting down: the cat on Mr Clarke’s ~ / Can I sit on your ~? I he climbed on to his dad’s loosely if you copy or explain something loosely, you don't do it in a careful or exact way. The adjective is loose: it’s ~ based on afifteenth century work / it can be ~ interpreted as an autobiography / a loose translation / a loose interpretation of the work obstacle an obstacle is a problem or difficulty that stops you from going somewhere or doing something: lack of money is a serious ~ / an ~ to communication / what were the major -syou encountered? / she’s had to overcome a lot of-s along the way / they are calling on the government to remove ~s tofree trade open to interpretation if something is open to interpretation,you can understand it in several different ways. Your own interpretation of something is the way you understand it. The verb is interpret: I think the book’s ~ / what’syour interpretation of the novel? / that’s one possible interpretation / it’s difficult to interpret dreams accurately / how doyou interpret his behaviour? ordeal an ordeal is a very difficult or painful experience: a terrifying ~ / giving evidence in court was a terrible ~ / she had to face the ~ of another operation / they went through a terrible *-/ the children are still recovering from their ~ parallel a parallel between two things is a similarity between them. Parallel lines are next to each other and stay the same distance apart as they continue. Parallel is also an adjective: parallels between the two works / there are some parallels here with his earlier works /you can draw parallels between the two novels / a shape with two parallel lines / the road runs parallel to the river perspective your perspective is the way you see or understand a situation: the story is seenfrom the monster’s - 1 my illness has given me a new ~ on life / try to see thingsfrom a broader ~ / let’s put things into - (understand their context) I ybu need to keep a sense of - (understand that something is perhaps not as serious as it seems) pointedly if you do something pointedly, you do it deliberately to show people that you are angry, upset or worried.The adjective is pointed: he’s looking awayfrom us / she looked at her watch ~ 14 don’t want to go,’he said ~ / he made some pointed remarks about me owing him money
VOCABULARY BUILDER 3
represent to represent something means to be a symbol of it. The noun is representation: the lilies - female purity / the different colours - different feelings / rain is represented by blue patches on the map / a symbolic representation of death resolve if you resolve a problem, you find a solution to it. The noun is resolution: in the end, everything was ~d / the matter hasn't beenfully ~d / they want to - things quickly / let's hope things can be ~d peacefully / everyone is hopingfor a quick resolution of the conflict I we believe we have achieved a satisfactory resolution to the problem been reversed if things have been reversed, they have been changed around so they are opposite to how they were before. Reverse can also be used as an active verb: the positions o f the characters have - / their roles have ~ I to reverse the order o f the songs / they want the court to reverse its decision sombre if something is sombre, it is serious and sad. You can also say that a person is sombre, or in a sombre mood.The American spelling is somber. The adverb is sombrely: rather a painting / the - mood o f his early work / he seemed a bit - / she was in a - mood / there was a - silence / the funeral was a - occasion / he nodded sombrely strike the way something strikes you is the feeling you get about it, or the opinion you form about it. Strike is often used in the passive: it strikesyou as a conventional portrait / doesn't his behaviour - you as odd? I thefirst thing that struck me was howfew people were there / 1was struck by how cheerful she seemed (I noticed it) symbolic if something is symbolic, it uses pictures or shapes to represent ideas or feelings. A symbol is something that represents an idea or feeling. Symbolise is the verb. Symbolism is the use of symbols: it's fu ll o f - meaning / the flowers are - o f life (they represent it) / a highly ~ act (with an important meaning) / the dove is traditionally the symbol o f peace / a dove is often used to symbolise peace / the event symbolises the country's struggle for democracy / trying to analyse the symbolism in the painting tension tension is a feeling of excitement or fear, or a feeling of distrust between people. The adjective is tense: a lot o f - in the piece I the builds throughout thefilm / there is mounting between the two communities / growing ~ along the border between the two countries / the atmosphere in the city is still tense / a tense day waitingfor the results textile textiles are fabrics made from cotton, wool, etc.: a - designer / a - mill (afactory that makes textiles) the - industry
4 OUTCOMES
Pa c e s 1 2 -1 3 ______________________________ accused if you are accused of a crime, the police say officially that they think you did it.The accused is the person who is accused of a crime. The verb is accuse: he was - of a crime / both men are - of murder I he was wrongly - of the theft / he stands - (is accused) of kidnapping / the police want more time to question the accused / he accused me of lying / the police have accused him of hiding evidence breakthrough a breakthrough is an important discovery: the police made an initial - / scientists have made a major - in cancer treatment / a significant ~ infuel ° technology / an important scientific disguise if you wear a disguise,you wear different clothes and change the way you look so that people won't recognise you. Disguise is also a verb: he wears a - 1 she put on a different ~ / he travelled in - (wearing a disguise) / no one saw through his / she disguised herself as a police officer element the elements of something are the parts that form it: all the stories contain the same elements / one o f the key elements (most important parts) of the government's policy / her looks are a vital - of her success fatal if something is fatal, it causes someone to die. A fatal mistake is one that causes something to fail completely.The adverb is fatally: the monster's ~ flaw / a - accident la - illness l a - dose of the drug I his injuries proved - (werefataI) / going back to the scene of the crime was his - error I a~ mistake / two people werefatally wounded I fatally injured feature to feature something means to include it. A feature is something that is included: the plot ~s the same character types / thefilm ~s several top actors / the new model ~s an improved engine design / what are the ~s of a classic crime movie? / a car with a lot of special ~s get away with if you get away with a crime,you are not caught and punished for it: it's difficult t o - a crime I t o - murder / he'll never - it! initial an initial idea or action is one at the beginning of a situation, which later changes. The adverb is initially: the police made an - breakthrough / the stages of the illness / his - reaction was positive / initially, I didn't enjoy thejob / the company was quite successful initially resist if you resist something, you stop yourself from doing something even though you want to. To resist something also means to stop it from happening: he has to - the temptation tojoin theforces of darkness / 1can never - chocolate 11 couldn't - having a look inside / it’s difficult to an offer like that / the bank has -ed increasing its charges / some people try to - change
EXERCISES P repo sitio n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 There are parallels....the two paintings. 2 Does it strike you.... odd? 3 There's a lot of tension....the two communities. 4 This is one of the key elements...... the agreement. 5 It's important to keep a sense... perspective about things. 6 She is accused....stealing. 7 This is an important breakthrough...... treatments for AIDS. 8 They can be corrupted....other prisoners. В Choose the correct preposition.
1 He's been banned/ram /o f driving. 2 The flowers are symbolicfor / of death. 3 She was sitting on /over her father's lap. 4 I could sense the friction with / between them. 5 My cat loves sitting on / by my lap. 6 He disguised himself os / in a medical student. 7 Try to see things in /from my perspective. 8 There is one major obstacle to / with progress. W o r d fam ilies A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold.
I a n uplifting experience feel....................by a speech 2 a mysterious .................... music atmosphere 3 a loose translation it's....................based on an earlier novel 4 they represent love a symbolic .................... of love 5 to resolve the matter find a satisfactory
В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb.
1 feature.... 2 disturb.... 3 accuse.... 4 ordeal.... 5 disguise.... 6 despair....
C o l l o c a t io n s A Match the adjectives to the nouns. Look up the adjectives if you need help.
1 2 3 4 5 6
a very heated his fatal an intimate a dominant her initial a major
a) personality b) reaction c) discussion d) breakthrough e)flaw f) relationship
В Complete the missing adjectives from the unit.
1 a really g _ _ p ___ g novel 2 I found the film deeply d _ _ t __ b __ g 3 a h ___ r ____s joke 4 it was a s _ _ b _ e occasion 5 he made some p ___ t_ d remarks 6 a highly с __v __ t _____ I approach to art 7 the second film was deadly d __ I! С Complete the sentences with the correct nouns. Look up the nouns if you need help.
bankruptcy impression (x2) obstacles ordeal despair interpretation temptation 1 They have been through a terrible........ 2 After her death, he was in the depths of 3 4 5 6
His family now faces..................... She's had to overcome a lot of........ ........... I don't want you to get the wrong............... I tried to resist the....................to read the message. 7 I got the distinct......... we weren't welcome. 8 Her intentions are open to ....................
P h r a s a l verbs A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 2 3 4
It comes off / out on DVD next week. We turned over / across to watch the football. You'll never get awayfor / with this! The bad weather set us back / down by two weeks. 5 We were brought on / up to respect our elders. 6 The business failed and he fell into / over bankruptcy.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 5
2 SIGHTSEEING Pa g e s 1 4 -1 5 affluent an affluent place is one where rich people live. You can also describe a person as affluent. The noun is affluence: an - part of the city I an society I - businessmen / an area that is knownfor its affluence date back if something dates back to a time in the past, that is the time it started or was built: the buildings - to the tenth century / the church dates back 500years / it dates back a long way I these problems ~ to the 1960s deprived a place that is deprived is one where very poor people live. You can also say that a person is deprived. The noun is deprivation: one of the most - areas in the country l a - inner city school I children I the city has high levels of deprivation dominate if something dominates, it is bigger or more important than other things. This verb is often used in the passive. The adjective is dominant: the church -s the town square / the town is ~d by a huge power station / the economy ~d the election campaign I the company has a dominant position in the market erect to erect something means to build it: high-rise blocks were ~ed after the Second World War / they have -ed a securityfence / trying t o - a tent glimpse if you get a glimpse of something, you see it for a very short time. Glimpse is also a verb: I caught a - of the church / we got a - of the sea / people queued upfor a - of the star / 1~d a man walking past the house grand if something is grand, it is big and impressive. The noun is grandeur: the houses looked very - / a ~ public building / he’s got - plans / the 18thcentury grandeur of the palace hideous something that is hideous is extremely ugly or horrible. The adverb is hideously: a - modern 6 OUTCOMES
building / she looks - in that dress / hisface was hideously deformed / they’re hideously expensive (extremely expensive) high-rise a high-rise building is very tall, with a lot of different levels: - blocks of flats I - office buildings knock down to knock a building down means to destroy it. A more formal word is demolish: the old school is going to be knocked down / they’re knocking down some of the old high-rise blocks / I think it’s time they knocked it down landmark a landmark is a famous building or monument that a lot of people recognise. A landmark is also an event that stands out as being very important: one of the city’s mostfamous -s / the Statue of Liberty and other well-known -s / the revolution was a - in French history / this is a decision by the court renovate to renovate something old means to repair it and make it look new again. Renovated is the adjective.The noun is renovation: plans to the old theatre / the church has been completely ~d / the newly -d town hall / the building has undergone extensive renovation I a major renovation project run-down a building that is run-down is not in good condition because it is old and hasn't been looked after well. You can also say that an area is run-down: some - buildings / the schoql is rather - I a - inner city area / some parts of the city are very soar if prices soar, they increase quickly by a large amount.The adjective is soaring: prices are -ing in the area / unemployment has -ed to 15% I profits have ~ed dramatically / inflation looks set to - in the coming months / a period of-ing house prices
In c r e a s e s
a n d d ecrea ses
There are lot of Words used to describe increases and decreases. For example, prices soared (increased a lot) or prices plunged (decreased a lot). Increase: soar, shoot up, rocket, climb, surge,jump, rise, creep up (slowly). Decrease: plunge,plummet, crash, drop,fall, slide.
steer clear if you steer clear of something, you avoid it: I'd - of that area after dark / he tried to - of the reporters / 1try to - of processedfood (not eat it) stunning something that is stunning is very beautiful. You can also describe a very attractive person as stunning.The adverb is stunningly: a - building l a - painting l a - dress l a - view from the hotel window / she’s absolutely - l a -ly beautiful woman
tomb a tomb is a place where a dead person is buried, especially when this is covered by a stone structure: the - of the last emperor I the queen’s / there arefive people buried in the up-and-coming something that is up-and-coming is likely to become more popular or successful soon: an - area of the city I a n - politician I an young singer Pages 1 6 -1 7
fast when you fast,you do not eat anything for a period of time, often for religious reasons. Fasting is the act of not eating, and a fast is a period of time when you don't eat: during this time people -ed / Muslims - during Ramadan I a period of-ing I after two weeks he broke his - (ate again) foam foam is a mass of small white bubbles. The adjective is foamy: shaving - l a layer o f- on top of the coffee I the waves broke in a mass of white I -y water (covered infoam) join in if you join in with something,you take part in it, along with other people: wejoined in thefun / Come and - I / everyonejoined in the celebrations leading up to the period leading up to something is the period just before it. The verb is lead up to: the period - Lent / the events - the murder I in the weeks that led up to the attack / during the months that led up to his death ornate something that is ornate has a lot of complicated decoration.The adverb is ornately: a very - costume I an - building I a very - gate / -ly decorated pastry pastry is a type of food you make by mixing flour, butter and water together. You roll the mixture flat, then fill it with fruit, meat, etc.: a full of cream or custard I fish wrapped i n - 1 a meat pie made with puff- (very light pastry) 11 don’t know how to make plague the plague was a very serious disease in the past, that spread quickly to a lot of people. A plague of a modern disease is a serious outbreak that affects a lot of people. A plague of things is also a large number of bad things that happen at the same time: dressed in a - doctor costume I thousands died in the Great Plague l a - of cholera I the town is sufferingfrom a - of rats I a - o f violence in the city shoot up if prices shoot up, they increase quickly by a large amount.The past tense and past participle is shot up: prices really - during the carnival / interest rates have shot up in recent months / inflation shot up to 6% lastyear shower with if someone is showered with something, other people throw it over them. You can also say that you shower someone with gifts, if you give them a lot of gifts: the couple are showered with confetti I they showered her with presents
spectacular if something is spectacular, it is extremely impressive to look at or watch: a - show / the dancing was absolutely - l a - view of the mountains / ~ scenery spray if you spray water or something else into the air,you throw it into the air so that it falls over a wide area: ~ confetti everywhere / afountain -ing water into the air I they - water on to the crops I -ing chemicals to kill the insects / they -ed us with water stick to if you stick to something, you continue to do it or use it, rather than changing to something different.The past tense and past participle is stuck to: the locals - traditional costumes / let's the original plan / 1alwaysfind it hard t o - a diet / he stuck to his principles upload if you upload photos or documents, you put them on to the Internet: I've -ed loads of photos on to my website I I'll - afew more pictures / students can - their old essays on to the site Pages 1 8 -1 9
armour armour is a metal suit of clothes that soldiers wore in the past to protect themselves: they wear - and try to knock each other off their horses / a suit o f- / a knight in - I he was her knight in shining - (a man who came to her rescue) burst a burst of something is a sudden large amount of it: they're subjected to -s of heat I a short - of activity / a sudden - of enthusiasm dread if you are dreading something, you are not looking forward to it at all: I'm -ing my exams / I'm absolutely -ing my interview tomorrow I I’ve started to - meeting him drought a drought is a long period of time without any rain, when the ground becomes very dry: there’s a terrible - 1 the worst - the country has ever seen / a severe - / the - is affecting the whole country float if something floats, it sits on the top of water and doesn't sink. You can also say that something floats in air: they’rejust -ing along I some leaves -ing on the water / she was -ing on her back in the pool / the balloons -ed across the sky forthcoming a forthcoming event is due to happen soon: discussing their - trip / the - general election / their - wedding hang if something hangs, it is fixed to something at the top, but the bottom part can move freely.The past tense and past participle is hung: they hung from the tower before dropping again / there were flags -ing from the windows I their coats hung on hooks behind the door launch if you launch something such as a campaign or an investigation, you start it. Launch is also a noun: we’re -ing a campaign to stop the park / they’re -ing a major new campaign against VOCABULARY BUILDER 7
racism / the police have - ed an investigation / that song ~ed her career as a singer / the newspaper ~ed an attack on the prime minister (criticised him/her) / after the launch of the new safety campaign plunge if something plunges, it falls a long way down from a high position: they ~d 20 metres down into total darkness / the car ~d off a cliff / they ran to the pool and ~d (dived) into the water promote if you promote something,you support or encourage it: which speaker is ~ing something? / a new campaign to - recycling / an effort to ~ trade between the two countries pulse your pulse is the regular movement of blood around your body, which you can feel in your wrist or neck: it’ll really setyour ~ racing / the nurse took my - (felt it) / 1could stillfeel afaint ~ in her neck / the average ~ rate is about 70 beats per minute / my щstarted to race race if something races, it goes very fast: it’ll setyour pulse racing / my heart was racing / the engine was racing / different thoughts were racing through my head / my heart began to relate if you relate something, you tell it to someone: which speaker is relating an experience? / he ~d the story to us /try t o - thefacts accurately restriction a restriction is a rule which limits or controls something.The verb is restrict: there are no height ~s on the boats / speed ~s on the roads / there are strict ~s on the sale of alcohol / the government is planning to impose tough new -s on immigration / the -s have now been lifted (ended) / a new law to restrict the sale of guns slide a slide is a tall piece of equipment that you sit or lie on and move down. Slide is also a verb, with the past tense and past participle slid: a park with ten ~s andfour pools / children were playing on the / Mum, can I go on the ~? /you climb to the top and then - down / we slid across the ice spin around if something spins around, it moves round and round in circles: all that ~ning around made me dizzy / the helicopter blades started to - / my head was ~ning (I couldn’t think clearly) splashed if you get splashed, water comes on to your body. The verb is splash: Look-you got ~ there / 1 got - when the bus went past / the children were splashing each other in the pool spoil things if you spoil things, you make an event not enjoyable. Spoil is also a verb: stop moaning you’ll ~ / 1hope the rain doesn’t ~ / don’t spoil the fun / he spoiled the party by getting drunk
8 OUTCOMES
steeply if something falls steeply, it drops down quickly by a large amount. You can also say that something rises steeply.The adjective is steep: it falls really ~ / the roadfalls ~ down into the village / wages havefallen - (decreased by a large amount) / the plane rose ~ / prices have risen - (increased by a large amount) / a steepfall in inflation strain if there is a strain on something, there is a problem because there is too much demand for it. Strain is also a verb: water parks put a - o n water resources / the holiday put a real ~ on ourfinances / aflu epidemic would place a considerable ~ on the health service / the whole education system is under considerable ~ / the extra costs are likely to strain ourfinances / the incident has strained relations between the two countries strapped if someone or something is strapped into place, they are held there securely.The verb is strap, and strap is also a noun: the riders are ~ into seats / they had weapons ~ to their belts / is everyone ~ in? (wearing their seat belt) / we +• everything in place / a watch with a leather strap subjected to if you are subjected to something, someone does it to you. The verb is subject someone to: they’re ~ bursts of heat / she was ~ six hours of questioning / her husband subjected her to years of abuse sustainable if something is sustainable, it can continue for a long time without causing problems, or without harming the environment. The noun is sustainability: we want local government to investigate ~ alternatives / the country needs - economic growth / ~ agriculture / the - use of natural resources / is thisform of development environmentally ~? / he doubts the sustainability of the scheme tame if something is tame, it is not very exciting: it looked quite - / 1found some of the rides a bit ~ / it’s too - for most kids trial a trial is a test in which people try a new product to see how good it is.Trial is also a verb: I’ve taken part in the ~s / the drug is undergoing clinical ~s (it is being tested on people) / the company is carrying out ~s on the new car / the new system is being ~led in a hospital in London upside down if something is upside down, the top is facing downwards and the bottom is facing upwards: you go - and everything / the bus landed - on the other side of the road / turn thejar - and give it a shake
EXERCISES Prepositions Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 This tomb dates back....the 4th century. 2 Relations....me and John are a bit strained. 3 I've uploaded the photos....the website. 4 Hang your coat....the hook behind the door. 5 Egypt is known....its pyramids. 6 I spoiled the holiday....forgetting the tickets. 7 The car plunged....the cliff into the water. 8 We arrived at the resort and dived....the pool. W ord families A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 economic deprivation 2 closed for renovations 3 building restrictions 4 strapped into the seat 5 the system is straining 6 prices have fallen steeply 7 shaving foam 8 an affluent neighbourhood
a .................... childhood. it needs to be ..................... Access is..... .............. to club members. I can't fasten the .................... an old ankle ............. . a .................... learning curve cappuccino a.............. an area of fast-growing .....................
Collocations A Match the adjectives to the nouns. Look up the adjectives if you need help.
1 a dominant 2 a famous 3 a run-down 4 high-rise 5 natural 6 an up-and-coming 7 economic 8 an inner
a; young singer b) blocks c) landmark d) position e) area f) resources g) city school i) growth
В Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs from the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
break catch
spoil stick
set launch
undergo
1 The statue is................... renovation. 2 We.............. .....our fast yesterday.
3 The mayor is................... a second election campaign. 4 The rain came down and................... the fun. 5 Good leaders.............. .....to their principles. a glimpse of the Pope in Rome. 6 I .......... . 7 An African safari will....................your pulse racing. С Complete the sentences with the correct nouns. Look up the nouns if you need help.
resources months
flats knight
head food
activity trials
1 I live in a block of....................... 2 More tourists will visit in the coming................... 3 I try to avoid processed.................... 4 There was a burst of.................. . on the stock market today. 5 It's important to control our water.................... 6 The new drugs are undergoing clinical 7 Strange thoughts were racing through my 8 A helpful policeman was my................... in shining armour. Phrasal verbs_________________________ A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 We had to queue around / up for the show. 2 The university is carrying down / out some research. 3 A child ran into the street and knocked me down / off my bicycle. 4 The price of air tickets has shot up / away recently. 5 I knocked my glass down / away by mistake. 6 I was very excited in the months leading up / over to our trip. 7 Forget about your work and join up / in the party! Patterns _______________________________ A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list.
make spray
avoid dance
fast soar
1 Try......... .........situations that makeyou unhappy. 2 means not eating. 3 I'm planning...................spaghetti for dinner. 4 The weather report predicts.... ........... ....... temperatures tomorrow. 5 Would you like ......... ..........? 6 I'm against farmers..................... chemicals on fruit and vegetables. VOCABULARY BUILDER 9
3 THINGS YOU NEED Pa g e s 2 0 -2 1 bleed if a part of your body bleeds, blood comes out of it: my leg was - ing / she was -ing quite badly / he could - to death clip a clip is a small piece of metal or plastic that holds something in position. Clip is also a verb: haveyou got a - t o keep these papers together? / a paper - la bulldog - (a large clipfor holding a lot of papers together) I - the papers together drill a drill is a tool that you use for making holes in wood, metal etc. Drill is also a verb: an electric - 1 a hand - (not electric) I its easier if you use a - 1 - a hole in the wall file a file is a folded piece of card that you keep papers in. Some files have clips for keeping the papers securely in place. File is also a verb: clip the papers into the - / I've got the original letter in my-1 a box - (in the shape of a small box) / a lever-arch (a largefile for holding a lot of papers) I he -d the documents away hook a hook is a curved piece of wood or metal that you hang a coat or other piece of clothing on: he hung his coat on the - behind the door / a coat knock over if you knock something over, you bump it accidentally and it falls:you knocked over a vase / mindyou don't knock that drink over / some of the plant pots had got knocked over loose if something is loose, it is not fixed securely. The verb is loosen: a screw on your glasses has come - I the door handle was - I the tap had worked (gradually become loose) /you'll need to -n that screwfirst needle a needle is a thin pointed piece of metal that you put a thread through and use for sewing things: a - and thread / a sewing - l a knitting - 1 I couldn't see well enough to thread a - (put thread through it) 10 OUTCOMES
pad a pad is a piece of thick material that you use to protect something.The adjective is padded: knee -s / elbow -s I you can't playfootball without shin - s i a - of cotton wool I a -ded head protector peg a peg is a piece of wood or plastic that you use for attaching wet clothes to a line to dry. Peg is also a verb: a clothes - 1she was -ging washing to the line pin a pin is a piece of sharp metal that you use for holding things together. Pin is also a verb: a drawing - (forfixing pieces of paper to a wall) / a safety - (for holding a bandage in place) / we stuck a - in the map to decide where to go / she -ned the notice to the wall rub if you rub something, you press it and move something across its surface: ~ some salt into the meat / she sat up and -bed her eyes / he was -bing his hair with a towel I my shoes were -bing (they were pressing against myfeet in a painful way) screw a screw is a small pointed piece of metal that you push and turn round to fix pieces of wood together. Screw is also a verb: some of the -s were loose I you need to tighten that - a bit more I the shelves are -ed to the wall smash if something smashes, it breaks into a lot of very small pieces: the bottle -ed I I'm sorry, I've -ed a glass / they threatened to - his windows sore if a part of your body is sore, it is hurting: myfeet are - / it's really - 1 I've got a - leg sticky if something is sticky, it stays on other surfaces easily, rather than falling off.The verb is stick, and the past tense and past participle are stuck: it's blue and - 1 there's some - stuff on thefloor I his fingers were - withjam / stick the posters on the wall with tape spring a spring is a piece of metal curved round and round, which will go back to its original shape: a bed with broken -s / the -s have gone (broken) in that chair stain a stain is a mark that is difficult to remove. Stain is also a verb, and the adjective is stained: a coffee - on his shirt / blood -s I grass -s I some -s are difficult to remove I wash that out quickly or it'll - I his clothes were -ed with blood vase a vase is a container for putting flowers in: a flower - l a beautiful china - / she arranged the flowers in a -1 a - of fresh roses wire a wire is a piece of metal thread: doyou sell -? / electrical - 1copper - 1 there were -s (electrical wires) all over thefloor Pa g e s 2 2 -2 3 acquire to acquire something means to get it, for example by buying it.The noun is acquisition: He -d a number of valuable paintings I she -d the property lastyear 11 -d the necessary ingredients
from the local supermarket / the way in which children - language / t o - knowledge / the acquisition of language / my recent acquisition (something I got recently) bin a bin is a container for putting rubbish in. To bin something means to put it in a bin: recovering thingsfrom -s / a rubbish - / a litter - / a wastepaper - / she threw the wrapper into the - / don't chuck it in the - / 1don’t want it, soyou might as well - it cautious if someone is cautious, they are careful to avoid danger or problems.The adverb is cautiously. The noun is caution: he’s very - / a - driver / she’s about investing such a large sum / the police decided to adopt a - approach / she held out her hand -!y / the animals should be approached with caution commander a commander is an officer in charge of a group of people, for example in the army. The verb is command: a tank - in the British army / an air force - / a police - / the group was commanded by Captain Wells evict to evict someone means to force them to leave their home, usually because they have not paid their rent. The noun is eviction: the council came to - the old man / she was -edfrom herflat / hundreds of families nowface eviction get rid of to get rid of something means to throw it away, sell it or destroy it because you don't need it: old comics which I don’t read but can’t - / 1think we should - that old sofa / using chemicals to weeds guarantee a guarantee is a formal promise to repair or replace a product that breaks or does not work properly. Guarantee is also a verb: it’s a good idea to keep the - / a three-year - / all our products come with a one-year - / it’s still under - (the guarantee still applies to it) / all our cars arefully -dfor 12 months / the wood is all -d against rot (guaranteed that it won’t rot) hazard a hazard is something that might be dangerous. The adjective is hazardous: it had become a health - / afire - (something that could cause afire) / an occupational - (one thatyouface as part of ajob) / the chemicals pose a - t o human health/firefighters face a lot of-s / -ous chemicals / a -ousjob impulse an impulse is a sudden strong feeling that you want to do something: an - purchase (something you bought as an impulse) / 1bought it on - (as an impulse) / have a sudden - to laugh / myfirst - was to hit him / 1resisted the - to walk out infestation an infestation of rats, insects, etc. is a large number of them in a place. The verb is infest: the neighbours complained about rat -s / a n - o f cockroaches / the house was infested with rats mere a word you use to emphasize how unimportant something is: things that others had seen as rubbish / they sold a - 2 0 tickets / it’s - speculation / it’s a - coincidence
navy a navy is an armed force that fights at sea. The adjective is naval: a - commander / hejoined the - when he was 16 / he spent 25years in the / she served in the American - / a - helicopter / a naval battle / a naval officer leaflet a leaflet is a printed sheet of paper that gives you information about something. To leaflet a large number of people means to give them leaflets: a - about a local gym / a - advertising a new restaurant / an information - / delivering -s / they’ve -ed everyone in the town odd odd things are different kinds of things that don't belong together and don’t have a particular purpose. You can also describe these things as odds and ends: various - screws, nails and pins / a few - pieces of paper / there werejust afew odds and ends in the drawer obsession if you have an obsession with something, you think about it or do it ail the time and cannot change your behaviour. You can also say that you are obsessed with something.The adjective is obsessive: Perhaps it was the trauma that caused his - / she seemed to have an - with cleaning / revisingfor exams can become a n - / behaviour that was bordering o n - / she’s obsessed with losing weight / an obsessive desire to keepfit optimistic if you are optimistic, you believe that good things will happen in the future. The noun is optimism. A person who is optimistic is an optimist: I’m very - / areyou - about thefuture? / I’m - that scientists will come up with an answer / 1don’t share her optimism / a mood of cautious optimism in the country / he’s a real optimist pessimistic If you are pessimistic, you believe that bad things will happen in the future.The noun is pessimism. A person who is pessimistic is a pessimist: he’s - / I’m - about my chances of passing / a - outlook on life / a mood of general pessimism / I’m a bit of a pessimist pile a pile is an arrangement of things on top of each other. You can also say that things are piled: he sorted the rubbish into - s / a - of books / she arranged the letters in neat -s / there were some old clothes -d in the corner practically practically means almost: he managed to acquire - every record by Elvis Presley / they go out - every night / it’s - impossible / we’ve -finished preceding something that is preceding another thing comes before it.The verb is precede: a number of coins - the introduction of the Euro / in the weeks - the attack / the meal was preceded by afew short speeches purchase a purchase is something that you have bought; when you make a purchase,you buy something. Purchase is also a verb: an impulse - / I went home with my -s / they put pressure on us to make a - / the receipt shows the date o f- / it’s cheaper to - goods online VOCABULARY BUILDER 11
recover to recover something means to get it back after it was taken away, thrown away or almost destroyed: he would - thingsfrom bins / police have - ed the stolenjewellery /families trying to their possessionsfrom the debris of their homes settle if you settle somewhere, you go to live there permanently: he -d in Britain after the war / they -d just north of London trauma a trauma is a very horrible and upsetting experience that affects you for a long time. Someone who is traumatised is upset for a long time as a result of a trauma: the - of what he lost when he left Poland / the - of her mother's death / leaving their home was a major ~ / a lot of the children have suffered -s / the accident left him deeply -tised veteran a veteran is someone who fought in a war: a Polish war - / a - of the Second World War / a Vietnam - l a - of several election campaigns (someone who has taken part in them) wax wax is a solid substance that is used to make candles. Hair wax is a soft substance that you put on your hair to hold it in shape: some old candle on the table / ajar of hair well-intentioned if someone is well-intentioned, they plan to do something good or helpful, but don't manage to do it. You can also say that someone has good intentions: he's very - / it's hard to be cross with her because she's so-/1 have good intentions, but never seem tofind the time to do things Pa g e s 2 4 -2 5 crack a crack is a line you can see on something made of china or glass that shows it is damaged. Something that has a crack on it is cracked. Crack is also a verb: she held up a -ed vase / thejug was badly -ed / an old mug with a - in it / some veryfine (thin) - in the wall / a hairline - (very thin) / the dish cracked when I took it out of the oven fall apart if something falls apart, it breaks because it is old or not well made: my shoes werefalling apart / an old book that wasfalling apart / their relationshipfell apart (failed) freeze when something freezes, it becomes hard because it is so cold.The past tense is froze and the past participle is frozen. You can say that it's freezing when the weather or temperature is very cold: it'sfreezing in here / it'sfreezing outside / the water in the lake had started to - / afrozen river / frozen vegetables funny you can say that something is funny if it seems strange. You can also say funnily enough about something that seems strange: it makes a - noise when I change gears / what's that - smell? / it's that he hasn't phoned /funnily enough, she had met my brother the week before 12 OUTCOMES
leak if something leaks, water comes out of it. Leak is also a noun: wrap some tape around the pipe so it doesn't - / the roof's -ing again / water was -ing into the shed / there's a - in the kettle missing if something is missing, it is not in a place when it should be there. You can also say that a person is missing if you cannot find them: some stuffis broken and - / my keys have gone - / there's a button -from my shirt / police are still lookingfor the - child obliged if you are obliged to do something, you have to do it. The noun is obligation: we're not - to accept returns of this kind / 1felt - to payfor the meal / we have an obligation to help the children / customers are under no obligation to buy anything resigned if you are resigned to something, you accept it because you know that you cannot change it.The noun is resignation: she seems - to the situation / he was - to thefact that he would probably lose his job / she greeted the news with resignation -A t io n
Some nouns are formed by adding -ation to a verb. For example: resign from his job / offer his resignation. Combine several ideas / a combination of tastes; confront his accusers / avoid confrontation; consider all the option / give it careful consideration; declare an interest / a declaration of intent; expect a lot / be beyond expectations; found a charity / the anniversary of the foundation of the republic; occupy a country / be under foreign occupation; sense a change / have a strange sensation. ripped if something made of cloth is ripped, it has a long hole in it. Rip is a verb, and also a noun: lookit’s - / wearing - jeans / his clothes were - to shreds (badly ripped) / I've - myjeans / she - the letter open / there's a rip in the sheet sarcastic if you are sarcastic, you say the opposite of what you mean, in order to be funny.The noun is sarcasm. The adverb is sarcastically: I think he's being - / he said something - / he made a comment / there was a touch of sarcasm in his voice / 'Brilliant, 'she said sarcastically. sample a sample is a product in a shop that people can look at and try before they buy something: it wasn't the same as the - I'd seen in the shop / some —s of new perfumes scratched if something is scratched, there is a small cut or mark on the surface. Scratch is a verb and also a noun: the CD's - / how did the table get -? / mindyou don’t scratch the car / there was a scratch on the windscreen
В Match the nouns to the verbs. Look up the nouns (a-e) if you need help.
EXERCISES P repositions A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 I need to fix that hole....the wall. 2 The secretary filed the documents.... 3 Her clothes were all....the floor. 4 I don't like cats rubbing...... me. 5 Use tape to remove hair your dress. 6 Handle that drill....great caution. 7 We need something to wrap....that leak. 8 I heard the sarcasm....her voice. 9 What was the date....purchase? W ord families A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 a sarcastic tone 2 acquire a property 3 resigned to the situation 4 a fire hazard 5 obliged to check 6 the trauma of his death
said with.................... anew ....... a feeling o f.................... a ................... . line of work an important.................... .................... by the experience
В Which TWO words in the list below are NOT both a noun and a verb?
peg screw scratch navy purchase drill
clip settle leak crack
Collocations A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the lists. Look up the verbs if you need help.
lose make 1 ? 3 4 S 6 7
go rip
... to shreds ... missing ... your job .. ... a purchase ... gear ... in place ... obliged
change keep
feel
1 to approach with 2 to have an 3 to acquire 4 to face 5 to make a
a) eviction b) purchase c) caution d) obsession e) knowledge
С Complete the sentences with the correct adjective from the list.
lever-arch necessary occupational
hairline waste-paper
safety electrical
1 I keep all my class notes in a ................... file. 2 Be careful! There are................... wires all over the floor. 3 I fixed the torn curtain with a ............. . pin. 4 The cleaner empties the.... .............. bins at 6 pm. 5 I don't have the............... . ingredients for minestrone soup. 6 This vase is beautiful but it has a ................... crack in it. 7 Mixing chemicals is an................... hazard for pharmacists. Phrasal verbs________________________ A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 I haven't got my tools back / away yet. 2 How do you come up in/ with these ideas? 3 We're going to get rid by / of our old furniture. 4 He never takes part in / of social activities. 5 Their marriage is falling down / apart. 6 The traffic police have taken off I away her driver's licence. Patterns A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list.
invest attach
freeze do
help tighten
1 The police are obliged... ................ the public. 2 We use pegs for........... ......washing to the line. 3 I'm starting................. .... 1need my coat. 4 What do you plan....... .......... for Xmas? 5 1need............. ......the screws in my glasses. 6 I'm thinking about...... ............in the stock market.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 13
4 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ISSUES Pa g e s 2 6 -2 7 bankrupt if a company is bankrupt it does not have enough money to pay all its debts and so cannot continue to exist. Bankrupt is also a verb: a lot of companies have gone - recently / the company was declared - lastyear I the business is almost - / the losses nearly bankrupted the business booming if the economy is booming, it is growing quickly and is very successful. A boom is a period when the economy is very successful: the economy’s - / business is - at the moment / the country is experiencing an economic boomI a boom in house prices / the post-war boom / the boomyears boost to boost something means to improve it or increase it. Boost is also a noun: Their policies have - ed our standing in the world I this could help to profits / an attempt to - tourism in the area / this win has - ed the team’s confidence / this should provide a boostfor the economy / a boostfor her confidence cut back on to cut back on something means to reduce it.The noun is cutback: they’ve done a lot to - bureaucracy / the bank is cutting back on staff I a cutback infundingfor schools / the company may have to make cutbacks combat to combat a problem means to do things to try and stop it. Combat is fighting in a war: they’ve done little to - rising crime / new measures to inflation / a determination to - terrorism / he was killed in combat / troops engaged in hand-to-hand combat controversial if something is controversial, people disagree about it.The noun is controversy: the government has done afew - things I a highly policy l a - politician / the proposals have caused a lot of controversy / some recent controversies in the media 14 OUTCOMES
desperate if someone is desperate, they are in a very difficult situation and want or need something very badly.The adverb is desperately.The noun is desperation: the hungrier people are, the more - they are / companies are - for staff I we were getting - / he’s - to get ajob / they’re in - need of help I the people desperately needfood I people are headingfor the cities in desperation difference if something makes a difference, it changes a situation to make it better: the government’s made a huge - since they came to power I it’s made a big - to my life / an opportunity to make a real - in the world / what - will it make? /just half an hour of exercise a day could make all the - / it makes no - to me fees fees are an amount of money that you have to pay for something: they’ve put up tuition - / school - / the entrance - are quite high / she couldn’t pay her medical make ends meet if you make ends meet,you just manage to buy everything that you need to live, even though you have very little money: people are struggling to - 1 we earn barely enough to -1 some months it’s difficult to non-existent if something is non-existent, it doesn't exist at all: crime is almost - here I the traffic was virtually - / security seemed to be -
No n -
non- is often added to words to show a person or thing does not have that quality or characteristic. For example: Crime is non-existent there. use a non-stick pan; read a lot of non-fiction; work for a non-governmental organisation (NCO); it's a non-profit-making company; the offer is nonnegotiable; it's a non-issue; take a non-stop flight; lead a non-violent protest; a non-slip surface.
pace the pace of something is how fast it moves or seems to move: the - of life is sofast here / the - of change is speeding up / the project is now gathering - (speeding up) / walking at a brisk permit a permit is an official document that gives you permission to do something: tofill informs to get a work - / applyfor a residency - 1you need a travel ~ I my - has expired (is out of date) recession if there is a recession, there is less business activity in a country, so people make less money and some people lose their jobs: there’s a - a t the moment I an economic - / this could turn into a deep - 1 the country is in - / the economy could sink into - / get the country out o f- again
soft you can say that someone is soft if they are not strict enough: they're - on drugs I he's too - with his kids / community service is seen as a - option shortage if there is a shortage of something, there is not enough of it: there are a lot of water ~s / a desperate - of medical supplies / a serious - of teachers / the drought led to a - of food / many companies arefacing staff-s shoot up if something shoots up, it increases very quickly.The past tense and past participle is shot up: inflation has shot up over the lastyear / prices have continued t o - up / unemployment has really shot up / the price of petrol has shot up to over £1.50 a litre stable if something is stable, it is not likely to change suddenly.The noun is stability: it’s made society less - l a - economic situation l a - environment for bringing up children / the ladderfelt quite (not likely tofall) / a period of economic stability standing your standing is your reputation, based on what other people think of you: the policies have boosted the government's - / winning the contract helped to improve her - with her colleagues / the scandal will damage his - in the party tuition tuition is the work of teaching something: they've put up -fees I he paysfor private - / maths - 1 he gave us some extra undermine to undermine something means to weaken it or make it less effective: their policies are undermining national unity / a scandal that threatens to - the government's authority / criticising her will - her confidence I his position in the government has been seriously -d Pa c e s 2 8 -2 9 ____________________________ abuse abuse is a bad or wrong use of something, or cruel treatment of a person. Abuse is also a verb: the problem of drug and alcohol - 1 the- of power / a horrific case of child - 1 he suffered racial (cruel treatment because of his race) I a lot of these kids abuse alcohol I she was abused by herfather as a child assault to assault someone means to attack them violently. Assault is also a noun: we saw someone being -ed / he was accused of-ing a student / she was savagely -ed / charged with sexual assault (attacking someone in a sexual way) backing backing is support that you give to something. The verb is back: the scheme has European - 1 he has the unanimous - of his party I they have won -from a major company / the project has received nofinancial - / the government has refused to back the scheme breakdown if there is a breakdown, something stops working properly.The verb is break down: the problem of family - 1 a - in communication / we had a - o n the motorway (the car stopped working)
/ the car's broken down I his marriage broke down lastyear capture to capture something on film means to film it: The attack was -d on CCTV / It was all -d onfilm / a passer-by -d the moment on his mobile case a legal case is a matter that is decided by a court: she won her - against her employers / he lost his - in court / the - will be heard in court tomorrow / a divorce - l a rape - / she brought a against her employer I there was no evidence, so they had to drop the carry out to carry out work means to do it: the work will be carried out by a Britishfirm / we need to more research / the police will - an investigation / they carried out a survey claim if you claim that something is true,you say that it is true, although other people might disagree. Claim is also a noun: she is -ing victory after the court ruled in herfavour I he still -s that he is innocent / he tried to - that he was acting in self-defence / the company made somefalse claims about its products conduct to conduct an investigation means to do it: the police are now -ing investigations / who will the enquiry? I t o - a survey of attitudes to climate change damages if you get damages, the court orders someone to give you money because you have suffered in some way: he won - of £30,000 / the court awarded her substantial - 1 she's claiming for the injuries she suffered I he got half a million dollars in be denied if you are denied something,you are not allowed to have it. You can also use deny as an active verb: she claimed she was denied promotion I they were denied access to the building / they denied him his right to a lawyer / should doctors deny treatment to patients who are obese? excessive if something is excessive, it is more than is necessary.The adverb is excessively: the amount seems a bit - / some people see the charges as-1 excessively high taxes gender someone's gender is whether they are male or female: the company was accused o fdiscrimination / discrimination on the grounds of/ are there - differences in attitudes to work? / it’s important to combat - stereotypes go against to go against something means to do something that is the opposite of that thing: the recent increase in population goes against the general trend / accepting the money would - my principles / it goes against everything I believe in growing something that is growing is increasing. The verb is grow.The noun is growth: there is - concern about the number of teenagers sleeping rough / the - popularity of small cars / the number of people working part-time has grown / a growth in sales of personal computers VOCABULARY BUILDER 15
initiative an initiative is an important new plan: the government will launch a new - aimed at getting young people off the streets / a new - for peace / the government has announced a new education / most people welcome the government’s injustice injustice is a situation in which someone is treated unfairly, the adjective is unjust: campaigning against social - / it was a terrible / a victim of - / he suffered the - of being sent to prisonfor a crime he didn’t commit / the system is clearly unjust strain if there is a strain on something, there are difficulties because there is too much demand for something. Strain is also a verb: an ageing population puts ~s on the pension system I there is considerable - on the health service / this will - the water resources tribunal a tribunal is a type of court that can make decisions about one type of case: the - ruled in herfavour / an employment - 1 an independent complaints - I planning to set up a war crimes - / he will appear before the disciplinary - next week uphold to uphold a decision means to decide officially that an earlier decision was right.The opposite is overturn: her claim was upheld in court . I his conviction was upheld by the court of appeal / the decision was later overturned vulnerable if someone is vulnerable, they can be hurt or upset easily.The noun is vulnerability: more help for - teenagers I many teenagers are - to drugs / old people are - to crime / children who are - to abuse / I’mfee Iing a bit - at the moment I1 could sense her vulnerability Paces 3 0 -3 1 _____________________________
aid aid is money or other things that are given to people who are suffering: a lot of - has been given to Africa / the country relies onforeign / send emergencyfood - /fresh appealsfor humanitarian awareness if there is awareness about a problem, people know about it. The adjective is aware: it’s a great way of raising - about poverty (making sure people know about it) / to increase public - of the problem / there is growing - of environmental problems / most people are not aware of the issue bleak if a situation is bleak, it seems very bad, with no hope of improving: Sachs paints a - picture of the state of the planet / thefuture looks -fo r the company / rather a - outlook contribute to contribute something means to give it, when other people are also giving things.The thing that you give is your contribution: ask local businesses to - gifts / they offered to - to the rebuildingfund / he -d over £3,000 / he made a generous contribution to the campaign I a contribution of £250
16 OUTCOMES
crop a crop is a plant such as wheat or corn that is grown by farmers: betterfarming techniques will increase -yields / they grow a variety of ~s / a staple - (that provides most of someone’sfood) / a cash - (that someone grows to sell) donor a donor is someone who gives money to help an organisation or charity.The verb is donate. The money someone gives is a donation: £50 comesfrom -s / -s have given over £30,000 / an anonymous - I the - countries (the countries who give money) / they donated £2,000 / made a generous donation to thefund lethal something that is lethal can kill someone: a disease l a - dose o f morphine la - weapon I a combination of drugs and alcohol measure a measure is something that a government or organisation does to help solve a problem: we need to implement a combination o f - s l the government has promised to take -s to tackle crime / the company is introducing new safety -s / tough new -s to combat speeding pressure group a pressure group is a group that tries to influence people's opinions or achieve political change: an environmental - 1 an anti-smoking - / they set up a - t o campaignfor change raise to raise something means to tell people about it or make them think about it more: he also -s an alarm that this could be our last chance / a campaign to - awareness of AIDS (tell people more about it) I he didn’t - the subject of money (he didn’t talk about it) reverse to reverse something means to change it to the opposite: these measures could - the downward spiral / an attempt to - the decline in tourism / the High Court ~d the decision root the root of a problem is its main or original cause: the - cause o f the problems are all interconnected / bad diet lies at the - of a lot of health problems / the war has religion at its scarce if something is scarce, there is not very much of it. The adverb is scarcely: a booming population puts more strain on already - resources I food was always - in the winter / money was - / there were scarcely anyjobs (almost none) soil soil is the earth in which plants grow,fertilisers to improve the - l a goodfertile - / struggling to grow crops in poor - s i a sandy - l a clay summarise to summarise something means to briefly give the main facts about it. The noun is summary: the book -s the state of the planet / can you briefly - what he said? / a brief summary of his argument / 1think that’s afair summary supply a supply of something is an amount that is available for people to use. Supplies are also things that you need: these countries need clean water supplies / the electricity - was cutoff I a plentiful of medicine I in urgent need of medical supplies / essential supplies were sent in by air
EXERCISES
В Choose the correct verbs to complete the collocations. Look up the nouns to help you if necessary.
P r e p o sitio n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 Stress affects a lot....people. 2 I sent the documents...... mail. 3 We need to get to the root...... the problem. 4 The only person you can rely...... is yourself. 5 Pollution puts strain...... the environment. 6 What is his standing....the company? 7 This could turn....a deep recession. 8 There's a shortage....qualified nurses.
W o r d fam ilies A Complete the sentences with the correct nouns from these verbs.
donate grow
contribute back
cut back summarise
1 Do you have a ................... . of the report? 2 I am a blood......................I help save people's lives. 3 There will be spending.................... because of bad sales. 4 I'm really worried about the................... of global warming. 5 The plan has the.................... of the president. 6 She made a good.....................to the class project.
1 raise / make the alarm against corruption 2 deny / stop access to the building 3 contest / combat inflation in the economy 4 plan / conduct an investigation into the crime 5 raise / boost awareness of social issues 6 drop I knock the case against her 7 sleep / lie rough in a park С Which of the following words do not collocate with the nouns?
1 drug / food / alcohol / sexual abuse 2 colourful / ageing / younger / world population 3 public / financial / government / fashion support 4 food / humanitarian / travel / military aid 5 community / military / inflation / public service D Complete the missing adjectives.
1 We need to preserve s_____ e resources. 2 He was convicted of s _ _ _ _ l assault. 3 People lose their jobs during an e _______ с recession. 4 I have a business plan but I need f ________ I backing. 5 Don't read the whole article. Just give me a b ___ f summary. 6. I did not assault him. I was acting in s f-defence.
P h r a s a l verbs A Choose the correct phrasal verb.
В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb. 1 abuse.... 2 claim.... 3 desperate.... 4 assault ...... 5 conduct.... 6 boost....
Co llo c atio n s
1 Their marriage broke down / broke out last year. 2 We are going to carry out / cut off some laboratory tests. 3 That idea cuts off / goes against our original plan. 4 The doctor told me to wipe out / cut back on fast food. 5 The company is setting up / carrying out a London office. 6 The power was cut off / cut back on for four hours.
A Complete the collocations with nouns from the unit.
1 work on a research p ___ __ t 2 paint a bleak p _ _ _ ^ _ e 3 pay your tuition f _ _ s 4 plant a cash с _ _ p 5 find the r__t of the problem 6 fight social i _________e 7 monitor climate с e
VOCABULARY BUILDER 17
5 SPORTS AND INTERESTS Pages 3 6 -3 7 breath your breath is how quickly you are breathing in and out: it took me ten minutes to get my ~ back (start breathing normally again) / she gets out of ~ just walking up the stairs (has difficulty breathing) / he sometimes gets short o f- (unable to breathe easily) / 1was gaspingfor ~ by the time I reached the top (breathing veryfast) bump into if you bump into something, you knock it accidentally: I'm always bumping into things / I bumped my knee on the table / mindyou don't bumpyour head chill out if you chill out, you relax: Ijust - at home / chilling out infront of the TV / - by the pool comic a comic is a magazine for children that tells stories through cartoon pictures: I went to a -fair / reading some of my old ~s / bought a ~for the kids / he collects old ~s coordination your coordination is how well you can move different parts of your body together. Someone who has good coordination is coordinated. Someone who has poor coordination is uncoordinated: improveyour hand-eye - /you need good ~/he lacks - / how coordinated areyou? / I’m totally uncoordinated fair a fair is an event where people sell a particular type of thing: a comic - 1 we went to an antiques / bought itfrom a craft - / we’re holding a book fiddle with if you fiddle with something,you move it or touch it. Fiddle is also a noun: it givesyou something to - / 1fiddled with the controls / he fiddled with his pen while he spoke / 1had a ~ the switches and got it working figure a woman's figure is the shape of her body: she’s got a lovely - / she lost her ~ after she had children / struggling to keep her - / 1need to watch my ~ (be careful not to put on weight) 18 OUTCOMES
fitness your fitness is how strong you are, and how able you are to run around and do sport.The adjective is fit: how canyou improveyour ~? / a high level of physical - / exercise helps to maintainyour - / trying to build up my ~ / he’s incrediblyfit / trying to getfit flexibility your flexibility is your ability to bend and move your body. The adjective is flexible: doingyoga really helpsyour ~ / improveyour - / maintain your ~ / we need more ~ in the workplace (the ability to make changes easily) / I’m notflexible enough to touch my toes / employees need to be flexible these days (able to make changes easily) get into if you get into something,you start doing it or having it: when didyoufirst - tennis? / he wants to - politics / 1don’t want to ~ debt / he started getting into trouble at school keep up if you keep up, you go as fast as other people or do as much as them: I couldn’t ~ with the others in the class / she was walking quicklyKand I was struggling to - / come on - try to ~! knitting knitting is making things from wool, using two long needles. The verb is knit: I like sewing and - / she was doing her - while she spoke / she’s knitted loads of jumpers / a hand-knitted sweater master class a master class is a lesson in music or a sport, given by someone very famous: a - with a top Russianfencer / a violin - / invited to attend a -1 a ~ given by afamous pianist self-conscious if you are self-conscious, you feel embarrassed about what you look like, or what other people think of you.The adverb is self consciously: I’m always ~ when I dance / 1felt a bit - / it makes me - when everyone looks at me / he’s starting to get - about his weight / she smiled rather self-consciously S e lf-
You can add self- to lots of adjectives and nouns to mean '(in/to) yourself. For example: i'd be a bit self-conscious lack self-confidence; have low self-esteem; show self-discipline; a self-employed plumber; take self-defence classes; he’s not very self-aware; a self-inflicted wound; paint a self-portrait; he's a self-taught artist; be motivated by self-interest; a self-catering holiday sewing sewing is making things by joining bits of cloth together with thread.The verb is sew: I like and knitting / doing some - / a - needle / I’ll have to sew the pocket back on shape your shape is how fit and healthy you are: I’m really out of~ (not veryfit) / 1wanted to get in ~ (becomefitter) / an exercise machine to helpyou keep in ~ / he’s in much better - now
stamina stamina is strength that allows you to continue doing something for a long time:you need a lot o f- to do marathon running / 1haven't got the - to walk thatfar / help to build upyour - / he's got a lot of mental take up if you take something up, you start it: I took up swimming lastyear / I've decided to - gardening / when didyoufirst take it up? thread a thread is a long, thin piece of cotton, silk or wool that is used to make cloth or sew pieces of cloth together. Thread is also a verb: make patterns with the - on the cloth /you'll need a needle and - / a loose - in my skirt / some strong cotton - / t o - a needle (put thread in it) volunteer a volunteer is someone who does a job willingly or without being paid. Volunteer is also a verb: I did some - work last summer / the shop is run Ьу- s / a team o f-s / 1need some -s to help with the clearing up / they're lookingfor -s / he -ed to drive us wander if you wander round a place,you walk around slowly, without going in any particular direction. Wander is also a noun: I like -ing roundflea markets / we -ed through the old town / the kids had -ed off / we werejust -ing aimlessly / we went for a - round the shops whatsoever you use this word to emphasise that you mean none at all: he does no exercise - / 1have no doubt - / she said nothing - / there were none Pa c es 3 8 -3 9 bar the bar is the piece of metal along the top of a goalpost: his shot hit the - / it wasjust over the - / he was denied a goal by the close if a game or match is close, the two players or teams are very equal: it was a really - game / a match that could have gone either way / he came a - second / 1think the election will be pretty dive if someone dives in a game such as football, they fall over and pretend someone has pushed them or hurt them. Dive is also a noun: the defender didn't touch him - he-d / he was given ayellow cardfor diving I the temptation to - in the penalty box / it was a clear disallow to disallow something mean to refuse to allow it because someone has broken a rule: the referee -ed the goal / they had a goal -ed in the second half dubious if something is dubious, it is probably not right: the referee gave some - decisions / that seems a bit - to me / some of the information was highly exclude to exclude someone or something means to not include them.The noun is exclusion: no one should be -dfrom sport / that information was -d from the report / an attempt to - the pressfrom
the event / 1felt a bit -d / he's been -dfrom school (told to leave) / the exclusion of some vital data / her exclusionfrom school double fault a double fault in tennis is when you serve two balls wrongly, one after the other: I regularly serve -s / that's his third - of the match fix to fix a game or match means to arrange the result in a dishonest way: the game was -ed / they are accused of match -ing / they claim that the election was -ed forehand a forehand in tennis is a shot in which the palm of your hand is facing the ball. The opposite is backhand: I hit a great - / he's got a very strong - / a brilliant - volley / she's playing to her opponent's backhand foul to foul someone in a game such as football means to do something to them that is against the rules. Foul is also a noun: he -ed the striker / he was sent offfor committing a secondfoul / that was a blatant (very obvious) -I free kick a free kick in a game such as football is a chance to kick the ball freely from a particular position: the referee gave a - / they've been awarded a - just outside the box / Messi's going to take the - / they scoredfrom a greedy if someone is greedy, they don't want to share things with anyone else. A greedy player is one who doesn't pass the ball to other players: he's a really - player / the temptation to be - with the ball / he should've passed it - that was a bit - / she's quite - when it comes to chocolate moral a moral issue or choice is one that is based on ideas of what is right and wrong: it shows children the importance o f- choices / abortion is a - issue / you have a - obligation to do something / a - duty / he has very high - standards / a set o f- values penalty a penalty in a game such as football is a free shot towards the goal because the other team has broken a rule: the goalkeeper saved a - /the referee awarded a - / he scoredfrom a - / he missed the - / the defender gave away a - / Ronaldo wasfouled and got a post the post in a game such as football is one of the sides of the goal: they hit the - twice / it wasjust wide of the - / he beat the goalkeeper at thefar - (the onefurthestfrom the ball) / a shot to the nearsack to sack someone means to send them away from their job because they have done something wrong. Sack is also a noun: they -ed the manager / he was -edfor stealing / he got the -from his last job / they're threatening to give her the save to save a shot in a game such as football means to stop it from going into the goal. Save is also a noun: the goalkeeper -d the shot / he -d the penalty / shejust managed to - it / the shot was -d on the line by one of the defenders / that was a great save/ VOCABULARY BUILDER 19
send off to send someone off in a game such as football means to order them to leave the field because they have broken a rule: he got sent off for hitting another player / the referee sent him off I that's a sending-off offence serve to serve in a game such as tennis means to start the game by hitting the ball to your opponent. Serve is also a noun: I - d a doublefault / it's Federer to - next / she’s ~d brilliantly in this match / afantastic -/ hisfirst - was out / she’s finding it difficult to return Serena Williams'shoot if you shoot in a game such as football,you try to score.The noun is shot: he tackled the striker before he could - / h e shotjust wide / she shotfrom the halfway line / that was a great shot / the keeper saved the shot substitute to substitute a player in a game such as football means to replace them with a different player.The noun is substitution.The new player who comes into the game is called a substitute: he was ~d when he got injured / the decision to Rooney / Manchester United are going to make a substitution / he came on as a - just after half time / he was brought on as a tackle to tackle someone in a game such as football means to try to take the ball off them. Tackle is also a noun: he ~d the strikerjust outside the box / improveyour tackling skills / that was a great ~ / penalisedfor a late - / afair - / a crunching ~ (with a lot of force) / he skipped past the ~s thrash to thrash someone in a game means to defeat them by a large amount. The noun is thrashing: we got ~ed 6-0 / they absolutely - ed us / they suffered a 9-0 ~ing well-meaning if someone is well-meaning, they try to be helpful or do the right thing, but they don't succeed: some ~ schools insist on non-competitive sports / things can sometimes be made worse by ~ parents / she's very -
Pages 4 0 -4 1
drown if someone drowns, they die from being under water.The noun is drowning: she - ed in the sea / I'm terrified of-ing / a tragic ~ing in the local swimming pool fanatic a fanatic is someone who likes something very much. The adjective is fanatical: he's a sport - / she's a real health - / afitness - / a ~al cyclist / he's -a! about health andfitness
20 OUTCOMES
fool a fool is a stupid person. If you make a fool of yourself,you make yourself look stupid: I'm scared of making a ~ o f myself / she was trying to make a o f me / don't be a - / what a - I've been hairline a hairline fracture or crack is a very thin crack in something: he had a - fracture in his shoulder / afew - cracks in the wall knock out to knock someone out means to make them unconscious. To knock yourself out means to have an accident and become unconscious: she fell and knocked herself out / a blow to the head which knocked him out / he was knocked out in the second round of thefight / some tablets which really knocked me out (made mefeel very tired) ligament a ligament is a part of your body that joins a muscle to a bone: I tore the ~s in my knee / a torn ~ in my elbow / a ~ injury / paralysed if someone is paralysed, they can no longer move their body: she was - from the waist down / the accident left him - / she was partially - / 1was ~ withfear pass out if you pass out, you become unconscious: I passed out with the heat / 1almost passed out with the pain / it nearly made me ~ put off if you put something off,you delay doing it because you do not really want to do it: I've been putting off going to the dentistfor ages / don't put it off until tomorrow / he's been putting off making a decision reluctant if you are reluctant to do something,you do not really want to do it.The adverb is reluctantly. The noun is reluctance: he's a bit - to drive me round there / 1felt rather - to askfor more money / he agreed, rather reluctantly / a reluctance tojoin in with the others sprain if you sprain your knee, ankle, wrist etc., you hurt it and damage the joint by twisting it suddenly. Sprain is also a noun: I - ed my knee / 1 think I've - ed my ankle / sufferingfrom a - ed wrist / you haven't broken it - it's only a twist if you twist your ankle,you hurt it by turning it suddenly. We use the word twist when the injury is less serious than a sprain: I - ed my ankle / 1fell and -ed my knee waist your waist is the part of your body around your middle, where the top of your trousers is: she was paralysedfrom the ~ down / the men were all stripped to the - / what's your - size? / a young woman with a slim ~ / a leather belt around her -
3 He suffered a blow to the head which left him
EXERCISES
4 I don't play sports. I'm very.................... P repo sitio n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 2 3 4
He's self-conscious....his appearance. Don't make a fool....yourself. His shot was just wide....the post. The accident left him paralysed....the waist down. 5 Where did you buy those jeans....? 6 She's fanatical....exercising. 7 My dog is always bumping....the furniture. 8 I need to buy an anniversary present....my wife. 9 I need to work....my forehand.
W o r d fam ilies A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold. 1 a reluctant decision agree.................. . 2 a half-time substitution a lazy
3 feel self-conscious 4 get fit
player dance.................... improve your
5 a flexible body
work on your
6 thrash your opponent 7 knit a sweater
a 6-0 ...... . a ... ................ needle
В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6
foul...... sprain.... stamina.... sack.... penalty ...... tackle ......
A Match the two halves of the collocations
1 a late 2 a blatant 3 award a 4 a great
a) b) c) d)
penalty tackle foul save
В Complete the collocations with nouns from the unit.
1 a с ___ tfair 2 paralysed with f _ _ r 3 make a f __I of yourself 4 a moral о ____ ______ n 5 a loose t ____ d 6 hand-eye с __________ ___ n 7 be short of b ____ h 8 m ___ h fixing С Choose the correct verbs to complete the collocations. Look up the nouns to help you if necessary.
1 get/find the sack 2 make / do a fool of me 3 place / put on weight 4 twist / turn your ankle 5 make / have a decision 6 be I come a close second
P h r a s a l verbs Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
'
W o r d - b u il d in g A Complete the sentence with a negative form of the correct adjective.
able
Co llo c atio n s
coordinated
conscious
1 Don’t put your work off / out Do it today. 2 You should take a holiday and chill in / out for a while. 3 He was knocked out /by in a football collision. 4 I've tried, but I can't really get on / into rap music. 5 He was sent out / off for committing a foul. 6 I need to exercise and get by / in shape. 7 I was so hot I almost passed out / down. 8 This class is too difficult. I can't keep in / up.
honest
1 I'm.................... to sleep because I'm so worried. 2 We didn't win the game because the referee w as.....................
VOCABULARY BUILDER 21
6 ACCOMMODATION Pages 4 2 -4 3
bay a bay is an area on the coast where the sea curves inwards: a little -you could scramble down to / go swimming in the - l a sheltered - / looking out across the chilly if the weather is chilly, it is quite cold. The noun is chilliness: It was a bit - in the evenings / a - day / the evenings were quite - / it's starting to get - l a reply (unfriendly) / a slight chilliness in the air cliff a cliff is a high, steep area of rock at the edge of the sea: a hotel on top o f the -s / high -s / limestone -s / they tried to climb the - / walking along the cliff top cut off if a place is cut off, it is difficult to reach, for example because it is not near good roads or railways, or because of bad weather: the place was a bit - (far awayfrom towns and cities) / the village gets - by snow in winter / some houses were - by theflooding deserted if a place is deserted, there is no one in it: the beaches were - / the town looked completely / walking through the - streets l a - village dump if a place is a dump, it is very dirty, untidy or in a bad condition: the place was a bit of a - 1 his flat was a real - 1 what a - I I a rubbish - (where rubbish is taken and left) facilities the facilities in a place are the buildings and equipment the place has, and the services it offers: the - on the camp site were incredible / a hotel with excellent - 1 it’s gotfantastic sports - / there were no leisure - / the toilet - were very poor filthy if something is filthy, it is extremely dirty. The noun is filth: everything got - l a - T-shirt / his clothes looked - / the house was absolutely - / everything was covered infilth full blast if you play a radio or music player at full blast, you play it as loud as you can: they played
22 OUTCOMES
music at - all night / had the TV on a t - 1 the radio was playing at greasy if something is greasy, it is covered in oil.The noun is grease: thefood was a bit - 1 - chips / ~ hair / thefood was swimming in grease (covered in grease) / his hands were covered in grease muddy if something is muddy, it is covered in mud: the camp site was really - I - boots / my clothes had got - / thefloor was all overlooking if something is overlooking a place, it is above the place and has a view over it.The verb is overlook: on top o f the cliffs, - the ocean / a balcony - the beach / the room overlooks a car park overwhelming if something is overwhelming, it has a very strong effect on your feelings, so you are unable to express exactly how you feel. The verb is overwhelm: it was all a bit - / 1found the experience absolutely - 11 was overwhelmed by a feeling of sadness / we were totally overwhelmed by people’s support restless if you are restless, you feel slightly bored and want to do something different or go somewhere new. The noun is restlessness: I got a bit - after a couple o f days / beginning tofeel - / the kids are starting to get slightly - / afeeling of restlessness scramble if you scramble somewhere,you climb there, using your hands to help you. Scramble is also a noun .you can - down to the bay / scrambling over the rocks / we -d up the cliff I a bit of a scramble down to the beach self-catering if accommodation is self-catering, it has a kitchen so that you can prepare your own food: a apartment/ - accommodation l a - holiday site a site is a place where something happens. Site is also a verb: a camp - l a building - l a landfill (for burying rubbish in the ground) / the - of the accident / the place where the new theatre will be sited spoil to spoil something means to make it less good or less enjoyable: bad weather can really - a holiday / he always -s thefun / the new buildings the view / 1-ed the meat by cooking itfor too long spotless if something is spotless, it is completely clean.The adverb is spotlessly: the whole place was - l a - white shirt / the house looked absolutely - / spotlessly clean stunning if something is stunning, it is extremely beautiful.The adverb is stunningly: we had viewsfrom our window / some - new designs / she looked absolutely - 1 she’s stunningly beautiful superficial if something is superficial, it only concerns the surface of something and not the part in the middle or the most important part. The adverb is superficially: a rather - discussion / sometimes I felt it was a bit - / his knowledge is quite - 1 a burn (only on the surface of your skin) l a - society (concerned only about things you can see, not serious ideas) I the wood was only damaged -ly
tent a tent is a small shelter that you stay in when you are camping: we stayed in a - / a three-person - l a niceflat place where we could pitch our - / it took ages to put up the - 1 we took down the - and left / the - blew down in the night unbearably unbearably means in a way that is extremely unpleasant.The adjective is unbearable: the weather was ~ hot / he was ~ arrogant / the pain was unbearable / the heat made it unbearable welcoming if someone is welcoming, they are very friendly to you when you arrive somewhere: the people were incredibly - / she gave a - smile / a hotel with a - atmosphere winding if a road is winding, it has a lot of turns and bends in it.The verb is wind: you had to walk along a ~ track to the village l a - river / a narrow - footpath I the road winds up to the village / we wound our way through the narrow streets
could’ve -d whileyou were sleeping I he nearly ~d I he tried to - his victims (kill them by stopping them breathing) I the new restrictions are suffocating trade (preventing itfrom developing) / she died of suffocation
Pa g e s 4 6 -4 7 bland if food is bland, it is not nice because it doesn't have enough flavour: I don’t know howyou eat that - rubbish / thefood was incredibly - / 1found it too dash if you dash, you leave or go somewhere quickly because you are in a hurry. Dash is also a noun: gotta - now / 1-ed down to the shops / /7/just home quickly / we could make a dashfor the car L o o k in g
Pa g e s 4 4 -4 5 bear if something doesn't bear thinking about, it is so horrible or shocking that you don't want to think about it: he could’ve d ied -it doesn’t - thinking about confirmation a confirmation is a letter or email which states officially that something you reserved by phone will be kept for you. The verb is confirm: did you receive a - by email? l a - of the booking I a letter I we will confirm the reservation in writing deposit a deposit is an amount of money that you pay in advance for something. Sometimes the deposit is part of the total amount you will pay, and sometimes it is extra money that you get back when you finish using something: they’re not going to give us our - back I you pay an initial - of £100, then pay the rest when the goods arrive I I’ve put down the -o n a new car / there’s a £30 returnable - / the - is refundable framed if something is framed, it has a frame around it. The verb and noun are frame: a - photo / some - certificates / areyou going to get it -? I it’s been very nicely - l a mirror with a thick woodenframe procedure a procedure is a set of actions that you follow in order to do something correctly: that’s our normal - / the usual -fo r making reservations / you didn’t follow the correct - / the company’s standard -sfo r taking on new staff reservation if you make a reservation, you ask a hotel to keep a room for you, a restaurant to keep a table for you, etc. The verb is reserve: we have no record o f any - / I’d like to make a - 1 doyou have a -? I a - in the name o f Smith / 1cancelled the - / I’d like to reserve a tablefor tomorrow evening I I’m sorry, these seats are reserved suffocate if you suffocate, you die because you cannot breathe. The noun is suffocation -.you
a n d g o in g
English has lots of verbs to describe the way people look / see and move. For example, gaze at the stars; dash up the stairs look / see: stare at me (hard / long);frown at me smoking (disapproving); glare at each other (angrily); glance at the headlines (quickly); peer over my shoulder / peer through the mist (with difficulty); spot him in the crowd (see after looking); glimpse something in the bushes (see briefly); go: crawl into bed / crawl along (slowly, tiredly); creep out / sneak up behind someone (slowly, quietly, unseen);jog down the street (run slowly); limp home (injured); rush to work (fast, late, urgent); stroll through the park (relaxed); march up to me and demanded... (with purpose); pace up and down (nervous); scramble down the hill (with difficulty); stagger out of the pub (uncontrolled almost falling).
gaze if you gaze at something, you look at it for a long time. Gaze is also a noun: I was gazing out of the window / lying on his bed gazing at the ceiling I she was gazing into space / my gaze wasfixed on the letter I he lowered his gaze (looked down) get over if you get over something, you start to feel better after it: it took me a couple of days to - the jetlag / I’m just getting over theflu / he’s upset now, but he’ll soon - it I I’ve got over it completely now hook up with if you hook up with someone, you meet them and become friends with them or start to have a relationship with them: I’ve hooked up with a guyfrom London / we'll - with them again in New York / ourfirm has hooked up with another small company (agreed to work with) VOCABULARY BUILDER 23
heritage your heritage is your culture and family background:you appreciateyour own - / it’s important to protect our national - / buildings that are part of our - / the country’s rich cultural - / trying to preserve their Scottish humid if the weather is humid, it is very hot, with a wet heat rather than a dry heat. The noun is humidity: it’s unbelievably hot and - /a very - day / high -ity levels / an increase in -/ty integration integration is the process in which people gradually become involved in a new society or group. The verb is integrate: ~ into a new culture / the country’s - into the EU / policies that encourage social - / infavour of greater - / they soon became integrated into the local community / they’ve integrated very well miles miles means by a very large amount: Hong Kong is - better / it’s -funnier than thefirstfilm / that’s - too big / it was - too expensive moan a moan is a complaint about something. Moan is also a verb: we have a - about things together / /don’t want to listen toyour - si / stop -ingl / everyone - ed about thefood orientate if you orientate yourself, you begin to feel familiar with the place where you are or the situation you are in. You can also say that you orient yourself: I’m starting to - myselfnow / 1 tried to - myselfby looking at the map / it took him afew months to orient himself in the newjob phase a phase is one stage in the development of something:you go throughfour distinct -s / the first - of the project / the second - of the building work / a difficult - in the country’s history pride pride is a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction you get when you have done something well. Pride yourself on something is a verb.The adjective is proud: people seem to take - in what they do / she showed us her award with great - / see the - in herparents’faces / he prides himselfon the quality of his work / we’re very proud of you / I’m particularlyproud of this painting put someone down if you put someone down, you criticise them when other people are there.The noun is put-down:yow might put people down when they speak their own language / her parents are always putting her down / I’mfed up with his constant put-downs
24 OUTCOMES
resistance resistance to something is a refusal to accept it. The verb is resist: -to a new culture / there’s considerable - to the proposals / the plans met with a lot of-from local people / they put up quite a bit o f- / trying to resist change / he resisted the pressure to resign roots a person's roots are the place, culture and family that they come from. The roots of a plant are the part that hold the plant in the ground.you can get cut offfrom your - /feeling the need to go back to her - / returning to his Irish - / digging the plants up by the settle down if a situation settles down, it becomes calmer: things have settled down a bit now / the situation seems to have settled down slave away if you slave away, you work very hard for a long time: I’ve been slaving away at my desk / slaving away over a hot cooker / slaving away at a report swing if you swing, your feelings or opinions change. Swing is also a noun: some people from one extreme to the other / her mood could from joy to despair within a matter of minutes / public opinion has swung to the left (become more left-wing) / mood swings / a big swing in public opinion symptom a symptom is something that shows that an illness or problem exists.The adjective is symptomatic: it’s a - of the resistance phase / what are the -s of food poisoning? / physical and psychological -s / people displayingflu-like -s / not everyone with the disease will develop ~s / recognise the -s of overwork / the demonstrations are a - of an underlying problem / the rise in unemployment is -atic of the general decline in the economy transformation a transformation is a complete change. The verb is transform: the - phase / an amazing - / the building’s - from a school to a community centre / the party has undergone a complete - / the whole house has been transformed undergo if you undergo something, you experience it: we’re -ing a big change / the building has -ne some renovations /you may need to - surgery / she underwent an emergency operation
EXERCISES P repositions Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Everyone complained....the food. I'm looking for a hotel....conference facilities. What can you see out....the window? Room 405 is ....the top floor. I have a confirmation....writing. I'm not familiar....this place.
Choose the correct preposition.
1 We stayed at / in a tent. 2 You can see the sea by /from our window. 3 It was quite cold in I on the evenings. 4 I have to look in / at the map again. 5 It's a restaurant of/ with a lovely atmosphere. 6 My room is a bit in /o f a mess. W ord families A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 transform the living room
a remarkable
2 meet with resistance
................... the proposal ................... food ................... weather an......................... experience living in
3 a spot of grease 4 a slight chilliness 5 overwhelmed by sadness 6 a filthy floor
W ord - build ing '
1 The....................of the two companies was successful, (integrate) 2 We need................... of your signature before we can proceed, (confirm) 3 I like the................... on that picture, (frame) 4 We'd like to make a ................... please, (reserve) Collocations A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
return swimming
В Complete the missing adjectives.
1 The hotel was right next t o a b _______ g site. 2 Reservations depend on an i______I deposit. 3 There's a s _ ______g view from my window. 4 We need to gauge p____ с opinion on this matter. 5 The restaurant has undergone a с _______ e transformation. 6 The profits from tourism benefit the I ___ I community. С Match the two halves of the collocations.
1 completely 2 national 3 self-catering 4 the correct 5 mood 6 a booking
a) accommodation b) swings c) heritage d) deserted e) procedure f) reservation
D Complete the expressions with the words in the list.
overwhelming symptoms way
extreme thinking
1 a bit................. ... 2 (it) doesn't bear.............. about 3 from one................... to the other 4 wound our................... through 5 flu-like........ .......... . Phrasal verbs
A Complete the sentences with the correct noun from the verbs.
pitch pay
1 the fun 2 a tent 3 in advance 4 ...... in grease 5 a dash 6 to your roots
A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 We're really busy but things should settle down / in next week. 2 I've been slaving up / away in the kitchen for hours. 3 It took her a long time to get over / by her divorce. 4 That manager is always putting employees down / away. 5 I'll hook up on / with you next time I'm in town. 6 The village is cut away / off by bad weather in the winter.
make spoil VOCABULARY BUILDER 25
7
thousands o f homes have been affected by the - / the worst -fo r 50years / a devastating - 1 the rain has caused -s in many parts of the country / the isfinally beginning to subside / the - waters are still rising I fears that the river could - / thousands of homes are now -ed M etaph o r
a n d w eath er
Many words are often used in different contexts but with a connection to their original meaning. This is true of many weather words. For example, peopleflooded into the streets (lots o f people moved like aflood), she was infloods of tears, we had aflood of letters.
NATURE Pa g e s 4 8 -4 9 breeze a breeze is a gentle wind.The adjective is breezy: there was only a slight - /a gentle - / a cool - / there was a warm - blowing across the beach / the leaves rustled in the - /a breezy morning drought a drought is a situation in which there has been very little rain and the ground is very dry: there's a terrible - l a severe - l a period of prolonged - 1 we had a - last summer / the has mainly affected the south of the country / restrictions on water use during the earthquake when there is an earthquake, the ground shakes: peoplefelt the - miles away I a big-1 the town was destroyed by a massive - 1 the - has left thousands o f people homeless I hundreds were injured in the - / living in an - zone ease off if something eases off, it becomes less severe: the rain’s eased off a bit now / the pain was beginning t o - 1 the snow’s eased off slightly exaggerate if you exaggerate, you describe something in a way that makes it seem bigger, worse, more important etc. than it really is.The noun is exaggeration: maybe I’m exaggerating a bit I don’t -! / he tends t o - a bit I she was exaggerating wildly / it’s important not to the importance o f this meeting / it was a wild exaggeration / he’s prone to exaggeration (he often exaggerates) famine a famine is a situation in which there is a serious lack of food and a lot of people die: crop failures led to a - 1 a terrible - / the drought caused a devastating - / millions of people are nowfacing - l a series of measures to relieve the flood a flood is a situation in which there is a large amount of water from rivers or the sea over the land. Flood is also a verb.The adjective is flooded: 26 OUTCOMES
come under a hail of bullets / missiles / criticism (attacked by lots of hard things); my mind’s afog / my memory's a bitfoggy (not clear or confused); the exam was a breeze (light, easy); the origins have been lost in the mists of time (difficult to see / know) I her eyes were misty (almost crying); lightning quick I lightning reactions (fast and sudden); a thunder o f drums I the kids thundered down the stairs (sound / move very loudly).
fog fog is a thick cloud that forms close to the ground.The adjective is foggy: thick - / hopefully the - will lift soon / a dense - had descended on the area / we couldn't see anything through the - l a foggy morning hall hail is small pieces of ice that fall from the air like rain. Hail is also a verb. Each piece of ice is called a hailstone: we had some rain and - later in the day / ft was starting t o - 1 the -stones were as big as golf balls lightning lightning is a bright flash of light you see in the sky during a storm. Lightning is also a verb: we saw this incredibleforked - l a suddenflash o f - 1 forked across the sky I the plane was struck b y - 1 it was beginning to thunder and melt if something melts, it becomes soft or turns to liquid after being frozen and hard: the snow had all -ed by the morning I my ice cream's -ing! / the butter in a small saucepan mist mist is a light cloud close to the ground.The adjective is misty: we couldn't see much because of the - 1 afine - l a heavy - / the village was shrouded in - (covered by mist) / the - should clear later I a -y morning pull over if you pull over,you drive to the side of the road and stop your car.- we pulled over to the side of the road / she signalled to us t o - 1 we pulled over and got out o f the car shade shade is slight darkness in a place that is sheltered from the sun. Shade is also a verb.The adjective is shaded: we sat in the - l a small patch
o f - / in the - o f a large tree / plants that grow well in the - / the temperature was 42 degrees in the ~ / a big tree would - the garden too much / she shaded her eyes / a ~d garden spit if it spits, it rains very gently: it's only - ting now / it's starting to ~ thunder thunder is the loud noise that you hear in the sky during a storm. Thunder is also a verb: a faint rumble of - 1 the - was getting louder / a loud crash o f- I a sudden clap o f- / the - rolled and roared all around us I didyou hear it - earlier?
Pa g e s 5 0 -5 1 ageing someone who is ageing is quite old and becoming older. The verb is age: looking after her - parents I Britain's - population I an -film star I when I saw her again, she'd aged a lot aim if something is aimed at achieving something, it is intended to try and achieve that thing. Aim is also a noun: experiments which are -ed at combating illnesses / new policies -ed at reducing the number of road accidents I what's the - of this research? / they came to power with the - of reducing poverty and unemployment amidst amidst something means with that thing happening all around. Amidst people means with people around you: herfamily made an emotional appeal - growingfearsfor her safety / he resigned - allegations of corruption / living - hisfamily associated if one thing is associated with another, the two things are connected in some way. The verb is associate: some of the problems that are with this new treatment /jobs that are - with the car industry / people don't usually associate science with art board the board of a company is the group of people who control it and make important decisions. A board member is a member of a company's board: the idea was rejected by - members I it will be discussed by the - members / he's on the - of the bank I two people have resignedfrom the breeder a breeder is someone who keeps animals and produces and sells young animals.The verb is breed. A breed is one particular type of an animal: a successful animal - l a dog - / horse -s I they breed cattle on thefarm / a very popular breed of dog civilised if something is civilised, it belongs to an advanced and well-organised society and so shows culture and good standards of behaviour: a - society / it all seemed very - l a - drink outside in the garden / let's talk about this in a - way contest to contest something means to say officially that you do not agree with it or think it is wrong: the will is being -ed I they plan to - the decision dare a dare is something difficult or dangerous that you do because someone has challenged you to do
it. Dare is also a verb: / tried eating themfor a -1 he challenged me to a - / go on, I -you! (I challenge you) / 1-you to call him now / 1-n't ask him (I don't have the courage) deem if something is deemed to have a particular quality, people consider that it has that quality: it wasn’t -ed suitablefor ayoung woman I precautions that were -ed necessary / his actions were -ed to be illegal estate your estate is the money and property that is left after you die: he left his entire - to charity I his son will inherit his - / she left an - valued at £15 million fund to fund something means to pay for it. A fund is an amount of money that has been collected for a particular purpose: the scheme is -ed by the government / it'sjointly - by three schools / should the government - more scientific research? / the rebuilding - 1 an appeal -fo r earthquake victims / they're setting up a campaign halt to halt something means to stop it. Halt is also a noun: they want to - the experiments / work on the new bridge has been -ed by protestors I the search for survivors has now -ed / the train came to a sudden - / the economy seems to be grinding to a harassment harassment is unpleasant or threatening behaviour towards someone. The verb is harass: he accused the police o f - 1 she was subjected to sexual - / they have complained of being harassed by the police I stop harassing me! inheritance an inheritance is money that you get from someone after they die. The verb is inherit: he received a small -from hisfather I she is struggling to win back her rightful - / she accused him of trying to steal her - 1 he left them an - of over £30 million / she'll come into her - when she’s 21 (she will receive it) I who will inherit thefarm when you die? insight an insight is a clear way of understanding something: thefilm provides invaluable -s into their lives I his writing lacks - 1she’got a lot o finto this problem / the book gives a real - into the causes of the war intimidation intimidation is behaviour in which you try to frighten someone to make them do what you want. The verb is intimidate: - of laboratory staff I they enduredyears o f - I using various tactics / they tried to intimidate him into confessing I an attempt to intimidate voters invaluable if something is invaluable, it is extremely useful: the book provides - insights I a n - tool I some - experience I the Internet is -fo r students laboratory a laboratory is a place where scientific experiments are carried out: a science - l a research - I - staff I - equipment / - tests / the work is all carried out in a pull out to pull out of something means to stop being involved in it: they are threatening to - of VOCABULARY BUILDER 27
the project / trying to r of the agreement / he has beenforced to ~ of the tournament due to injury resume to resume means to start again. The noun is resumption: the talks will ~ next week / work on the bridge is due to - soon / she hopes to ~ work next month / the resumption of peace talks rightful rightful means according to what is right legally or morally. The adverb is rightfully: struggling to win back her ~ inheritance / the heir to the throne / the ~ owner of the house / the money is righlfully mine subsidy a subsidy is an amount of money that a government pays in order to keep the price of goods lower. The verb is subsidise: an agricultural ~ / subsidiesfrom the European Union / small producers are given massive subsidies / the government pays huge subsidies tofarmers / the industry is still heavily subsidised taboo a taboo is a strong custom that tells people it is wrong to do something or talk about something: a cultural - has been broken / there's a - about discussing religion in Britain / the ~s surrounding sexuality / a desire to break down old ~s violate to violate a rule, law or tradition means to break it. The noun is violation: hefelt that his privacy was being -d / countries that ~ human rights / the company has ~d international laws / a blatant violation of the peace agreement / wholesale violation of human rights vivisection vivisection is scientific experiments that are carried out on live animals: - is morally wrong / people who are opposed t o - / anticampaigners w ill a will is a document that says what you want to happen to your money and property when you die: the ~ is being contested / we don't know what's in her ~yet / the ~ wasn't signed, so it wasn't valid / it's a good idea to draw upa~ / he changed his just before he died
Pages 5 2 -5 3
bush a bush is a plant that looks like a small tree: I heard something moving in the ~es / afruit - / rose -es curl if something curls, it forms a curved or twisted shape.The adjective is curled or curly: the leaves are -ing up / areyou going to - your hair? / the cat was lying - ed up by thefire / an old photograph that’s ~ed at the edges / she's got lovely thick ~y hair fiddly if something is fiddly, it is difficult because there are very small objects you have to handle: a ~ job / they’re too small and ~ / it's really ~ getting the top back on
28 OUTCOMES
flower to flower means to produce flowers: the almond trees don’t usually - this early / it -s in the autumn / they hope that democracy will ~ (be successful) gather to gather things means to collect them: ~ing mushrooms in thefields / we've ~ed quite a lot of information / the police are still - ing evidence / he hastily ~ed his things together and left invasive if something is invasive, it spreads quickly and is difficult to stop. The verb is invade: some weeds are incredibly - 1 an - cancer / ~ diseases / the cancer cells can invade other parts o f the body nod to nod means to move your head up and down to show that you agree. Nod is also a noun: she gave a smile and - ded / 1-ded politely / he said nothing, butjust ~ded / she gave a brief- of agreement rot to rot means to decay through natural processes. Rot is also a noun: the old wood had ~ted / when the soil’s too wet, it ~s the roots / eating too much sugar will ~ your teeth / a lot of rot in the wood / the house wasfull o f damp and ~ seed a seed is a part of a plant that you put in the ground to grow a new plant: sunflower ~s / a packet of grass ~ / the ~s haven’t germinatedyet (started to grow) / some of the vegetables have gone to - (produced seeds) sterna stem is a long thin part of a plant on which leaves and flowers grow:you'll need to cut the ~s a bit / roses with long ~s / beautifulflowers with slender -s settle to settle your stomach means to stop it feeling uncomfortable and likely to make you sick: a drink to -yo ur stomach / my stomach has ~d now significance the significance of something is its meaning or importance.The adjective is significant. The verb is signify: do these plants have cultural ~? /the ceremony has great - / the enormous - of these election results / it's suddenly taken on a new - / 1wouldn't attach any ~ to it / don't underestimate the - of this event / a very significant development / his most significant achievement / symbols which signify peace water to water plants means to put water on them: I've been - ing them every day / don'tforget to ~ the tomatoes / they need -ing twice a day weed a weed is a wild plant that grows in a field or garden where it is not wanted. Weed is also a verb, meaning to clear weeds: the garden’sfull of~s / perennial ~s (which remain in a place and don’t die in the winter) / trying to keep the ~s under control / need to ~ the vegetable patch / theflower garden needs - ing
EXERCISES
C o l l o c a t io n s A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
P repo sitio n s Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 The road was destroyed....an earthquake. 2 Thousands of homes have been affected...... the flood. 3 We've had a long period....drought. 4 Hail is ice that falls....the air like rain. 5 Can you hear something moving....the garden? 6 What's the aim ....your research? 7 Fry the onions....a saucepan.
W o r d fam ilies A Complete the expression with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 a warm breeze
a .................... afternoon a thick.................... sitting in the
2 a misty morning 3 shade your eyes
4 the resumption of talks Talks are due to ............... ..... soon. 5 My ageing grandmother He never................... 6 a flooded house a devastating 7 a significant event
an event of great
W o r d - b u il d in g
1 There are.................... fears for the safety of the hostages. 2 Too much chocolate w ill.................. your teeth. 3 A computer virus caused my work to ............ .......to a grinding halt. 4 The police are.................... information from witnesses. 5 I .................... you to ask him to go out on a date. В Complete the missing adjectives.
1 a w _ _ d exaggeration. 2 make an e _________I appeal 3 conducts__________ с research 4 a victim of s_____I harassment 5 a violation of h ___ n rights 6 set up a с _______ n fund С Match the two halves of the collocation.
1 2 3 4 5
a flash of attach heir to board under
a) b) c) d) e)
significance to (something) member lightning control the throne
Patter ns
A Complete the sentences with a negative form of the correct adjective.
legal comfortable
grow
dare gather
rot come
suitable emotional
A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Use to + infinitive or -ing.
significant pleasant
1 I get excited easily but you're always so 2 You can't drive without a licence. It's 3 Putting on headphones is .................... behaviour in a staff meeting. 4 I felt very....................in my new shoes. 5 You are worrying about something that's completely.......................... 6 Getting caught in a thunderstorm is an . experience.
contest blow
make rise
get make
call
Feel the wind.................. .. through your hair. We are planning............. .......the decision. Becoming wiser is part of ....................older. ....................floodwaters have been reported in the news. 5 I'm planning.................... lasagne for dinner. 6 Please ask her.................. ... me back. 7 You are forcing me.......... ......... a difficult decision.
1 2 3 4
VOCABULARY BUILDER 29
8 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT Pa g e s 5 4 -5 5 break into to break into a place means to enter it using force.The noun is break-in: the house had been broken into / someone broke into my car and stole my radio / a series of break-ins in the area bribery bribery is the crime of offering a person in authority money so that they will do something for you. The verb is bribe, and a bribe is the money that you offer: charged with - and corruption / ~ is widespread / everyone bribes the officials / attempting to bribe a police officer / paying bribes to police officers / he's accused of accepting bribes blackmail blackmail is the crime of threatening to tell someone's secrets unless they pay you money or do something for you. Blackmail is also a verb: he's accused of - 1 she tried t o - a politician / she was - ed into accepting the offer bombing a bombing is the crime in which someone leaves a bomb in a place and allows it to explode: a in the city centre / two men have been charged with the-1 a - campaign / a wave of-s in recent weeks burglary a burglary is a crime in which someone enters a building and steals something. Someone who does this is a burglar.The verb is burgle: there have been a lot of burglaries in the area / an attempted - / when did the - take place? / the police have arrested two burglars / we got back and found the house had been burgled captive if someone is held captive, they are kept as a prisoner. Captive is also a noun: he held his girlfriend - / he's been held - for a year / they were taken - by rebels / - animals / theyfinally released their -s come up to come up to someone means to come towards them: three lads came up to me I a girl came up and started talking to me I a man came up to me and asked mefor money 30 OUTCOMES
come forward to come forward means to offer to help someone: people are too scared to - / the police want people to - with information / we askedfor volunteers but no one cameforward device a device is a bomb: the - went off in a shopping centre / an explosive -/ a nuclear - / the had been left in a bus station disappear if someone disappears, they become lost and people cannot find them.The noun is disappearance: shejust -ed / the girls -ed while they were walking homefrom school / report the disappearance to the police drag to drag someone means to pull them roughly: he -ged her to his car / she was ~ged into some bushes / she -ged me round the shops all afternoon (forced me to go with her) / 1finally managed to myselfout of bed (get up with difficulty) broad daylight if it is broad daylight, it is during the day and light: it was - when the robbery took place / it happened in fraud fraud is the crime of telling lies or deceiving people in order to gain money for yourself.The adjective is fraudulent. Someone who commits fraud is a fraudster: a victim o f- / he was sent to prisonfor tax - / credit card - / identity - (using someone else's identity to get money) / she made a -ulent insurance claim / -ulent business activities / a convicted -ster get hold of to get hold of something means to manage to get it: someone must have got hold of my bank details / it's relatively easy to - this information go off to go off means to explode: the device went off near the station / the bomb could - off at any minute / 1was worried the gun might accidentally / 1could hearfireworks going off grab to grab something means to take hold of it roughly. Grab is also a noun.- this guy -bed my bag / she -bed hold of my arm / he -bed me by the throat / he made a -fo r my purse (tried to grab it) insured if you are insured, you have paid money to an insurance company, and they will give you money if something you own is stolen, damaged, etc. The noun is insurance and the verb is insure: wereyou -? / I'm not - against accidental damage / the car's against theft / the house wasn’t properly - / it’s a good idea to take out travel insurance / an insurance policy / an insurance company / haveyou insuredyourjewellery? kidnapping a kidnapping is a crime in which someone is taken and held as a prisoner.The verb is kidnap. Someone who commits this crime is a kidnapper: there’s been a - in Somalia / two men have been charged in connection with the - / two British tourists have been kidnapped / she never spoke to her kidnappers theft theft is the crime of stealing something. Someone who does this is a thief: he’s accused of
/ sent to prisonfor the - of two paintings / he's been charged with car - / she's got a history of petty - (stealing small items) / the police are still lookingfor the thieves riot a riot is a violent protest by a large number of people. Someone who takes part in a riot is a rioter-, a - in the capital / high prices led tofood -s in the cities / rising unemployment has sparked ~s / the army were called in to put down the - / police used tear gas on the -ers robbery a robbery is a crime in which someone uses force to steal money or property.The verb is rob and someone who does this is a robber: a street - l a bank - / he's been charged with armed - 1 he denied taking part in the - / she was robbed in the street at knifepoint / masked robbers held up the bank seize to seize someone or something means to get hold of them roughly: he -d her in a pub / he -d me by the arm / she ~d my hand / she -d the bag snatch to snatch something means to steal it from someone: I had my bag ~ed / someone - ed my purse / a child was - edfrom a shopping centre suspiciously if someone is behaving suspiciously, they are behaving in a strange way that makes you think they are doing something illegal.The adjective is suspicious. The noun is suspicion and the verb is suspect: see a man acting - / a - large suitcase / if you see anything suspicious, call the police / a suspicious-looking man / behaving in a suspicious manner / 1have the suspicion that he knows something / our suspicions turned out to be unfounded (not true) / the police suspect him of fraud overdrawn if you go overdrawn at the bank, you spend more money than you have in your account: I'd gone £1000 - / the account was already - by £200 stab to stab someone means to attack them by pushing a knife into them. The noun is stabbing: she was - bed outside her school / he was - bed to death / there have been three -bings sofar this month f vanish to vanish means to disappear: when I looked round, she'd ~ed / the boat had -ed without trace / he seemed to - into thin air Pa c e s 5 6 -5 7 appalling if something is appalling, it is extremely bad and shocking.The verb is appal and there is also an adjective appalled: re-offending rates are - / they live in - conditions / the decision to release him will appal a lot of people / 1was absolutely appalled at how badly they behaved community service community service is a punishment in which someone has to do work that helps other people: offenders should d o - / sentenced to three months'- / - shouldn't be seen as a soft option
fine a fine is an amount of money that you pay as a punishment. Fine is also a verb: get a -fo r speeding / a parking - / 1had to pay a - of £300 / he was -d £250 inmate an inmate is someone who is in prison: -s should work while they are in prison / a prison with 700 - s i a n - ofParkhurst Prison life you can describe a particular way of living as a life: they lead a - of luxury / help people to lead independent lives / after the operation,you should be able to lead a normal - / they moved to Australia to start a new offender an offender is someone who has committed a cnme:young -s going to prisonfor thefirst time / longer sentencesfor persistent -s (people who continue to commit crimes) I a sex- (who has committed a sex crime) -E r / -OR (o f f e n d e r /
d ic t a t o r )
We usually form the noun for the people or things that do an action by adding -er or -or to the verb. For example, offender, dictator a high achiever; a political adviser; the announcer at an airport; a financial backer, a suicide bomber; a dog breeder; a wedding caterer, the champion's challenger, a plastic container, an army commander; turn off the cooker, a central defender; a dreamer; a children's entertainer; a farm labourer; a university lecturer, an infamous murderer; take painkillers; use the spell-checker; contain sweeteners. press the accelerator; the school administrator; use a calculator; a sports commentator, a newspaper editor; have your own electricity generator; a rubbish incinerator; a government inspector; a swimming instructor; the film projector's broken; the state prosecutor (lawyer).
rehabilitation rehabilitation is the process by which someone is helped to live a normal life again after they have been in prison or been ill.The verb is rehabilitate: we should pay more attention to - / a - centre / the - of offenders / a new scheme to rehabilitateyoung offenders system a system is a set of ideas or methods that you use: the current - isn’t working / a modernfiling - / the person who designed the - / time to reform the judicial - l a new -fo r dealing withyoung offenders vicious circle a vicious circle is a situation in which one problem causes another problem, which then makes the first problem worse: we need to break the - of crime, prison and more crime / a - o f poverty and ill health VOCABULARY BUILDER 31
worldwide if something is worldwide, it happens all over the world: it's attracted - attention / a problem / they export goods -
Pa g e s 5 8 -5 9 confiscation confiscation is taking something away from someone officially.The verb is confiscate: they’re angry about the - of personal property / he nowfaces - of his house / the police confiscated his computer curfew a curfew is a rule or law which says that people must stay indoors after a particular time at night: they’ve imposed a - 1 the government declared a - / the whole town has been placed under- / a -foryoung people / the - was lifted (ended) detention detention is keeping someone locked up. The verb is detain: the indefinite - of terror suspects / seven days’- / he was kept in - 1 he has been detained by the police / detainedfor questioning dictator a dictator is a ruler who has complete power in a country: an evil - / afascist - / an attempt to overthrow the get away with murder if someone gets away with murder, they are not punished for doing something wrong. If someone gets away with a crime, they are not caught and punished for it: that child gets away with murder! / I’d steal the money if I thought I could get away with it /you'll never get away with this! hysterical if someone is hysterical, they are very upset and cannot control what they say or do. Hysterical language or behaviour is very extreme and unreasonable: a - use of language la - reaction to the crisis / some - media coverage / she became and started screaming indefinite if something is indefinite, it has no fixed end. The adverb is indefinitely: the - detention of terror suspects I a n - strike / the paintings are on loan to the gallery / most prisoners can't be locked up Ч у interrogate to interrogate someone means to ask them questions for a long time in order to get information.The noun is interrogation: he was -d several times / ~d by the police / he was taken to the police stationfor interrogation / a senior police officer conducted the interrogation / he refused to say anything under interrogation impose to impose something means to introduce it officially and force people to accept it.The noun is imposition: they've ~d a curfew I - a ban on the sale o f alcohol / - new restrictions on trade / the court can - afine / the imposition of a curfew lay down the law to lay down the law means to tell someone very firmly what they must do.from now
32 OUTCOMES
on, I’ll be laying down the law / he can’t come in here andjust plot to plot means to make secret plans against a person or government. Plot is also a noun: he’s accused of-ting against the state / ~ting to overthrow the government / ~ting a murder / an assassination - / a - t o kidnap the President put up with to put up with something means to accept it in a patient way: I don’t know why they it / 1won’t - this behaviour any longer monitor to monitor something means to watch it regularly over a long period of time: his phone calls were ~ed / a machine to - your heart rate / we’ll - his progress / the government has said it will continue to - the situation opposed to if you are opposed to something, you do not think it should happen: they’re - the detention of terror suspects / people who are - abortion / they’re - the war oppressed if someone is oppressed, they are treated in a cruel or unfair way.The noun is oppression: a poor - victim / - ethnic minorities / the - people of the world / they suffered political oppression / victims o f oppression smuggle to smuggle something into or out of a place means to take it there secretly because it is against the law or against rules. The noun is smuggling: he -s girlfriends into the house / gangs that ~ illegal immigrants into the country / it’s quite easy to - guns across the border /found guilty of drug smuggling spark to spark something means to cause it: the event that ~ed this explosion of anger / the announcement has -ed widespread demonstrations / an electrical fault which ~ed afire at thefactory storm out to storm out means to leave a room angrily: he stormed out of the room / she stormed out and slammed the door / he stormed out of the meeting subversive if something is subversive, it is intended to damage the power or influence of a government: he was arrested on suspicion o f- activities / literature surveillance surveillance is watching a person or place carefully to see if they are involved in crime: he’s under constant - / the building is kept under 24 hour - 1 he was put under close - l a police operation torture to torture someone means to hurt them, especially in order to get information from them. Torture is also a noun: he claims he was -d / they were brutally -d / prisoners who were subjected to - / - victims vow to vow that you will do something means to promise that you will do it. Vow is also a noun: -ed never to subject him to strict discipline / she -ed to continue herfight for justice / he made a - that he wouldfind the truth / she broke her - / a - o f silence / marriage -s
EXERCISES
1 The robbery took place in __ _______ daylight. 2 He was sentenced to ten years fo r......... ...........
robbery.
P repo sitio n s
3 The thieves just vanished into.....................air.
A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
He's been accused.... accepting bribes. The burglar entered the building....force. The gang has been charged....armed robbery. She's going to prison__the second time. I couldn't get any information....him. The drugs were brought....the city by tourists. Alcohol is often involved....car accidents. She was arrested....suspicion of drink driving.
В Complete the collocations with nouns from the unit.
W o r d fam ilies A Complete the expression with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 a rise in burglaries
a teenage
2 the suspect disappeared
a mysterious
3 a fraudulent act
a convicted
4 an insurance policy 5 accused of kidnapping 6 a clever thief
are you............ a .................... guilty of
7 a suspicious act
she was acting
W o r d - b u ild in g
1 an insurance p ____ у 2 accused of d ru gs_________g 3 lay down the__w 4 monitor the s _________n 5 check your heart r__e 6 get away with m _____r С Match the two halves of the collocation. Look up the nouns (a-f) if you need help.
1 a shopping 2 community 3 a soft 4 media 5 an assassination 6 marriage
a) b) c) d) e) f)
option coverage centre service plot vows
P h r a s a l verbs
A Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the verbs.
accelerate sweeten instruct back cook incinerate lecture announce 1 She works as a ................ at the university. 2 The.................... said the flight was delayed. 3 I find that the brake interferes with the 4 Put the rubbish in the...................... 5 Do you know where I can find a good swi mmin g ..... . ? 6 My business plan needs a financial.....-_______ 7 The pot on the.................... is boiling over. 8 Would you like some............. ...... in your coffee? Co llo c atio n s A Complete the sentences with the correct adjective from the list.
illegal thin vicious
4 I think___ ______ offenders deserve a second chance. 5 Many criminals are from unhappy families; it's a ....... circle. 6 People often blame crime o n _________ minorities. 7 Police are getting tough on___ _______ immigrants. 8 The power cut was due to an .................... fault. 9 ______ unemployment is straining household budgets.
rising electrical young
armed ethnic broad
A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the list.
break into get hold of
gooff come forward
come up get back
1 Someone....................my house last night. 2 We............... ....home and found the window broken. 3 A stranger..... ............. and started talking to me. 4 The police are asking for witnesses to 5 A bomb........ ...........in a bus shelter. 6 You are a very difficult person to ..................... В Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 The military were called in to put out / down the riot. 2 Robbers held out / up the teller at gunpoint. 3 You don't have to put up by / with bad behaviour. 4 She stormed out / down in anger. 5 My suspicions turned out / up to be unfounded. 6 Striking workers are taking part of/ in a demonstration. VOCABULARY BUILDER 33
CAREERS AND STUDYING Pa g e s 6 4 -6 5 carry on to carry on means to continue.you’ll end up running the company if things - like this / ~ the good work / we carried on workingfor another hour draining if something is draining, it is very tiring. You can also say that you feel drained: I’mfinding it emotionally - / working withyoung children is - / Ifelt completely drained freakyou can use the word freak to say that someone is obsessed with something: my boss is a complete control ~ / she’s a real health - / afitness hang if you get the hang of something, you learn how to do it: I’m slowly getting the - of everything /you’ll soon get the - of it / I’ll never get the - of this hand in to hand something in means to give it to someone in authority: I handed in my notice last week / canyou handyour homework in now? / I handed in my resignation menial if work is menial, it is boring and does not need any skill: the work is pretty - most of the time / doing - jobs / afew - tasks merger a merger is the joining together of two organisations to form one larger one.The verb is merge: a - between the two companies / people who aren't infavour of the proposed ~ / they’re planning to merge with an American bank notice if you give in your notice,you tell your employer officially that you are going to leave your job: I handed in my - last week / 1haven't given in my - yet / 1have to givefour weeks’qualification a qualification is a piece of paper that shows you have passed an exam or completed a training course. Someone who has qualifications is qualified: he’s got excellent ~s / good academic ~s / medical -s /you gain a - a t the end of the course / he’s not qualified enough to get thejob / some very well-qualified candidates 34 OUTCOMES
raise a raise is an increase in the amount of money that you earn.This is also called a rise in British English: I got a - last month / they offered me a - / a ~ of £100 a week / unions are callingfor a 5% pay rise redundant if you are made redundant,you are told that your employer no longer has a job for you. The noun is redundancy: I got made - last month / over 500 workers are being made ~ / many of the staff are nowfacing redundancy / there have been nearly 300 redundancies at thefactory rewarding if something is rewarding, it makes you feel happy and satisfied: I’mfinding it very - / an extremely - job / the work is immensely stimulating if something is stimulating, it is very interesting.The noun is stimulation: it’s really- / a - discussion / the school provides a - environment / young children need a lot of stimulation stretch to stretch someone means to make them use all their skills and abilities: Ifeel I’m really -ing myself I a school which really -es the students / the work doesn't really - me workload a workload is the amount of work that a person has to do: I'm struggling to cope with m y- / I've got a heavy - / trying to reduce m y- / having an assistant would ease her - / my - keeps expanding work out if something works out well, it happens or develops in a satisfactory way: if things don’t withyour newjob, you can always leave / /hope things -fo r you / it worked out OK in the end undervalued if something is undervalued, people do not realise how important or valuable it is. The verb is undervalue: she left because shefelt - / good employee relations are often - / it’s important not to undervalue these assets Un d er-
We can add under- to verbs, nouns or adjectives, It means 'not enough'. For example: shefelt undervalued. I was undercharged; underestimate an opponent; the faci Iities are underused; underdeveloped countries; underage drinking is quite a big problem; public transport is still underfunded; workers complained they were underpaid; a very underpopulated area; the school is understaffed;
Pa g e s 6 6 -6 7 blessed if you are blessed with something, you are lucky because you have it: Ifeel truly - / we’re with good health
conscious if you are conscious of something, you are aware of it and notice it or think about it. The adverb is consciously: I’m very - of beingfair to everyone / I’m - that everyone should have the same opportunities / 1made a - effort to make themfeel welcome / 1wasn’t doing it consciously get through if you get through a difficult experience, you come to the end of it successfully: I never thought I’d - it 11 don’t know how I got through thatfirst month interfere to interfere means to become involved in a situation when your help or advice is not wanted. The noun is interference. Someone who is interfering interferes a lot: my manager ~d a lot / don’t -! / 1wish he wouldn’t - in my affairs / 1really resent his interference / she’s so interfering! live up to to live up to expectations means to be as good as people expected: herjob didn’t expectations / the hotel didn’t - the promises in the holiday brochure logistics logistics are all the practical things you need to do in a particular order so that something can be successful: we get trainingfor things like- / the ~ of running a company / we haven’t thought about the - of the dayyet mind your mind is your thoughts: It never really crossed my - to quit completely (I never thought about it) / an idea came into my - / Ceorge sprang t o-as a possible candidate (I thought about him immediately) / thanks, I’ll bear that in - (I’ll think about it) / the money was preying on my - (I was worrying about it) misunderstood if a person is misunderstood, other people don't like them because they have a false idea of what the person is like. The verb is misunderstand: I think she’sjust - / most teenagers think they are - / it’s easy to misunderstand her recognise to recognise something means to realise that it is good or important. The noun is recognition: his work has been publicly ~d / her struggle to get her work ~d / she wasn’t ~d as an artist during her lifetime / he’sfinally achieved recognition as an author manual manual work is work in which you use your hands.The adverb is manually: I knew I would enjoy doing - work l a - job / some simple - tasks / - workers / - tools (not electric or electronic) /you can set the timings -ly name after to name someone or something after a person means to give them that person's name: a road has been named after me / he was named after hisfather / she was named Dora after hergrandmother peacekeeping peacekeeping is preventing other people from fighting each other: nowadays the army’s more about -/ a United Nations -force / a - mission push around to push someone around means to treat them unfairly: I was pushed around a bit at work / I won’t let anyone push me around
rank someone's rank is their position in an organisation: hopefully I’ll achieve a high - 1an army officer of high - / she was lower in - than most of herfriends / he rose to the - of captain retirement retirement is when someone stops working because of their age. The verb is retire: when I reach - age / she’s lookingforward to her - / he’s really enjoying - / planning to retire nextyear / willyou retire whenyou’re sixty? role someone's role is the job that they do or the way they contribute to a situation: women are often better than men in those -s / it’s the - of ajournalist to ask difficult questions / parents have an important - in their children's education / the prime minister will play a crucial - in the negotiations / he'll be involved in a managerial set foot if you set foot somewhere, you go there: I never - on the beach / I’ll never - in that house again! stock to stock a place means to fill it with things.To restock a place means to fill it again: I spent my time re-ing the bar / we’ve red thefridge withfood stuck if you are stuck in a place, you cannot leave: we were - inside / I’m going to be - in London all summer / the van got - in the mud (was unable to move) suck up to suck up to someone means to behave very nicely towards them because you want something from them.- other people would - the boss / she spent all her time sucking up to the teachers suntan if you have a suntan,your skin has turned brown in the sun.The adjective is suntanned: a good way to get a - / she’s got afantastic - I lotion/ his suntanned back tray a tray is a flat piece of plastic or metal that you use for carrying drinks, plates, etc.: carrying -s in the bar / she brought the drinks out on a - / balancing glasses of wine o n a - / a - of things to eat Pa g e s 6 8 -6 9 affordability the affordability of something is how easily people can afford to pay for it.The adjective is affordable: the - of degree courses / the main thing people take into account when planning a holiday is - / affordable houses / working women need affordable childcare appeal the appeal of something is the quality it has that makes people like it.The adjective is appealing: the UK is worried it will lose its - l a movie with a lot o f- / the sport has great - 1as a tourist destination, the town holds n o - / his manner is very -ing / a very -ing design autonomy autonomy is the power to make your own decisions. The adjective is autonomous: allowing universities to have much greater - / the region is demanding more - 1an autonomous region / an autonomous organisation VOCABULARY BUILDER 35
bureaucrat a bureaucrat is someone who works as part of an official system. An official system with a lot of complicated rules is called a bureaucracy: stories about unelected ~s in Brussels / a government / trying to reduce the amount of bureaucracy compatible if different machines or systems are compatible, they can work with each other.The noun is compatibility: making quality control standards more - / the program's not ~ with my system / check the compatibility beforeyou buy a new printer credit a credit is a part of a university course that you have passed: -s were sometimes awarded to students based on the number of hours they'd done / 1need six ~s thisyear decentralise to centralise control of something means to control it all from one place.To decentralise control means to allow different places to control things in different ways: some countries have started decentralising the curricula / parties that want to - government / planning to - the business / they want to centralise the education system earplugs earplugs are small pieces of plastic that you put into your ears to keep out noise: a new EU initiativeforcingfootball supporters to wear ~ / I had - in, so I couldn't hear anything influence to influence someone or something means to affect the way they behave or develop. Influence is also a noun: the Bologna Process is influencing education systems in other countries / myfather ~d me a lot / don't let this -yo u r decision / he has a lot o f - in the media / trying to use his - with government ministers / she has considerable - over him implementation the implementation of something is how it is used and made to work.The verb is implement: the - of the policy / effective - of the proposals / the local authority will monitor - of the
36 OUTCOMES
plan / the policies will be implemented immediately / theyfailed to implement the decision knock-on effect a knock-on effect is an indirect effect of something: it's starting to have a - elsewhere / the closure will have a - o n jobs elsewhere outcome an outcome is a result at the end of a process or activity: credits will now be based on learning -s / the - of the election / a successful - / actions which will achieve the desired outline to outline something means to describe the main facts about it, without giving all the details. Outline is also a noun: I'd like to begin by outlining the proposal / he -d the government's policies / briefly - the plan / she gave a brief- of the company's history / a broad - of the proposals outrage outrage is a very strong feeling of anger. Outrage is also a verb.The adjective is outrageous: it's caused - in Greece and France / it was greeted with - / there's been widespread public - /felt a sense of - / a lot of people were -d by the proposals / that's - ousI / an -ous idea overview an overview is a description of the main parts of something: an - of university education / it gives an - of American history / a brief- of the problem restructure to restructure something means to organise it in a new way: many universities have started restructuring departments / plans to - local government / the company's been completely -d standardisation standardisation is the process of making different things the same or similar. The verb is standardise-./or traditionalists, the idea of any kind o f- is hard to bear / the - of exams / the need to standardise selection procedures summarise to summarise something means to explain it very briefly.The noun is summary: can you - the ideas in afew words? / to -, this is an excellent school / a brief summary o f the proposal / he gave a summary o f their researchfindings
EXERCISES
2 Som e.................... offer better benefits than others. 3 Som etim es employees have to learn how to m anage th e ir................. .
P r e p o s it io n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 You receive a certificate at the en d ....the course. 2 Fortunately I'm blessed....good health. 3 He rose to the rank... . captain in the navy. 4 Our car got stuck... . in the mud. 5 W e are n 't.... favour of the proposal. 6 The work is boring m ost....the tim e.
В Choose the correct preposition. 1 The consultant gave a brief overview at / o f the problem. 2 I read about it in I on the media.
4 O ld er.................... sometimes struggle to find jobs. 5 She had an excellent m aths.................... in high school.
C o l l o c a t io n s A Complete the collocations w ith the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help. get named
look
made
hand
set
3 Everything is controlled to /from the head office. 4 Parents play a role of/ in their children's education.
1 . the hang o f (something)
5 His scientific work w asn't recognised during / since his lifetim e.
2 in your notice 3 forward to (something) 4 redundant 5 ...... (som ething) in mind 6 foot in/on (something)
W o r d f a m il ie s A Complete the expressions w ith the correct form of the word in bold. 1 com pletely drained
an em otionally .....................experience
2 made redundant
haunted by fears of
3 a stim ulating
m en tal....................
experience 4 too much
a n ................... manager
interference 5 retire from work
old-age...................
6 a suntanned body
bear
a good w ay to get a
В Complete the sentences w ith the correct words from the words in brackets. 1 The success o f the project depends on its correct.....................(im plem ent) 2 Our inefficien t.................... is driving up the cost o f health care, (bureaucrat) 3 That doesn't sound v e ry .....................(appeal) 4 N obody.....................the good work he does. (recognition) 5 The company is planning t o ..................... benefits for employees, (standardisation) 6 That’s a n ............... .... suggestion! (outrage) W O R D - B U IL D IN G ______________________________
A Complete the sentences w ith the correct noun.
7 after (som ething)
В Complete the sentences with the correct noun
from the list. rise system freak
workload summary mind
findings effect government
1 M y boss is a total control..................... 2 Unions are calling for a 50% p ay............... 3 I've got a really h e a v y ..................... th is m onth. 4 Singapore has an excellent education.......... . 5 I made a b rie f.......... ......... o f the report. 6 Closing the road had a knock-on.............. on other traffic.
Ph ra sa l v er b s A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 The course lived up to / by its expectations. 2 I can't carry in / on in this aw ful job. 3 How are things working in /out w ith your new boss? 4 I ju st have one more exam to get through I by. 5 He likes to push the younger students
around / out. 6 I don't like employees who suck up / around
employers workers
teacher supporters
managers
to me.
1 I am one of the president's greatest
VOCABULARY BUILDER 37
10
rips you off: that place is such a - / it was a complete - / - prices / 1think we got ripped o ff / dishonest tradesmen who rip people off spree a spree is a tim e w hen you do a lot of som ething in a short period o f tim e: go on a big shopping - / a spending - / a massive buying - / they went on a crime - / a drinking the safe side to be on the safe side means to do som ething so th at there is no risk that things w ill go wrong: I’ll phone and book a table,ju st to be on
-
/ we’d better leave by ten, to be on -
them e a them e is a general subject: having a - party
(where people wearfancy dress thatfits a theme) / a - park (with rides and games a ll on the same theme) /justice is the main - o f the book / one o f the central -s o f his speech
SOCIALISING
Pa g e s 7 2 - 7 3 ashamed if you feel ashamed, you feel guilty and
Pa g e s 7 0 - 7 1
embarrassed about som ething.The noun is shame, and shame is also a verb: it made them feel
bunch a bunch of people is a group o f people: going
to comefrom Texas / 1was deeply - / slightly o f my behaviour / I’ve done nothing to be - o f / it makes me - to be British / afeeling o f shame / to hang your head in shame / behaviour which has shamed ourfam ily
clubbing with a - o ffriends / they're a really nice / a bit o f a mixed cosy if a place is cosy, it is warm, com fortable and relaxing: a - little restaurant / a ~ sitting room / it's lovely and ~ in here / warm and ~ by thefire / a - chat deadline the deadline for som ething is the tim e or date by which you must do it: the -fo r this report Is tomorrow / the - is Monday / working to a very
tight ~ / they've set a - o f next Tuesday / we're going to struggle to meet the - / worried w e'll miss the - / the - has already passed fancy-dress a fancy-dress event is one in which people w ear costumes for fun. You can also say that someone goes in fancy dress: a - party / ~
hire / everyone was infancy dress / are you going infancy dress? freshen up tofreshen up means to wash your hands andface so that you feel cleaner and more comfortable: we’ll have tim e to - / to - before dinner / would you like to - ? get-together a get-together is a party or informal social occasion. You can also say that people get together: we have a big - / an inform al - / a fam ily
-
/ we usually get together at Christmas
resign to resign means to say officially th at you are leaving your job.The noun is resignation: I’m going
to try and persuade her not to - / he’s -ingfrom hisjob / he m ay beforced to - as prime m inister / she threatened to - / I’ve handed in my -ation / he’s announced his -ation from the government / protesters have calledfo r her -ation rip-off if som ething is a rip-off, it is more expensive than it should be. You can also say th at someone
38 OUTCOMES
broadcast to broadcast som ething means to put it on radio or TV. Broadcast is also a noun: his comments
were - all around Britain / the match w ill be - live / a programme that was - on BBC1 last night / w e'll be -ing livefrom the United States / a radio broadcast / a news broadcast / the prime minister w ill make a special broadcast later today burst out to burst out crying or laughing means to start crying or laughing suddenly. You can also say that you burst into laughter or tears.The past tense and past participle are also burst: she -
crying / 1- laughing / she kept bursting into tears / the audience burst into applause / he burst into loud laughter casual if som ething is casual,you do it w ithout thinking about it or planning it before: they made
a - remark about George Bush / a - comment / it wasju st a - conversation / a - meeting with some friends / give a - glance at something / - sex (not as part o f a serious relationship) chain a chain o f shops or businesses is a group of them th at are all owned by the same person or company: the owner o f a - o f shops / a - o f clothes stores / a large hotel - / the big supermarket ~s at ease if you are at ease,you feel relaxed: he was with them / 1fe lt completely - / we tried to make him feel - 1 he seemed ill - (not relaxed) / they tried to put me - (make mefeel relaxed) fe llo w your fellow students or workers are the people you study or work w ith: he was talking
to some - businessmen / 1get on w ell with my - students / his - countrymen / her - office workers frown on to frown on som ething means to disapprove o f it: public displays o f affection are
frowned on / long lunch breaks are definitely frowned on / people who still - divorce globalised som ething th a t is globalised happens in the sam e w ay all over the world. The noun is globalisation: ou r- 24-hour news
culture / the - economy / the globalisation o f world trade / people who are opposed to globalisation
-ITY
Some nouns are formed by adding-/fy to adjectives. For example: a very versatile vegetable / show am azing versatility, a secure environm ent / improve security; lead an active life/ avoid physical activity; get very humid f 90% humidity; a very responsible job / take on more responsibility; a special person / a local speciality; obese people / combat obesity; in public / attract a lot of publicity
interrupt to interrupt someone means to stop them w hen they are talking or doing som ething. The noun is interruption: after a m inute or two, she -ed me / don’t - when I’m speaking / 1hate
being ~ed when I’m working / I’m sorry to ~, but could you look a t this? / there were constant interruptions / / ignored the interruption and carried on jew ellery jew ellery is things such as rings, necklaces and bracelets th at you w ear on your body: shops
that sell cheap - / 1never wear - / she wears a lot o f- / buying expensive light-hearted if som ething is light-hearted, It is not very serious.The adverb is light-heartedly: a - speech / a -film /a - look at education / he
seemed in a - mood / laughing andjoking -ly mean to mean to do som ething means to intend to do it: it was - t to be a joke / 1~t it as a compliment
/ 1didn’t - to upset anyone / 1didn't - any harm / I - t to phone him, but Iforgot on a ir if someone is on air, their voice or picture is being broadcast on radio or TV. If they are o ff the air, their voice or picture is not being broadcast: he
didn't realise he was - 1 we g o- in five minutes / luckily, the remarks were made o ff the air pregnant if a wom an is pregnant, a baby is growing in her body.- she wasn't actually - / 1was eight
months - at the tim e / she looked - / 1got - by accident protocol protocol is a set o f rules for how to behave:
share the shares in a company are the parts into which its ownership is divided.The share price is the price of the company's shares: to buy -s
in a company / a good tim e to sellyour -s / the company’s - price crashed / the ~ price has gone down to ju st 15p / ~ prices have risen in recent weeks slap to slap someone means to hit them w ith the front part o f your hand. Slap is also a noun: she
-ped him in theface / 1wanted to - her hard / 1 -ped him on the leg / he -ped me on the back (hit me in a friendly way on the back) / she needs to give that child a - I / we got a - if we behaved badly split up if a couple split up, they end their relationship.The past tense and past participle are also split up.The noun is split: I didn’t know they’d - / my parents - lastyear / she’s - with her boyfriend / they've got on much better since the
split unnoticed if som ething is unnoticed, people do not notice it: the remark would have passed ~ in previous times / his strange behaviour went completely - / their work is largely ~ unpatriotic if som ething is unpatriotic, it criticises your country. The opposite is patriotic: they saw the remarks as-1 - behaviour / the party members
arefiercely patriotic / using patriotic language
sm all violations o f - / diplom atic - / they didn't fo llo w standard medical - / a breach o f- / public eye if you are in the public eye, you are w ell known and people recognise you and w rite about you in newspapers, magazines, etc.:
people who are in the - / the disadvantages o f being in the rem ark a remark is som ething th at you say. Remark is also a verb: they made a casual - about George Bush /he made a few tactless -s / accused o f
making racist -s / 1think you should withdraw that - / / decided to ignore his -s / everyone -ed that she was looking w ell / we a ll -ed on the increased security
Pa c e s 7 4 - 7 5 break up to break som ething up means to stop it:
the police had to come and break it up / trying to - thefig h t / I'm sorry to - the party / the meeting broke up atfo u r o'clock / the partyfin a lly broke up at midnight chat up to chat someone up means to talk to them because you w ant to have a relationship w ith them : he kept trying to chat me up / he spent the evening chatting Beth up / we got chatted up by a
couple o f waiters
VOCABULARY BUILDER 39
drag to drag someone somewhere means to take them there when they do not really w ant to go: myfriend -ged me along to the party / trying to -
him aw ayfrom the pub / they -ged me o ff to the cinema / we managed to - him out o f bed engagem ent an engagem ent is a form al agreement to get married. The adjective is engaged: a party
to celebrate our - / they’veju st announced their / she broke o ff the - / we’re getting engaged / she's engaged to Frank fiancee your fiance (m ale) or fiancee (fem ale) is the person you are engaged to be married to: I’m his
fiancee / have you met herfiance? form someone's form is how w ell they are playing or performing at a particular tim e: it’sju st a temporary loss o f- / he’s in top - at the moment / the team are in good - / hoping to m aintain her current - / they need to return to - before thefin a l next month fancy to fancy someone means to find them attractive and w ant to have a relationship w ith them : they'vefancied each otherfo r ages / doyou
-
him ? / she's a goodfriend, but I don't - her
fortune a fortune is a very large am ount of money: it cost a -t / I've spent a - today! / that ring must
be worth a - /yo u 'll pay a - fo r a m eal there / he inherited a large -from his grandfather get lost to get lost means to go away: /had to tell him to-11 wish he'sju st - / why don'tyou ju st -? I goon — / get off w ith to get o ff w ith someone means to start a relationship w ith them : she got o ff with someone
at the party / doyou think he wants to - with you? / she's spent all evening trying to - with him gorgeous if som ething is gorgeous, it is extremely tasty. You can also say that som ething is gorgeous if it is extrem ely beautiful.The adverb is gorgeously: the aubergine dip is - / some - ice cream / thank you - that was absolutely - / those flow ers are - /you look - in that dress / it was -ly rich and creamy host the host at a party is the person who has invited all the guests. A wom an is called a hostess: I didn't
know the - / he's a very good - (he looks after his guests w ell) / trying to be the perfect -ess leave out to leave someone or som ething out means to not include them : Ifeel a bit left out / we tried not to leave anyone out / she left out a few
im portant details / afe w names had been left out marquee a marquee is a large tent that you use for a party: they set up a - in the garden / we're going to
40 OUTCOMES
hire a - / the reception was held in a - o n the lawn / sitting under a large out o f hand if som ething gets out o f hand, it becomes very difficult to control: it got a bit - /
things were starting to get overhear to overhear a conversation means to hear it w hen you are not taking part in it: I couldn't help -ing / 1-d them talking about it / 1-d him saying he was going to leave / 1don't want anyone to - this patch a patch is a short period o f tim e: we're going through a bad - at the moment / we’ve had a difficult - recently / the business has hit a bad - / going through a rough polish to polish som ething means to rub it to make it shine. Polish is also a noun: the Chinese used
to - their teeth with it / -ing his shoes / to - the furniture / a -edfloor / beautifully -ed shoes / the bestfurniture - / black shoe sneak to sneak somewhere means to go there quietly or secretly: /got bored and decided to - out / we
-ed in through the back door / let's - round the back / we -ed o ff home stuffy if a room is stuffy, it is too warm and there is no fresh air in it.The noun is stuffiness: it was so
- in there / it's getting a bit - in here / a really classroom / 1can't bear the stuffiness in there turn out to turn out in a particular w ay means to end in that way: he turned out to be a complete bore
(we discovered in the end that he was a bore) / it turned out to be a mistake / I'm sure it'll - OK in the end / we’ll w ait and see how things - / as it turned out, we didn’t need any extra help turn up to turn up means to come to a place: hardly anyone turned up / he turned up h a lf an hour late / you don’t have to book -you can ju st - / she didn't - fo r workyesterday versatile if som ething is versatile, it can be used in a lot o f different ways. The noun is versatility:
aubergines are so- / the sm aller machines are quite - / an incredibly - actor (able to play a lot o f different roles) / amazed at his versatility in the kitchen w aste w aste is not using som ething in a proper or useful way. W aste is also a verb: thefood all went
to waste (wasn’t eaten) / what a - 1it’s a terrible - o f resources / a drive to improve efficiency and reduce - / that’s a - o f money (not a good use o f money) / talking to him would be a - o f tim e / I’m not going to - my tim e talking to you / why doyou - so much money on cheap clothes?
EXERCISES
C o l l o c a t io n s A Complete the sentences w ith the correct form of the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
P r e p o sit io n s A Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition. 1 I'm going clubbing....some friends tonight. 2 I don’t w ant to stay o u t....a long period o f tim e. 3 It's nice and warm h ere....the fire. 4 Did you watch the g am e....TV last night? 5 The audience b u rst....applause. 6 He owns a ch a in ....shops. 7 She's engaged....Patrick.
В Choose the correct preposition. 1 We'd better leave home by /fo r eight p.m. 2 I don’t appreciate public displays of/ with affection. 3 She likes to w ear a lot in / ofjew ellery. 4 They’ve got on better since /for the split. 5 I struggled to get out to / o f bed this morning. 6 She's fancied him /or / by ages.
Wo r d
fa m ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form
of the word in bold. 1 feel deeply ashamed 2 constant interruptions 3 joking light-heartedly
hang your head in ............ ....... don't ..... ............... me a .... ................remark
4 slapped on the back a h ard .................... 5 engaged to be married a n .................... party 6 gorgeously beautiful 7 too much stuffiness
you look..................... a .................... room
8 amazing versatility
a ................... machine
A Complete the sentences w ith nouns formed from the adjectives. public
humid responsible
work feel
special active
1 Her revealing dress attracted a lot o f...... ............. 2 There's not m uch...... in this tow n at night. 3 Can you ta k e .................... for driving tonight? 4 I don’t enjoy the heat a n d ........ ........... of summer. 5 Chicken teriyaki is the restaurant.................... 6 Junk food is the main cause of childhood
get (x2) broadcast
1 I asked her w hat was wrong and she .................... into tears. 2. That drunk man is .................... a bit out o f hand. 3 Their relationship is .................... through a bit o f a bad patch right now. 4 The match is being.................... live. 5 I .................... on w ell w ith all my colleagues. 6 I'm .................... to a tig ht deadline this week. 7 I d id n 't.................... com pletely at ease at the party.
В Match the two halves of the collocations. Look
up the nouns (a-e) if you need help. 1 a fancy-dress 2 the perfect
a) host b) air
3 on 4 in top
c) party d) protocol
5 a breach of
e) form
С Complete the collocations w ith nouns from the unit. 1 a shopping s _ _ _ _ e 2 be on the safe s _ _ e 3 visit a them e p _ _ к 4 a w aste o f m ____ у 5 in the public e _ 6 m onitor the share p ____ e 7 w orth a f e
P h r a sa l
W o r d -B u ild in g
obese
burst go
verbs
A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 I ju st need to freshen up / out a bit. 2 Long coffee breaks are frowned on I o f in my office. 3 They split out / up after 15 years together. 4 I'm sorry but I have to break aw ay / up the party. 5 W e're married but w e still chat each other
about / up. 6 I feel a bit left in / out when I'm w ith you and your friends. 7 It turned up / out to be a boring movie. 8 She eventually turned up./in halfw ay through the evening.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 41
11
good - consumption (the am ount o ffu el a car uses) / the - tank / domestic - bills GPS GPS is a system for finding out where you are, by using satellites. It stands for global positioning system: it’s got - / 1used the - to get here / 1
wouldn't manage without scar a scar is a permanent mark on someone's skin from an injury.Scar is also a verb.The adjective is scarred: he's got a-on hisface / a long -/an unsightly - / it
won’t leave a - / he still bears the -s o f his accident / I don’t think it’ll - / hisface was badly -red take out to take out a financial agreem ent means to get it: he should - extra insurance / we’ll have to -
a loan / we could - an advertisem ent in the local newspaper
TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL
tank the tank is the part o f the car where you put petrol or other fuel: /filled the - with petrol / we've
got afu ll - / the ~’s nearly empty tyre a tyre is a thick rubber cover that goes around the wheel of a car or bicycle: we got a fla t - / 1had
Pa c e s 7 6 - 7 7 bald if a tyre is bald, it is no longer safe because it has become smooth: one o f the tyres is alm ost - / the
fro n t tyres are completely boot the boot of a car is the part at the back where you can put luggage and other things: there's plenty o f room in the - / putyour bags in the - /
get the suitcases out o f the - / it'llf it in the ~ o f your car / quite a big brake the brakes on a car are the parts that you use to slow it down and stop it. Brake is also a verb:
the -sfeel a bit weird to me / the ~sfailed (stopped working) / 1slammed on the ~s / 1left the hand- on / 1had to brake sharply bump a bump is an uneven part of a road. A road that has a lot o f bumps is bumpy: I drove over a / loads of-s in the road / a ~y road / thejourney
to buy two new -s / one o f the -s was a bit worn / that -’s nearly bald w ear if som ething wears, it becomes thinner or weaker because it has been used a lot. The adjective is worn: one o f thefro n t tyres is
beginning to - / thefro n t tyres had worn smooth / two o f the tyres are a bit worn windscreen the windscreen is the glass part at the front and back of a car, th at you look through as you are driving: the - is cracked / wash the - / the
fro n t - / the rear - /you’ll have to replace the w ing the wings o f a car are the parts at the side that cover the wheels: someone knocked the - mirror o ff / a dent in the nearside - (on the side that is nearest to the edge o f the road when you are driving) / the offside - (on the side that isfurthest from the edge o f the road when you are driving)
was quite -y cover if your insurance covers something, you w ill receive money or help if th at thing happens to you. Cover is also a noun-, the insurance -s everything / it doesn't - mechanicalfau lts / I’m not
-edfor accidental damage / I’m ~ed to drive any vehicle /you need insurance - / make sureyou have adequate insurance dent a dent is a part o f som ething that has been banged inwards. Dent is also a verb.The adjective is dented: there’s a ~ in the passenger door / afew
~s in the bonnet / 1hit a gatepost and ~ed thefront o f the car / the bonnet was badly -ed fare a fare is an am ount o f money that you pay for transport: the taxi ~ to the hotel / an increase in train ~s / the bus -s are quite cheap / trying to keep
-s low I complaints about high -s fuel fuel is som ething such as petrol or oil that is used to make som ething work: the car’s very
—efficient / try to use less - 1 we ran out o f- / very
42 OUTCOMES
Pa c e s 7 8 - 7 9 blister a blister is a swollen area on your skin th at is full o f clear liquid and is caused by rubbing the skin too much. The adjective is blistered: I got terrible ~s / -s on myfee t / a nasty - on my left. heel / myfeet were badly -ed breathtaking if som ething is breathtaking, it is extrem ely beautiful.The adverb is breathtakingly:
Lake Baikal was simply - / it was absolutely - / the scenery was -ly beautiful claustrophobic if you feel claustrophobic, you feel scared because you are in a sm all space.The noun is claustrophobia: I get really - in lifts / 1was
starting tofeel - / the room was sm all and - / she suffersfrom claustrophobia desolate if a place is desolate, it is com pletely empty:
we drove through some incredibly - scenery / a rather - landscape / walking through the - streets
disrepair disrepair is a condition in which som ething
pilgrimages a pilgrimage is a religious journey to
is damaged or broken: it's fallen into - / the whole
a place. Someone who does this is a pilgrim: I
place was in a state o f -
decided to make a pilgrim age to the cathedral o f Santiago de Compostela / the annual pilgrimage to Mecca / pilgrims have been walking this path fo r hundreds o fyears
em bark to embark on a journey or activity means to begin it. To em bark also means to get on to a ship:
I decided to - on the journey / she's about to - on a degree course / when shefirst -ed on her singing career I we’re -ing on a Caribbean cruise / the passengers were given the signal to faith faith is a strong belief or trust in a god or som ething else. A faith is also a religion: she’s had
a crisis o f - 1 his - in Cod / 1have complete - in you / he has enormous - in the authorities / her blind in people (being unable to see theirfau lts) / people have lost - in the government / we put our - in the doctors / it’s restored my - in human nature / the Muslim - / people o f many ~s (religions) heart if you know som ething by heart,you know all the words of it perfectly: I know the lyrics by - 1 we
had to learn poems by -
Ph ra ses
w it h b y
rem arkable if som ething is remarkable, it is unusual and impressive.The adverb is remarkably: we met
some - people la - journey / she made a - recovery / it's a - achievement / he's quite -fo r an 18-yearold I he did remarkably well in his exams / she still seems remarkablyf it and healthy remote an area that is remote is far away from tow ns and cities: a - area la - village / it's
extremely - where they live / 1wouldn't want to live somewhere so row a row is an angry argum ent. Row is also a verb: we had the occasional - / a - about money I
we had a blazing - (extremely angry) / a huge between two o f the guests la - with his parents / they’re always ~ing spiritual if som ething is spiritual, it relates to your mind and feelings rather than your body: it was a
truly - journey / a deeply - experience There are several phrases th at start w ith by. For example: learn / know som ething by heart. play by the rules; know somebody by name; I know her by sight; a shy/violent/quiet person by
nature; charge by the hour; get bigger/better/ worse by the day; travel by train/tube/bus; made by hand
legend a legend is a very old story about famous people in the past: according to -, the bones o f a
saint are buried there / ancient Creek -s I the- o f Robin Hood / some local - s i - has it that his ghost still appears here twice a year peak the peak of som ethingis the tim e when it is biggest or most successful. Peak is also a verb: its
-years were in the 1960s / inflation reached a - o f 15% lastyear / share prices have risen to an all-time - 1 the- periodfo r tourism / the price o fpetrol has fallen from its - o f £1.20 a litre / a young tennis player who hasn’t reached his ~ yet I Federer is at his - now / interest rates -ed at 16% perspective perspective is a sensible w ay of looking
stretch a stretch o f land or w ater is a piece or area of it: the world’s longest - o f railw ay / a narrow - o f
water I an empty - o f road / a vast - o f ocean / a beautiful - o f beach untouched if som ething is untouched, it has not been damaged or spoiled: it’s almost - by the modern world / an area o f- countryside / the area is still relatively vast som ething that is vast is extrem ely big: a area o f incredible natural beauty / a -forest I a expanse o f desert la - am ount o ffood / ~ numbers o f people / the - m ajority o f people word a word is som ething that you say to someone:
let me give you a - o f advice / I’ll give you a - o f warning / afew ~s o fpraise / 1give you my (I promiseyou) / it ’s my - against his (we are giving different accounts o f what happened) I you can take my -fo r it (you can believe me) I'll put in a good - fo ryou (say something in yourfavour) w orthw hile if som ething is w orthw hile, it is worth the tim e or money that you have spent on it:
that made the whole thing - l a - meeting I a investment / a very - charity / it m ight be - tofin d out a few more details / 1don’t think it's - buying a lot o f revision guides
at a situation and judging how im portant or serious it is. A perspective is also one particular point o f view :you need to put things into - (realise
that things are not as bad or serious asyou think) / try to keep a sense o f - / 1think you've got things out o f - (you think they are more serious than they really are) Ifro m my -, things are going quite well / living in another country gives you a different - on life
Pa g e s 8 0 - 8 1 appeal to appeal means to ask people in authority to consider a decision again. Appeal is also a noun: can you - against thefin e? / he's going to - against the verdict / he's been given leave to -
(permission to appeal) to the High Court I she's
VOCABULARY BUILDER 43
planning to lodge an-1 he won his appeal /you might loseyour creep if you creep, you move slowly and quietly so that people w ill not see or hear you. The past tense and past participle is crept: I tried to - out / 1crept
downstairs / 1crept quietly into bed / someone crept up behind me crossing a crossing is a place where people can cross something safely. A crossing is also a journey across a stretch of water: people stop at pedestrian
-s / a zebra - (a place with striped lines on the road, where people can cross) / a level - (where a road goes over a railway line) we stopped at a border - / there's a - point down riverfrom here / the - was a bit rough (the sea was rough during ourjourney) flash to flash a light means to shine it for a short time. To flash someone means to flash a light at them. Flash is also a noun: I got -ed by a speed camera / peoplejust - their lights / the warning
light was -ing / lightning -ed across the sky / a - o f bright light / blinding - o f light (extremely bright) / a - o f lightning in the sky handbrake the handbrake in a car is the brake that you use to stop the car moving when it is parked:
leave the - off / put the - on indicate to indicate in a car means to put on a light to show which direction you are going to move in. The light you put on is an indicator: I
always - before changing lanes / 1-d left / put the indicator on infuriating if something is infuriating, it is extremely annoying.The verb is infuriate.There is also an adjective infuriated: it's really -I it was absolutely
/ sometimes he infuriates me! I was absolutely infuriated with her! lane the lanes on a large road are the parts that it is divided into, for cars to drive in: everyone
was swerving in and out of-s / in thefast - on the motorway / driving along in the inside - (the one closest to the side o f the road) / in the outside - (the onefurthestfrom the side of the road) let to let someone go somewhere means to allow them to go there: I waitedfo r someone to - me
out (allow me to leave) / open the door to - her in / they wouldn't - me through the door / open the window to - somefresh air in
44 OUTCOMES
overtake to overtake means to go past another vehicle when you are driving: ~ on the inside / you're not allowed to - here / a van overtook us over-the-top if something is over-the-top, it is too extreme: it's so -! / the way she behaved was
completely pavement the pavement is the path by the side of a road, where people can walk.The usual American word is sidewalk: I never park on the - / walking
along the - / a narrow - / a car mounted the (drove on to it) / sidewalk cafes pedestrian a pedestrian is someone who is walking in a town or city.To pedestrianise an area means to make it into an area where cars and other vehicles are not allowed: people usually stopfo r -s / a -
bridge / a - precinct (an areajustfo r pedestrians, not cars) / a - crossing (where pedestrians can cross the road) / plans to -ise the town centre slam to slam something means to hit or push it with a lot of force: I had to - on my brakes / he -med
the papers down on to the desk / 1said goodbye and -med the phone down / the car -med into a telegraph pole spill to spill something means to accidentally let it fall out of a container.The noun is spillage: be
careful not to -your coffee / 1-ed milk all over thefloor / 1nearly -ed my wine / he'd -edfood all down his shirt / there were afew -ages speed lim it the speed lim it is the fastest speed that you are allowed to drive: I was only doing three
miles over the- / 1always stick to the - /try to keep to the - /you were breaking the - / he was over the swerve to swerve means to change direction suddenly when you are driving, cycling, etc.:
everyone was swerving in and out o f lanes / 1-d to avoid a cat / a lorry -d across the road infront of me / 1-d off the road tow to tow a vehicle means to pull it behind another vehicle. Tow is also a noun: I had my car -ed away
(taken away) / he -ed me to the nearest garage / I had to be -ed home / 1asked if he could give me a tow / we had the caravan in tow (being towed behind our car) traffic warden a traffic warden is an official who checks that cars are not parked illegally: didn'tyou see the -? / be careful - there are -s about / a -
gave me a parking ticket
EXERCISES
C o l l o c a t io n s A Complete the sentences w ith the adjectives from the list.
P r epo sitio n s
full peak
A Complete the sentences w ith the correct preposition. 1 2 3 4 5
My suitcase is ....the boot. Skiing holidays are loads....fun. How much did you pay....the tickets? W e took a ta x i....the hotel. We've had complaints ,^., the price of accommodation. 6 I got a blister...... my new shoes.
Wo rd
fam ilies
A Complete the expressions w ith the correct form o f the w ord in bold. 1 a bumpy journey 2 a dent in the door 3 a breathtaking view 4 a claustrophobic room 5 He did remarkably well 6 an infuriating delay
lots o f................... road it w as................... accident it w as................... beautiful 1suffer from ........... a ................... achievement She has always ................... me
A Complete the sentences w ith the correct by phrase. by heart by sight
by nature by the rules
by the day (x2)
1 Car rental agencies charge yo u ................ 2 I know all my friends'telephone numbers 3 Some athletes don't play................... and take drugs. 4 She's a lovely person but a bit quiet 5 It seems like my baby daughter gets bigger 6 I know him by name but not
fresh cracked
1 We stopped by the side of the road to change a .......... ........... tyre. 2 It's dangerous to drive with a ................... windscreen. 3 W e started our journey with a ................... tank of petrol. 4 Christmas is th e ................... period for tourism in Australia. 5 Open the window and let in som e....................air. 6 They had a ................... row in the middle of the restaurant.
В Complete the collocations with nouns from the unit. 1 2 3 4 5 6
no longer s _ _e to go there illegal b ______r crossings travel in the inside I __ e p a y th e t_ _ ifa re rising interest r ____ s make a remarkable r ____ ____у
С Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. break put
Wo r d -B uildin g
flat blazing
lodge make
reach slam
1 I ................... on the brakes to avoid an accident 2 The gorgeous w eather..... ............. everything worthwhile 3 They plan to ................... an appeal against the judgement. 4 The traffic officer said I w as................. the speed limit. 5 She said she'd...................in a good word for us. 6 The tourist season hasn't.................. its peak yet.
Ph rasal v er b s A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 W e ran away / out of fuel before we arrived. 2 GPS stands/or / by global positioning system. 3 Did you take in / out travel insurance for your trip? 4 Someone knocked the mirror down / off my car. 5 We're about to embark o ff / on a round-the-world trip. 6 I got a fine for not putting my headlights up / on.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 45
12
crutches crutches are tw o long sticks that fit under your arms and help you to walk when you have hurt your leg: he’s on - because he’s broken his leg / he’s still walking with - / 1don’t need to use - now eczema eczema is a medical condition th at makes your skin red and itchy: a lot o fyoung children get / people who sufferfrom - / a flare up o f my (a tim e when it suddenly gets worse) / treatments
fo rfum es fum es are smoke or gas w ith an unpleasant smell: asthma is made worse by smoke and - / chemicals which give o ff nasty - / petrol - la cloud o f toxic - 1 he was overcome by - (made unconscious by them) go round if som ething such as an illness goes round,
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
it spreads between people: there’s a bug going round / there are all sorts o f rumours going around / there’s a story going round the school inhaler an inhaler is a device that you use for
Pa g e s 8 2 - 8 3 asthm a asthm a is a medical condition that makes it difficult to breath.The adjective is asthm atic and someone who suffers from asthm a is an asthm atic: I sufferfrom - / 1used to get really bad
~ / severe - / drugs used to treat - I an - attack / she’s -tic / it’s much worsefo r -tics bandage a bandage is a long piece o f cloth that you wrap around a part o f your body that is injured. Bandage is also a verb: we put a -on it / 1wrapped the - round his arm / he had a - o n his hand / the is too tight / we -d his arm break out if som ething breaks out, it starts. The noun is outbreak: spots were breaking out a ll round his
mouth / sweat was breaking out on hisface / when did thefire break out? / w ar broke out in Ju ly / the outbreak o f war breath your breath is the air that goes in and out of your body through your nose and mouth. Breathe is the verb: he was a bit short o f- / people who sufferfrom bad - (w ith an unpleasant sm ell) / his smelled o f alcohol / take a deep - and start again / she was -ing in short shallow -s / how long can you hold your - fo r (stop breathing)?
breathing medicine into your body. To inhale means to breathe in: she takes her - with her
everywhere / an - fo r asthma / 1had to use my - / I inhaled deeply / he had inhaled some o f thefum es insomnia insomnia is a medical condition in which you are unable to sleep. Someone who has insomnia is an insomniac: a lot o fpeople suffer from - / the drug can cause - / treatmentsfo r - / I’ve been an -cforyears overnight overnight means during the night or all through the night: they kept him in hospital - 1 we
decided to travel - / areyou going to stay -? / don’t leave the TV on - / the -ferry pass out to pass out means to become unconscious: sheju st passed out / a few people passed outfrom
the heat / 1nearly passed out pick up to pick som ething up means to get it: I think
I must have picked up a bug / 1picked up an infection / I picked up a few things at the supermarket (bought them) / 1picked up afe w useful tips (learned them) / he picked up third prize (won it) postpone to postpone som ething means to delay it until a later tim e or day.The noun is postponement:
we’ll have to - the trip / the match has been -d / the meeting’s been -d until next Thursday / they’ve announced the -ment o f all today’s matches
bruise a bruise is a dark mark on your skin where you have hit it. Bruise is also a verb: heju st had a
regards regards are greetings that you send to someone: send her my - / give my - to yourfam ily
few cuts and - s i a nasty - on herface / she only suffered a few minor - s i a dark - on one cheek / my leg was badly bruised / 1- quite easily
rough if you feel rough, you feel slightly ill: I’mfeeling
bug a bug is a minor illness that spreads from person to person: there’s a - going round / 1hope I don’t
catch the - / he’s got a - / she’s gone down with a (is ill with one) / aflu - la stomach - / it’s a nasty chronic if an illness is chronic, it is serious and lasts for a long tim e w ithout getting better.The adverb is chronically: asthma can be a - condition / - back pain / -ally ill patients
46 OUTCOMES
/ Kind -, Alice (at the end o f a letter) a bit - 1 he looks really - today spell a spell is a short period o f tim e: she had a dizzy - / there should be some sunny -s later / some dry
-s (w ithout rain) / a cold - la hot - 1 he had a brief - in the army stitches if you have stitches, a doctor uses thread to join parts o f your skin together after they have been injured: I think it m ight need - / she had
to have 15- / who put the -in? / when are you
having the - out? (when is the doctor going to remove them) / dissolvable sw ell up if part of your body swells up, it becomes bigger.The adjective is swollen.The noun is swelling: his lips started -ing up / my ankle had
swollen up / herface was a bit swollen / a large swelling on his neck
Pa g e s 8 4 - 8 5
snore to snore means to breathe noisily w hile you are asleep: I always - when I’m asleep / 1could hear
him snoring stick to stick som ething somewhere means to put it there: he asked me to - out my tongue (put it
outside my mouth) / 1stuck my head out o f the window / - it in the ovenfo r afew minutes / 1stuck my keys in my bag stroke a stroke is a serious medical condition in which blood cannot get to your brain. W hen someone has had a stroke, often they cannot speak very well
contagious if som ething such as an illness is contagious, it spreads from person to person: is
it -? I you’re -fo r about three days (other people can catch the illnessfrom you) /fe a r is - / his good humour was deposit to deposit money means to put it in a bank.To deposit som ething also means to put it somewhere. Deposit is also a noun: he ~ed money in my bank account / she -ed the bags by thefront door / make a deposit o f£200 into your account / a cash deposit grant to grant something means to allow someone to have it: I w ill- yo u three wishes / they didn’t -
permissionfo r the building / theyfin a lly -ed my request / the court has -ed him leave to appeal irritable if you are irritable,you are likely to get annoyed quite easily.The adverb is irritably.The noun is irritability: it’s making me really- / she’s a bit - this morning /feeling incredibly - / she answered irritably / tiredness can cause irritability organ an organ is one o f the parts o f your body that does a particular job, for example your stomach or your heart: the various muscles and -s in the
body /your internal -s / the digestive -s / the sex -s / willing to donateyour -s (allow them to be used afteryour death) / a n - donor (someone who allows their organs to be used) / a n - transplant operation outw ard outward means easy for other people to see: the - signs o f cheerfulness / there were no
- signs that he was ill / his - appearance hadn’t changed poke to poke som ething means to push it w ith your finger or a stick. Poke is also a noun: it hurts every
tim e I - m yself / he ~d my arm / 1-d the rabbit, but it didn’t move / mindyou don’t - someone in the eye with that / can you give thefire a -? refer to refer someone to a person or organisation means to send them there for help: the doctor
-red me to a consultant / 1was -red to an asthma specialist / the case has been -red to the appeal court / the m atter’s been -red to our customer services department relieve to relieve something means to make it better. The noun is relief: a good way to - stress / this should help - the pain / ways to - the pressure at work / effective methods o f pain relief
and cannot move some parts o f their body.you’re
at risk o f having a - / he suffered a massive - (a very serious one) / she had a minor - lastyear / - victims surgery surgery is a medical operation to repair a part of your body. The adjective is surgical: it happened
while I was undergoing - / have - on my arm /you may needfurth er - / she had to have emergency / heart - / brain - / keyhole - (in which only a sm all opening is made through your skin) / cosmetic (to improveyour appearance)'a surgical procedure to remove the lump / pioneering new surgical techniques term inal if an illness is term inal, it cannot be cured and you w ill die from it: I’m afraid it’s - / he’s got
- cancer therapist a therapist is someone who helps w ith a physical or m ental problem by giving treatm ent or talking about problems.The treatm ent they give is therapy: you should go to see a - / a speech - 1 he’s
had some therapy / cancer therapy / alternative therapies transplant an organ transplant is an operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body. Transplant is also a verb: to donate a kidneyfo r - /
he needs a heart - / a - operation / the new heart is ready to be -ed
Pa g e s 8 6 - 8 7 acknowledge to acknowledge something means to accept that it is true.The noun is acknowledgement:
she ~s that there are some opportunistic practitioners / 1do- the needfo r some changes / she refused to - herguilt / 1fu lly - that I made mistakes / we were forced to - the truth / 1want an -ment that mistakes were made array an array of things is a large number of them :
we have a wide - o f modern hospitals / they've got a huge - o f different wines / a wonderful - o f vegetables / we werefaced with a bewildering - o f electronic devices beneficiary a beneficiary is someone who benefits from something: the main beneficiaries o f the
industry / the main - o f the deal / 1was the sole - o f her w ill (the only person who received money from her w ill after she died)
VOCABULARY BUILDER 47
boast to boast something good means to have it. To boast also means to tell other people about things you have or things you can do, in a way that is too proud. Boast is also a noun: we - some o f the best doctors in the world / the area -s some
wonderful beaches / 1hope he's not going to - about his exam results / one o f his most annoying ~s cutting edge if something is cutting edge, it uses the most modern technology: using - medical techniques / - technology /a - operation detract to detract from something means to make it seem less good or less important: this should not from the reality of the change that is happening /
we mustn’t let this -from our other achievements ensure to ensure that something happens means to make certain that it happens:you should - that
you do research beforeyou go abroad /you must that all the clips are done up securely / precautions to - the safety of all passengers gamble to gamble means to do something that involves risk. It also means to risk money in an attem pt to win more money. A gamble is a risk that you take. Gambling is risking money in an attempt to win more money: if you go abroadfo r treatment,you are gambling with your health / he's
gambling that the product w ill be popular / I've never been tempted to - on horse races / deciding to go ahead with the event was a - f it was a big - I he took a - and it paid o ff (was successful) / people who disapprove o fgambling impoverished if someone is impoverished, they are extremely poor: an - third world country I an -
student /an- industrial area negligence negligence is not being careful enough, with the result that something is damaged or someone is injured.The adjective is negligent: a lawyer specialising in medical - cases / he was guilty ofprofessional - / charged with gross - (very serious negligence) / they’re threatening to sue himfo r - / the hospital wasfound to be negligent / grossly negligent -ENCE
Some nouns are formed by adding -ence to adjectives. For example: criminally negligent behaviour / professional negligence. the crowd was completely silent / a stunned silence; a very independent person / the country gained independence-, very different tastes / notice the difference; an inconvenient truth / apologise for any inconvenience; a violent person / domestic
violence
outsource to outsource work means to arrange for someone outside your company or organisation to do it.The noun is outsourcing: hospitals - their record keeping / it’s much cheaper to - the work /
the benefits o foutsourcing overseas overseas means in or to a different country: travelling -fo r medical treatment / he works - a lot / some o f the difficulties o f living - / - investments pioneering if something is pioneering, it is being done for the first tim e, using new techniques.The verb is pioneer: a - new surgical technique / a experiment / some - research / the technique was
pioneered by an American surgeon practitioner a practitioner is someone who works as a doctor or a lawyer. To practise medicine or law means to work as a doctor or lawyer: there
are some opportunistic -s / a medical ~ / a - o f hypnotherapy / legal -s / the qualifications you need to practise medicine / he’s not qualified to practise law in this country rank how someone ranks is how good or bad they are compared with other people.The noun is ranking:
he -s among the top six surgeons in the world / a tennis player who -s ninth in the world / it -s as one o f the best schools in the country / she still stands as number one in the world -ings recuperation recuperation is the process of becoming healthy and strong again after an illness.The verb is recuperate: a holiday resortfo r - afteryour operation / 1need a period of- / she’s still recuperatingfrom her illness / recuperatingfrom heart surgery regulatory a regulatory organisation controls an activity using rules. The verb is regulate: the environment is not very rigorous / the - authority / a government - agency / the government body that regulates the banking industry / the use of
these drugs is strictly regulated replacement a replacement is something that takes the place of another thing. The verb is replace: a
hip - (an artificial hip used to replace someone’s real hip) / she’s had two knee -s / some o f the furniture requires - / the sales manager’s leaving, so we’ll have tofind a -for him I a - T V I she's had both hips replaced / who's going to replace her when she leaves? rigorous if something is rigorous, it is careful and thorough. The adverb is rigorously: the regulatory environment is not very - / - safety checks / all products have to meet our - quality standards / it's
all -ly checked scam a scam is a dishonest scheme for making money. Scam is also a verb: be careful to avoid -s / a money-making - / a credit-card - / 1realised I’d
been -med (tricked using a scam) opt to opt to do something means to choose to do it:
more people are -ing to go abroadfo r treatment / 1 -edfor treatment at my local hospital
48 OUTCOMES
stand you can say that you stand to do something if that thing is likely to happen to you: a lot ofcountries - to benefit / he -s to lose a lot o f money / we-to
gain a lotfrom the merger /1-to win £10,000
EXERCISES
W o r d -b u il d in g
A Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the adjectives.
Prepo sitio n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 Many people suffer....back problems. 2 Back problems are made w orse....bad posture. 3 My doctor referred m e....a specialist. 4 I think I've come dow n....a stomach bug. 5 I'll be w alking....crutches for a while. 6 The treatment was pioneered.... a British pharmacist.
Wo rd
inconvenient violent
silent different
independent
1 After a long................... . she finally answered the question. 2 Traffic jam s cause a lot of ................... for motorists. 3 Her bruises are the result of domestic 4 America declared........... .......from Britain in 1776. 5 You'll notice a b ig ........... ....... to your health if you start exercising.
fam ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold. 1 She is chronically ill. 2 a swollen ankle 3 effective pain relief 4 emergency surgery 5 cancer therapy 6 acknowledge the truth
a ................... condition My lips started •— ..............up. try t o ................ stress a ................... procedure a visit to a ........ a n ................... of guilt
В Complete the sentences with the correct words from the words in brackets. 1 She needs h ip ................... surgery, (replace) 2 It has a reputation for being a .... study programme, (rigorously) 3 The doctor estimates about a week for (recuperate) 4 H e's................... as one of the country's top neurosurgeons, (ranking) 5 A lot of work is being............... . to India. (outsourcing) 6 Smoking cigarettes is ju s t...... ................ with your health, (gamble)
С Which TWO words in the list are NOT both a noun and a verb? scam transplant deposit
breath replace bruise
boast poke bandage
Collocations A Which of the verbs do not form a collocation? 1 The doctor asked him to remain / hold / stay overnight for observation. 2 Please give / pass/ hand my regards to your family. 3 The court has given / granted / accepted him leave to appeal. 4 He deposited / sent / transferred the money into my bank account. 5 He'sfeeling / looking / making a bit rough this morning. 6 You stand to lose / keep / make a lot of money.
В Match the adjectives to the nouns. Look up the adjectives if you need help. 1 2 3 4 5 6
a deep internal cosmetic the main a big pioneering
a) beneficiary b) breath c) organs d) surgery e) research f) gamble
С Complete the collocations with nouns from the unit. 1 undergo keyhole s _______ у 2 an asthma a ______к 3 feeling short of b _ _ _ _ h 4 an o ___n d o n o r 5 the с _________r service department 6 a holiday r ______t
VOCABULARY BUILDER 49
13 LIFE EVENTS Pa g e s 9 2 -9 3 bother if you don't bother to do something, you don't do it because it seems too much effort: he decided
not to - graduating / 1didn't even ~ to open it I a lot o fpeople didn’t ~ voting /you don’t need to ~ aboutfood
BOTHER
There are several different expression using bother. The meaning changes slightly from expression to expression. For example.-1didn’t bother to call him (=1 was too lazy to do it / It was too much effort). It's really starting to bother me. (=annoy me) It doesn’t bother me. (=lt's not a problem for me) /can’t be bothered. (=1 don't want to do it. It's too much work) Sorry to botheryou. (=Sorry to trouble / disturb you) Don’t bother. (=You don’t need to do it)
bribe a bribe is money or a present that you offer to someone so that they will do something for you. Bribe is also a verb. The crime o f offering bribes is bribery: he’d been taking ~sfo ryears / a £200 - / he admitted paying -s to tax officials / he accepted over £5000 in ~s / trying to- a police officer / he
was charged with ~ry call it a day to call it a day means to stop doing something: we decided to- / it’s getting dark - let’s commute to commute means to travel regularly to and from a place where you work. Commute is also a noun. Someone who does this is a commuter:
50 OUTCOMES
they were commuting between London and Cambridge / 1live in Cambridge and - to London / fed up with commuting every day / the daily - to work / a train fu ll o f ~rs convict to convict someone means to decide in a court that they are guilty of a crime. The noun is conviction: he was ~ed o f corruption / there wasn’t
enough evidencefo r thejury to - him I if ~ed, she faces up to ten years in ja il / wrongly ~ed o f murder I he’s got three previous convictionsfo r burglary / not enough evidence to get a conviction counsellor a counsellor is someone whose job is to talk to people who have problems and give them help and advice: she retrained as a - I a marriage guidance - la debt ~ / a grief - / she’s seeing a ~ / you should talk to a falling-out a falling-out is a disagreement.The verb is fall out: she had a - with herfather / we had a bit o f a - la serious ~ / haveyoufallen out with him? I we’vefallen out / theyfe ll out over the business flick through to flick through a book or magazine means to turn the pages quickly, looking at some of the pages but not reading everything: I wasjust
flicking through it I flicking through magazines at the hairdresser’s / 1quicklyflicked through the newspaper glance to glance at something means to look at it quickly. Glance is also a noun: I wasjust glancing at it 11 -d at my watch / 1~d over my shoulder / we exchanged ~s (looked at each other) 11 had a quick ~ at the letter / he shot an angry - at me (looked at
me angrily) kick out to kick someone out of a place means to tell them to leave: he got kicked out o f school / they
kicked us out atjust after midnight I the landlord’s trying to kick us out knock out to knock someone out of a competition means to make them leave the competition by defeating them: they were knocked out o f the cup / he was knocked out in the quarter-finals / they
knocked us out lastyear overreact to overreact means to be more annoyed or upset about something than is really necessary.The noun is overreaction: someone insulted him and he -ed /1thinkyou’re -ing / it was a complete ~ion patch a patch can be a period of time: they’d been through a rough - / we’ve hit a bad ~ / our marriage went through a rocky ~ (a very difficult
period) I all businesses have difficult ~es rough if something is rough, it is difficult, and there are a lot of problems: they’d been through a - patch / I’m having a bit o f a ~ time at work / had a ~ day /
we had a - night last night (with not much sleep) run a good or bad run is a period of tim e when things go well or badly for you: his team had been on a
terrible - 1 we’ve had a bad - o f results recently I a ~ o f bad luck / a ten-match unbeaten ~ / they’ve been on a winning ~
upbringing your upbringing is the way your parents looked after you and taught you to behave: she
had quite an interesting ~ / a very strict - la sheltered - (with not much experience o f the world) / 1had a typical middle-class -
Pa c e s 9 4-95 boundary a boundary is a lim it that tells you which activities or types of behaviour are acceptable and which are not: it's a good idea to set children
boundaries / give them strict boundaries / 1knew I'd overstepped the - / I’ve always kept within the boundaries / teenagers like to cross the boundaries compromise to compromise means to end an argument by accepting that you cannot have everything that you want. Compromise is also a noun: there may be some middle ground whereyou
can - / she refused to- / can we - on the price? / 1had to make some ~s / it seemed a sensible ~ / maybe we can work out a-1 wefin ally reached a defensive if someone is defensive, they are angry because they think that someone is criticising them: don’t be so-1 saying ‘never’w ill make people -/ he got a bit - / she was really - about it disruptive if something is disruptive, it causes difficulties and prevents things from happening normally.The verb is disrupt. The noun is disruption: arguments can be - at work I a student I it was very - / working shifts can be extremely - tofam ily life / train services have been
disrupted by the bad weather I pupils who disrupt the class / there’s been considerable disruption due to the storms I it caused a lot o f disruption / disruptions to train services face if you lose face, you lose people's respect and seem weak or foolish. If you save face,you keep people's respect: don’t continue arguingjustfo r the sake o f not losing - / trying not to lose - 1an
attempt to save flashpoint a flashpoint is a situation in which there might be serious problems such as arguments or violence: know the -s I one possible - is when the demonstrators reach the Houses o f Parliament / the
situation had reached a gesture a gesture is a movement of your body that communicates a meaning. Gesture is also a verb:
—s andfacial expressions can provide warning signs I he made a rude - / she waved her arms in a dramatic - l a - o f impatience / she -d to us, inviting us in / he -d towards thefield get your own w ay if you get your own way, you get w hat you want: she cries if she doesn’t get her own
way / 1always get my own way in the end grace grace is kind and polite behaviour: accept the
offer with good - I they took their defeat with bad - 1at least she had the - to admit she was wrong
ground the ground you cover in a discussion is the subjects and ideas you discuss: don’t go over old / there may be some middle - whereyou can compromise / we covered quite a lot of- / we
seemed to go over the same - lots o f times irrational if something is irrational, it is not sensible and is done without any good reason.The adverb is irrationally: an - shouting match / -fears / his
behaviour seemed a bit - / 1know I’m being -/he was behaving -ly laid-back if someone is laid-back, they are very calm and relaxed: she's very - / I'm quite - about it / a -
approach to parenting lighten up to lighten up means to become more relaxed and less worried: I thinkyou should -up/ Hey, - up! move on to move on means to go to the next place, start doing the next thing, or start discussing the next subject: let’s - / shall we - on to the next
question? / we'll go to Paris, then - to Lyon / 1fe lt it was timefo r me to- I things have moved on since the 1970s (changed and developed) put off to put something off means to delay it until a later tim e: try to - sensitive topics until later in the
day / 1couldn't put the decision off any longer / 1 was trying to - telling him resort to resort to something means to do it because other things have not been successful. Resort is also a noun: don’t - to personal abuse / we may
have to - to taking legal action / 1would never - to violence / we’d only do this as a last - (if everything else hasfailed) sake for the sake of something means for that purpose. For the sake of a person means for that person's benefit: don’t continue arguingjustfor the - ofnot
losingface I do itfor the - o fyour health / laws that are necessaryfo r the - o fthe whole community /1only did itforyour - I let's not argue,for the children's set out to set out to do something means to intend to do it or try to do it.The past tense and past participle are also set out: he may be setting out
to blockyour ideas / I’m setting out to win this competition / 1never - to hurtyou slob a slob is someone who is extremely lazy and untidy. Slob is also a verb: stop being such a - i /
he’s a real - / teenagers whojust - around all day / -bing around the house in my oldjeans steer to steer through a situation means to control or influence the way things happen, so that you avoid bad things and get the results that you want: try
to - through these confrontations /you don’t need to - clear ofthem altogether (avoid them) / try to children towards making the right choices / 1tried to - the conversation awayfrom the trip / he tried to - the party in the right direction tantrum a tantrum is when a young child behaves in a very angry and unreasonable way: has a - while her parents are shopping / he used to have terrible
-s / how to deal with -s
VOCABULARY BUILDER 51
toddler a toddler is a young child who is learning to walk: conflicts with - s i a support groupfo r parents
and ~s underlying underlying reasons or problems exist, but are not very obvious and are not stated directly. The verb is underlie: what - message is he giving? / the - reasonsfo r the violence / the - causes o f
crime I an- health problem I the principle that underlies all our decisions vain if someone is vain, they are very proud and think that they are very attractive or special in some way. The noun is vanity: he’s very - 1she’s really about her looks / products designed to appeal to
fem ale vanity
a wedding can befinancially - 1the experience had drained me 11fe lt physically and emotionally drained elaborate if something is elaborate, it is very complicated.The adverb is elaborately: weddings are - affairs I an- pattern I a n - excuse / It all seemed quite - / some -ly carved wooden pillars feasting feasting is eating and drinking a lot to celebrate a special occasion. The verb is feast.The celebration is a feast: the parties and - continue / three days o f- I wefeasted onfine food I a magnificentfeast / they hold a specialfeast to
celebrate grave someone's grave is the place where their body is buried: we visit her - every weekend / police have found a body in a shallow - / afreshly-dug - /
a mass - (with a large number of bodies) Pa g e s 9 6 -9 7 ashes someone's ashes are what remains when their body has been cremated after their death. Ash is what remains after something has burned: his were scattered at sea / the - o f thefire / cigarette ash blossom blossom is the flowers on a tree. One blossom is one single flower: thefive -s I fru it trees covered in - / the cherry trees are in - / beautiful pink - / the apple - is out (theflowers are open) bury to bury someone means to put their body in the ground after they die. The noun is burial: doyou want to be buried or cremated? / she’s buried in the local cemetery I we buried him last week / the
burial w ill take place next Tuesday cemetery a cemetery is a place where the bodies of dead people are buried: she’s buried in a small - 1 visit the - where he's buried / a small private coffin a coffin is a box in which the body of a dead person is buried or cremated: the - is carried into the church / she was carried in a white - / the -
was lowered into the ground condolences condolences are things you say to someone to show sympathy when a person has died: please send my-1 give my - to yourfam ily I I’d like to express my sincere - / please accept my cremate to cremate someone means to burn their body after they have died.The noun is cremation: doyou want to be buried or -d? / there w ill be a
short service before the cremation dawn dawn is the beginning of the day, when it starts to get light. Dawn is also a verb: the party
continues until - 1we left at-1 - was breaking as we got up I we got up at the crack of- (just as it was beginning) I the day wasjust dawning I the next morning -ed bright and sunny dignitary a dignitary is an important official: speeches by the mayor and other dignitaries / some local dignitaries / a group o f visiting dignitaries draining if something is draining, it makes you feel extremely tired.The verb is drain.There is also an adjective, drained: the experience was emotionally - /
52 OUTCOMES
leave leave is a period of tim e when you do not have to go to work: maternity - (for new mothers) I paternity - (for newfathers) / paid - / unpaid - / three weeks’- / we get six weeks’annual - /
I'm having afew days'leave next week lengthy if something is lengthy, it is very long, and perhaps seems too long: - speeches I a discussion / - negotiations / afairly - report / some
- delays la - period o f economic recession maternity maternity means designed to help women who are pregnant or have just had a baby. Paternity means designed to help men who have just become fathers: we rushed to the - ward / she took a year of - leave / - pay / ~ clothes I paternity leave mourner a mourner is someone who goes to a funeral.To mourn means to feel very sad because someone has died: there were 3,000 -s at the funeral / children who are mourning theirfather / he’s mourningfo r his wife / mourning the loss o f a closefriend / thefam ily is still in mourning (feeling
sad because someone has died) scan a scan is a medical test which uses special equipment to make a picture o f the inside of someone's body. Scan is also a verb. The machine that is used is a scanner: she had a -yesterday /
an ultrasound - la brain - 1the problem showed up in a routine - / they -you in your 20th week of pregnancy I machines that -your luggage / a very sophisticated -ner scatter to scatter something means to throw it so that it spreads over a large area: his ashes were -ed at sea / - grass seed on the ground I there were
clothes -ed all over thefloor straightforward if something is straightforward, it is simple, with no problems or difficulties: it was
a - birth I afairly - decoratingjob I it should be relatively - to set everything up toast a toast is an occasion when people drink together to celebrate something or to wish people luck. Toast is also a verb: I'd like to propose a- t o the bride and groom / we drank a - t o the team I we all
-ed the happy couple
EXERCISES
Co l l o c a t io n s
A Match the two halves of the collocations. Look up the nouns (a-h) if you need help.
P r epo sit io n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
She's fallen o u t....her best friend. The train is fu ll...... commuters in the morning. Could you do som ething....me? I enjoy talking....strangers on the bus. He received the bad new s....good grace. Things aren't going so w e ll....me at the office. She got her own w ay....the end.
В Choose the correct preposition. 1 She's learning how to deal on 1 with her divorce. 2 Working overtime can be disruptive of/ to fam ily life. 3 If guilty she faces five years in / on jail. 4 I think it's tim e/or /from me to find a new job. 5 A lotfo r / o f people didn’t vote in the election. 6 He offered his seat to/ fo r an elderly woman.
Wo rd
fam ilies _______________________
A Complete the expressions with the correct form o f the w ord in bold. 1 charged with bribery
accused of taking ■Ш®Щ
2 1overreacted
it was a complete
3 three days of feasting
invite everyone to я
4 buried in the cemetery 5 mourn the loss of a friend
th e ................... is tomorrow I'm still in
6 1felt physically drained
an emotionally experience
7 appeal to her vanity 8 an elaborate affair
he's................... about his looks a n ............. ...... designed T-shirt
В Complete the sentences with the correct words from the words in brackets. 1 It was just a routine pregnancy.................... (scanner) 2 There are some students who always ................. . the class, (disruption) 3 I think you're being a b it.................... (irrationally) 4 I don't enjoy................... to work every day. (commuter) 5 He has two previous................... for drug dealing, (convicted) 6 W e scattered her....................in the countryside, (ash)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a sheltered a facial the middle an irrational the crack of a lengthy an economic a mass
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
expression fear dawn upbringing recession discussion grave ground
В Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help. take scatter
save reach
resort steer
1 He argues just for the sake.of..... ..............face. 2 After lots of disagreement, both sides ........ a compromise. 3 The wind had................... my papers all over the floor. 4 The wedding i s ..... place next Sunday. 5 You should........................... clear of busy roads during rush hour. 6 A true gentleman never....................to violence.
С Choose the correct verb to go with each noun. Look up the nouns if you need help. 1 receive / express my condolences 2 go / walk through a rough patch 3 get / do your own way 4 make / call it a day 5 cover / place a lot of ground 6 take / make maternity leave
Phrasal v erbs ________________________ A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. X Don't put off / over till tomorrow what you can do today. 2 You're too stressed. Lighten up / off a little bit! 3 I'm really fed in / up with working on weekends. 4 He was kicked away / out of school for bad behaviour. 5 My grandparents looked by / after me when I was a child. 6 Just forget it happened and move after / on. 7 I found this story while I was flicking in I through a magazine. 8 My team was knocked out / over in the semi finals.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 53
14
proof proof is evidence that shows th at som ething is true or real.The verb is prove: we need - o f your address I - o f identity / there was no real
o f his involvement / the documents provided prove that he knew about the deal I it was impossible to prove that he was the murderer I determined to prove her innocence / in the end I was proved right record a record is information about som ething that is w ritten down and kept. Record is also a verb:
according to our -s,your account is overdrawn / the company'sfinancial -s / his medical -s / keep a o f everything you spend / I'll have to check my -s / we've got detailed -s going back 20years / 1-ed the day and time o f the accident strengthen to strengthen som ething means to make
BANKS AND MONEY
it stronger: - the currency / measures to - the economy / - the bridge I exercises to - his muscles / the defeat only served to - my resolve
Pa c e s 9 8 - 9 9 -EN
authorised if you are authorised to do something, you have the official right or power to do it. You can also say that som ething is authorised if someone has given permission for it to happen. The verb is authorise. The noun is authorisation:
I’m not - to make that decision / the payment hasn't been - / he - me to sign the cheque / no leave can be taken without authorisation cash flow cash flow is the rate at which a person or business earns money and spends it: I’ve got ~ problems / measures to improve - / an increase in commission commission is an extra am ount of
Some verbs are formed by adding -en to adjectives. Notice there are sometimes differences between the verbs and the adjectives. For example: a strong economy / strengthen the economy. a weak currency I weaken your immune system; a
wide range of products / widen the roads; a long story I lengthen my stay; a short trip / shorten a skirt; tight trousers / tighten the law
money th at you pay to an organisation when you use a service th at it provides: there’s 2% ~ on all
transactions I they charge 5 % - 1had to pay £25 in - / a fixed credit rating a credit rating is financial information about someone that banks and other organisations use when they are deciding w hether to lend money to the person: have a bad - la good - / how to checkyour - / making late payments can
damageyour exceed to exceed a number or am ount means to be higher than it: -your overdraft lim it I charged with
-ing the speed lim it / profits -ed £20 m illion laundering money laundering is putting money from crim e into legal business accounts in order to hide the fact th at is has been earned illegally.The verb is launder: accused o f money - / different ways o f the proceeds o f crime / they used the business to
launder the drugs money mix-up a mix-up is a mistake which causes confusion.
transaction a transaction is a business deal in w hich someone buys or sells something, or uses a service: there's 2% commission on a ll -s / a financial - / business - s i a cash - (in which
someone pays using cash) trial a trial is a process o f testing som ething to find out w hether it works well. Trial is also a verb:
a three-month - period I the new drug is still undergoing -s / we're using it on a - basis / they're having a - separation (being apartfo r a while, to fin d out if they want to get divorced) / the new treatm ent w ill be trialled nextyear w ithdraw to w ithdraw money from a bank means to take it out.The noun is w ithdraw al: I need to
some moneyfrom my account 11 withdrew £50 cash I you’re charged every tim e you make a -al at the cash machine / make a -al o f£100 w rite off to w rite off a debt means to accept that
The verb is mix up: I'm afraid there's been a - 1 our
a person does not have to pay it back: - a debt /
bags got lost due to a - a t the airport la - over dates la - between different departments I the two parcels got mixed up
calling fo r western governments to - third world debts / the bank has written o ff m illions o f dollars in unpaid mortgages
54 OUTCOMES
P a g e s 100 -101 branch a branch is a part o f a tree that grows out from the trunk: a bird can only sit on one - / the
topmost - o f the tree (the highest one) / we cut off some o f the overhanging -es / a dead - had blown o ff the tree chuckle to chuckle means to laugh quietly. Chuckle is also a noun: the old man -d / she -d softly / he was
still chuckling about it / 1~d to m yself / we had a little - about it cling to cling to som ething means to hold it tightly. The past tense and past participle are dung: he
was -ing on to the enormous rope / 1clung to the edge o f my seat / he clung on to my hand / 1clung tightly to the papers / we clung together courtyard a courtyard is a square area that is surrounded by buildings: they left the bundle o f wood in the - / the main - o f the castle/ a door
opening out on to a central crammed if som ething is crammed w ith things, it is full o f them .The verb is cram: the bag was - with precious things / the place was - with tourists /
bags -fu ll o ffood / 1crammed all the clothes into my suitcase descend to descend means to go or come down. The noun is descent: an enormous rope -edfrom the s ly / the plane began to - / 1-ed the stairs / a path which ~s steeply into the valley below / their descent o f the mountain / the plane began its descent dignity dignity is the ability to behave in a calm and controlled w ay even when you are in a very difficult situation.The adjective is dignified: wants to preserve his - / they behaved with great - / she
faced her illness with enormous - / 1managed to m aintain my - / an illness that robsyou o fyour / 1m aintained a dignified silence / managed to remain dignified dissuade to dissuade someone means to persuade them not to do something. The noun is dissuasion:
she couldn't - her husband / 1tried to - him from leaving / a campaign to -young peoplefrom binge drinking / using dissuasion rather than outright bans flow to flow means to move along sm oothly and continuously. Flow is also a noun: the water that
~s in the river / where the River Thames -s Into the sea / the traffic was -ing quite well / investment continued to - into the country / a steadyflo w o f refugees into the area / a constant - o fgoods into the country frugal if you are frugal,you spend very little money and only buy things that are really necessary.The adverb is frugally. The noun is frugality: lead a -
life / their - existence / we need to be a bit more - / we spent our money -ly / the benefits o f- ity glisten to glisten means to shine brightly.The adjective is glistening: the golden walls were -ing
in the sunlight / hisface was -ing with sweat / the -ing dome o f the mosque go on if som ething goes on, it happens: something strange was going on / 1wonder what's going on / there's always plenty going on in the town / doyou think anything went on between them? inch an inch is a m easurement o f length, equal to about 2.54 centim etres. To inch forward means to move forward very slowly: h alf an - o f rain / a
narrow ledge only about eight -es wide / a sixruler / we were only -es aw ayfrom hitting the lorry I every - o f the w all was covered in posters and postcards / the queue -edforw ard lump a lump is a piece o f something: a - o f silver rolled out / a - o fcoal / a solid - o f concrete / a big - o fcheese / a huge - o f clay / go to the doctor if you fin d a - ( a hard part underyour skin, caused by an illness) mansion a mansion is a very big house: why don't we build a big-?/ a luxurious country - / they live in an old Victorian march a march is a w alk in which people walk together at the same speed, like soldiers. March is also a verb: a long - startsfrom the veryfirst step /
we set o ff on a long - la protest - 1 we -edfor ten hours a day / we -ed south / protesters -ed to the Houses o f Parliam ent peer to peer means to look very carefully: -ing out, he saw an old man/ -ing through the window / she was -ing intently at the prices penniless if you are penniless,you are extrem ely poor:
we're -/h e died - / the holiday's left me reluctantly if you do som ething reluctantly, you do it even though you do not really w ant to.The adjective is reluctant.The noun is reluctance: the
woodcutter - agreed / he came with us, rather - / I was a bit reluctant to talk about it / she seemed reluctant to take the job / 1fe lt reluctant to askfo r more money / /couldn't understand his reluctance to go on the trip rope a rope is a long piece of very thick material, made by tw isting a lot o f threads together. You use it for tying or pulling things. Rope is also a verb:
an enormous - descendedfrom the sky / tied them together with - /fixed a - t o the car and towed it aw ay / the cases were -d to the roofo f the bus stable a stable is a building where horses are kept. Stable is also a verb: an ambitious horse w ill never return to its old - / leave the horses in the - / her pony’s -d (kept in a stable) at a nearbyfarm stern if someone is stern, they are very serious and slightly angry.The adverb is sternly.The noun is sternness: the old man'sface became - / she gave
me a - look / speaking in a - voice / a - warning / he looked at me -ly / there was a -ness in his voice that I hadn’t heard before string a string on a m usical instrum ent is a long thread o f w ire or nylon which you use to make
VOCABULARY BUILDER 55
sounds. You can call an instrum ent w ith strings a stringed instrum ent: one - makes no music / the —s on my violin / buy some new guitar -s thatched cottage a thatched cottage is a sm all house w ith a roof made o f straw or reeds. A roof made o f this m aterial is a thatch: she proposed building
a - 1 live in a - / a beautiful little - / the thatch caughtfire usher to usher someone somewhere means to lead them there politely. A person w ho does this as a job is an usher: he was -ed into a magnificent palace / she -ed me to my seat / the waiter ~ed us to our table / he -ed us into the kitchen / one o f the -s took us to our table
stake a stake is an am ount o f money that you risk when you make a bet.The stakes are things you risk losing if som ething fails. You can say that som ething is at stake if you risk losing it: we play
with very sm all - s i a £10 - / the company is taking a risk, and the -s are high (they risk losing a lot) / the chairm an has raised the -s by threatening to resign / there’s a lot at - in this election anti-social someone who is antisocial does not enjoy m eeting other people or taking part in social events. Anti-social behaviour shows that you are not thinking about the feelings or needs of other people: I don’t think there’s anything - in that / don’t be so - I I it’s a bit - not to go / graffiti,
vandalism and other types o f- behaviour Pa c e s 1 0 2 - 1 0 3
catch a catch is a difficulty or problem that is not very obvious: there’sju st one - / it sounds brilliant - so
w hat’s the -?/ there must b eabet to bet means to risk money on the result of something. You can also say that you bet something is true when you feel fairly certain that it is true. Bet is also a noun: he - £50 on a horse I tempted to
- on the result o f the election / 1- it was a nice to have a break / I've got a - o n the result o f thefin a l I the US are a good - to win (very likely to win) / my - is that they’ll offer him thejob (Ifeel certain about this) gamble to gamble means to risk money in the hope of winning more money. To gamble also means to do som ething that has risks and w ill only be successful if certain things happen. Gamble is also a noun. Someone who risks money regularly is a gambler: I don’t - at casinos I people are gambling with their lives / we were gambling that he’d be back in tim e / 1knew it was a bit o f a - / calling an
early election was a huge political - / his - paid off (was successful) / a support groupfo r compulsive ~rs jackpot the jackpot is a very large am ount o f money that someone wins in a game or lottery. You can say that someone has hit the jackpot when they are suddenly very lucky or successful: the - is 30
m illion euros / hoping that I’d win the - 1 he hit the - when he got thatjob / 1seem to have hit the -I lottery a lottery is a gam e in which people buy tickets w ith numbers on, and if their numbers are chosen, they win money. You can also say that a situation is a lottery if it depends com pletely on chance or luck: I won £10 on the - / 1do the - every week / the national - l a - ticket /finding a decent
restaurant is a bit o f a - I healthcare provision is a -
com pulsive if som ething is com pulsive,you cannot stop yourself from doing it. The adverb is com pulsively.The noun is compulsion: ~ gambling
is not something we should approve o f I he’s a liar / her - need to be in control I he gambles compulsively / her compulsion to overeat / 1fe lt a compulsion to tell the truth counter argum ent a counter argum ent is a set of reasons and ideas that you use to oppose another set o f reasons and ideas th at someone has put forward: what -s doyou think she w ill give?11
couldn’t think o f a good downplay to downplay som ething means to make it seem less bad or serious than it really is: the
marketing o f lotteries -s the odds against winning / trying to - the problem mortgage a mortgage is money that you borrow from a bank in order to buy a house.To mortgage a house means to borrow money from a bank and promise to give your house to the bank if you cannot pay the money back: there was no money
left to pay the-1 a £200,000 - 1young couples with big -s I we took out a - lastyear I when we eventually pay o ff the - / the m onthly - payments / they -d their house to finance the business paycheck a paycheck (Am erican) or pay cheque (British) is a cheque that an em ployer gives to an employee for work they have done: I sometimes
gambled aw ay my whole - 1 my weekly - 11got a nice big pay cheque at the end o f the month remote a remote chance or possibility is one that is very unlikely to happen. The adverb is rem otely:
odds the odds are the numbers that show how much money you w ill win if a bet wins. The odds
you only have a very - chance o f winning / 1 suppose it’s a - possibility / it doesn't sound even remotely likely
of something happening are how likely it is to
schooling your schooling is your education. The verb
happen: he’s thefavourite to win, at - o f2 t o l l the
bookmakers are offering - of3 to Io n a Conservative victory / what are the - o ffinding the wreckage? I the - are in ourfavour (we are likely to be successful) / the - are against us / she recovered against all the 56 OUTCOMES
is school: debating should be part o f everyone’s - / ten years o f compulsory - 1 he had noform a I - / 1 was schooled in Manchester / w ell schooled in the art o f conversation
EXERCISES
4 The tw o countries are trying t o .................... relations. 5 A faster train service w ill.....................
P r e p o sit io n s
com m uting tim e. 6 The gap between rich and poor continues to
A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 I deposited the m oney...... my business accounts. 2 I w ithdrew some m oney....my savings account. 3 The ATM charges com m ission....all transactions. 4 She bet £50....a horse. 5 I don't know nothing....that business deal. 6 You need proof....identity to open a bank account.
Co llo ca tio n s A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help. check have
raise cling
rob strengthen
win
7 Keep a record...... everything you spend.
Wo r d
1 2
f a m ilie s
A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold. 1 no proper authorisation
he is .................... to make decision
2 prove a point
....... ...... ......of
3 lead a frugal life
address a policy of
4 a sternness in her voice expression 5 a reluctant decision
I agreed
6 w ithdraw some money
make a
1 Crim inals have different ways o f.................... money, (launder) him from going ahead. *
3 That plan is not even ................ ... practical. (rem ote) 4 It w as a ve ry.................... funeral, (dignity) 5 The plane has already started .................... (descent) 6 He talks alm ost........ ............ about his investments, (compulsive)
Wo r d
b u il d in g ________________________
A Complete the sentences with verbs formed from the adjectives. short weak
long
wide
tig ht
,.,«„..1...... the jackpot in the lottery cash flow problems
5 ................... your credit rating 6 . someone o fth e ir dignity 7 to the edge of your seat
В Complete the collocations with nouns and adjectives from the unit. 1 a s _________ d instrum ent 2 m aintain your d _______ у 3 t ____ d world debt 4 a trial p ______ d 5 your m ____I record 6 a с _________ ___e liar 7 f .______I schooling
В Complete the sentences with the correct words from the words in brackets.
2 I could n't................. . (dissuasion)
3 4
your resolve to succeed ......the stakes in a business deal
С Match the two halves of the collocation. 1 proof of 2 on a trial
a) back b) drinking
3 pay something
c) address
4 binge 5 against all 6 anti-social
d) the odds e) basis f) behaviour
P h r a sa l v e r b s A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 They mixed out / up our bags at the baggage control. 2 W e’ll have to w rite that debt o ff / down. 3 The door opens away / out on to a beautiful patio. 4 W hat's going on / up in your life these days? 5 W e fin ally paid out / offour mortgage last month. 6 I took in / out a bank loan to pay for my car.
strong
1 Falling exports a re .................... the economy. 2 New drugs c a n ....................the lives o f cancer patients. 3 China is ................... control over its steel industry.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 57
15
slice to slice som ething means to cut it into thin pieces. Slice is also a noun: - the courgettes / thinly ~d apple / a lo af of-d bread / a thick - o f bread / a
few thin -s o f tom ato 11 cut a - o f cheese soak to soak som ething means to leave it in w ater or other liquid for a period o f tim e: - the chickpeas overnight / leave them to - fo r a few hours / -
them in cold waterfo r two hours / 1could spend hours -ing in the bath / 1got absolutely -ed (very wetfrom the rain) sprinkle to sprinkle som ething means to shake a small amount o f it over something else. A sprinkling is a small amount o f som ething that you sprinkle: - some almonds on top o f the cake / the cake with sugar / a sprinkling o f chopped parsley squeeze to squeeze something means to press it
FOOD
Pa g e s 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 blend to blend things means to mix them together. A blend is a mixture of different things: - the mixture until it’s smooth / ~ the butter and sugar
firmly. Squeeze is also a noun: ~ some lemonjuice over the salad I freshly -ed orangejuice / ~ some
toothpaste out o f the tube / he -d my hand gently / I managed to - past (get through a very sm all space) / give her hand a- 1 a - o f lemonjuice / we all got in, but it was a bit o f a - (there wasn’t much room) steam steam is the hot w et substance that rises from w ater when it boils.To steam food means to cook it in steam : ~ thefish / -ed vegetables I a pot o f
together I they can - the coloursfo r you I the different instruments - together really w ell / a delicious - o fflavours / the perfect - o fsun, sea and sand
stock stock is a liquid made by boiling m eat or bones, w hich you use in cooking: soup made with chicken
crush to crush som ething means to press it very hard so that it becomes flat or breaks into small pieces:
/ beef- / h alf a litre offish - l a - cube texture the texture of som ething is w hat it feels like
~ the almonds / add some -ed garlic / his leg was -ed / he was -ed to death /your car w ill be taken aw ay and -ed
-ing soup / the windows were all -ed up (covered in steam) I - coming out o f the kettle
w hen you touch it or eat it: it’s got a woody - la
lovely smooth creamy - 1 thick cloth with a rough / skin with a lovely soft -
flesh flesh is the part o f an anim al that you can eat as meat. The flesh o f a fru it is the soft part that you can eat. A person's flesh is their skin: the -
should come aw ayfrom the bones / a sm all rabbit with not much - on it / cut the avocado in h a lf and scoop out the - 1 th e- on her cheek was soft and smooth / only a - wound (only affecting the skin) lid a lid is a cover for a container: put a - o n the pan / keep the - on while the potatoes are cooking / 1 lifted the - la tight-fitting - la saucepan - 1 the dustbin peel to peel fruit or vegetables means to take the skin off. The peel o f a fruit or vegetable is its skin. The peelings o f a vegetable are the bits o f peel that you have cut off: ~ the potatoes I to-an
orange / they’re difficult to-1 a piece o f orange - / some potato -ings pinch a pinch of som ething is a small am ount o f it that you can hold between your thum b and one finger: add a - o f salt la - o f chopped parsley roughly roughly means approximately, but not exactly. The adjective is rough: use - a cupful I you need - 50 grams o f rice per person / he’s - the same
age as me / that’s only a rough estimate
58 OUTCOMES
Pa g e s 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 authenticity if som ething has authenticity, it is real and not false. The adjective is authentic: Italians worry aboutfood - more than British people /
question the - o f the document / have doubts about its - la certificate o f-1 authentic Greek food / I’m not sure the letters are authentic distinguish to distinguish between things means to recognise the differences between them . A distinction is a difference between things: she
wasn’t good at -ing between different kinds o f fish I can you - a real masterpiecefrom a fake? I there isn’t much distinction between them / a clear distinction between art and entertainm ent I draw a distinction between a cold and theflu establish to establish som ething means to start it or state officially that it exists: the law ~es the
official ingredients o fpizza I t o - a new system fo r customer complaints / plans t o - a new university / the company was -ed in 19671 we need to - the facts (find out thefacts)
explosion an explosion o f som ething is a sudden
someone means to make them ill or kill them by
very big increase in it.The verb is explode: an o f interest in Japanesefood / an - o f activity / a
giving them poison. The adjective is poisonous:
population - / an - in the number o f students / an in oil prices / the populated exploded
/ he killed his victims by -ing them / she -ed him
fake if som ething is fake, it is not real, but is made to look like som ething else. Fake is also a noun and a verb: they use - olive oil I a ~ passport / ~ documents / a ~ fu r coat la - smile / the painting was a - / someone had -d my signature flare up to flare up means to suddenly begin or become worse.The noun is flare-up: an argument
flared up between a waiter and a customer / my eczema'sflared up / troubleflared up between rival supporters / an old injury that’sflared up again / the fire flared up when I put the dry sticks on it / aflareup o f violence / a really badflare-up o f my asthma full-blown if som ething is full-blown, it is fully formed or fully developed: he had created a -featurefilm / a - crisis / - AIDS / a - war / a
disagreement which turned into a - row fusion a fusion of different things is a combination of them which have joined together to form something new. The verb is fuse: an odd - o fAsianfoods I a - o f traditional and contemporary styles / a perfect - of
flavours / his musicfuses classical music with jazz fuss a fuss is behaviour in which you w orry or get upset about som ething when it is not really necessary. Fuss is also a verb: they don’t want to make a - / 1don’t know what all the - was about / it was a lot o f- about nothing / 1ju st wanted to get through customs with the minimum o f- / spent hours -ing about what to wear inspect to inspect som ething means to look at it carefully to see if it is acceptable.The noun is inspection: they proceeded to - thefish / the goods
are -ed carefully before they leave thefactory / the carfo r signs o f damage / a thorough -ion o f the building / we carry out regular safety -ions / the accounts are availablefo r -ion m utter to m utter means to say som ething very quietly. M utter and m uttering are both nouns: he would - something under his breath / he was -ing
to him self / she was -ing something about health and safety / 1had a bit o f a - to m yself/ took no notice o f his -ings originate to originate from somewhere means to come from there or begin there: oils which -from abroad / the idea -d in America / customs which ~d with thefirst settlers / myfam ily -dfrom Ireland
we were slightly concerned that we had been -ed with arsenic / accused o fgiving them - / a cake laced with - (containing it) / poisonous plants / a poisonous snake pull out to pull som ething out means to remove it:
no hairs were being pulled out o f thefood / 1had to have a tooth pulled out / opened her bag and pulled out a phone scene a scene is a situation in which people argue in a noisy and angry w ay in a public place: she told him not to make a - / 1didn’t want her to cause a / there was a terrible - between the two o f them settle to settle som ething means to end it.To settle a bill means to pay it: we wereju st settling the b ill / ~ the argument / - the claim out o f court (without a court case) /fin d a way to - the dispute / the conflict hasfin a lly been ~d / OK, that’s ~d (decided) substitute a substitute is som ething that is used instead of som ething else. Substitute is also a verb: oil that has been mixed with cheap -s / you can useyogurt as a - fo r cream / a sugar - / vitam in supplements are no - fo r a healthy diet / he was brought on at h a lf tim e as a - (to replace another player) /you can - honeyfo r sugar (use honey instead o f sugar) / the goalkeeper was -d (replaced by another player) tide a tide o f som ething is a large am ount of something th at happens at the same tim e, or a strong movement or tendency which develops:
can we stop the - o fforeign fusions? I a - o f criticism / the - o fpublic opinion / the rising o f unemployment / an attem pt to stem the - o f economic decline tough if food is tough, it is hard and difficult to eat: a - overdone steak / the m eat was really - / cut off
the - outer leaves tradem ark a tradem ark is a name or design that belongs to one organisation and is used on its products: th e'Thai select’- / the Nike - / their green vans uphold to uphold som ething means to show that you support it or w ant to defend it: ~ standards / - workers’rights / - the law / determined to traditionalfam ily values yeast yeast is a living substance that is used in making bread to make the bread rise and become light: the dough must use natural - /fresh - / dried -
oven an oven is a large piece of equipm ent that you heat up and cook food in: it has to be baked on the flo o r o f a wood-fired - la gas - / bake it in a hot fo r 40 minutes / warm gently in a low - (not very hot) / don’t forget to turn the - o ff I preheat the to 200 degrees poison a poison is a substance that w ill make you ill or kill you if you eat it or drink it. To poison
Pa g e s 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 alleged if som ething is alleged, it is claimed to be true although it is not known for certain.The verb is allege: it’s - that he would introduce a cockroach into hisfood / police are still questioning the - thief
VOCABULARY BUILDER 59
/ the prosecution -s that he stole over £50,000 from the company allocate to allocate things means to decide which person to give them to or w hat to use them for. The noun is allocation: seating is -d on afirstcome,first-served basis / each person was -d £40 to spend / ~ more money to education / ~ the budget fo r each department / the allocation o f tickets announce to announce something means to tell people about it officially.The noun is announcement: the government has -d a new series o f measures to tackle thefood crisis / he's -d his resignation / they've ~d that they're getting married nextyear / I’d like to make an -ment / an official -ment about the date o f the election / we're
expecting a government -ment tomorrow back to back something means to support it. The noun is backing: he criticised the United Nations
fo r -ing traditionalfarm ing methods /you know I'll -you all the way (supportyou completely) / 1have thefu ll -ing o f myfam ily / getfinancial -ingfrom the government bid a bid is an attempt to do something: a-to tackle rising obesity rates / launch a hostile takeover - (an attempt to take over a company) / he made a -for freedom / appeared on TVin a ~ to win public support confess to confess means to admit that you have done something wrong.The noun is confession: a
majorfast-food chain has ~ed to using wheat and dairy products toflavour its Frenchfries / he -ed to the murder / 1- that I didn't behave particularly well / 1must - I didn't expect it to take this long / he made afu ll -ion / methods used by the police to get -ions convince to convince someone means to make them believe that something is true. The adjectives are convinced and convincing: he -d me that it
was a good idea / he managed to - thejury of his innocence / 1became ~d that he was hiding something / I'm not entirely -d / a very convincing argument encounter to encounter something means to experience it. Encounter is also a noun: the idea has -edfierce opposition / we -ed afew problems / United Nationsforces -ed some resistance / some violent -s with the police / a close - with a snake /
ourfirst - (thefirst time we met) fierce if something is fierce, it is strong or involves strong feelings. The adverb is fiercely: the idea
has encountered - opposition / there w ill be competitionfo r places in thefin a l / she came info r some - criticism / he's -ly loyal to hisfriends / a ~ly competitive market GM GM foods are foods that contain products whose genes have been changed. GM stands for genetically modified: -foods / и crops / —free food heavily heavily means very or by a large amount. The adjective is heavy: GM foods are - restricted /
60 OUTCOMES
they're - involved in politics / - armed soldiers / she was - influenced by American singers / she smokes quite - / it was raining quite - la heavy reliance on fossilfuels / a heavy smoker / heavy rain hygiene hygiene is keeping things clean in order to prevent illnesses.The adjective is hygienic: poor food - / his personal - is terrible! / good dental / very high standards of- / the kitchen didn't look
very hygienic induce to induce someone to do something means to persuade them to do it.To induce something means to make it happen: attempts to - undersixteens to eatfastfood / nothing would - me to work there again / overeating can - vomiting /
they can give drugs to - labour (start the process in which a woman gives birth) inform to inform someone of something means to tell them about it. Someone who is informed has all the information about something: he -ed us of
his plans / 1regret to -you thatyour application has been unsuccessful / 1am delighted to -you that you have been awarded a prize / please keep me -ed o f any developments / it's important that patients arefu lly -ed / they seem very well -ed / able to make an -ed choice (with all the information) outbreak an outbreak of something is an occasion when it starts suddenly.The verb is break out: an o ffood poisoning / a serious - o f cholera / the o f war / -s o f violence on the streets / the day that
war broke out plead to plead in a court means to say whether you are guilty or not guilty of a crime. The noun is plea: he w ill be -ing not guilty / how doyou - - guilty or not guilty? / he entered a plea o f not guilty /
decided to change her plea publicity publicity is attention that is given to something in newspapers and magazines.The verb is publicise: negative - could do a lot of damage / a lot of- about his visit / the event attracted a lot of - / we got a lot o ffree - / the concert generated a lot o fgood -fo r the band /
they spent a lot of money on publicising the tour
-ISE
Some verbs are formed by adding -ise to nouns or adjectives. In American English, these verbs are usually spelled with -ize. For example: her public image / publicise an event. add emphasis I emphasise your point; legal complications / legalise soft drugs; an industrial area / the country is being industrialised; special treatm ent / specialise in furniture design; people in authority I it was authorised by my boss; write a summary / summarise the book
EXERCISES Pr epo sit io n s A Com plete the sentences w ith the correct preposition. 1 Do you know where the lid ___this pot is? 2 Slice the tom ato....thin pieces. 3 Soak the beans in w ater___a few hours. 4 I can't decide___the fish and the lobster. 5 You can substitute lem on....lime in this recipe. 6 There's been an outbreak....food poisoning. 7 Starch is in foods such....bread and rice. В Choose the correct preposition. 1 I'm looking for a piece o f I in cheese. 2 You should worry/or / about all the salt you eat. 3 The dressing is oil mixed by / with vinegar. 4 She's very loyal to /fo r her friends. 5 He still relies on / to his parents for money. 6 My diet is influenced o f I by Japanese cooking.
Wo r d
fam ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold. 1 publicise an event
attract a lot of
2 good personal hygiene
4 a serious allegation
a n ................... kitchen tell a ................... story that's w hat she
5 authentic Irish music
1question its
3 not really convinced
6 make a confession 7 provide fierce resistance
h e ................... to ‘the crime the team competed
В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb. 1 2 3 4 5 6
fusion.... squeeze.... tid e .... encounter.... fake ...... fu ss___
Wo rd
Collocations A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help. make uphold
keep settle
stem take
establish squeeze
1 ..................... the lid on while the soup is cooking. 2 The Yankees ...................past the Red Sox to win the baseball league. 3 .................. the facts before making an accusation. 4 H e............. .... a fuss about the poor service. 5 1................. .. no notice when he loses his temper. 6 1................. .. the bill and left the waiter a tip. 7 W e need to . ..................the tide of teenage drug addiction. 8 1believe in ............... traditional family values.
Match the two halves of the collocations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a plea of an informed vitamin a wood-fired steamed an old a close
a) not guilty b) choice c) vegetables d) supplements e) encounter f) oven g) injury
С Complete the collocations with nouns and adjectives from the unit. 1 2 3 4 5 6
a f ____ h wound a p ____ h of salt a r ____ h estimate make a s ____ e fossil f ____ s a h ____ у smoker
P hrasal v er b s
b u ild in g
A Complete the sentences with verbs formed from the words in the list. industrial authority
2 The president......... ............the need to fight terrorism. 3 Undeveloped countries need help to .................... 4 That law yer........ ........... in divorce cases. 5 I don't have the power to .......... ........ payment. 6 Newspapers........... ........the arrest of the movie star.
legal public
special emphasis
1 The United Kingdom has....................1,000 illegal immigrants.
A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 An argument flared over / up over the bill. 2 I'm full but I still have to get by / through dessert. 3 The health department carried out / on a kitchen inspection. 4 Turn away / down the heat on the stove. 5 I pulled several hairs up / out of my food. 6 A swine flu epidemic has broken out / over.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 61
16
pass on to pass something on means to give it to someone else after someone has given it to you: I’m phoning to-on a message / canyou pass this
on to Gemma? temper a temper is a tendency to become very angry suddenly: she's got a terrible - / he's got a violent
- after afew drinks / 1managed to control my / sheflew into a-1 he went off in a - / -s were beginning toflare (people were beginning to get angry) warehouse a warehouse is a large building where goods are stored before they are sold: the goods haven’t left the -yet / they're still in the- / a -fu ll
o f wine
BUSINESS Pa g es 1 1 0 -1 1 1 chase up to chase something up means to find out whether it has been dealt with yet: I’m phoning to
an order / I’ll - the sales department / can you chase John up about this? enquire to enquire about something means to ask for information about it.The noun is enquiry.These words can also be spelled inquire and inquiry: I’m
just calling to - about some prices / I'm phoning to - whetheryou have any rooms available / we've had over 500 enquiries about thejob / I’ll make a few enquiries and see what I canfind out / a major police inquiry is being carried out / launch a murder inquiry
Pa g e s 112 -113 acquaintance an acquaintance is someone you know slightly. You can also say that you are acquainted w ith someone: a wide circle o ffriends and -s / a casual - / some business ~s / I’m not personally acquainted with him / I’d like to get acquainted
with her blue-collar blue-collar work is work that involves physical strength and using your hands. Work in an office is called white-collar work: ~ work / -
workers la - union break even to break even means to make no profit and no loss.The noun is breakeven: eventually we
broke even / the business is breaking even at the moment / I’ll be glad when we reach a breakeven point capital capital is money that you invest or use to start a business: we raised the - we needed / the
business was set up usingforeign - 1 we don’t have much - / they’ve sunk a lot of- into the business / selling property to release Some nouns are formed by adding -y to a verb. For example: enquire about prices/ launch a public
enquiry. recover from an accident / make a quick recovery; deliver the goods / rearrange the tim e of delivery; master a language / achieve complete mastery; discover a cure for the common cold / make a discovery
entrepreneur an entrepreneur is someone who sets up and runs a business.The adjective is entrepreneurial: afamous - la successful - / help
fo r budding -s / his -ial skills excel to excel means to do something very well: he -led at thejob / she -led at university / he -s at
all sports float to float a company means to start to sell its shares on the stock market.The noun is flotation: we -ed the company on the stock exchange /
theflotation on the stock market is scheduledfo r December I a £30 million flotation flagship flagship means the biggest and most important: we’re opening a new - store in Tokyo /
one o f our - products overdue if something is overdue, it has not been done by the expected time.- an - payment onyour
account / my library books are - (I should have returned them) / it’s a week - / these reforms are long-
62 OUTCOMES
foot the foot of something is the bottom part of it: sitting at the - o f the Tatra Mountains / the - of the stairs / the - o f the page / the - o f the statue hostile if something in business is hostile, it is done to a company that does not want it. Something that is hostile is also unfriendly or opposed to something.The noun is hostility: we were the subject o fa - takeover bid / travelling through -
territory (belonging to the opposing side in a war) / most people were - to the idea / a large - crowd had gathered outside / her speech provoked a ~ reaction / widespread hostility to the idea / a lot o f hostility towards the president / an outbreak of hostilities (war) inquisitive if you are inquisitive, you ask a lot of questions about things.The adverb is inquisitively. The noun is inquisitiveness: they are very ~ / an ~ child / she looked at me ~ly / 1found his ~ness
irritating ladder a ladder is a piece of equipment you can climb up to reach high places. A ladder is also a system with different levels that you can make progress through to reach a senior position: he climbed the
corporate - and became UK sales manager / people at the bottom o f the social ~ / keen to get on the first rung o f the housing locksmith a locksmith is someone whose job is to fix locks on doors and windows: initially, he trained as о - / 1had to call a lookout if you are on the lookout for something, you are trying to find it: they're constantly on the fo r new ideas / we were warned to be on the ~for
pickpockets network to network means to talk to a lot of people in order to meet people who w ill be useful for your work. A network is a group of people or organisations that work together or are connected in some way: they're always -ing / it's important to ~ / I've got a good ~ o fcontacts observer an observer is someone who watches something carefully.The verb is observe: they're keen —s / an acute - o fhuman nature / the
elections w ill be monitored by independent -s / they observe changes /you can learn a lot by observing people / it'll be interesting to observe what happens performance someone's performance is how well they do something. The verb is perform:
they're alwaysfocused on improving their - / the goalkeeper gave a brilliant - / his disappointing in the exams / a definite improvement on his last / the team all performed brilliantly / she didn't perform very well in that task plough to plough money into something means to invest money in it: we -ed all the money back into the business / he -ed the profits into a new venture / they ~ed all their savings into the business portfolio a portfolio is a collection of investments that someone has made, or a collection of things they can offer or use in business: he built up a substantial - / a - o f shares / a - o f clients / a -
of skills property a property is a feature or quality that some thing has: by exploiting the geothermalproperties
of an underground lake / the chemical properties of hydrogen / plants with healing properties
renewable if something is renewable, it can be replaced so that it never runs out. Renewables are renewable forms of energy: it provides - energyfo r the whole area / - resources / woodfrom - sources / the increasing use of-s stiff stiff can mean difficult or severe: wefaced some - competition / ~ opposition to the government / drink drivers w illface - new penalties / a - ja il
sentence stock exchange a stock exchange is a place where shares in companies are bought and sold: we floated the company on the - / lost a lot o f money on the ~ / the New York - / the London ~ closed 15 points lower / the -fe ll by 15% I the - rose slightly
yesterday takeover a takeover is when one company takes control of another. The verb is take over: a hostile - bid / the ~ o f HBOS by Lloyds / the company is vulnerable to a - / they've taken over two o f their
main rivals turnover a company's turnover is the amount of business it does: we have an annual ~ o f three million dollars / - rose by 6% lastyear / - has doubled in the last threeyears / a slightfa ll in venture a venture is a new business activity: he
ploughed the profits into a new - / this could be a profitable - / a successful business * / embark on a joint - (involving more than one person or company)
Pa c e s 1 14 -115 adopt to adopt something means to start using it. The noun is adoption: many countries are -ing
similarformats / the decision to - the euro / voted to - the proposals / they've -ed a moreflexible approach / the -ion o f new policies alert to alert someone means to tell them or warn them about something. Alert is also a noun:
a website that -s users to special offers / we immediately -ed the police / afire - / aflood branch out to branch out means to start doing something different or new: we want to ~ into other areas / supermarkets that have branched out into clothing / 1need to - and try something new complex if something is complex, it is very complicated.The noun is complexity: the - and changing nature o f our society / a very - problem / a highly - system / it's quite - / it looks very - /
overwhelmed by the sheer -ity of the problems concept a concept is an idea. The adjective is conceptual: these are relatively new ~sfor people living here / start with afew basic -s / the broad - o f mental illness'/ 1don't have a clear - o f what
we want to achieve / 1found it difficult to grasp the - (understand it) / a -ualframeworkfor the proposals
VOCABULARY BUILDER 63
deal a deal is an agreement in business or politics: a
two-year sponsorship ~ / can we do a - ? I he cut a - with the main opposition party (agreed one) / we're close to clinching the - (agreeing it) / OK you've got a - I / that wasn't part o f the devastate to devastate something means to damage it very badly.To devastate a person means to upset them very badly.The adjectives are devastating and devastated.The noun is devastation: the
country has been -d by war / losses which have ~d the economy / 1was absolutely devastated when he died / a devastating blowfo r this community / the devastating effects o f the war / the widespread devastation caused by the storm / a scene of complete devastation device a device is a machine or tool: a - that allows you to sharefiles / an ingenious little - / some sophisticated - s i a -for measuring electricalflow / it's fitted with a special anti-locking - / all our vehicles have the latest hi-tech safety -s
overwhelmingly overwhelmingly means to a very great extent. The adjective is overwhelming: reality TV is - positive / they voted - in support of the idea / the overwhelming m ajority of students / managed to succeed against overwhelming odds / overwhelming evidence that he was guilty / the
idea won overwhelming support pitch to pitch something means to talk about it and try to persuade people to buy it. Pitch is also a noun: they - their ideas to the panel / there were three o f them -ingfo r the contract / a sales - / 1
only had ten minutes to make my plunge to plunge means to decrease quickly by a large amount. Plunge is also a noun: profits have -d / share prices have -d / temperatures -d to minus 15 / a - in house prices reflect to reflect something means to show it or be a sign of it. The noun is reflection: they directly - the needs o f the Afghan economy / his speech didn't -
expansion expansion is when something increases in size. The verb is expand: they present their businesses and plansfo r - / planning a massive - /
the views o f the government / the election result -s public anger over the recent scandals / a clear -ion o f his intentions / their behaviour is a -ion on their parents / a sad -ion on modern society
the company is setfo r a major - / the company's plans / the business expanded dram atically in the first two years / plans to expandfurther
saturated if the market is saturated, there are more products available for sale than people want to buy. The verb is saturate: the market's - / a flood of
fuel fuel is a substance such as coal or petrol that can be burned to produce energy: high - costsforced
him to close down / rising - bills / oil is quite an expensive - /fossil -s / the development ofbio-s (fuels madefrom plants) I new —efficient vehicles instability if there is instability, a situation is likely to change suddenly.The adjective is unstable: political - / things that can cause economic - /1
was worried about her emotional - 1an unstable economy / the situation is still unstable / she seems a bit unstable at the moment negotiation negotiation is an official discussion between groups who want different things and are trying to reach an agreement. The verb is negotiate: there is no - on the amount /
ongoing -s between the two countries / peace -s / resolving problems through - / the details are still under - / they can negotiate what percentage o f the company they w ill own / both sides seem willing to negotiate / refused to negotiate with terrorists niche a niche is an opportunity to sell a special product to a small group of people. Niche is also an adjective: it's a - market la - product /
managed to exploit a - in the market / he spotted a - in thefashion market
64 OUTCOMES
cheap imports w ill saturate the market scrutiny scrutiny is the careful examination of something. The verb is scrutinise, the plans come
under -from local experts / their accounts have come under intense - / the government's proposals are being subjected to close - /to scrutinise the documents carefully stake someone's stake in a business is the share that they own. Someone who owns a stake is a stakeholder: buy a - in the company / they own a 30% - in the company / increase their - la majority
-/he now has a controlling - (enough shares to control the company) / a big -holder in the company strategy a strategy is a planned series of actions in order to achieve something.The adjective is strategic: planning and marketing strategies / a
successful business -/an effective -for economic recovery / draw up a long-term - / strategic planning / it was a strategic decision sustain to sustain something means to make it continue: it w ill be difficult to - itself / measures
designed to - economic growth / the nutrients necessary to - life would-be would-be means hoping to become something: a group of- entrepreneurs / a - actor
/ - pop stars
EXERCISES
C o l l o c a t io n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
Pr e p o sit io n s A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 I’m interested in one....your products. 2 The goods are still sitting ....the warehouse. 3 Do you ever buy shares....the stock market? 4 I'm right....the bottom of the corporate ladder. 5 The two companies embarked....a joint venture. 6 There are no job vacancies....the moment.
Wo rd
fam ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold. 1 scrutinise the accounts
come underdose
get clinch
lace gather
run plough
exploit
1 W e ....... acquainted at the staff cocktail party. 2 Sh e................... a business from her home. 3 A large crow d................... to hear the president's speech. 4 W e ................... all our money into the new venture. 5 Drink drivers will soon................... stiffer penalties. 6 The company................... a niche in the market. 7 It was our presentation w hich................... the deal.
2 enter into negotiations 3 expansion plans
deal We are
В Complete the m issing adjectives 1 Business success depends on s ______ с planning. 2 We bought a m _ ______у stake in a rival company. 3 The company's performance has come under
4 a complex problem
into Asia a problem of great
5 a disappointing performance
I usually
i _ e scrutiny. 4 P __________ I instability is bad for business.
6 an outbreak o f hostilities
well in exams a .......... ...... environment
5 The hurricane left a scene o f с _________e devastation. 6 The company invests in r _ _ _ _ ____ e energy technologies.
Wo rd
b u ild in g
A Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the verbs in the list. discover recover enquire master deliver 1 Part of business....................is thinking strategically. 2 W e lose sales because of product.......... . delays. 3 Scientists have made a cancer treatment 4 W e expect a slo w ................... from the recession. 5 I made a n ................... about flight availability.
С M atch the tw o halves o f the collocations. 1 a pop a) pitch 2 3 4 5
a saturated against overwhelming fossil a sales
6 the opposition
b)fuel c) party d) star e) market f) odds
Phrasal v er b s A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb. 1 We need to chase over / up some orders to meet our target. 2 The police are carrying on / out a murder investigation. 3 Please pass this message up / on to the sales manager. 4 We're setting on I up a Singapore office. 5 She's really climbing up / overthe corporate ladder. 6 We've run down / out of tim e with this project.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 65
1 ART AND ENTERTAINMENT
2 SIGHTSEEING
P rep o sit io n s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
between as between of of of in
8 by
В 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
from of on between on as from to
P r e p o s it io n s
3 THINGS YOU NEED
4 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ISSUES
A
P r e p o sit io n s
P r ep o sit io n s
A
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
to between onto on for by off into
W o rd
fa m ilies
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
deprived renovated restricted strap strain steep foamy affluence
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
in away over against from with around in of
W o rd
fa m ilies
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
sarcasm acquisition resignation hazardous obligation traumatised
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
of by of on on in into of
Wo rd
fa m ilies
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
В
summary donor cutbacks growth backing contribution abuse, claim, assault, conduct boost
W o rd fa m ilie s
Co llocations
A
В
A
Collocations
Collocations
A
A
1 2 3 4 5
В
uplifted atmospheric loosely representation resolution feature, disguise, despair
Collocations
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
с e f a b d gripping disturbing hilarious sombre pointed conventional dull
С 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ordeal despair bankruptcy obstacles impression temptation impression interpretation
P h ra sa l v e rb s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
d с e b f a i
l 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 g
В
В 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
out over with back up into
66 OUTCOMES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
undergoing broke launching spoiled stick caught set
С 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
flats months food activity resources trials head knight
P h ra sa l
v er b s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
up out off up down up in
Pa ttern s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
avoiding/to avoid fasting to make soaring to dance spraying
settle, navy
rip go lose make change keep feel
В 1 2 3 4 5
lever-arch electrical safety wastepaper necessary hairline occupational
P h ra sa l veri A l 2 3 4 5 6
back with of fn apart away
Pattern s A l 2 3 4 5 6
project picture fees crop root injustice change
В с d e a b
С 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to help attaching to freeze to do to tighten investing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
raise deny combat conduct raise drop sleep
С 1 2 3 4 5
food colourful fashion travel inflation
D 1 2 3 4 5 6
scarce sexual economic financial brief self
P hrasal
verbs
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
broke down carryout goes against cut back on settingup cutoff
6 ACCOMMODATION P r e p o s it io n s
P r ep o sit io n s
8 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
P r e p o sit io n s
A
A
P r ep o sit io n s
A l about 2 of 3 of 4 from 5 from 6 about 7 into 8 for 9 on W o r d f a m ilie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
В
reluctantly substitute self-consciously fitness flexibility thrashing knitting foul, sprain, sack, tackle
W O R D - B U IL D IN G
A 1 2 3 4
unable dishonest unconscious uncoordinated
C o l l o c a t io n s
A X 2 3 4
b с a d
В 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
craft fear fool obligation thread coordination breath match
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4
about with of on in with
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
W
o rd
-b u
unemotional illegal unsuitable uncomfortable insignificant unpleasant
il d in g
Collocations integration confirmation frame reservation
Collocations
A l 2 3 4 5 6
breezy mist shade resume ages flood significance
W o r d - bu ild in g
transformation resist greasy chilly overwhelming filth
A 1 2 3 4
spoil pitch pay swimming make return
В
A l 2 3 4 5
growing rot come gathering dare
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
wild emotional scientific sexual human campaign
С
building initial stunning public complete 6 local 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
с a e b d
Patterns get make put twist make come
P h r a s a l v e rb s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
off out out into off in out up
1 d 2 с 3 a
4 e 5 b 6 f
D 1 overwhelming 2 thinking 3 extreme 4 way 5 symptoms
P h ra sa l v e r b s
A l 2 3 4 5
5 in 6 of 7 in
A in from in at with of
W o rd fa m ilie s 1 2 3 4 5 6
by by of from
W o rd fa m ilie s
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 NATURE
down away over down with 6 off
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
blowing to contest getting rising to make to call to make
A l 2 3 4 5
of by with for from 6 into / to 7 in 8 on
W o rd fa m ilie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
burglar disappearance fraudster insured kidnapped theft suspiciously
WORD-BUILDING
A 1 lecturer 2 announcer 3 accelerator 4 incinerator 5 instructor 6 backer 7 cooker 8 sweetener
Collocations
A l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
broad armed thin young vicious ethnic illegal electrical rising
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
policy smuggling law situation rate murder
С 1 с 2 d 3 a
4 b 5 e 6 f
PH R A S A L V E R B S
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
broke into got back came up come forward went off get hold of
В 1 down 2 up 3 with
4 out 5 out 6 in
VOCABULARY BUILDER 67
ANSWER
5 SPORTS AND INTERESTS
K EY
11
9 CAREERS AND STUDYING
10 SOCIALISING P r e p o s it io n s
11 TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL
P r e p o s it io n s
A
P r e p o s it io n s
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
A
P r e p o s it io n s
A 4 in 5 in 6 of
1 of 2 with 3 of В 1 of 2 in 3 from W
4 in 5 during
o r d f a m il ie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 В 1 2 3 4 5 6
implementation bureaucracy appealing recognises standardise outrageous
W
o r d -B u i l d i n g
A 4 workers 5 teacher
A
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
get hand look made
5 bear 6 set 7 named
verbs
A 1 to 2 on 3 out
В 1 by 2 of 3 of W
ord
4 since 5 of 6 for FAMILIES
W
4 through 5 around 6 up
1 2 3 4 5 6
publicity activity responsibility humidity speciality obesity
Co l l o c a t io n s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
burst getting going broadcast get working feel
С l 2 3 4 5 б 7
l 2 3 4
up on up up
o r d f a m il ie s
l bumps 2 3 4 5
dented breathtakingly claustrophobia remarkable 6 infuriated
W
o r d -B u i l d i n g
by the day by heart by the rules by nature by the day by sight Co l l o c a t io n s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
flat cracked full peak fresh blazing
4e 5d
С 1 2 3 4 5 б
4 taxi 5 rates 6 recovery
verbs
5 6 7 8
up out out up
W
from by to with on by o r d f a m il ie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
chronic swelling relieve surgical therapist acknowledgement
В 1 replacement 2 3 4 5 6
rigorous recuperation ranked outsourced gambling
С
breath, replace
W
o r d -B u i l d i n g
2 3 4 5
inconvenience violence independence difference
C o l l o c a t io n s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
verbs
A l out 2 for 3 out
1 2 3 4 5 6
l silence
slammed made lodge breaking put reached
Phrasal
A
A
В 1 safe 2 border 3 lane
spree side park money eye price fortune
Phrasal
o u tco m es
W
4 to 5 about 6 from
A
A
A
68
1 in 2 of 3 for
o r d -B u il d i n g
В 1 с 2 a 3 b
freak rise workload system summary effect
Ph r a sa l
5 into 6 of 7 to
A
Co l l o c a t io n s 1 2 3 4
with for by on
shame interrupt light-hearted slap engagement gorgeous stuffy 8 versatile
draining redundancy stimulation interfering retirement suntan
1 supporters 2 employers 3 managers
1 2 3 4
12
4 off 5 on 6 on
hold hand accepted sent making keep
В 1 b 2 с 3 d
С 1 2 3 4 5 6
surgery attack breath organ customer resort
4 a 5f 6e
13 LIFE EVENTS P r e p o s it io n s A l with 2 3 4 5 6 7
15 FOOD P r e p o s it io n s
P r e p o s it io n s
P r e p o s it io n s
A
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A l into
of for to with for In
2 from
3 on 4 on 5 about 6 of 7 of
В 1 with
W
o r d f a m il ie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
bribe overreaction feast burial mourning draining vain elaborately
1 2 3 4 5 6
o r d f a m il ie s
W
В scan disrupt irrational commuting convictions ashes
d a h b
5 6 7 8
С f e g
saving reached scattered taking steer resorts
off up up out
stringed dignity third period medical compulsive formal
С verbs
A l 2 3 4
1 strengthen 2 raise 3 win 4 have 5 check 6 rob 7’ cling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
express go get call cover take
Phra sa l
A
В
С 1 2 3 4 5 6
o r d -B u i l d i n g
C o l l o c a t io n s
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
laundering dissuade remotely dignified descending compulsively
weakening lengthen tightening strengthen shorten widen
Co l l o c a t io n s
A 1 2 3 4
authorised proof frugality stern reluctantly withdrawal
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8
after on through out
1 с 2 e 3 a Phrasal
1 of
for into for between for of as
2 3 4 5 6 W
В
A
W
16 BUSINESS
14 BANKS AND MONEY
4 b 5d 6f verbs
1 of 2 about 3 with W
4 to 5 on 6 by
o r d f a m il ie s
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
publicity unhygienic convincing alleges authenticity confessed fiercely
В
squeeze, encounter, fake, fuss
W
o r d -B u il d i n g
A | legalised emphasised industrialise specialises authorise publicised C o l l o c a t io n s
r\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
keep squeezed establish made take settled stem upholding
В 1 2 3 4
5с 6g 7e
С 1 2 3 4 5 6
flesh pinch rough scene fuels heavy
Phrasal
o r d f a m il ie s
A l scrutiny 2 negotiate
3 4 5 6 W
expanding complexity perform hostile o r d -B u il d i n g
A l mastery 2 delivery
3 discovery 4 recovery 5 enquiry C o l l o c a t io n s
A l 2 3 4 5 6 7
got runs gathered ploughed face exploits clinched
В 1 2 3 4 5 6
strategic majority intense political complete renewable
С 1 d 2 e 3 f Phrasal
4 b 5a 6с verbs
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
up out on up up out
verbs
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
up off out on off out
up through out down out out
v o c a b u l a r y b u il d e r
69
INFINITIVE
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
be
was/were
been
become
became
become
begin
began /bigaen/
begun /Ыдлп/
bet
bet
bet
bite /bait/
bit
bitten /bitan/
blow /Ыэи/
blew /blu:/
blown /Ы эип/
break
broke
broken
bring
brought /bro.t/
brought
build /bild/
built /bilt/
built
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
buy
bought /by.t/
bought
catch
caught /ky.tl
caught
choose
chose /tfauz/
chosen
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
do
did
done
draw /dro:/
drew /dru:/
drawn /dn:n/
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed /dreamt
drink
drank/draer)k/
drunk /drAQk/
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate /ей/
eaten /!:/
fall lfx \ l
fell /fel/
fallen /fsilan/
feel /fl:l/
felt /felt/
felt
fight /fait/
fought/fy.t/
fought
find
found /faond/
found
flee
flew
flown
fly /flai/
flew /flu:/
flown /flaun/
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got [US: gotten]
give
gave
given
go grow /дгэи/
went
been/gone
grew /gru:/
grown /дгэип/
hang/haerj/
hung/hAQ/
hung
have
had
had
hear /hia/
heard /h3:d /
heard /h3:d/
hide
hid
hidden /hidan/
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt /h3:t/
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know /паи/
knew /nju:/
known /пэип/
lay /lei/
laid
laid
lead /li:d/
led /led/
led
learn /1з:п/
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
70 OUTCOMES
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
lie (not tell the truth)
lied
lied
lose /lu:z/
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay /pei/
paid /peid/
paid
prove
proved
proven/proved
put
put
put
read /ri:d/
read /red/
read /red/
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang /гзео/
rung /гло/
run /глп/
ran /raen/
run
say /sei/
said /sed/
said
see
saw /S3:/
seen
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
shown
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang /saer]/
sung /SAfJ/
sink
sank /saeqk/
sunk/SAQk/
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid
speak
spoke
spoken
spell
spelled/spelt
spelt
spend
spent
spent
spoil
spoiled/spoilt
spoiled/spoilt
spread /spred/
spread
spread
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck /stAk/
stuck
strike /straik/
struck /strAk/
struck
swear
swore
sworn
swim
swam/swaem/
swum /swAm/
take /teik/
took /tuk/
taken /teikan/
teach
taught / ty.tl
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought /0D:t/
thought
throw /0гэи/
threw /0ru:/
thrown /бгэап/
understand
understood
understood
wake
woke /wauk/
woken /waukan/
wear /wea/
wore /w э:/
worn /W3:n/
win
won /WAn/
won
write
wrote
written /ritan/
VOCABULARY BUILDER 71
IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE lend
HEINLE CENGAGE Learning' Outcomes Upper Intermediate Vocabulary Builder Sheila Dignen and Guy de Villiers Publisher: Jason Mann Senior Commissioning Editor: John Waterman Content Project Editor: Amy Smith
© 2010 Heinle, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitialising, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, or applicable copyright law of another jurisdiction, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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[email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-1110-0552-8
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SH EILA D IG N EN
and
G U Y DE VILLIERS
OUTCOMES
REAL ENGLISH FOR THE REAL WORLD
The Outcomes Vocabulary Builder booklet contains key language from the Student’s Book and is organised by unit so that learners can easily refer to the words they need while they are studying.
(VlltBI...,
OUTCOMES
The Outcomes Vocabulary Builder contains: • • • •
A short explanation for each word Common collocations and phrases Practice activities Regular language boxes for extra information on word families, word-building and phrasal verbs • Answer key
Also available for the student: • Workbook - additional language and skills practice, a Developing Writing section, extra activities for the Outcomes Vocabulary Builder and audio CDs for the listening activities. • MyOutcomes - online practice for grammar, vocabulary and all four skills. Use for self study or interact with your teacher and get feedback on your progress. Pin code available at the back of the Student’s Book.
HEI NLE C EN GAGE Learning' Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning, is a leading provider of materials for English language teaching and learning throughout the world. Visit Heinle at http://elt.heinle.com Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com
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