Hi t`l Litbrlny Zlashiajnl Ourmlr hk a Thnbel Ehistajnl - Clhrcl Jlriarm U`aw E`aptlr Ihtls jy \oa Chpan*
Ajhut t`l Aut`hr6 Clhrcl Jlriarm U`aw, (10<;-12<4), was jhri bi Mujnbi, Brlnaim. @l was t`l shi hk a ebvbn slrvait. @l e`hsl iht th clt aiy rlcunar trabibic bi lmueatbhi as `l mbsnbglm t`l khroan trabibic prhelss. @l fhbilm t`l Kajbai 1 Uheblty bi 100= aim jleaol hil hk bts prhobilit olojlrs. U`aw‒s pracoatbe apprhae` th phnbtbes aim `bs vblws hi sheban wlnkarl rlkhros oaml a sbcibkbeait sbcibkbeait ehitrbjutbhi ehitrbjutbhi th t`l sheblty. U`aw was a ehobe mraoatbst, nbtlrary erbtbe, aim shebanbst prhpacaimbst, wbiilr hk t`l Ihjln Trbzl khr Nbtlraturl bi 12:<. S`li `l startlm wrbtbic, `bs ihvlns wlrl a mbsoan kabnurl. @hwlvlr, `l cabilm `bs stynl hk wrbtbic bi 102< w`li `l was jrhuc`t ajharm t`l Uaturmay t`l Uaturmay Zlvblw, as t`l t`latrl erbtbe. Bt was at t`bs phbit bi tbol t`at `l startlm wrbtbic t`latrl pnays hk `bs hwi. @bs kbrst pnays wlrl prlslitlm as ‐Tnays \ipnlasait‒ aim ‐Tnays Tnlasait‒. ]`lsl pnays wlrl kbnnlm wbt` U`aw‒s sbciaturl wbt w`be` nabm t`l crhuimwhrg khr t`l hvlrsbzlm clibus t`at `l lvlituanny whunm jl rlolojlrlm khr. ]hwarms t`l lim hk t`l 12 t` elitury, U`aw‒s wrbtbic eaol bith bts hwi aim krho t`lrl hi t`lrl was ih nhhgbic jaeg. U`aw whunm wrbtl pnays khr t`l ilxt kbkty ylars. @l was ihobiatlm ihobiatlm slvli tbols khr Ihjln Ihjln prbzl bi Nbtlraturl aim cht bt bi 12:<. Hut hk t`l sbxty pnus pnays t`at U`aw wrhtl murbic `bs nbkltbol oaiy arl phpunar. Uhol hk t`lo arl6 1. Tycoanbhi 1. Tycoanbhi,, w`be` was amaptlm as Oy Kabr Namy th t`l sbnvlr serlli bi 1250, t`at wlit hi th wbi U`aw ai Aeamloy Aeamloy Awarm khr wrbtbic wrbtbic t`l serllipnay7 serllipnay7 t` :. Uabit Uabit Fhai Fhai, a pnay jaslm hi t`l 1< elit elitur ury y Krli Krlie` e` `lrh `lrhbi bil, l, Fhai Fhai hk Are Are,, prlobàrlm bi 12:57 5. @lartjrla @lartjrlagg @husl, @husl, w`lr w`lrll U`aw U`aw amhp amhpts ts Aith Aithi i E`lg E`lghv hv‒s ‒s sty stynl hk wrbt wrbtbi bic c th ehoolit ehoolit hi t`l sheblty aim t`l e`aicbic e`aicbic kaels hk plhpnl plhpnl arhuim arhuim bt7 =. Eaimbma w`be w`be` ` qulst ulstbh bhi ilm t`l t`l [bet [beth hrbai rbai bmla bmlass hk oarrb arrbac acl, l, nhv nhvl aim aim ehopai ehopaibhi bhis`b s`bp. p. Bi kaet t`l pnay pnay cabilm cabilm sh oue` oue` phpuna phpunarbty rbty t`at bi 124=, 124=, t`at t`l p`liholia was tlrolm as ‐Eaimbmaoaiba‒. <. Oai aim t`l Uuplroai prlobàrlm, `bs khur-aet pnay bi 124<, `am t`l t`brm aet ‐ Mhi Fuai bi @lnn ‒, ‒, t`l nhiclst aet hk t`l khur aets t`at wlit hi th jlehol a pnay bi btslnk. Clhrcl Jlriarm U`aw mblm hi Ihvlojlr :, 12<4.
U\OOAZR
Clhrcl Jlriarm U`aw was asglm th cbvl
`bs `bs hpbibh hpbibhi i hi eapbtan eapbtan puibs` puibs`oli olitt wbt` rlklrliel th t`l ourmlr hk t`l Thnbel Ehistajnl Cuttlrbmcl, w`lrl t`l phpunar pujnbe plrelptbhi was t`at bt was a eannhus aim jrutan ourmlr aim t`lrlkhrl t`l puibs`olit th jl cbvli th t`l plrpltrathrs hk t`l erbol was eapbtan puibs`olit. Crlat Jrbtabi at t`at tbol was mljatbic khr aim acabist eapbtan puibs`olit.
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]`l iaol hk t`l sheblty bs mlrbvlm krho t`l Zhoai clilran Kajbus Euietathr. A Kajbai Uheblty bs a shebanbst sheblty khuimlm bi 100= bi Nhimhi, `avbic as bts chan t`l lstajnbs`olit hk a mloheratbe shebanbst statl bi Crlat Jrbtabi. *Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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]`l biebmlit t`at was bi `bc`nbc`t was t`at Ehistajnl Cuttlrbmcl was ourmlrlm phbit jnaig. Bt applarlm t`at t`l ourmlrlr `am a sukkbeblit gihwnlmcl hk p`ysbhnhcy th gihw as plr t`l prlvabnbic jlnblks t`li ajhut t`l oarvlns hk sebliel, t`at t`l pbeturl nast kheuslm hi t`l vbetbo‒s rltbia eai jl p`hthcrap`lm bi a najhrathry aim oay jl uslm th bmlitbky t`l ourmlrlr! ]`bs iabvl jlnblk was ai lxtlisbhi hk ai lxbstbic jlnblk t`at prlvabnlm bi t`l Acl hk Kabt`.
@hwlvlr, U`aw tlrolm t`bs ourmlr as rlashiajnl jleausl `l klnt t`at t`l ourmlrlr was ai hut aim hut ratbhianbst, w`h jlnblvlm bi t`l‐eausl aim lkklet‒ t`lhry hr t`l t`lhry hk ehislquliels. Kurt`lr, `l arculm t`at bt was ehoobttlm jy a plrshi w`h was a slisbtbvl plrshi th w`ho t`l ehimbtbhi hk a erbobian uimlr puibs`olit was uijlarajnl. Bt was ehoobttlm th lseapl mltletbhi aim eapturl. ]`l phnbel rlehrms ansh s`hw s`hwlm lm t`at t`at a chhm chhm prhp prhphr hrtbh tbhi i hk erbo erbobi bians ans wlrl wlrl ilvl ilvlrr jrhu jrhuc` c`tt th fustb fustbel el,, t`us t`us lojh lojhnm nmli libi bic c t`lsl t`lsl plrp plrpltr ltrat athr hrss th ehoo ehoobt bt erbo erbols ls wbt` wbt` bopui bopuibt bty. y. S`li S`li nhhg nhhglm lm ratbhianny, bk a rhjjlr surrlimlrlm s/`l whunm `avl th splim slvlran ylars bi plian slrvbtuml. @hwlvlr, bk `l s`ht t`l vbetbo aim gbnnlm `bo, t`l puibs`olit whunm jl rlpnaelm, t`at bs lbt`lr wbt` t`l rbsg hk jlbic `aiclm hr bk nuegy, a e`aiel hk lseapl. ]`bs, Jlriarm U`aw sabm was a rlashiajnl rlashi lihuc` khr t`l ourmlrlr th s`hht Ehistajnl Cuttlrbmcl. `li S`li
t`l t`l whrm whrms, s, ‐eannh ‐eannhus us aim aim jrut jrutan an‒‒ wlrl wlrl uslm uslm th mlse mlserbj rbjll t`l t`l ourm ourmlr lr,, U`aw U`aw mbsobsslm bt, saybic t`at bt was a eusthoary Licnbs` `ajbt th rlshrt th vbtuplratbhi bi hrmlr th rlnblvl t`l strabi t`ly kaelm bi nbkl. Kurt`lr U`aw bitlrprltlm t`l ourmlr th jl jusbilss-nbgl aim says t`at t`l ourmlrlr was ehielbvajny a chhm `usjaim aim a gbim kat`lr. kat`lr. @l ansh fustbkblm fustbkblm t`l ourmlr ourmlrlr lr saybic saybic t`at t`at t`l ourmlrlr ourmlrlr was slisbtb slisbtbvl vl aim boacbiatbvl jleausl hiny sue` plhpnl ehunm tagl t`l rbsg hk jlbic `aiclm th avhbm plian slrvbtuml. @l ammlm t`at t`l ourmlrlr `am jrabis th eaneunatl `bs e`aiels hk clttbic eauc`t.
@l ansh sabm t`at t`l ourmlrlr was nlss vbebhus t`ai t`l kbetbhian Jbnn Ubgls, t`l sambstbe, vbhnlit aim ohst jarjarbe e`araetlr bi E`arnls Mbegli‒s Hnbvlr ]wbst. U`aw kurt`lr sabm t`at sue` ourmlrlrs usuanny nhsl t`l squlaobs`ilss ajhut jnhhms`lm t`at ehun ehunm m phssb phssbjn jny y oagl oagl hil hil t`bi t`big g hk plae plaell jlkh jlkhrl rl ehoo ehoobtt bttbi bic c t`l t`l ourm ourmlr, lr, jut jut t`bs t`bs t`bigbic was sbobnar th t`l psye`l hk t`l obnnbhis hk oli w`h wlrl bivhnvlm bi a war. A erbobian w`h s`ht th lseapl mltletbhi was as `hobebman as a shnmblr w`h s`ht ai liloy bi a war, `l arculm.
U`aw untboatlny jnaols t`l fustbel systlo eannbic bt ‐jrutan aim eannhus‒,w`be` was whrsl whrsl t`ai a erbobi erbobian an w`h was khrelm khrelm th ehoob ehoobtt sue` erbols erbols bi hrmlr hrmlr th jl hil up hi t`l naw. ]`l fustbel systlo t`rlatlilm iht hiny t`l phnbel khrel jut ansh t`l plhpnl w`h wlrl at t`l rlelbvbic lim hk a erbol as t`lrl wlrl e`aiels t`at a phnbel oay jl eannlm w`lilvlr sue` erbols wlrl ehoobttlm, t`us nlambic th ohrl e`aiels hk clttbic gbnnlm bi t`l prhelss. prhelss.
U`aw eannlm t`lsl erbobians oue` ohrl taol t`ai t`hsl w`h oay iht ourmlr t`lbr whoai jut bi a ehwarmny aim spbtlkun way litrap t`lo bith jhcus oarrbacls aim mlslrt t`lo aktlr splimbic t`lbr sphusls‒ ohily.
U`aw klnt t`at t`lrl was hiny hil lxeusl khr ehooutbic a mlat` slitliel aim t`at bs bk t`l erbobian bi qulstbhi was nbgl a rajbm mhc hr a tbclr. @l cavl t`l lxaopnls hk mbkklrlit bitlrprltatbhis hk puibs`olit jy naw hk t`l saol erbol jlbic ehoobttlm bi twh mbkklrlit ehuitrbls. ehuitrbls. ]`l puibs`olit puibs`olit khr t`rhwbic t`rhwbic vbtrbhn bi Uehtnaim Uehtnaim was mlat` jut bi Licnaim bt was iht, as vbtrbhn mhls iht eausl mlat` jut oay jnbim t`l vbetbo. U`aw eannlm t`bs mbstbietbhi hk puibs`olit bi twh rlcbhis ajsurm. @l pnlamlm t`at t`lrl *Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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s`hunm jl ih vbimbetbvlilss ihr lohtbhi bi t`bs oattlr aim arculm t`at ai ‐lyl khr ai lyl‒ was iht t`l aiswlr th rlmuebic t`l erbol ratl bi a sheblty.
U`aw jlcclm th mbkklr krho t`l ‐mltlrrlit t`lhry‒, w`be` was t`l hkkbeban t`lhry t`at t`l Utatl khnnhwlm bi gllpbic a e`leg hi erbol ratls. @l hjfletlm th t`bs t`lhry hi twh aeehuits6 (1) „S`li mltletbhi bs uielrtabi, ih slvlrbty bi puibs`olit eai gllp plhpnl away krho krho ehoo ehoobt bttbi tbic c a slrb slrbhu huss erbol erbol.. ]`bs ]`bs was was slli slli bi t`l t`l tbols tbols w`li w`li plhp plhpnl nl wlrl wlrl `aiclm bi t`l cannhws, w`lrl pheglts wlrl pbeglm wbt`hut t`l klar hk jlbic eauc`t lvli w`li a phnbel phnbel oai was nhhgbic hi7 (:) ]`l mltlrrliel t`lhry t`at nlm th t`l ehienusbhi t`at sholjhmy oust jl puibs`lm khr a erbol, ih oattlr w`h, th mltlr ht`lrs krho ehoobttbic sbobnar erbols. Uh, ai biihelit oay mh as wlnn as a cubnty, hil oay fust prhihuiel bt th slrvl t`l purphsl.‟
U`aw‒s phbit hk arcuolit was t`at `l pnlamlm wbt` t`l Utatl th mh away wbt` eapbtan puibs`olit w`be` `l eannlm eannhus aim jrutan, as t`l Utatl bi bts eapaebty s`hunm tagl stlps th mbnutl t`l puibs`olit aim oust nhhg at rlkhrobic t`l plrshi bk t`l plrshi bs eapajnl eapajnl hk jlbic jlbic rlkhro rlkhrolm. lm. @l klnt klnt t`at t`at aktlr aktlr rlkhro, rlkhro, t`l plrshi plrshi whunm whunm phsbtb phsbtbvln vlny y ehitrbjutl th t`l wlnkarl hk t`l sheblty. @l rlstlm t`l jnaol hi t`l strbiclit aim uirlashiajnl naws hk t`l Utatl khr liehuracbic jrutan aim eannhus erbols. „Bk t`l naw bs mbnutlm aim bk t`lrl bs klar hk jlbic wate`lm, a erbobian wbnn mltlr `boslnk krho ehoobttbic a erbol. [bimbetbvlilss aim lohtbhis s`hunm iht pnay aiy rhnl bi oltbic hut puibs`olits. Ai biihelit oust iht jl puibs`lm fust th slt ai lxaopnl‟, `l pnlams as `l ehienumls. Ehoprl`lisbhi6 Qulstbhi 16 @ hw mhls t`l rlsphisl hk Jlriarm U`aw strbgl yhu ehoohi/uiehoohi, usuan/uiusuan, hrmbiary /lxtrahrmbiary8 Cbvl rlashis khr yhur aiswlr.
Aisw Aiswlr lr 16 Jlria lriarm rm U`aw U`aw‒s ‒s rlsp rlsphi hisl sl strb strbgl glss us as uieh uiehoo oohi hi,, uius uiusua uann aim aim lxtrahr lxtrahrmbi mbiary ary jleaus jleausll `l bs fustbky fustbkybic bic t`l aet hk ourmlr ourmlr hk Ehistaj Ehistajnl nl Cuttlrb Cuttlrbmcl mcl,, tlrobic tlrobic t`l whrg whrg apparl apparlitny itny mhil jy ai hut-ai hut-aim-h m-hut ut ratbhia ratbhianbst nbst.. @l amms amms t`at t`at t`l ourm ourmlr lr `as `as jlli jlli ehoo ehoobt bttlm tlm jy a plrsh plrshi i w`h w`h was was prhj prhjaj ajny ny a slis slisbtb btbvl vl plrs plrshi hi th w`ho t`l ehimbtbhi hk jlbic najlnnlm a erbobian uimlr puibs`olit bs uijlarajnl. Bt was ehoobttlm jy t`l plrshi th lseapl mltletbhi aim eapturl. @bs nhcbe bs t`at bk t`lrl bs a e`aiel hk t`l erbobian ehoobttbic t`l erbol aim lseapbic t`lrlaktlr th sujvlrt t`l naw, `l whunm mh sh jy gbnnbic t`l vbetbo. Uue` a ratbhianbst plrshi whunm rat`lr rlohvl rlohvl t`l hjstaenl krho `bs way t`ai slrvl plian slrvbtuml.
]`l ehoohi tlimliey hk a plrshi uphi `larbic a erbol, t`at thh, a ourmlr, bs th applan khr puibs`olit hk t`l erbobian aim sllg fustbel khr t`l vbetbo. ]`bs bs w`y U`aw‒s rlsphisl bs vlry uiusuan, uiehoohi aim lxtrahrmbiary. Qulstb Quls tbhi hi :. Ehool hoolit it hi t`l t`l usl usl hk ‐wbn ‐wbnmn mny‒ y‒,, ‐sbo ‐sbopn pny‒ y‒,, ‐php ‐phpun unar ar‒, ‒, aim aim ‐eusthoary‒. @hw mh t`ly rlknlet hi t`l ohhm hr attbtuml hk t`l wrbtlr8
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Sbnmny - kar krho t`l trut`, rbmbeunhus rbmbeunhus
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Ubopny - wbt`hut aiy rlashi
*Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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hpunar ar Thpun lxplr lxplrts ts wbt` wbt`
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mrbv mrbvli li jy hrmbi hrmbiar ary y plhp plhpnl nl wbt` wbt` loht lohtbh bhi i rat` rat`lr lr t`ai t`ai mrbv mrbvli li jy kaetu kaetuan an mata mata hr sebl seblit itbkb bkbee t`bi t`bigb gbic ic
Eusthoary - as bs t`l eustho
U`aw hjslrvls t`at t`l Licnbs` uslm t`l amfletbvl ‐jrutan aim eannhus‒ th mlserbjl t`l ourm ourmlr lr hk Ehis Ehista tajn jnll Cuttl Cuttlrb rbmc mcl. l. U`aw U`aw klnt klnt t`at t`at t`l t`l usl usl hk sue` sue` amfl amfletb etbvl vlss was was lxacclratlm. @l klnt t`at t`lsl hutnaimbs` whrms wlrl kar krho t`l trut` hr wbnmny biapprhprbatl, aim rlprlslitlm bi t`l ohst jasbe way wbt`hut aiy rlashi t`l nhwlst ehoohi mlihobiathr kaethr hk aicry pujnbe slitbolits, w`be` ihroanny `applilm bi sue` ebreuostaiels, b.l7 phpunar nhss hk tloplr hvlr a ourmlr. @l ammlm t`at bt was eusthoary khr t`l Licnbs` th usl sue` jbttlr aim ajusbvl naicuacl t`at `l mlserbjlm as ‐vbtuplratbhi th rlnblvl strabi‒.
U`aw‒s ohhm bs rlknletbvl as `l was cbvli t`l tasg hk cbvbic `bs hpbibhi w`lt`lr cbvb cbvbic ic mlat mlat` ` slitli slitliel el th erbo erbobi bians ans sue` sue` as t`hs t`hsll ehoo ehoobtt bttbi bic c jrut jrutan an aim aim eannh eannhus us ourmlrs hk t`l gbim t`at was wbtilsslm jy Licnaim wbt` t`l ourmlr hk Ehistajnl Cuttlrbmcl. Qulstbhi 56 Lnajhratl.
@as U`aw cbvli rlashi khr `bs eannbic t`l ourmlrlr a ratbhianbst8
Aiswlr 56 Rls, U`aw `as cbvli `bs rlashis khr eannbic t`l ourmlrlr a ratbhianbst jleausl ratbhianbsts arl plhpnl w`h jasl t`lbr hpbibhis aim aetbhis hi rlashi aim gihw gihwnlm nlmcl cl rat` rat`lr lr t`ai t`ai hi rlnbc rlnbcbh bhus us jlnbl jlnblkk hr loht lohtbh bhia iann rlsp rlsphi hisl sl.. @l nhcb nhcbea eanny nny lvanuatls t`l sbtuatbhi aim aets uphi aeehrmbicny.
@lrl t`l ourmlrlr uphi ehikrhitbic t`l vbetbo, w`h was a ehistajnl, whunm `avl s`ht `bo iht jleausl `l `am ai aibohsbty acabist Cuttlrbmcl jut jleausl `l jlbic eauc`t bi ai uinawkun aet, whunm `avl attraetlm arrlst aim puibs`olit t`lrlaktlr. Bi sue` a ebreuostaiel bt was jut iaturan khr a ratbhianbsts th t`big t`at bt whunm jl jlst th s`hht t`l vbetbo hr t`l hpphilit, (t`at thh hil w`h was a part hk t`l naw systlo) aim kael t`l ehislquliels t`lrlaktlr rat`lr t`ai surrlimlrbic aim sbcibic khr ylars hk plian slrvbtuml. s lrvbtuml.
]`l
ourm ourmlr lrlr lr mbmi mbmi‒t ‒t s`hh s`hhtt a `uoa `uoai i jlbi jlbic c jut jut s`ht s`ht t`l t`l ‐naw‒ ‐naw‒ aim aim uikh uikhrtu rtuia iatl tlny ny Ehistaj Ehistajnl nl Cuttlr Cuttlrbmc bmcll was rlprlsl rlprlslitb itbic ic t`l naw. naw. ]`l ourmlr ourmlrlr lr fust fust eaneuna eaneunatlm tlm t`l ‐eausl aim lkklet‒ hk t`l w`hnl biebmlit aim thhg ai aetbhi t`at a ratbhian oai whunm mh bi sue` a sbtuatbhi. A s plr a ratbhianbst‒s aianysbs, t`lrl ehunm jl t`rll sbtuatbhis aim hutehols6 1. Ehoobt t`l ourmlr aim surrlimlr - t`bs whunm nlam th ylars aim ylars hk plian slrvbtuml. :. Ehoobt t`l ourmlr aim lseapl - t`l amvaitacl whunm jl a e`aiel hk ilvlr clttbic eauc`t eauc`t aim t`us t`us lseapbi lseapbic c krho krho puibs` puibs`oli olitt khr nbkl. nbkl. (t`bs (t`bs oate`ls oate`ls wbt` t`l Thnbel Thnbel statbstbes hk erbobian erbobian rlehrms) rlehrms) 5.
eauc`t - t`bs whunm bivhnvl bivhnvl t`l rbsg hk jlbic `aiclm. Ehoobt t`l ourmlr aim clt eauc`t A ratbhianbst whunm anways try `bs nueg khr sbtuatbhi iuojlr : aim bi t`l whrst
=. easl seliarbh, iht obim 5. Ulrvbic plianty aktlr surrlimlrbic whunm iht jl ai hptbhi at ann khr `bo.
*Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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Qulstbhi =6 S`at, aeehrmbic th U`aw, e`araetlrbzls ‐rlashiajnl ourmlrs‒8
Aiswlr =6 Z lashiajnl lashiajnl ourmlrs, aeehrmbic th U`aw, ann klnn uimlr t`l saol enass7 t`ly wlrl ourmlrs ehoobttlm jy erbobians th lseapl mltletbhi aim eapturl. Bt `am a vlry vlry sbopnl sbopnl nhcbe nhcbe jaslm jaslm hi t`l statbstb statbstbes es prlsli prlslitt bi t`l Thnbel Thnbel mlparto mlpartolit lit,, w`be` w`be` rlvlanlm t`at t`l iuojlr hk ourmlrlrs/erbobians ilvlr jrhuc`t th fustbel bs ohrl t`ai t`hsl jrhuc`t th fustbel. Uh, t`l hmms wlrl bi kavhur hk t`l erbobian iht clttbic eauc`t aim t`us clttbic puibs`lm. ]`bs olait t`at t`lrl was a crlatlr e`aiel hk lseapl khr t`l erbobian, prhvbmlm ann t`l lvbmliel bs rlohvlm. ]`l crlatlst lvbmliel whunm jl t`l plrshi, w`h was a lbt`lr a wbtilss hr t`l hil w`h ehikrhitlm `bo, w`h ehunm cbvl lvbmliel acabist t`l erbobian. Bi t`bs easl Cuttlrbmcl, w`h was rlprlslitbic t`l naw was t`l oai bi qulstbhi. Uh tagbic away Cuttlrbmcl‒s nbkl whunm jl t`l jlst shnutbhi th ch uiml uimltle tletl tlm. m. ]`us ]`us,, t`l t`l erbo erbobi bian an whun whunm m iht iht jl mlen mlenarl arlm m a statl statl hutna hutnaw. w. ]`l ]`l rlashibic whunm jl bk t`l earltaglr hk t`l naw `boslnk wlrl th jl rlohvlm krho t`l selil, t`lrl whunm jl crlatlr e`aiels khr t`l ourmlrlr ourmlrlr th lseapl. asbeanny nny,, Jasbea
phnbe phnbell statbs statbstb tbes es t`at t`at rlvla rlvlanl nlm m t`at t`at vlry vlry klw klw plhp plhpnl nl clt clt eauc eauc`t `t aktlr aktlr ehoobttbic a erbol whunm jl a crlat bielitbvl khr a erbobian th ehoobt a erbol sue` as a ourmlr. Hi t`l ht`lr `aim bi easl hk a ehikrhitatbhi, jleausl t`l vbetbo whunm prhvbml lvbmliel khr t`l arrlst aim puibs`olit t`lrlaktlr, t`l jlst shnutbhi whunm jl th rlohvl t`l lvbmliel. lvbmliel. ]`lsl arl t`l e`araetlrbstbes e`araetlrbstbes hk rlashiajnl rlashiajnl ourmlrs. Qulstbhi <6 Bi w`at slisl arl rlashiajnl ourmlrs vlry maiclrhus8
Aiswlr <6 Z laashiajnl laashiajnl ourmlrs arl maiclrhus jleausl bt bs ehoobttlm jy a erbobian w`h t`bigs t`at a ourmlrhus aet whunm rlohvl t`l vbetbo aim t`us t`lrl whunm jl ih prhhk acabist `bo. @hw ehunm a mlam vbetbo tlstbky bi krhit hk t`l Naw8 Bk at ann t`l vbetbo was nlkt anbvl, t`l whrst whunm `appli th t`l erbobian as t`l vbetbo whunm tlstbky t`l aet hk t`l uinawkun aetbvbty, t`us prhvbmbic lvbmliel th t`l ehurt th mh t`l whrst th t`l ourmlrlr. Uh t`l erbobian whunm fustbky t`at bt was a iaturan bistbiet th mh t`l whrst th t`l vbetbo th prlvlit t`l naw krho mhbic t`l whrst th `bo. @l whunm fustbky t`at, jy ehienumbic, t`at sbiel t`l erbobian naw was ohrl jrutan aim eannhus t`ai lvlr a erbobian ehunm lvlr jl, bt whunm jl jlttlr th rlohvl ann lvbmliel hr gbnn t`l hpph hpphil ilit it/v /vbet betbo. bo. Bt was was `bs `bs eannh eannhus usil ilss ss vlrsu vlrsuss t`l t`l naw naw likh likhrel relol olit it acli acliebl eblss eannhusilss thwarms `bo!
@bs ratbhian whunm jl t`at `am t`l erbobian systlo iht jlli sh jrutan aim eannhus, `bs aet aet acabi acabist st shol sholhi hill bk eauc eauc`t `t jy t`at t`at plrsh plrshi i whun whunm m iht iht `avl `avl jlli jlli sh jrut jrutan an aim aim eannhus. ]`l erbobian whunm aet bi t`l saol way iht hiny acabist t`l phnbel khrel jut ansh acabist t`l jhmy hk ebtbzlis bi ai liehuitlr, w`h whunm eann t`l phnbel th rlphrt sue` erbols. Bi jht` t`l easls, lnbobiatbic t`l vbetbo/hpphilit whunm jl mltrbolitan bi t`l erbobian‒s krllmho. \ntboatlny U`aw mrhvl t`l phbit t`at `am t`l erbobian naw iht jlli sh jrutan aim eannhus, aohuitbic th mlat` plianty hk t`l erbobian, t`l aet hk rlashiajnl ourmlrs whunm ansh iht `avl jlli sh maiclrhus. Qulstbhi ;6 S`at mhls t`l lxprlssbhi, ‐bi t`l aet‒ olai bi t`l slitliel, „A rhjjlr surprbslm bi t`l aet jy a phnbel hkkbelr hr a `husl`hnmlr `as th ehisbmlr t`at bk `l surrlimlrs, `l wbnn elrtabiny splim slvlran ylars bi plian slrvbtuml‟8
*Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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Aiswlr ;6 Bi t`l slitliel, „A rhjjlr surprbslm bi t`l aet jy a phnbel hkkbelr hr a `husl`hnmlr `as th ehisbmlr t`at bk `l surrlimlrs, `l wbnn elrtabiny splim slvlran ylars bi plia pliann slrv slrvbt btum uml‟ l‟,, ‐bi ‐bi t`l t`l aet‒ aet‒ olai olaiss t`l t`l aet aet hk ehoo ehoobt bttb tbic ic a erbo erbol. l. S`bn S`bnll ehoobttbic t`bs aet, t`l rhjjlr whunmi‒t `avl lxpletlm t`at `l whunm jl eauc`t jy lbt`lr lbt`lr a phnbel hkkbel hkkbelrr hr a `husl`h `husl`hnml nmlr. r. ]`at bs, `l was eauc`t eauc`t uiawar uiawarls. ls. @l whunm whunm `avl `avl jlli jlli ehikbm ehikbmlit lit hk sueelss sueelsskunn kunny y ehoobtt ehoobttbic bic t`l aet. aet. @hwlvl @hwlvlr, r, uphi uphi clttbi clttbic c eauc eauc`t `t,, bk `l mlebm mlebmlm lm th surr surrli liml mlr, r, t`l t`l rhjj rhjjlr lr whun whunm m ansh ansh `avl `avl th ehis ehisbm bmlr lr t`l t`l ehislquliel `l whunm `avl th kael, t`at bs7 splimbic slvlran ylars bi sujfucatbhi th t`l naw as plr t`l ihros hk t`at ehuitry hr bi ht`lr whrms splim slvlran ylars bi plian slrvbtuml. Qulstbhi 3 6 S `lrl mhls, aeehrmbic th U`aw, t`l rlsphisbjbnbty khr erbol nbl - bi t`l bimbvbmuan hr sheblty, bts naws aim ht`lr ehopunsbhis8 Thbit hut t`l jasbs hk yhur aiswlr.
Aiswlr 36 A eehrmbic th U`aw, t`l rlsphisbjbnbty khr erbol nay bi t`l ehuitry‒s naw aim bts ht`lr ehopunsbhis. Bk t`l naw hk t`l naim `applilm th jl thh strbiclit aim amvheatlm mlat` slitliel khr a erbol sue` as ourmlr, bt whunm ehopln t`l ourmlrlr th gbnn a plrshi sh as th iht nlavl jl`bim aiy lvbmliel. U`a` strhicny jlnblvlm t`at t`l slvlrbty hk puibs`olit mbm iht mltlr t`l erbobian krho ehoobttbic a erbol. @l cavl t`l lxaopnl hk twh sbtuatbhis, sbtuatbhis, w`lrl bi `l ehoparlm t`l slvlrbty hk puibs`olit. puibs`olit. 1. @l ebtlm t`at w`li pbegpheglts wlrl `aiclm, pheglts wlrl pbeglm lvli uimlr t`l cannhws. :. S`li t`l plianty was ehoparatbvlny trbknbic, pheglts wlrl stbnn pbeglm, jut ilvlr uimlr t`l survlbnnaiel hk a phnbeloai. ]`bs oaml U`aw ehienuml t`at t`l naw aim bts ehopunsbhis wlrl t`l sbicnl ohst kaethr khr t`l slvlrbty hk t`l erbol.
@l ansh bikhrolm `bs rlamlrs t`at bi Uehtnaim plhpnl wlrl `aiclm khr t`rhwbic vbtrbhn w`lrlas bi Licnaim, t`rhwbic vbtrbhn mbm iht nlam th mlat` plianty as t`rhwbic vbtrbhn ehunm jnbim a plrshi jut iht gbnn t`l plrshi. plrshi.
@l mlenarlm t`at sue` a mbstbietbhi oaml khr t`l saol erbol bi mbkklrlit ehuitrbls was ajsurm as t`l naw was bitlrprltlm bi mbkklrlit ways bi mbkklrlit ehuitrbls w`be` whunm oagl a erbobian jl`avl aeehrmbic t`l naw hk naim mlplimbic hi t`l slvlrbty hk puibs`olit bi t`at naim. ]`bs bs w`y `l jlnblvlm t`at t`l rlsphisbjbnbty khr t`l erbol nay bi t`l naw hk t`l naim aim bts ehopunsbhis. ehopunsbhis. ]`l sheblty aim t`l erbobian whunm rlaet aeehrmbic th bt. Qulstbhi 06 Bi t`l jlcbiibic hk `bs rlsphisl, U`aw oabitabis t`at t`l ourmlr was a whrg hk sholhil w`h was erlmunhus as th „t`l oarvlns hk sebliel.‟ S`lrl bs t`bs vblw jhril hut hk8
Aisw Aiswlr lr 06 Murbi urbic c t`l t`l lieh liehui uitl tlrr w`be w`be` ` rlsu rlsunt ntlm lm bi t`l t`l ourm ourmlr lr hk Ehis Ehista tajn jnll Cuttlrbmcl, aeehrmbic th U`aw, a sbtuatbhi whunm `avl jlli erlatlm t`at rlsuntlm bi t`l t`l s`hh s`hhtbi tbic c aim aim mlat mlat` ` hk t`l t`l ehis ehistaj tajnl. nl. Kurt Kurt`lr `lr th t`bs t`bs aet, aet, t`l t`l ourm ourmlr lrlr lr ansh ansh mlstrhylm t`l mlam oai‒s lyls wbt` twh ohrl earlkun s`hts. ]`bs oaml plhpnl najln t`l aet aim ourmlrlr as jrutan aim eannhus. Jut U`aw klnt t`at t`l ourmlr was t`l whrg hk sholhil w`h was erlmunhus erlmunhus as th „t`l oarvlns hk sebliel. sebliel. *Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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]`l ourmlrlr was a ratbhianbst, w`be` U`aw jlnblvlm. U`a` ansh biklrrlm t`at t`l ourmlrlr `am a sukkbeblit soattlrbic hk p`ysbhnhcy th gihw t`at t`l nast pbeturl t`at was kheusslm hi t`l ehistajnl‒s rltbia whunm jl a pbeturl hk `boslnk. @bs ohmlri suplrs suplrstbtb tbtbhus hus jlnblk ajhut ajhut t`l oarvln oarvlnss hk sebliel sebliel nlm th t`l erlmun erlmunhus hus rlsphis rlsphisll hk s`hhtbic t`l ehistajnl bi jht` t`l lyls. ]`l ourmlrlr was iabvl lihuc` th jlnblvl t`at t`l boacl hk t`l plrshi eapturlm nast jy t`l rltbia whunm `avl jlli p`hthcrap`lm as twh eh-hrmbiatlm pbeturls bi t`l twh lyls, t`at ehunm jl prhelsslm bi t`l najhrathry. @l jlnblvlm t`at, t`at whunm jl uslm as lvbmliel th bmlitbky `bo as t`l ourmlrlr aim t`lrlkhrl `l t`huc`t hk mlstrhybic t`l lvbmliel jy s`hhtbic bi jht` t`l lyls. ]`bs, aeehrmbic th U`aw was a whrg hk sholhil w`h was erlmunhus th ‐t`l oarvlns hk sebliel‒. Qulstbhi Qulstb hi 26 S`lrl `lrl bi U` U`aw aw‒s ‒s rlsp rlsphi hisl sl mh yhu yhu ehol ehol aerh aerhss ss t`l t`l strh strhic icls lstt lvbmliel hk `bs eapaebty khr syopat`ltbe uimlrstaimbic lvli hk a plrshi e`arclm wbt` t`l whrst erbol hk ourmlr8
Aiswlr 26 U`aw jlnblvlm t`at t`l ourmlrlr `am ehoobttlm t`l erbol iht krho oanbel jut shnlny bi t`l way hk jusbilss. @l was hk t`l hpbibhi t`at t`l ourmlrlr oust jl a gbim kat`lr aim a chhm `usjaim, w`be` s`hwlm t`at U`aw was jlit uphi nhhgbic at t`l ourmlrlr ourmlrlr syopa syopat`l t`ltbea tbeanny nny.. U`aw U`aw sabm, sabm, t`at t`at `l (assuo (assuobic bic t`at t`l erbobian erbobian bs a oanl), was slisbtbvl aim boacbiatbvl, jleausl hiny slisbtbvl aim boacbiatbvl plhpnl rbsg `aicbic th avhbm plian slrvbtuml. U`aw ansh sabm t`at sue` a oai was iht t`l ‐Jbnn Ubgls‒ hk phpunar boacbiatbhi, t`at bs, t`l ourmlrlr was ih sambst, uinbgl Jbnn Ubgls, t`l kbetbhus e`araetlr bi E`arnls Mbeglis‒ Hnbvlr ]wbst, w`h was eruln th t`l e`bnmrli e`bnmrli hk t`l hrp`aiacl hrp`aiacl aim ansh `am ourmlrlm `bs hwi cbrnkrblim bi ehnm jnhhm. jnhhm.
]`l
ourm ourmlr lrlr lr bi t`bs t`bs easl easl `am `am t`l t`l jrabi jrabiss th jl ajnl ajnl th eaneu eaneunat natll `bs `bs e`ai e`aiel elss hk lseapbic t`l cannhws aim t`l prlsliel hk obim th aet hi `bs eaneunatbhi th tagl t`l untboatl untboatl stlp. U`a` U`a` bopnbl bopnblm m t`at t`at sue` sue` plhpnl plhpnl t`huc t`huc`t `t ratbhi ratbhianny anny aim `am iht`bi iht`bic c acabist t`l vbetbo. ]`l ourmlrs oay iht jl aets hk hutracl jut aets as prleautbhiary hplratbhis. @l ansh wlit hi th say t`at shol hk t`lsl plhpnl oay jl uslkun th t`l sheblty aim t`lrlkhrl t`lrl s`hunm jl ih vbimbetbvlilss ihr puibs`olit ihr aiy ht`lr shrt hk slitbolitanbty bi t`l oattlr. ]`l attbtuml hk t`l Utatl thwarms mlat` plianty s`hunm jl aphnhcltbe aim rlcrltkun. @l ansh ammlm t`at t`lsl plhpnl s`hunm jl cbvli a jlttlr e`aiel khr `hilst lopnhyolit hk t`lbr tanlits t`ai w`at t`l prlslit systlo hkklrlm. Qulstbhi 14 6 S`at nbc`t (lvli bk olacrl aim bimbrlet) mhls U`aw‒s rlsphisl s`lm hi `bs vblws hi war8
Aiswlr 146 U `aw mrlw a parannln jltwlli ratbhian ourmlrlrs aim shnmblrs w`h thhg part bi wars. @l sabm t`at a shnmblr w`h khuc`t mlklimbic `bs iatbhi aim lvlituanny cht hvlr `bs hrmbiary squlaobs`ilss ajhut jnhhms`lm aim mlat`, t`at whunm ht`lrwbsl mbsajnl a oai hk plael, was iht ehisbmlrlm jy a Utatl hr bts ebtbzlis as `hobebman jy iaturl. Obnnbhis hk oli w`h wlrl shnmblrs bimunclm bi jnhhms`lm bi t`l iaol hk gbnnbic ai liloy.
U`aw‒s jlnblk bs t`at a ratbhian ourmlrlr bs ansh nbgl a shnmblr w`h partbebpatls bi a war aim `aimnls `lr/`bs liloy wbt`hut aiy lohtbhi. ]`l ourmlrlr hr t`l shnmblr was ilvlr kaobnbar wbt` t`l liloy th jlcbi wbt`, aim bk a shnmblr eaiiht jl aeeuslm hk *Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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oanbel thwarms t`l liloy, sh eai a ourmlrlr iht jl aeeuslm hk oanbel thwarms `bs vbetb vbetbo. o. ]`l ]`l aet aet hk ourm ourmlr lr t`lr t`lrlkh lkhrl rl eai eai jl ehis ehisbm bmlr lrlm lm th `avl `avl jlli jlli mhil mhil bi ai lolrcliey sbtuatbhi, as a rhutbil slnk-mlkliel ole`aibso. Qulstbhi 116 S `at cnbopsl, bk aiy, hi U`aw‒s vblws hi wholi mh yhu clt `bs rlsphisl8 Aisw Aiswlr lr 11 6 U`aw U`aw hjsl hjslrv rvlm lm t`at t`at bi t`l t`l shebl sheblty ty t`lr t`lrll wlrl wlrl oli oli w`h w`h spbtl spbtlku kunn nny y litrapplm litrapplm t`lbr wholi bith jhcus oarrbacls aim t`li mlslrtlm t`lo aktlr splimbic ann t`lbr ohily. @l eannlm t`lsl erbobians oue` ohrl hk a iubsaiel th t`l sheblty t`ai oli oli w`h w`h wlrl wlrl rlas rlashi hiaj ajnl nl ourm ourmlr lrlr lrs, s, w`h w`h oay oay jl gbim gbim aim aim mhtb mhtbic ic `usj `usjai aims ms ht`l ht`lrw rwbs bsl. l. @l fust fustbk bkbl blm m `bs `bs jlnb jlnblk lk t`at t`at sue` sue` oli oli w`h w`h litr litrap appl plm m t`lb t`lbrr whol wholi i surrlptbtbhusny wlrl ohrl maiclrhus th t`l sheblty jleausl t`ly throlit t`l wholi bi a ehwarmny aim spbtlkun way bistlam hk ourmlrbic t`lo limbic t`lbr obslry hiel aim khr ann.
@l
lop` lop`as asbsl bslm m t`at t`at t`l t`l wbeg wbeglm lm aim aim stupb stupbm m bmla bmla hk rlta rltanba nbatbv tbvll puib puibs` s`ol olit it aim aim suplrs suplrstbtb tbtbhus hus bmla bmla hk lxpbath lxpbathry ry puibs` puibs`oli olitt s`hunm s`hunm jl rlohv rlohvlm lm krho krho hur t`huc t`huc`t `t prhelss khr t`l rlashiajnl ourmlrlrs jut bistlam t`l puibs`olit khr sue` mastarmny aets hk thrturl jy oli s`hunm jl mlat` khr wbnkunny aim se`lobicny litrappbic t`lbr wholi aim erlatbic ai bithnlrajnl iubsaiel bi t`l sheblty. Qulstbhi 1:6 S`at, aeehrmbic th U`aw, bs wrhic wbt` t`l mltlrrlit t`lhry hk puibs`olit8 S`at bs `bs rlolmy khr avhbmbic t`l mlsbrl khr ourmlr8
Aiswlr 1:6 U`aw sabm t`at t`l mltlrrlit t`lhry hk puibs`olit was hiny ai hkkbeban fumbeban t`lhry7 t`at bs, puibs`olit was oltlm hut th t`l wrhicmhlr th prlvlit phtlitban wrhicmhlrs krho mhbic aiyt`bic wrhic. @l eannlm bt t`l vbimbetbvl t`lhry w`lrl t`l hjfletbvl was th sllg rlvlicl.
@l
rabsl rabslm m twh twh hjfl hjflet etbh bhis is th mltl mltlrr rrlit lit t`lh t`lhry ry.. ]`l ]`l kbrst kbrst was was t`at t`at ih slvl slvlrb rbty ty hk puibs`olit ehunm mltlr a erbobian krho wrhic mhbic w`li t`l mltletbhi bs uielrtabi. @l rleannlm t`l tbol w`li pbegpheglts wlrl `aiclm, pheglts whunm stbnn jl pbeglm wbt`hut wbt`hut t`l klar hk cannhw cannhws. s. Lvlit Lvlituan uanny ny w`li w`li t`l plianty plianty was ehopar ehoparatbv atbvlny lny nlss slvlrl, pheglts pheglts wlrl stbnn jlbic pbeglm, pbeglm, jut ilvlr ilvlr w`li a phnbel oai was nhhgbic hi.
]`l slehim was t`at t`l mltlrrliel t`lhry t`at nlm th t`l ehienusbhi t`at sholjhmy oust oust jl puibs` puibs`lm lm khr lvlry lvlry erbol erbol ehoobtt ehoobttlm lm th mltlr mltlr ht`lrs ht`lrs krho krho ehoobt ehoobttbi tbic c bt. S`lt`lr t`at sholjhmy `as ehoobttlm t`l erbol hr iht bs hk ih ehislquliel. Ai biihelit plrshi ansh ehunm ansh jl puibs`lm. ]h prhvl th t`l whrnm t`at naw aim hrmlr bs jlbic tagli earl hk, t`l Utatl oay ehienuml t`at bt bs jlttlr th `aic t`l wrhic cuy rat`lr t`ai iht `aicbic aiy klnnhw at ann!
]`bs bs w`y Jlriarm U`aw pnlamlm khr a oue` nbjlran apprhae` thwarms erbobians. @l succlstlm t`at t`l puibs`olit oust jl `aimlm hvlr th a erbobian wbt` a purphsl aim a `uoai thue`, iht fust khr t`l sagl hk rlvlicl hr th mltlr sholhil krho ehoobttbic a erbol erbol hr th enhsl enhsl a easl easl jy puib puibs` s`bi bic c ai biih biihel elit it plrs plrshi hi.. @l rlklr rlklrrlm rlm th eapb eapbta tann puibs`olit as ai hkkbeban snauc`tlr bi ehnm jnhhm . @hwlvlr, `l ansh sabm t`at mlat` plianty oay jl slrvlm hi t`hsl plhpnl w`h arl nbgl a rajbm mhc hr a tbclr w`h `am ih e`aiel hk rlkhro aim whunm eausl ohrl trhujnl th t`l ehoouibty t`ai `l bs whrt`. Jut Jut ht`l ht`lrw rwbs bsll t`l t`l rlol rlolmy my,, `l sabm sabm,, whun whunm m jl th cbvl cbvl up hur hur erul erulnn rltan rltanbat batbv bvll hr *Assbstait Trhklsshr at E`rbst Aeamloy Bistbtutl khr Amvaielm Utumbls,Jaicanhrl, Bimba
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lxpbathry puibs`olit. Bistlam t`l Utatl oust prhvbml t`l erbobian a jlttlr e`aiel khr `hilst rlkhro jy rl`ajbnbtatbic `bo t`rhuc` t`l lopnhyolit hk `bs tanlit. Zlklrliel6
1. :.
5.
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