Orientación de las antenas satélite

Brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins sntëmktl. Kitrbfuaakñi Flsfl dnal nmouibs nþbs, mn ñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn sktunfn sbhrl lm Launfbr , sl lstî abivkrtklifb li ui muonr ùy abiaurrkfb pbr sntëmktls fl tbfb tkpb, l`pmlnfbs pnrn mns natkvkfnfls `îs fkspnrls. Dny sntëmktls `ltlbrbmñokabs, ab`b lm @ltlbsnt, sntëmktls pnrn limnals tlmleñikabs trnisbalîikabs, pnrn mbanmkznakbils `nràtk`ns y, mñokan`litl, pnrn trnis`kskbils fl VU. Mn vlitncn qul berlali mbs sntëmktls fl tlmlvkskñi ls mn fl auhrkr ui tlrrktbrkb ùy n`pmkb , y ab`b lstl ”trnis`ksbr‐ lst{ sktunfb li lm ”aklmb‐, plr`ktl qul mns l`kskbils fl ùadns l`ksbrns fl VU mmlouli n ùadbs dbonrls, kiamusb nqulmmbs sktunfbs li vnmmls y abmkins n mns qul ib mmlon mn tlmlvkskñi flhkfb n mn nusliakn fl ui rlpltkfbr fl zbin. Wnrn rlakhkr mns l`kskbils prbalflitls fl ui sntëmktl , ls ilalsnrkb mn kistnmnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan lxtlrkbr fl 17 a` n >,47 fl fkî`ltrb , nþnfkrml ui abivlrtkfbr , qul abivklrtl mn slþnm fl >> ODz n > ODz , nsà ab`b ui pbmnrkznfbr , , anpnz fl slpnrnr mns slþnmls pbmnrkznfns dbrkzbitnm`litl fl mns pbmnrkznfns li slitkfb vlrtkanm. Qk lstn nitlin fkspbil fl ui pbskakbinfbr , pbskakbinfbr , pbfl`bs anptnr vnrkbs sntëmktls. Abbrflinfns olborîekans Ls abivliklitl rlabrfnr nmouibs abialptbs lstufknfbs dnal yn nmoói tkl`pb. Mn pbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn qulfn fltlr`kinfn olborîekans . `lfknitl abbrflinfns olborîekans. Mn mbioktuf b nmtktuf nmtktuf sl `kfl flsfl lm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad dnstn lm `lrkfknib flm muonr. Ql aulitn flsfl 7  dnstn +>47  dnakn lm Lstl y flsfl 7  dnstn ->47 dnakn lm Blstl. Mn mntktuf olborîekan olborîekan sl `kfl flsfl lm Launfbr dnakn lm Ibrtl (7 dnstn +;7), y dnakn lm Qur (7 dnstn -;7).

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin > fl 1?

Wbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn. Vb`nrl`bs lm skouklitl arktlrkb fl skoibs3    

Mbioktufls Lstl (L), pbsktkvns. Mbioktufls Blstl (_), ilontkvns. Mntktufls Ibrtl (I), pbsktkvns. Mntktufls Qur (Q), ilontkvns.

Qntëmktls olblstnakbinrkbs sntëmktls sl liaulitrni li uin ñrhktn n 15.777 j` fl mn Vklrrn, ñrhktn Mbs sntëmktls sl olblstnakbinrkn flib`kinfn Ñrhktn fl Amnrjl , Amnrjl , sbhrl lm pmnib flm Launfbr , li mn qul prlslitn kounm plràbfb y slitkfb fl rbtnakñi qul mn Vklrrn. Lstb skoikekan qul lm sntëmktl lstnrî skl`prl li lm `ks`b puitb abi rlsplatb n mn Vklrrn.


Wîokin 8 fl 1?

Fkstniakn fl mbs sntëmktls abi mn suplrekakl tlrrlstrl. Mn rnfkbfkeuskñi fl tlmlvkskñi pbr sntëmktl rlquklrl, nfl`îs flm sntëmktl li sà, uin lstnakñi tlrrlstrl pnrn mn l`kskñi fl mns slþnmls lmlatrb`noiëtkans y uin lstnakñi pnrn mn rlalpakñi fl mns `ks`ns. abùikanakñi ls uikfkrlaakbinm , , yn qul mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn, Lstl tkpb fl abùikanakñi ls ib l`ktl ikioói tkpb fl slþnm dnakn lm sntëmktl.

Abùikanakñi vàn sntëmktl. Lm okrb fl mbs sntëmktls li mn Ñrhktn fl Amnrjl , Amnrjl , qul ls pnrnmlmn nm Launfbr fl mn Vklrrn, sl rlnmkzn fl ebr`n qul su pbskakñi ls plr`nilitl rlsplatb n aunmquklr puitb fl mn Vklrrn (oblstnakbinrkn), plr`ktklifb nsà qul mns nitlins rlalptbrns tlioni rlalptbrns tlioni uin brklitnakñi y pbskakñi ekcn.

Akiturñi fl Amnrjl.


Wîokin 1 fl 1?

\i sntëmktl pulfl sntëmktl pulfl auhrkr mn tlralrn pnrtl flm ombhb tlrrlstrl. Wbr tnitb, mbs sntëmktls lstîi fkstrkhukfbs, sloói mn \ikñi Kitlrinakbinm fl Vlmlabùikanakbils , , li trls rlokbils fkelrlitls3   

Xlokñi K3 Lurbpn. Xlokñi KK3 N`ërkan. Xlokñi KKK3 Nskn.

Nuiqul sbi ùadbs lstbs sntëmktls, sñmb uibs aunitbs pbfl`bs utkmkznrmbs sntksenatbrkn`litl, puls su ernicn fl krrnfknakñi ib sl fkrkoli n iulstrb pnàs, b ls ùy fëhkm su slþnm. Li prkiakpkb flhl`bs alitrnribs li lm Nstrn, Dbthkrf, Kitlmsnt, y rlaklitl`litl li lm Dkspnsnt.    

Nstrn n >;,8  L. Dbthkrf n >1  L. Kitlmsnt n >,7  _. Dkspnsnt n 17  _.

Mbs sntëmktls lstîi brklitnfbs dnakn lm Qur , yn qul lstn`bs li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl.


Wîokin 6 fl 1?

Hnifns fl erlauliakn li mns qul trnhncni mbs sntëmktls Mns erlauliakns qul sl utkmkzni li mn rnfkbfkeuskñi vàn sntëmktl lstîi li mn zbin fl mns `karbbifns flitrb flm lsplatrb lmlatrb`noiëtkab. Mn vlitncn fl utkmkznr uin hnifn fl erlauliakns tni lmlvnfn, ls qul sl pulfl livknr kiebr`nakñi ùadb `îs rîpkfb qul n erlauliakns `îs hncns. Mns erlauliakns y hnifns nskoinfns pnrn mn trnis`kskñi y abùikanakñi fl mns slþnmls fl k`noli y nufkb l`pmlnfns li rltrnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñi sntëmktl sbi3 

Hnifn FHQ (Fkrlat Hrbnfanst Qntlmmktl) Qntlmmktl) , auyns erlauliakns sl liaulitrni ab`prlifkfns litrl >>,? ODz y >8,< ODz.



Hnifn EQQ (Ekxlf Qlrvkal Qntlmmktl) , Qntlmmktl) , qul sl suhfkvkfl li fbs fbs hnifns3 Ql`khnifn nmtn (EQQ Hnifn suplrkbr) fl >8,< n >8,?< ODz. Ql`khnifn hncn (EQQ Hnifn kielrkbr) fl >7,? n >>,? ODz. b b

FHQ usni mn pbmnrkznakñi akraumnr , y mbs Mbs sntëmktls flib`kinfbs FHQ nhrlvkn`bs fl mn skouklitl `nilrn MDAW (Mlet MDAW (Mlet Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi) b Wbmnrkzntkbi). XDAW (Xkodt XDAW (Xkodt Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi). EQQ usni pbmnrkznakbils mkilnmls tnitb vlrtkanm Mbs sntëmktls flib`kinfbs EQQ usni (U) ab`b dbrkzbitnm (D). dbrkzbitnm (D). Li FHQ

Wbmnrkznakñi akraumnr

Li EQQ

Wbmnrkznakñi mkilnm

Flrladns Kzquklrfns Ulrtkanm Dbrkzbitnm

Wbmnrkznakbils utkmkznfns li mbs limnals fl sntëmktl.


Wîokin < fl 1?

Wnrn mn trnis`kskñi fl slþnmls vàn sntëmktl lxkstli fkelrlitls hnifns (A, Ju, Jn, lta.), plrb li mn natunmkfnf mn `îs utkmkznfn pnrn mn rnfkbfkeuskñi ls mn flib`kinfn hnifn Ju , auyb rniob fl erlauliakns ls3 li rlalpakñi (limnal flsaliflitl) flsfl >>,? dnstn >8,? ODz, y li trnis`kskñi (limnal nsaliflitl) flsfl >6,7 dnstn >?,4 ODz. Erlauliakn flsaliflitl (ODz) FB_IMKIJ >>,? ‑ >8,?

Hnifn

Ju

Erlauliakn nsaliflitl (ODz) \WMKIJ >6,7 ‑ >?,4

FHQ , fl >>,? n >8,< ODz, Flitrb fl mn hnifn Ju, lm rniob flib`kinfb FHQ , ls lm utkmkznfb pnrn l`ktkr fkrlatn`litl n mbs usunrkbs fb`ëstkabs slþnmls fl VU vàn sntëmktl. Fkadb skstl`n plr`ktl utkmkznr nitlins fl tn`nþb ùy rlfuakfb pnrn mn rlalpakñi fl lstl tkpb fl slþnmls. Wnrn fkstrkhukr abi enakmkfnf pbr mn kistnmnakñi anhmlnfn flm usunrkb , sl tklili qul abivlrtkr mns slþnmls fl ùy nmtn erlauliakn (`karbbifns) fl mn hnifn Ju, rlakhkfns flsfl lm sntëmktl, li Erlauliakns Kitlr`lfkns (EK). Lstb mb dnal lm MIH (Mbw Ibksl Hmbaj, qul skoikekan Hmbqul fl Hncb Xukfb) b MIA (Mbw Ibksl Abivlrsbr, qul skoikekan Abivlrsbr fl Hncb Xukfb). Mn hnifn fl EK EK lmlokfn pnrn lm rlpnrtb lstî ab`prlifkfn litrl fbs erlauliakns3 ;<7 @Dz y 8.><7 @Dz. Xlaulrfl qul lm `nroli fl erlauliakns l`pmlnfb ls lm skouklitl3

Qlþnmls fl abiùtnakñi ‑ FkslqA abiùtnakñi lstîi hnsnfns li mn trnis`kskñi fl fntbs n Mns slþnmls fl abiùtnakñi trnvës fl uin trn`n fkoktnm fl abitrbm fl fkspbsktkvbs. Lstn trn`n tn`hkëi ls abibakfn ab`b tbib fkoktnm fl prborn`nakñi. prborn`nakñi . fkoktnm skrvl pnrn livknr kiebr`nakñi qul pulfl utkmkznrsl pnrn Lstn trn`n fkoktnm vnrknr mn tliskñi fl pbmnrkznakñi.


Wîokin 5 fl 1?

Lstn trn`n fkoktnm pnrn lqukpbs fl nitlins ls uin `nran rlokstrnfn y abibakfn pbr lm ib`hrl fl tbibs FkslqA. FkslqA. FkslqA FkslqA (Fkoktnm Qntlmmktl Lqukp`lit Abitrbm) ls ui prbtbabmb fl abùikanakñi lsplaknm`litl fkslþnfb pnrn enakmktnr mn rlalpakñi, brklitnakñi y ncustl fl mbs fkspbsktkvbs qul sl utkmkzni li mns trnis`kskbils vàn sntëmktl. Mn tliskñi abitkiun fl >6,>4 U plr`ktl su`kikstrnr tliskñi nm MIH y abiùtnr mn pbmnrkfnf flslnfn pbr fkelrlitls vnmbrls fl tliskñi `lfknitl mn rlelrliakn fl tbib fl erlauliakn. jDz plr`ktl abiùtnr litrl fbs MIH y litrl mns fbs Lm tbib fl 7 n 88 jDz hnifns EQQ y FHQ . FkslqA prbfual ui tkpb fl `bfumnakñi qul skrvl pnrn Lm skstl`n FkslqA trnis`ktkr fntbs fl abitrbm n mbs fkspbsktkvbs plrkeërkabs `lfknitl lm anhml abnxknm , , sklifb lstbs plrkeërkabs, pbr lcl`pmb, fntbs fl pbskakbin`klitb nm rbtbr fl mbs sntëmktls, an`hkb fl pnrnhñmkan, an`hkb fl hnifn, lta.

Fntbs fl abitrbm FkslqA. Lxkstli vnrkbs tkpbs fl FkslqA3  



FkslqA >.73 ls >.73 ls lm hîskab y abiùtn rlalptbrls li uin sbmn fkrlaakñi. FkslqA 8.73 kounm 8.73 kounm qul lm nitlrkbr, plrb abi abùikanakñi hkfkrlaakbinm. Kiamuyl `îs plrkeërkabs. FkslqA 1.73 1.73 plisnfb pnrn skstl`ns abmlatkvbs. Ls hkfkrlaakbinm y abi abitrbm fl tuilr.


Wîokin ? fl 1?

Npuitn`klitb fl mn pnrîhbmn dnakn lm sntëmktl tlrrlstrls , pnrn brklitnr mns nitlins Li mbs skstl`ns fl nitlins tlrrlstrls , rlalptbrns hnstnrî abi brklitnr mn nitlin dnakn lm muonr li lm qul sl uhkan lm l`ksbr, ncustnifb mn pbskakñi dnstn abisloukr mn `lcbr slþnm abi lm `lfkfbr fl an`pb . Lstb ls sliakmmb, pbrqul lstns nitlins tklili ui dnz auyn nplrturn sulml lstnr litrl 8<· y 57· , rlakhklifb mn slþnm, pbr mb tnitb, li ui n`pmkb `nroli. Qki l`hnrob, li nitlins abi rlemlatbr pnrnhñmkab , pnrnhñmkab , fbifl mn oniniakn lstî ùadb `îs abialitrnfn, mbanmkznr lm trnispbiflfbr fl ui sntëmktl ib rlsumtn tni sliakmmb, sbhrl tbfb li nitlins fl orni fkî`ltrb. Wbr lmmb, sl flhl npmkanr ui `ëtbfb skstl`îtkab pnrn lm npuitn`klitb abrrlatb fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans. Wnrn brklitnr mn nitlin pnrnhñmkan pnrnhñmkan dny qul fltlr`kinr lm nakùt, mn lmlvnakñi y lm pmnib fl pbmnrkznakñi.

Vbfbs lstbs fntbs flplifli fl fbs enatbrls3 fl iulstrn pbskakñi olborîekan b l`pmnzn`klitb y fl mn pbskakñi flm sntëmktl auyn slþnm qulrn`bs anptnr. Btrb pnrî`ltrb n pnrî`ltrb n tlilr li aulitn li lm npuitn`klitb fl mn nitlin dnakn lm sntëmktl ls mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan , puls flplifl flm muonr fl rlalpakñi. Lstl skstl`n sl utkmkzn aunifb sl usn uin hrócumn. Nakùt nakùt ls mn pbskakñi flm pmntb pmn tb li lm pmnib dbrkzbitnm rlsplatb flm Ibrtl. Ql Lm nakùt ls `kfl li ornfbs. Lm îioumb sl `kfl flsfl lm Ibrtl olborîekab (7 ) li slitkfb fl mns noucns flm rlmbc.


Wîokin 4 fl 1?

Lm nakùt ls nakùt ls lm îioumb fl ncustl fl uin nitlin sbhrl lm pmnib dbrkzbitnm. Ls lm lcl T. Ls mn kiamkinakñi qul flhl`bs fnrml n mn nitlin fl kzquklrfn ‑ flrladn. Ls lm îioumb dbrkzbitnm nm qul dny qul okrnr mn nitlin dnstn liabitrnr lm sntëmktl. Blstl. Lm nakùt sl rleklrl n mn pbskakñi flm sntëmktl abi rlmnakñi nm Lstl ‑ Blstl

Mn rlelrliakn slrî lm Wbmb Qur sk sl liaulitrn li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl , , b lm Wbmb Ibrtl sk ls nm abitrnrkb. Mn nitlin okrnrî dnakn lm Lstl (kzquklrfn) b dnakn lm Blstl (flrladn) flsfl lm puitb Qur. Vlil`bs qul3   

Lm nakùt ls alrb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Qur. Lm nakùt ls ilontkvb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Lstl (kzquklrfn). Lm nakùt ls pbsktkvb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Blstl (flrladn).

Lmlvnakñi lmlvnakñi ls mn kiamkinakñi li mn qul mmlon lm dnz fl slþnm flm sntëmktl dnstn mn Mn lmlvnakñi ls nitlin. Ql `kfl li ornfbs. lmlvnakñi ls lm îioumb fl ncustl fl uin nitlin sbhrl lm lcl vlrtkanm. Ls lm lcl Mn lmlvnakñi ls nhncb. Ls lm îioumb nm [. Ls mn kiamkinakñi qul flhl`bs fnrml n mn nitlin fl nrrkhn ‑ nhncb qul dny qul lmlvnr mn nitlin flsfl lm dbrkzbitl pnrn mbanmkznr lm sntëmktl. Ls lm îioumb qul ebr`n lm lcl fl mn pnrîhbmn abi rlsplatb nm sulmb, lstî ebr`nfb pbr mbs mnfbs fl ui trkîioumb sntëmktl-nitlin y nitlin- sulmb. Qur. Mn lmlvnakñi sl rleklrl n mn pbskakñi flm sntëmktl abi rlmnakñi nm Ibrtl ‑ Qur


Wîokin ; fl 1?

Li mn màiln flm Launfbr sl sktunrî li dbrkzbitnm (7 ), `klitrns qul aunitb `îs ibs nmlcl`bs dnakn lm Ibrtl, `îs tlifrl`bs qul hncnrmn, `îs ornfbs. Wbr lmmb, quklils sl liaulitrl li lm Qur fl Lspnþn (mntktuf 15 ) mn nitlin tlifrî uin kiamkinakñi `libr qul quklils sl liaulitrli li lm Ibrtl (mntktuf 66 ).

\in vlz qul sl dn ”lmlvnfb‐ mn nitlin dnakn mn ñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn,

dny qul mbanmkznr lm sntëmktl ncustnifb mn nitlin n kzquklrfn b flrladn. Wbmnrkznakñi Mn pbmnrkznakñi ls pbmnrkznakñi ls mn rbtnakñi qul flhl tlilr lm MIH rlsplatb n mn vlrtkanm flm sulmb. Ql `kfl li ornfbs. Ls lm îioumb nm qul dny qul okrnr lm abivlrsbr b MIH pnrn qul mn pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm b vlrtkanm flm sntëmktl kiakfn plrelatn`litl sbhrl lm `ks`b. Ukstb fl erlitl, okrnr n mn flrladn ( îioumbs pbsktkvbs) y dnakn mn kzquklrfn (îioumbs ilontkvbs). Wbr lcl`pmb3 Añrfbhn tklil uin pbmnrkznakñi pbsktkvn fl 8< .


Wîokin >7 fl 1?

Mns trnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñi vàn sntëmktl utkmkzni skùmtîiln`litl mns pbmnrkznakbils vlrtkanm y dbrkzbitnm . Lstb plr`ktl trnis`ktkr ui lmlvnfb ió`lrb fl aninmls li ui lstrladb `nroli fl erlauliakns. Fl lstn `nilrn, mns erlauliakns fl mbs fkelrlitls aninmls lstîi sbmnpnfns y ib lxkstli kitlr`bfumnakbils litrl lmmbs nm plrtlilalr n pbmnrkznakbils pbmnrkznakbils fkstkitns. Li mn skouklitl ekourn sl pulfl bhslrvnr lstl lelatb li mn fkstrkhuakñi fl aninmls flm sntëmktl Nstrn.

Fkstrkhuakñi fl aninmls y pbmnrkznakbils flm sntëmktl Nstrn. Qk sktun`bs lm plqulþb fkpbmb lxkstlitl li lm kitlrkbr flm abivlrtkfbr li pbskakñi vlrtkanm rlsplatb nm sulmb, sñmb pbfrl`bs vlr mns l`ksbrns qul trnis`ktli abi pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), ski mbornr vlr ikiouin fl mns qul trnis`ktli abi pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm (vënsl dbrkzbitnm (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h).

n) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi vlrtkanm.

h) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm.

Li mn nitlin pnrnhñmkan tlifrl`bs qul okrnr lm abivlrtkfbr , abi lm eki fl sktunr lm fkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm b vlrtkanm , vlrtkanm , li euiakñi fl mn slþnm qul qulrn`bs rlakhkr. Lstb sl pulfl rlnmkznr nutb`îtkan`litl `lfknitl ui pbmnrrbtbr (vënsl pbmnrrbtbr (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), mmn`nfb tn`hkëi pbmnrkznfbr , pbmnrkznfbr , qul ib ls `îs qul ui fkspbsktkvb lmlatrb`laîikab qul sl lianron fl okrnr mn pbmnrkznakñi fl mn slþnm anptnfn. Fl lstn ebr`n, abi ui sbmb abivlrtkfbr, pbfrl`bs rlakhkr tnitb mns slþnmls fl pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm ab`b vlrtkanm.


Wîokin >> fl 1?

Mn mk`ktnakñi qul tklil lstl skstl`n ls mn eknhkmkfnf fl mns pnrtls `ñvkmls sb`ltkfns n mn naakñi fl mbs nolitls nt`bseërkabs y mn prlakskñi li lm pbskakbin`klitb. Btrn sbmuakñi abiskstl li mn utkmkznakñi flm mmn`nfb skstl`n brtb`bfb , brtb`bfb , qul abiskstl li uin fbhml ouàn fl bifns qul slpnrn mns fbs pbmnrkznakbils , dbrkzbitnm y vlrtkanm, li fbs fkelrlitls snmkfns qul npmkani mns slþnmls n fbs fkelrlitls abivlrtkfbrls. Lm kmu`kinfbr (vënsl kmu`kinfbr (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h) tklil mn `kskñi fl rlabolr tbfns mns slþnmls qul sl rlemlcni li lm fksab pnrnhñmkab y livknrmns nm fkpbmb n trnvës flm pbmnrkznfbr.

n) Wbmnrrbtbr.

h) Kmu`kinfbr.

a) Abivlrtkfbr.

Lcl`pmb3 Abmbanakñi flm abicuitb MIH pnrn vnrkbs sntëmktls.

Wbmnrkznakñi y sus vbmtncls Vnitb mns slþnmls akraumnrls ab`b mns mkilnmls tklili ui vnmbr li vbmtncl qul mns kflitkekan y mn fkelrliakn mn uin fl mn btrn. Wbr mb qul pbfl`bs flakr qul olilrnm`litl lstbs fbs tkpbs fl slþnmls sbi usnfbs abi ui tkpb fl nitlin fbifl sl trnfual fl mn skouklitl `nilrn3


Wîokin >8 fl 1?



>1 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Ulrtkanm (U) li mkilnm b Wbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nib flrladn (XDAW).



>4 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Dbrkzbitnm (D) li mkilnm b Wbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nib kzquklrfn (MDAW).

U pulfl slr nþnfkfb flm rlakhkfbr n aunmquklrn fl mbs vbmtncls Nfl`îs, > U pulfl nrrkhn `liakbinfbs pnrn ab`plisnr mn anàfn fl vbmtncl n anusn flm mnrob flm anhml abnxknm usnfb li lm skstl`n. Lstbs vbmtncls ib tklifli n slr tni lsplaàekabs ab`b mb `liakbinfb nrrkhn, pbr mb qul lstbs pulfli bsakmnr fl mn skouklitl `nilrn3  

Li >1 U flsfl >>,< U n n >6 U . U flsfl Li >4 U flsfl ><,< U n n 8> U . U flsfl

Mn pbmnrkznakñi `niunm fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sl rlnmkzn okrnifb lm abivlrsbr MIH ui îioumb fltlr`kinfb. Mn abiùtnakñi pnrn pbmnrkznr fl ebr`n nutb`îtkan sl rlnmkzn livknifb vlrtkanm , b fl >4 uin slþnm fl abrrklitl abitkiun (FA) fl >1 U pnrn pnrn mn pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm , U pnrn pnrn mn dbrkzbitnm: dbrkzbitnm : n`hns abi uin erlauliakn fl 88 jDz. Abiekournakñi Abiekournakñi flm MIH uikvlrsnm Dny MIH qul pulfli tlilr fkelrlitls tkpbs fl bsakmnfbr mbanm (B.M., Mbanm Bsakmmntbr), ab`b mbs uikvlrsnmls qul su rniob fl B.M. ls fl ;,?< ‑ >7,5 ODz, abi auhklrtn fl erlauliakns flsfl >7,? ‑ >8,?< ODz . Lstbs sbi usnfbs li Lurbpn Lurbpn `nybr`litl, yn qul pulfli mmlonr n erlauliakns `îs hncns fbifl Ibrtln`ërkan sl usni mbs mkilnmls lxkstli sntëmktls qul trnis`ktli li ëstns. Li Ibrtln`ërkan sl >8,8 ODz. abi ui B.M. fl >7.?<7 ODz y uin abhlrturn fl erlauliakns fl >>,? ‑ >8,8

MIH uikvlrsnm.


Wîokin >1 fl 1?

Lm MIH uikvlrsnm plr`ktl uikvlrsnm plr`ktl nprbvladnr tbfn mn anpnakfnf fl trnis`kskñi fl mbs sntëmktls pbr pnrtl fl ui usunrkb. Abiùtn mn fksark`kinakñi fl pbmnrkfnf (D y U) abi lm an`hkb fl mn tliskñi fl nmk`litnakñi (>1 U y >4 D) y slmlaakbin mns fbs hnifns fl sntëmktl , mn hnifn hncn y mn hnifn nmtn, abi mn suplrpbskakñi b ib flm tbib fl 88 jDz li mn nmk`litnakñi. Fkspbil fl uin sbmn snmkfn.

ninmñokan fl >7,? n >>,? ODz y mn Lm MIH uikvlrsnm prbalsn mn hnifn ninmñokan hnifn fkoktnm fl fkoktnm fl >>,? n >8,?< ODz fl mn skouklitl ebr`n3 Vliskñi fl Abiùtnakñi (U)

Wbmnrkfnf (D ñ U)

>1 >4 >1 >4

U D U D

Vbib (jDz)

Hnifn

Erlauliakn (ODz)

7

Hncn

>7,? ‑ >>,?

88

Nmtn

>>,? ‑ >8,?<

Bsakmnfbr Mbanm (ODz)

;,?< ;,?< ;,?< ;,?<

Flamkinakñi `noiëtkan Lm Wbmb Ibrtl `noiëtkab ib abkiakfl abi lm Wbmb Ibrtl olborîekab, pbr lstn rnzñi, sl dn fl tlilr li aulitn pnrn lm aîmaumb flm îioumb fl nakùt.


Wîokin >6 fl 1?

`noiëtkan ls mn fkelrliakn litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab y lm Ibrtl Mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan ls `noiëtkab. Ls flakr, ls mn kiamkinakñi flm ombhb tlrrlstrl, yn qul mn Vklrrn lstî kiamkinfn. Lstn fkelrliakn ls fkstkitn pnrn anfn muonr.

Vliklifb li aulitn lm lrrbr qul lxkstl litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab, 7  y lm Ibrtl `noiëtkab, flhlrl`bs su`nrml nm nakùt, litrl 6  y 4 , sloói lm muonr li qul ibs liabitrl`bs li Lspnþn. Wbr lcl`pmb3 Añrfbhn tklil uin flamkinakñi `noiëtkan fl 6,< .


Wîokin >< fl 1?

Aîmaumb fl îioumbs fl brklitnakñi Mbs îioumbs sl pulfli fltlr`kinr fl trls ebr`ns3 

Wbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab. `ntl`îtkab. Lstl skstl`n anmaumn aunmquklr puitb pnrn aunmquklr sntëmktl abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm muonr y flm sntëmktl lmlokfb.



Wbr îhnab fl mbs fntbs `ntl`îtkabs. Qbi orîekabs qul fni mbs puitbs husanfbs abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm flm muonr y flm sntëmktl. sntëmktl.



Wbr Kitlrilt. Li Kitlrilt. Li pîokins _lh qul ibs fni mbs rlsumtnfbs li euiakñi flm muonr y lm sntëmktl. >lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab

>) @ëtbfb abi eñrùmns eñrùmns trkobib`ëtrkans3 trkobib`ëtrkans3

fkstniakn , Wnrn anmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi, nakùt y fkstniakn , ilalsktn`bs abibalr mbs skouklitls fntbs3   

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi (δ). Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl (ζ).

Xlmnakñi litrl lm rnfkb fl mn Vklrrn y lm fl mn ñrhktn flm sntëmktl (W07,><>8?). Eñrùmns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3



Lmlvnakñi3  abs   W    sli  

Lmlvnakñi  nrato 

Qklifb 





nr abs abs abs abs






abs abs

 

Wîokin >5 fl 1?



Nakùt3  to     sli 

Nakùt  >47  nrato 

Qk ibs fni mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flm sntëmktl, nm vnmbr fl nakùt sl ml su`nrî ab`b sl kifkan n abitkiunakñi3  to     flamkinakñ i R `noiëtkan  sli 

Nakùt  >47  nrato 



Fkstniakn3 Fks Fks tni akn tni akn









1<.?45 >  7.6>;;; >  abs abs 

Wbmnrkznakñi3

Mn pbmnrkznakñi (flspmnzn`klitb pbmnrkznakñi (flspmnzn`klitb flm abivlrsbr, Fa) sl anmaumn tliklifb li aulitn lm tkpb fl nitlin pnrnhñmkan3 b

Ebab prk`nrkb3 Fa

b

sli   nrato to  



Beeslt3 Fa Fa'  Fa  >6

Nuiqul, fl ebr`n nprbxk`nfn3


Wîokin >? fl 1?

Lcl`pmb >3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sktunfn li Añrfbhn y brklitnfn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt. FNVBQ3 

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3 Mbioktuf3 6,4· _. Mntktuf3 1?,;·. b b



Dkspnsnt3 sktunfb li 17· _. Ab`b lm sntëmktl lstî sktunfb nm Blstl, lm skoib ls ilontkvb.

Npmkanifb mns eñrùmns nitlrkbrls3

 6,4   17  8<,8 absabs abs8<,8  abs abs1?,;  66,66   abs  

nr

 abs66,66  7,><>8?    14,?;   66 , 66 sli   

Lmlvnakñi Lmlvnakñi  nrato 

 to 86,8<    8>5,8<  sli1?,; 

Nakùt  >47  nrato 





  1?,4?j`

tni akn Fks Fks tni akn  1<.?45 >  7.6>;;; >  abs 66,66

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin fl ebab prk`nrkb3 sli 8<,8 Fa  nrato to 1?,;

 84,5?

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin beeslt3 Fa' 

84,5?  >6  68,5?

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 14,?;· y Nakùt (+) 0 8>5,8<·.


Wîokin >4 fl 1?

Lcl`pmb 83 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sktunfn li Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn y brklitnfn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt. FNVBQ3 

Abbrflinfns fl Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn3 Mbioktuf3 4,<<· _. Mntktuf3 68,44·. b b



Flamkinakñi `noiëtkan3 5,<·.



Dkspnsnt3 sktunfb li 17· _. Ab`b lm sntëmktl lstî sktunfb nm Blstl, lm skoib ls ilontkvb.

Npmkanifb mns eñrùmns nitlrkbrls3

 4,<<   17  8>,6< absabs abs8>,6<  abs abs68,44  6?,78   abs  

nr

 abs6?,78  7,><>8?    1<,;8 sli    6? , 78  

Lmlvnakñi Lmlvnakñi  nrato 

 to 8>,6<    87;,4   sli 6? , 44   

Nakùt  >47  nrato 

N lstl vnmbr fl nakùt sl ml su`nrî mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr fl rlalpakñi, qul li lstl ansb ls 5,<·. Wbr tnitb3 Nakùt 0 87;,4 + 5,< 0 8>5,1·





  14,>>
tni akn ?45 >  7.6>;;; >  abs abs 6?,78 Fks Fks tni akn  1<.?45

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin fl ebab prk`nrkb3 sli 8>,6< Fa  nrato to 68,44

 8>,6;

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin beeslt3 Fa' 

8>, 6;  >6  <5,;4

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 1<,;8· y Nakùt (+) 0 8>5,1·. Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >; fl 1?

8) @ëtbfb sliakmmb sliakmmb ski eñrùmns trkobib`ëtrkans3 trkobib`ëtrkans3

nakùt , ilalsktn`bs abibalr Wnrn anmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi y nakùt , mbs skouklitls fntbs3   

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi. Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl. Fkstniakn litrl ui puitb olborîekab fl mn Vklrrn y lm sntëmktl. Eñrùmns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3

Lcl`pmb3 Brklitnr uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan fl tkpb beeslt sktunfn li Añrfbhn dnakn mbs sntëmktls Nstrn, DbtHkrf l Dkspnsnt. FNVBQ3 

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3 Mbioktuf3 6,4· _. Mntktuf3 1?,;·. b b

Wbmnrkznakñi3 Ql husan li Kitlrilt lm vnmbr fl mn pbmnrkznakñi qul flhl tlilr uin nitlin sktunfn li Añrfbhn dnakn lm sntëmktl. 

Wbmnrkznakñi (+)3 8<·. n) Nstrn (sktunfb Nstrn (sktunfb li >;,8  L)3 Wnsbs3 >) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3 Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li fkstkitns zbins. ξf 0 >;,8 + 6,4 0 86·

8) Lmlvnakñi3 Ab`b ξf ls 86· y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , , sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr

fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 1;,16·.


Wîokin 87 fl 1?

1) Nakùt3 Ab`b ξf ls 86·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitb

tlrrlstrl (>;,8·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr flm nakùt ilontkvb qul ls >66,>1·. Nakùt (‑) 0 >66,>1· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 1;,16· y Nakùt ( ‑) 0 >66,>1·. h) DbtHkrf (sktunfb DbtHkrf (sktunfb li >1  L)3 Wnsbs3 >) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3 Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li fkstkitns zbins. ξf 0 >1 + 6,4 0 >?,4·

8) Lmlvnakñi3 Ab`b ξf ls >?,4· (≄ >4·) y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , , sl husan li mn tnhmn tnhmn lm

vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 68,>>·. 1) Nakùt3 Ab`b ξf ls >4·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitb

tlrrlstrl (>1·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr v nmbr flm nakùt ilontkvb qul ls ><8,>4·. Nakùt (‑) 0 ><8,>4· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 68,>>· y Nakùt ( ‑) 0 ><8,>4·.


Wîokin 8> fl 1?

a) Dkspnsnt (sktunfb Dkspnsnt (sktunfb li 17  _)3 Wnsbs3 >) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3 Qntëmktl3

Ql rlstni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li mn `ks`n zbin. ξf 0 17 ‑ 6,4 0 8<,8·

8) Lmlvnakñi3 Ab`b ξf ls 8<,8· (≄ 8<·) y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , , sl husan li mn tnhmn tnhmn lm

vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 14,48·. 1) Nakùt3 Ab`b ξf ls 8<·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Blstl flm puitb

tlrrlstrl (17·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr flm nakùt pbsktkvb qul ls 8>?,>6·. Nakùt (+) 0 8>?,>6· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 14,48· y Nakùt (+) 0 8>?,>6·. 8³ `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr îhnab Lm skouklitl ncustl slrî lm qul mbanmkznrî mn slþnm prbalflitl flm sntëmktl. Lstl `ëtbfb prbpbrakbinrî ui ncustl sbhrl fbs lcls3 lm dbrkzbitnm , , qul mmn`n`bs nakùt , , y lm vlrtkanm , , flib`kinfb lmlvnakñi. lmlvnakñi. Wnrn abisloukr lstbs fntbs, ibs hnsnrl`bs li mns abbrflinfns flm puitb fbifl qulrl`bs l`pmnznr mn nitlin (mbioktuf y mntktuf) mntktuf ) y li lm l`pmnzn`klitb flm sntëmktl flitrb fl mn ñrhktn brhktnm . N pnrtkr fl lstbs fntbs, sl olblstnakbinrkn , ls flakr, su pbskakñi brhktnm. lstnhmlalrî mn fkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf fl mn nitlin rlalptbrn y mn pbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl , sloói mn eñrùmn3 eñrùmn3 F 0 Mbioktuf flm rlalptbr ‑ Wbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl Wnrn lstnhmlalr lstn fkelrliakn, sl tb`nrîi ab`b vnmbrls pbsktkvbs nqulmmbs qul sl liaulitrni dnakn lm Lstl, rlsplatb flm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad ,


Wîokin 88 fl 1?

`klitrns qul mbs sktunfbs li mn fkrlaakñi Blstl sl abiskflrnrîi abi skoib ilontkvb. ilontkvb . pbsktkvn , supbifrî qul lm sntëmktl sl liaulitrn Qk mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn ls pbsktkvn , nitlin , `îs dnakn lm Blstl qul mn pbskakñi flm rlalptbr , pbr mb qul lm nakùt fl mn nitlin , qul `lfkrl`bs abi uin hrócumn, slrî `nybr fl >47 . Qk, pbr lm abitrnrkb, mn ilontkvn , mn abbrflinfn dbrkzbitnm slrî `libr fl >47· . fkelrliakn ls ilontkvn , Mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn sl mmlvnrî sbhrl lm îhnab qul îhnab qul lstî flhncb, b sbhrl mns tnhmns fl lmlvnakñi y nakùt , nakùt , fbifl tn`hkëi husanrl`bs mn ekmn abrrlspbifklitl n mn mntktuf, bhtliklifb nsà lm vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi y lm nakùt li qul flhlrî npuitnr mn nitlin. Ab`b yn sl dn ab`litnfb, tb`nrl`bs lm nakùt pbsktkvb b ilontkvb sloói lm skoib bhtlikfb li mn fkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf y mn pbskakñi brhktnm.

Îhnab pnrn lm aîmaumb fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi.


Wîokin 81 fl 1?

Anrnatlràstkans Anrnatlràstkans n tlilr li aulitn3 

  

Li lm îhnab npnrlali mbs lcls lxprlsnfbs li mntktuf y fkelrliakn fl mbioktuf. Lm rlsumtnfb ls lm vnmbr fl mbs îioumbs fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi. Lm îhnab rlprlslitnfb lstî rlnmkznfb pnrn nitlins li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl. Abi lstl `ëtbfb ib sl pulfl bhtlilr lm îioumb fl pbmnrkznakñi.

Lcl`pmb3 ûlrl`bs anmaumnr mns abbrflinfns fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi qul flhlrî tlilr uin nitlin sktunfn li @nfrkf pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flm sntëmktl Nstrn. Li prk`lr muonr, dnhrî qul abibalr mn pbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl Nstrn (uhkanfb li >;,8· Lstl) y mns abbrflinfns fl mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn. Mn akufnf fl @nfrkf sl liaulitrn n uin mntktuf fl 67,5· Ibrtl, y n 1,<· fl mbioktuf Blstl. rlalptbr , bhtliklifb lm Abi lstbs fntbs lstnhmlalrl`bs mn fkelrliakn sntëmktl ‑ rlalptbr , skouklitl rlsumtnfb3 F 0 Mbioktuf rlalptbr ‑ Wbskakñi brhktnm sntëmktl 0 0 (-1,<) ‑ (>;,8) 0 -88.?· N abitkiunakñi, mmlvnrl`bs mbs fntbs fkelrliakn y mntktuf sbhrl mns tnhmns fl lmlvnakñi y nakùt. Ab`b mn tnhmn óikan`litl tklil vnmbrls litlrbs, rlfbiflnrl`bs n 81· fl fkelrliakn y 6>· fl mntktuf. Mn fkelrliakn rlsumtnitl ls ilontkvn , ilontkvn , nsà puls, tb`nrl`bs lm vnmbr fl mn abmuìn fl nakùt ilontkvb , ilontkvb , bhtliklifb lm vnmbr fl >6?,>·. Mn lmlvnakñi abrrlspbifklitl lmlvnakñi abrrlspbifklitl ls fl 1?,74·.

Nakùt (‑) 0 >6?,>·

Lmlvnakñi 0 1?,74·

Wbmnrkznakñi (+) 0 8<· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 1?,74· y Nakùt ( ‑) 0 >6?,>·. Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 86 fl 1?

1lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr Kitlrilt 

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lm sntëmktl Nstrn sktunfb n >;· L3

Wrbvkiakn ÎMNUN NMHNALVL NMKANIVL NM@LXÀN NQV\XKNQ ÎUKMN HNFNCBS HNXALMBIN H\XOBQ AK\FNF XLNM AÎALXLQ AÎFKS ANQVLMMÑI AÑXFBHN A\LIAN OKXBIN OXNINFN O\NFNMNCNXN O\KWÓSABN D\LMUN D\LQAN CNËI MN ABX\ÞN MN XKBCN MNQ WNM@NQ MLÑI M\OB MMLKFN Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Nakùt ><7 >64 ><7 >65 >65 >65 >68 ><< >64 >65 >61 >6> ><8 >66 >64 ><5 >6< >64 ><7 >6> ><8 >6< >68 >6; >86 >6< >61 ><1

Nstrn Lmlvnakñi 15 67 6> 68 16 1? 14 1; 15 1; 1? 67 67 67 1; 1; 6> 14 15 1; 14 67 11 15 67 1< 16 14

Wbmnrkznakñi +87 +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +17 +87 +8< +8< +17 +17 +87 +17 +8< +87 +17 +8< +87 +17 +87 +17 +17 +87 +6< +8< +8< +87 Wîokin 8< fl 1?

@NFXKF @ÎMNON @NMMBXAN @\XAKN INUNXXN BXLIQL WNMLIAKN WBIVLULFXN QNMN@NIAN QNIVNIFLX QLOBUKN QLUKMMN QBXKN VNXXNOBIN VLILXKEL VLX\LM VBMLFB UNMLIAKN UNMMNFBMKF UKSAN[N SN@BXN SNXNOBSN 

>6? >66 ><< >6; ><> >61 >65 >68 >6< >64 >6? >68 >6; ><6 >86 ><7 >65 ><> >65 >6; >6< ><>

14 6> 6> 6> 15 16 1? 16 15 1< 1? 1; 1? 1; 1; 1; 14 67 15 1< 15 14

+8< +17 +87 +8< +87 +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +17 +8< +87 +6< +87 +8< +87 +8< +87 +8< +87

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt sktunfb n 17· _3

Wrbvkiakn ÎMNUN NMHNALVL NMKANIVL NM@LXÀN NQV\XKNQ ÎUKMN HNFNCBS


Nakùt 8>? 887 888 88> 8>1 8>5 8>6

Dkspnsnt Lmlvnakñi 11 15 15 14 16 15 1;

Wbmnrkznakñi -8< -17 -17 -17 -8< -8< -8<

Wîokin 85 fl 1?

HNXALMBIN H\XOBQ AK\FNF XLNM AÎALXLQ AÎFKS ANQVLMMÑI AÑXFBHN A\LIAN OKXBIN OXNINFN O\NFNMNCNXN O\KWÓSABN D\LMUN D\LQAN CNËI MN ABX\ÞN MN XKBCN MNQ WNM@NQ MLÑI M\OB MMLKFN @NFXKF @ÎMNON @NMMBXAN @\XAKN INUNXXN BXLIQL WNMLIAKN WBIVLULFXN QNMN@NIAN QNIVNIFLX QLOBUKN QLUKMMN QBXKN VNXXNOBIN Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

886 8>5 8>4 8>6 >66 888 8>4 8>; 886 8>; 8>4 8>4 8>< 887 8>; 8>7 8>4 87; 8>1 8>> 888 8>? 8>; 88< 888 8>; 8>> 8>5 8>7 8>< 8>< 8>5 8>5 8>4 881

18 16 1? 14 6> 16 1; 15 1> 1; 15 11 67 11 14 15 16 <1 15 15 11 15 67 11 1? 11 15 15 1? 15 16 15 67 16 11

-17 -8< -17 -8< -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -8< -8< -17 -17 -87 -8< -8< -8< -87 -17 -17 -17 -1< -17 -8< -8< -8< -87 -8< -8< -8< -17 -17 -17 Wîokin 8? fl 1?

VLILXKEL VLX\LM VBMLFB UNMLIAKN UNMMNFBMKF UKSAN[N SN@BXN SNXNOBSN

87? 887 8>? 888 8>< 8>? 8>6 887

<6 1< 1? 1< 15 11 15 16

-8< -17 -17 -17 -8< -8< -8< -17

Kistnmnakñi fl mn pnrîhbmn lmlokfb , aukfnifb Wrk`lrb, sl kistnmn mn hnsl fl mn nitlin sbhrl lm muonr lmlokfb , fl qul qulfl sñmkfn`litl abmbanfn abi brklitnakñi dnakn lm Qur , pulstb qul ibs liabitrn`bs li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl. N abitkiunakñi, sl prbalfl n brklitnr mn nitlin li lmlvnakñi y nakùt : pnrn lmmb sl prlaksni kistru`litbs `lfkfbrls fl îioumbs, ab`b pulfl slr ui kiamkiñ`ltrb y uin hrócumn pnrn brklitnakñi li nakùt, tliklifb li aulitn mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr (fkelrliakn litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab y lm Ibrtl `noiëtkab). Fnfn mn fkstniakn flm sntëmktl n mn Vklrrn , Vklrrn , nprbxk`nfn`litl 15.777 j` , uin plqulþn vnrknakñi li slitkfb vlrtkanm u dbrkzbitnm banskbin ui fkstniakn`klitb fl sntëmktl fl vnrkbs alitlinrls fl jkmñ`ltrbs. Wbr lcl`pmb3 \i sbmb ornfb fl vnrknakñi supbil ui flspmnzn`klitb fl `îs fl 577 j` flm sntëmktl.

Wnrî`ltrbs fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin3 nakùt y lmlvnakñi.


Wîokin 84 fl 1?

Mbs ncustls pnrn mn brklitnakñi sl rlnmkzni fl ebr`n `niunm b `btbrkznfn sbhrl lm sbpbrtl fl mn nitlin. Npuitn`klitb fl nitlins pnrnhñmkans ekcns Wnsbs n sloukr3 \in vlz rlnmkznfb lm aîmaumb prlmk`kinr, sktunrl`bs, mn nitlin fl naulrfb abi mns abbrflinfns abisloukfns li mns tnhmns, abi nyufn fl mn hrócumn pnrn lm nakùt y nakùt y flm kiamkiñ`ltrb pnrn mn lmlvnakñi. lmlvnakñi . >) Ncustl flm nakùt3 nakùt3

Wnrn rlnmkznr lstn bplrnakñi flhlrl`bs sktunr mn hrócumn mlcbs fl aunmquklr suplrekakl `ltîmkan, y abi lmmn mbanmkznr ui puitb fl rlelrliakn mlcnib qul ibs plr`ktn lstnhmlalr uin màiln rlatn litrl mn pbskakñi fl mn hrócumn y lm bhcltb fl rlelrliakn (tliklifb fkadn màiln lm îioumb nflaunfb): y abmbanrl`bs lm lcl fl mn nitlin fl ebr`n qul lstë abitlikfb li fkadn màiln b pnrnmlmn n lmmn. Fl aunmquklr `bfb, lm npuitn`klitb flm nakùt nakùt sl ab`pmltnrî li lm pnsb skouklitl, flhkfb n qul mn prlakskñi ilalsnrkn ib pulfl mbornrsl utkmkznifb óikan`litl uin hrócumn.

Ncustl flm nakùt abi uin hrócumn. 8) Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi3

lmlvnakñi , prbalflrl`bs n abmbanr lm kiamkiñ`ltrb Wnrn lm ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi , sbhrl mn suplrekakl flm abivlrsbr (fl `bfb qul qulfl pnrnmlmb nm lcl fl mn nitlin), slmlaakbinrl`bs lm îioumb qul flsln`bs bhtlilr y vnrknrl`bs mn lmlvnakñi fl


Wîokin 8; fl 1?

mn nitlin dnstn qul mn mlaturn flm npnrntb sln abrrlatn. Lstb sl abiskoul aunifb mns màilns ekcn y `ñvkm abkiakfli. Li lstl `b`litb tlifrl`bs mn nitlin npuitnfn abrrlatn`litl. Mn prlakskñi abisloukfn abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb ls ùadb `nybr qul mn prbpbrakbinfn pbr mn hrócumn, pbr mb qul lm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi prlaksnrî `libs rltbquls fl ncustl ekib qul lm nakùt. Qk lm abivlrsbr ib tklil mns anrns pnrnmlmns nm lcl fl mn nitlin, sl pulfl ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi abi nyufn fl uin rlomn b ui mkstñi ràokfb, qul abmbanrl`bs vlrtkanm`litl li lm alitrb flm rlemlatbr. Lstl mkstñi slrî mn hnsl fbifl sktunrl`bs lm kiamkiñ`ltrb, abi mn snmvlfnf fl qul flhlrl`bs nþnfkrml ;7· nm vnmbr brkokinm , , yn qul lstn`bs `kfklifb lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb n mn sktunakñi nitlrkbr.

Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi. \hkanakñi flm kiamkiñ`ltrb. 

Ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi fl mn nitlin fl ebab alitrnfb3

Wnrn `lfkr lm îioumb li nitlins fl ebab prk`nrkb, pulfl utkmkznrsl ui kiamkiñ`ltrb , kiamkiñ`ltrb , sktunifb fkadb kistru`litb li mn màiln k`nokinrkn qul uil lm sntëmktl abi lm rlemlatbr. Nm slr lstb fkeàakm, pbfl`bs sktunrmb li lm pmnib qul ebr`n lm hbrfl sbhrl uin rlomn. Li lstl ansb lm vnmbr n `lfkr slrî lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb flm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi fl pnrtkfn.


Wîokin 17 fl 1?

Qloói lm fntb bhtlikfb li mn eñrùmn, y abi mn nyufn fl ui kiamkiñ`ltrb, sl prbalflrî n okrnr mn nitlin: nuiqul ib sl usnrî fkadb fntb pnrn mn brklitnakñi, skib lm {ioumb rlsumtnitl fl ”liancnr‐ ui trk{ioumb rlat{ioumb

rlsplatb n mn fkrlaakñi fl npuitn`klitb. Fl lstn ebr`n, mn `lfkfn -abi kiamkiñ`ltrb- sl pulfl dnalr ski fkekaumtnf. Qklifb ”L‐ mn lmlvnakñi, lm îioumb L. rlnm fl `lfkfn slrî `lfkfn slrî ;7· ‑ L Lmlvnakñi 0 ;7· ‑ L Lcl`pmb3 Qupbion`bs qul Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn tklil uin lmlvnakñi ab`pml`litnrkb slrî ;7 ‑ 15 0 <<·. Ql fl 1<,;8· (≄ 1<·), pbr mb qul lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb slrî `lfkrî abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb li lm hbrfl flm rlemlatbr <<·, li ansb fl ib pbflr `lfkr lm lcl k`nokinrkb dnakn lm sntëmktl mn `lfkfn rlnm fl mbs 1<·.

Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi. \hkanakñi flm kiamkiñ`ltrb. 

Ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi fl mn nitlin beeslt3

Li ansb fl qul mn nitlin sln fl tkpb beeslt, lm aîmaumb vnràn puls lm îioumb fl kiamkinakñi fl lstns nitlins fkeklrl fl mns fl ebab alitrnfb, yn qul lm tër`kib beeslt kifkan lm îioumb fl abrrlaakñi fl lstns nitlins rlsplatb n mn fkrlaakñi fl npuitn`klitb dnakn lm sntëmktl. Lstl fntb, mb fltlr`kinrî lm enhrkanitl fl mn nitlin. nitlin. Li tnm ansb tlifrl`bs qul rlstnr 85,<· nm vnmbr tbtnm anmaumnfb pnrn mn lmlvnakñi. Wbr tnitb, mn lmlvnakñi slrî mn anmaumnfn `libs lm îioumb fl beeslt. Lmlvnakñi 0 L ‑ 85,<· Ab`b sualfàn abi mn nitlin fl ebab alitrnfb, lm {ioumb ”rlnm‐ fl npuitn`klitb `lfkfb pbr lm kiamkiñ`ltrb ib slr{ fkrlatn`litl ”L‐. Li lm ansb

`lfkfn slrî ;7· ‑ (L ‑ îioumb îioumb flm abiarltb fl nitlins beeslt lm îioumb rlnm fl `lfkfn slrî abrrlaakñi flm beeslt). Lmlvnakñi 0 ;7· ‑ (L ‑ 85,<·) Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 1> fl 1?

Lcl`pmb >3 Li lm lcl`pmb nitlrkbr sbhrl Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb slrî 1< ‑ 85,< 0 4,<· qul slrî mn lmlvnakñi flm beeslt. Wbr rlnm fl `lfkfn abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb slrî ;7 ‑ (1< ‑ 85,<) 0 4>,<·. tnitb, lm îioumb rlnm fl Lcl`pmb 83 Qupbion`bs qul mn lmlvnakñi ls 15· y lm îioumb fl abrrlaakñi flm beeslt ls 85,<·. Wbr tnitb, lm îioumb rlnm fl rlnm fl `lfkfn abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb slrî ;7 ‑ (15 ‑ 85,<) 0 47,<·.

1) Ncustl ekib abi lqukpbs lqukpbs fl `lfkfn3

Nuiqul mbs npuitn`klitbs lstëi rlnmkznfbs abrrlatn`litl, mb ibr`nm ls qul nói ib sl pulfn vksunmkznr mn slþnm prbalflitl flm sntëmktl, sbhrl tbfb sk sl trntn fl nitlins fl orni fkî`ltrb. Wnrn ab`pmltnr lm ncustl flm skstl`n, flhlrl`bs utkmkznr lml`litbs fl `lfkfn `îs prlaksbs, qul ibs plr`ktni bhtlilr uin rlfuakfn tbmlrniakn li mn pbskakñi fl mn nitlin. Nsà, sl usnrî ui `lfkfbr fl an`pb fl slþnmls fl sntëmktl , sntëmktl , ls flakr, qul sln anpnz fl trnhncnr abi erlauliakns fl dnstn fbs okondlrakbs nprbxk`nfn`litl , , vnmbr qul abrrlspbifl n mn prk`lrn erlauliakn kitlr`lfkn (EK) qul litrloni mbs fkspbsktkvbs abivlrsbrls uhkanfbs li mn nitlin. Vbfbs mbs `lfkfbrls fl VU-QNV tklili mn pbskhkmkfnf fl Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 18 fl 1?

nmk`litnr lstl abivlrsbr, pbr mb qul hnstnrî abi abilatnr lm `lfkfbr nm abivlrsbr, slmlaakbinr mn tliskñi fl nmk`litnakñi qul livknrl`bs pbr lm anhml, y lm lqukpb lstnrî mkstb pnrn rlakhkr slþnm. Qk lm `lfkfbr ib fkspbil fl `biktbr, abmbanrl`bs uib lxtlrib pnrn ab`prbhnr mn anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi bhtlikfn. Li prkiakpkb, prbalflrl`bs n hnrrlr mn zbin flm lspnakb prñxk`n nm npuitn`klitb kifkanfb li mns abbrflinfns . Lstn bplrnakñi flhl rlnmkznrsl sunvl`litl, `bvklifb mn nitlin dbrkzbitnm`litl fl ui mnfb n btrb, li tbrib nm puitb mbanmkznfb fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi, nm tkl`pb qul bhslrvn`bs lm `biktbr. Li ui `b`litb fltlr`kinfb, npnrlalrî li lm `biktbr, fl ebr`n kistnitîiln, mn slþnm, vbmvklifb n flsnpnrlalr sk abitkiun`bs lm `bvk`klitb. Litbials alitrnrl`bs mn nitlin sbhrl mn slþnm rlakhkfn y rltbanrl`bs slauliaknm`litl mn lmlvnakñi y lm nakùt li mn fkrlaakñi li mn qul sl abiskon ui `nybr ikvlm fl slþnm, dnstn bhtlilr lm `îxk`b nhsbmutb. Aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstë li mn pbskakñi ñptk`n , ñptk`n , prbalflrl`bs nm ncustl ekib fl tbfbs mbs lml`litbs `ñvkmls fl mn nitlin (fkstniakn ebanm, pbmnrkznakñi, ltaëtlrn), abiskouklifb nsà mn `lcbr anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi y lm `nybr ikvlm fl slþnm rlakhkfn. an`pb tklili mn anpnakfnf anpnakfnf fl l`ktkr ui Mn `nybràn fl mbs `lfkfbrls fl an`pb tklili tbib nufkhml , nufkhml , auyn erlauliakn ls prbpbrakbinm n mn anitkfnf fl slþnm rlakhkfn. Lstl tbib slrî ornvl nitl slþnmls fl hncb ikvlm , , vbmvkëifbsl `îs noufb aunitb `nybr sln mn slþnm qul mmlon nm `lfkfbr , pbr mb qul sl pbfrî ncustnr ski ilalskfnf fl `krnr abitkiun`litl n mn pnitnmmn. Ls k`pbrtnitl rlsnmtnr qul li lm prbalsb fl niamncl fl mn nitlin sl flhl bhslrvnr abitkiun`litl mn `lfkfn fl mn slþnm, yn qul mn ekcnakñi pulfl anusnr flspmnzn`klitbs fl mn nitlin qul prbvbanràni uin fks`kiuakñi fl mn anitkfnf fl slþnm rlakhkfn. KAV flhli fkspbilr, pbr mly, fl ui Mns l`prlsns kistnmnfbrns fl KAV `lfkfbr fl an`pb abi pnitnmmn y euiakñi fl niîmksks fl lsplatrb , pbr mb qul ncustnrl`bs mn nitlin skouklifb lstl `ëtbfb. Qki l`hnrob, lxkstli btrbs skstl`ns pnrn rlnmkznr lstl ncustl. Qk ib sl fkspbil fl ui `lfkfbr fl an`pb, ls pbskhml rlnmkznr lm npuitn`klitb `lfknitl ui mbanmkznfbr fl sntëmktls , sntëmktls , mmn`nfbs tn`hkëi ekiflrs b duitlrs . Ql trntn fl ui lqukpb fl hncb abstl qul prbpbrakbin uin kifkanakñi naóstkan y vksunm fl mn pbtliakn qul rlakhl , nm tkl`pb qul berlal mn pbskhkmkfnf fl nmk`litnr lm abivlrsbr MIH. Li mbs `bflmbs qul sbi `îs nvniznfbs , nvniznfbs , ab`b mbs fl mns skouklitls ekourns, sl pulfl kflitkekanr lm sntëmktl y slmlaakbinr lm slrvkakb flslnfb , l kiamusb tb`nr `lfkfbs nvniznfns, ab`b mbs àifkals @LX y HLX.


Wîokin 11 fl 1?

Fl hncb abstl

Abi euiakbils nvniznfns Mbanmkznfbrls Mbanmkznfbrls fl sntëmktls.

\in vlz mbanmkznfb lm sntëmktl , sntëmktl , flhl`bs kflitkekanrmb , pulstb qul li nmouins zbins flm nrab pbmnr dny pbmnr dny vnrkbs sntëmktls ùy prñxk`bs litrl sà. Wnrn lmmb, skitbikznrl`bs uib fl mbs aninmls y ab`prbhnrl`bs mbs fntbs fl su trn`n fkoktnm, fbifl sl kflitkekani mn rlf y lm slrvkakb. Nfl`îs, rlnmkznrl`bs mn kflitkekanakñi n trnvës flm mbobtkpb fl mn l`ksbrn y ab`prbhnrl`bs li uin tnhmn fl aninmls qul, lelatkvn`litl, abrrlspbifl n uin slþnm l`ktkfb flsfl lm sntëmktl qul ibs kitlrlsn rlakhkr.

6) Ncustl flm pmnib fl pbmnrkznakñi3

Aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstë li mn `lcbr pbskakñi fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi, sl prbalfl n ncustnr mn pbmnrkznakñi (tn`hkëi pbmnrkznakñi (tn`hkëi mmn`nfb ”MIH Qjlw‐), abi lm eki fl bhtlilr mn `lcbr anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi y lm `nybr ikvlm fl slþnm . Lstl ncustl ekinm ls ùy k`pbrtnitl, pulstb qul mn pbskakñi ñptk`n flm abivlrsbr MIH flplifl fl mn zbin flm akiturñi fl Amnrjl li qul sl liaulitrl.


Wîokin 16 fl 1?

Nstrn , Nsà, sk vn`bs n rlakhkr mn pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm flm sntëmktl Nstrn , tlifrl`bs qul okrnr lm abivlrsbr mkolrn`litl li lm slitkfb dbrnrkb (abi mn nitlin vkstb fl erlitl). Lstb sl flhl n mn kiamkinakñi fl su pbskakñi brhktnm flsfl lm puitb fl vkstn flm rlalptbr, nm liabitrnrsl li lm lxtrl`b flrladb flm nrab pbmnr. Anptnakñi fl mn slþnm n trnvës fl mn VU3

Kistnmnakñi fl uin nitlin abmlatkvn l kifkvkfunm3 \i ansb lsplaknm`litl kitlrlsnitl fl npuitn`klitb fl nitlins sl prbfual aunifb sl flslni rlakhkr mns slþnmls fl tbfbs mbs sntëmktls vkskhmls flsfl lm l`pmnzn`klitb fl mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn. Li lm ansb fl uin kistnmnakñi abmlatkvn ls abmlatkvn ls ilalsnrkn mn utkmkznakñi fl uin nitlin pnrn anfn uib fl mbs sntëmktls n rlakhkr , mb qul lianrlal mn kistnmnakñi n ikvlmls fkeàakm`litl nslqukhmls. Qki l`hnrob, li kistnmnakbils kifkvkfunmls kifkvkfunmls dny uin sbmuakñi fl hncb abstl , nm ib lxkstkr mn ilalskfnf fl tlilr mn slþnm fl tbfbs mbs sntëmktls nm `ks`b tkl`pb.


Wîokin 1< fl 1?

Vb`n fl fntbs abi lm `lfkfbr fl an`pb3 

Nitlin fl ebab prk`nrkb3



Nitlin beeslt3


Wîokin 15 fl 1?

Xlalpakñi fl slþnm pnrn VU sntëmktl, `lfknitl ui rlalptbr fkoktnm3

Ikvlmls fl anmkfnf pnrn VFQ sloói lm X.F. 165/87>> 

Ikvlm fl slþnm  ^WQJ-VU3 6?-?? fH¼U



Xlmnakñi Wbrtnfbrn/Xukfb nmlntbrkb3 nmlntbrkb 3 A/I ^WQJ-VU3  ^WQJ FUH-Q 9 >>  ^WQJ FUH-Q8 9 >8 b

b

A/I 4WQJ FUH-Q8 9 >6



UHLX  UHLX ^WQJ3 = ; ¿ >7-< ≮ >7-6



AHLX  = >7-8


Wîokin 1? fl 1?

Orientación de las antenas satélite

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