OLIGARCHY Run by few Run by elite families Run by the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, religious hegemony or political inuence The children in the elite family inherit power and topmost administrative positions from senior rulers upon attainment of maturity Common people might not be granted fundamental rights Oligarchies are often criticized as governments run by rich people favoring the rich as this kind of government does not focus on uplifting the weaker sections of the society This form of government government is also called a form of dictatorship in which the role of common people is extremely limited Russia orth .orea China &ndia /ritain +nited #tates SOCIALIS! Sali alient ent and dis distinc tinctt feat featu ures res: "u#lic o$%ershi&) -ublic or state ownership of all means of production, distribution and exchange and abolition of private property &t is free from monopolistic practices &t discourages private ownership
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De jure oligarchies- an elite group is given power by the law De facto oligarchies- those with more resources are able to gain political power despite laws that ostensibly treat all citizens e!ually
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CLASSIFICATION OF OLIGARCHIES C"#T$ O%&'"RC(&$#) younger generation inherits political power from older generation $%$CT$* O%&'"RC(&$#) The common people vote their leaders to run the government •
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CO+TR&$# -ast) #oviet +nion #outh "frica -resent) •
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Ce%tral "la%%i%g) the making of ma0or economic decisions by the conscious decision of a determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive comprehensive survey of the economic system as a whole Thus there is greater economic e1ciency e1ciency De'%ite O#jecti(es These ob0ectives 2may concern aggregate demand, full employment, satisfaction of communal demand, allocation of factors of production, distribution of the national income, the amount of capital accumulation, economic development3and so
forth4 There is absence of business uctuations There is neither overproduction nor unemployment
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Free)o* of Co%su*&tio% +nder socialism, consumers5 sovereignty implies that production in state6 owned industries is generally SOCIOCRACY #ociocracy is a method of governing organizations that produces greater commitment, higher levels of creativity, distributed leadership, deeper harmony, and dramatically increased productivity The principles and practices, based on the values of e!uivalence, e7ectiveness, and transparency, are designed to support both unity and respect for the individual
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'erard $ndenburg5s policy decision6making method is composed of four key design principles)
Go(er%a%ce #+ Co%se%t) The consent principle says that a decision can only be made when none of the circle members present has a reasoned, substantial ob0ection to making the decision Circle Orga%i,atio%) The organization arranges for a decision making structure, built from mutually double6linked circles, in which consent governs This decision6making structure includes all members
of the organization $ach circle has its own aim, performs the three functions of directing, operating and measuring 8feedback9, and maintains its own memory system by means of integraleducation Dou#le-Li%i%g) Coupling a circle with the next higher circle is handled through a double link That is, at least two persons, the :unctional %eader of the circle and at least one representative of the circle, also belong to the next higher circle Sociocratic Electio%s) Choosing people for functions and;or responsibilities is done by consent after an open discussion •
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&n the nineteen eighties, $ndenburg and his colleague "nnewiek Rei0mer founded the #ociocratisch Centrum 8#ociocratic Center9 in Rotterdam, and began helping other organizations in the etherlands to adopt the approach :ollowing the certi???, sociocratic centers have been founded in several countries, consultants are available worldwide, and study groups have developed in governed by the preferences of consumers, and the available commodities are distributed to the consumers at
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#ri %anka, Cooperative Republic of 'uyana, Republic of @ozambi!ue, *enmark, :inland, etherlands, Canada, #weden, orway, &reland, ew Aealand, /elgium, Bietnam •
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" type of government ruled by the richest people The term plutocracy is generally used to describe these two distinct concepts) one of a historical nature 8indicates the political control of the state by an oligarchy of the wealthy9 and one of a modern political nature This was a culture wherein one person 8generally a friend or relative of the king and;or his cronies9 a so called 2aristocrat4, owned a vast estate and surrounding territory provided by the king as rewards for loyalty and;or favors -ossessing su1cient wealth to accumulate meaningful, protective forces, he controlled the citizenry through wealth and power "ll this in exchange for their safety and protection from invadersD and their allegiance to their benefactor believing it was 'od5s will -lutocracies are usually established in countries which are emerging democracies, or those recovering from disorderly •
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conditions This is because, the select few entities controlling most of the resources want the new government to hear their say
concerned ways to wealth
devising existing
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TEO *&::$R$T :OR@#, both of which have long6term destabilizing e7ects) F @ilitary plutocracy rely on the use of force to maintain social control, but widespread use of force results to resistance > *emagogic plutocracy most insidious form of government because, those who rule by covertly purchasing support are generally more
with divert
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"ncient 'reece Carthage, Tunisia ancient civilization &talian merchant republics of Benice, 'enoa and :lorence middle ages Gapan @ei0i $ra 8FHIH6FJF>9 City of %ondon modern political plutocracy +nited #tates modern political plutocracy
